α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α‘ား ααူးαီαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully αα္ αα္α α αα္ေα့ αံαα္αိုα္းα αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααႇိ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ေαα‘ိα္αိုα αာေαာα္ေαြααုံαဲ့αα္။
α‘α်ဳိးαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ႏႇα့္ ααူးαီαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully αိုααα္ αံαα္ αα αာαီαႇ αြα္းαα့္ αα αာαီ α‘αိ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎααα္။ αိုαေαာα္ αီαီαာα်ားႏႇα့္ ေαြααုံαာαြα္ ααူးαီαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully α ၎၏ ႏႇα ္αα္αာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααီးα α₯္α‘αြα္း ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးα αာαα္αႇိαူα်ား၊ α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αိုαႏႇα့္ ေαြααုံαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αိαိ၏ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααီးα α₯္αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္ ျαα ္ေααေျαာα္းαဲေααα့္ αိုးαα္αႈα်ားႏႇα့္ α α္α်α₯္း၍ ααူးαီαα္α‘ေαျαα့္ α ိα္αα္α ားαႈ αႇိေααα္αိုαα္αို ျαααိုαα့္α‘αြα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ααုα‘α်ိα္αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααိုα္းα‘αြα္ α‘ေαးααီးေαာ α‘α်ိα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ αြα္ ျαα္αာα‘α ုိးααာαα္αႇိαူα်ားႏႇα့္ ေαြααုံαာαြα္ αာαα့္αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα်ားαα္ αြα္αα္αΏαီး ααားαွ်ααႈα်ား αႇိαိα့္αα္αိုαα္αို ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္းαိုααို ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ႏႇα့္ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαႈαႇာ ေαာα္းαြα္αΏαီး α‘ျαဳαေαာေαာα္αα့္ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαႈျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
ααူးαီαα္ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully αα္ ααူးαီαα္ႏုိα္αံαႇ αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ αြα္αြာαာαဲ့αΏαီး ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αိုα αα္α α αα္ေααα ေαာα္αိႇαာαဲ့αα္။ αိုαေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α ααူးαီαα္ႏိုα္αံႏႇα့္ ေαာα္းαြα္αα့္ αα္αံေαးα်ားαႇိαါေαΎαာα္း၊ ααူးαီαα္ႏိုα္αံαα္ ၎α‘ααိဳα္αုံး ႏိုα္αံα်ားαဲαြα္ αါαα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏ αီαိုαေαα ီေαးေαာ္ေαာα္αႈ αုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ားαြα္ αိα္ေαြ ααူးαီαα္ႏိုα္αံα αားαα္αႈαႇိα ြာျαα့္ αူαီေαာα္αြα္ေαးαိα့္αα္αု ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္းαိုααို ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
αိုαေαာα္ ααူးαီαα္ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘ား ေαျαα္ေαာ္αႇိ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαα‘ိα္ေαာ္ αံααα္ေαာα္α§α့္αα္းααုိα α‘αိုαါေαα αံαα္ αα αာαီαြα္ αြားေαာα္ေαြααုံαΏαီး ျαα္αာ – ααူးαီαα္ ႏႇα ္ႏိုα္αံ α်α ္αΎαα္αα္းႏႇီးαႈ αိုးαα္ေαးႏႇα့္ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈαိုα္αာ αိα α₯αα္α်ားα‘ေαα ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ααုααီးα α₯္αႇာ ααူးαီαα္ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully ၏ ααααံုး ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ ααီးα α₯္ျαα ္αα္။
Source : ELEVEN MEDIA GROUP
Written by αွေαႊ
αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ ေျαာα္α ေαာα္αα αΏαီး ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲα ေαααြα္းႏွα့္ ααα»ာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး αာα္αုံေαααို ေαာα္αာαာ ေαြαααါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα ααာα်ဴαာα်αဲ့ αααီαα္ α‘ေαα‘αား၊ α‘ေααိαα္αဲα ααာα်ဴαာ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈႏွα့္ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲααα္း αိုα္αိုα္ေαααို ျαα ္ေααါαα္။ αα αာα ုαာ α‘ေααိαα္α αα ိαိα္ေαα α ိုးαိုးေαး ျαα ္ေαΎαာα့္ ααားαα္ ေαΎαျαာαားαΏαီး ျαα ္αါαα္။
αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αီးαာαာαဲαα‘αွ် ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး ေαα်ိα္ααα္း ျαα့္αာေααါαα္။ α‘αိုα္α‘αံႏွα့္ αα္αွိ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αူαိုααဲ့ αΏαိဳα္αြဲαို αΎαα့္αα္း α‘αာαα္ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αα္ααွα္းαြα္ α်α္αႈα်ားαα္း αွိေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αα္αွိ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α္α‘αα္းα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα‘ေျααံ ႏိုα္αံေαး (αိုα) αီαα္αႈα္ေαြးαα္αဲαႈ αွိααားαိုαာ αα္းα α ္ααα့္ α‘α်ိα္ေαာα္ေααΏαီαါαΏαီ။
α‘αိα္αာα ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး
α‘αိα္αာα ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး ျαα ္α α₯္αို αုံးαα္αα္αိုαα္ α‘ျαα္ႏွα ္αုαဲαα်α₯္းαα္ααါαα္။ αααα αြα္αα္ေαး ααΏαီးေαာα္αိုα္း ျαα္αာ့αိုα္αံေαး ေαα ီးေαΎαာα္း ႏွα ္αု ျαα ္αααဲ့αါαα္။ αααα‘ျαα္αေαာ့ αα္αဲαါαေαးαာ α‘ေျααံαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးαား α α္းαုံးေαးα‘ျαα္ αိုαေျαာααါαα္။ αုαိα α‘ျαα္α αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘ေျααံ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းα ုံ α ုေαါα္းေααိုα္ေαး ျαα ္αါαα္။
αα္α်ဲααα္αα်α္ေαးαႈα္αွားαႈေαြαွာ ααာα‘α်ိဳးαားေαြ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို α¦းေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီး ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့ αါαီαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီ α αα ္ေα‘ာα္αွာ ααာ့α‘α်ိဳးαားေαး αါααာ αα္αဲαို α‘ေျααံαΏαီး αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ α‘αူαါαα‘ေαး ααα္းα‘ားျαα့္ αူαα္းα ားျαααာα ေαွααα္းαိုေαာα္αΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးα ေαာα္αα္းαို ေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αူαα္းα ားျαααာ ေျααα္αြားαα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား ျαααာ ေျααα္αြားαα္αိုα αြα္α်α္αဲ့αΎααα္။
αါαီαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီ α αα ္ေα‘ာα္αွာ αူα်ိဳးα ု ျαααာαို ေျααွα္းαိုαααိဳးα ားαα္းαဲα ααာ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαးαါααဲα α‘αူ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αα္ေα‘ာα္αို ျαα္αာαႏိုα္αံαုံး ႏွα ္ေαါα္း α α ေα်ာ္ ေαာα္αြားαဲ့αါαα္။ αီα‘α်α္αို αΎαα့္αα္ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး ααိαααα‘αွာ α‘αူαါα ေαးαာαα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘α်ိဳးαားαα္းαူေαးα αိုαΏαီး α‘ေαးααီးαα္αိုα αြα္α်α္αိုα ααါαα္။
αα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαး
αααα αေα αααα αုႏွα ္α‘αိ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαးαာ ααာα‘α်ိဳးαားေαး αါαေα‘ာα္αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းα ုံ α ုေαါα္းေααိုα္ေαးα α‘αိα ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားα်ား ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαဲα αြဲααြα္ေαးαို α‘αိααား α α₯္းα ားα်α္αာျαα ္αါαα္။ αααα ေα်ာ္ αုႏွα ္α်ား αိုေαာα္αဲ့ α‘αါαွာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αဲαα‘αူ αိုα္းαα္းαား ေααေαြαွာ αြα္αွိαဲ့ ααာαααံαာα αိုα္αိုα္αိုαႈေαြေαΎαာα့္ ααာα α ္αါα ေαααြα္αာαါαα္။ α α ္αါααဲαα‘αူ αိုα္းαα္းαားα်ားα‘αα ႏို္α္αံေαးα‘α ေαးαα္αားαိုαႈေαြα ျαα္αြα္း α α ္αီးαို αိုαိုေαာα္ေαာα္ေα αဲ့αာαာ αααိ α‘ေျαα‘ေαျαα ္αါαα္။
αα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘αα္းα‘α်α္းα αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြ αုα္းα ျαα ္α်α္αဲ့αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးαဲα αိုα္αိုα္ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီ α αα ္αွာ αူαားαα¦းα်α္းαဲ့ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြαို ေαးαားαဲ့α‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘ေαးαာ αြ်ဲαူးေααါ ျαα ္αာαα္αိုαဲ့ αေαာααားαို ေαြαααါαα္။
α‘αိုα္α‘αံ ႏိုα္αံေαး ααားေαြေαာ၊ ႏိုα္αံααာ α်α္္ေျαေαး ααားေαြαα္ααါ αီαိုαေαα ီေαးα αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးαα္ ααα α¦းα ားေαးျαα ္αα္αိုα αံαူαားαုံααα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ ႏိုα္αံααာα‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြααα္း ျαα္αာ့α‘ေαးαို α α₯္းα ားαဲ့α‘αါ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေαးα ေαွααα္းေαာα္αΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးα ေαာα္αို ေαာα္ေααါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီႏွα့္α‘αူ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြ αါαာαα္αိုα ေαြးαုံααါαα္။
α်ိα္α ာαα့္αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံαား
Resources Curse αိုαဲ့α αားαုံးα ႏွα ္αα္αာα ု αုα္αါαီး αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြαွာ ေαါေαါαီαီαုံးαာαဲ့ α αားαုံးျαα ္αါαα္။ “ααာα ααံαာα ႂαြα္ααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαြαာ αုိးαα္ αα့့္္α‘α ား၊ αံαံαာα α်ိα္α ာαုိαဲ့ ααာα α‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ ႂαြα္ααႈေαြα α‘α်ုα့္α်α္ ျαα ားαႈ၊ αိႏွဳိα္α်ဳα္α်α္αႈ၊ αα္းαဲαြဲေααႈαဲα α α ္αြဲေαြαီαို α¦းαα္αြားေα αα္” αိုαα ာαα္းααုαွာ ေααျααားαါαα္။
αααα ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α ေαးαα္αားαိုαဲ့ ααာα‘α်ိဳးαားေαး α‘ေျααံ α α ္αါαီ ေααα္း αα္αα္αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαား αα္ေျαေαြαွာ αြα္αွိαဲ့ ααာα α‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ αို αွာေαြαႈ α αα္ေαာα္αြα္ αာαါαα္။ α‘αိုးαုံးα αααα αူαုα‘ုံႂαြαႈေαြαို ႏွိα္ႏွα္းαΏαီးαဲ့ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαြ ျαα္αα္ေααဲ့ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαာ αိုα္းαα္းαား ေαααြα္ ααံαာαေαြαို α ိα္ααိဳα္ αုα္ေαာα္းαΏαီး αα္αα္αဲα ေαြေαΎαး ျαα့္αα္း αဲ့αΎααα္။
ေααံαဲα ααာααါα္ေαြαα ျαα္αာα α ္α‘α ိုးα ααွိαဲ့αα္ေαြα αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ α.α αα αီαီαံαွိαါαα္။ ေα်ာα္α်α္αααာα ααဲ့ α‘αြα္ααာα αααα αα္α ေααံαα္ ေαာα္းα်αဲ့α်ိα္α α.α αီαီαံααွိαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ ေααေααဲ α ီαံαိα္းα်ားႏွα့္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαααα္ αုα္αားαဲ့ ေααာαာα ီαံαိα္းα်ား၊ αα ္αုα္αုα္ေαး၊ ေααုα္αα္း α αဲ့ ααာα ααံαာα ေαြαααα့္ ααာေαြαာ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာα αာ ျαα ္αာαဲ့αα္။ αီααံαာα αα αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းα αိုα္းαα္းαား ေααေαြαွာαဲ αα္αွိαါαα္။
ျαα္αာ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαာ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαးαါαႏွα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ααΏαိဳαြဲေαး αိုαα္းျααΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြ αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့ ααာαααံαာα ααွိေαးαို α‘ာαုံα ိုα္αာαါαα္။ αα αာα ု α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαာα α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαဲ့ ααာα်ဴαာα αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္αΏαီး ေျαေααေျαေα‘ာα္ ααံαာααုိ αုα္αူေαာα္းα်ေαး ျαα ္αာαဲ့αါαα္။ αီαို αုα္αုα္ေαာα္းα်ျαα္းα α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαဲ့ αα¦းα်α္း ႂαြα္αα်α္းαာαႈαို ျαα ္ေααေα αါαα္။
ααာα ααံαာαေαြေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαေαြαဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αားααα္း α‘α္α‘ား ေαာα့္αα္း αိုα္αာαာαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαား ေαာ္αွα္ေαး α‘αြဲαေαြ α‘α္α‘ားေαာα့္αα္းαာαႈα α α ္αါαီေαြα‘αြα္ α‘αြα့္ေαာα္းααα္ ျαα ္αာျαα္αါαα္။ α α ္αα္ α‘α္α‘ား α်ဲααြα္αိုα αα္းα αြα့္αဲ့αΏαီး၊ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ αုိα္αΏαဲαိုα α‘ေαΎαာα့္ αα္αာျαα္αါαα္။ ααံαာ ႂαြα္αျαα္းαာ αိααα‘ေαြαဲα αိုα္αိုα္ αα္α α္αာαဲ့αα္။
ေαာα္းαုိα္းαူαα္ αာေαΎαာα့္ αြဲαြα္αြားααဲ
ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αွာ ျαα ္ေαααဲ့αဲ့ ααိααα‘αာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ α₯ααာ ααα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααာα ααံαာα αြဲေααုံးα ြဲαာαွာ αွ်ααႈααွိαဲ့α‘αြα္ αိုα္αိုα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး ေαာα္းαိုαႈႏွα့္α‘αူ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αြဲ ျαα ္αြားျαα္းႏွα့္ α‘α်ိဳးααα္ α‘ျαα ္ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αာ αααα αူαိုα္ α αα္ေαααွာ αီးျαားαြα္αα္ေαာ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αာαဲ့αါαα္။
ααα α αုႏွα ္αွာ αြα္αα္ေαးαေαာ့ αြα္αα္ေαးαααα္α αေαာαူαားαဲ့ αα္ααα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု αα္ေαာα္ေαး αူαိုαα္αα်α္αΏαီး ေျαာα္αိုα္းα‘ာαα္ α်ိဳးႏြα္α ုေαြ ααီးα ုိးαဲ့ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့αΏαီး αာαာααူ၊ αူα်ိဳးααူαဲ့ ေαာα္αိုα္းαားေαြ α‘ေαααိႏွိα္αႈေαြႏွα့္ α‘αူ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္ααီး ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့αါαα္။
αူαα္αိုα္αံαဲ့ αα αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းေαာ ေααံαိုα္αာ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αွာ αα္αွိေααα့္ ေααံαုα္αα္းႏွα့္ αα္αα္αဲ့ α α္αႈαုα္αα္းေαြα ေျαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αွာ αα္αွိေααါαα္။ α ီးαြားေαး αြံααΏαိဳးαႈ αြာαα်α္α αα္α ုႏွα ္ ႏွα ္αုαΎαာ ျαα ္αြားαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αီးαို αိုαို ေαာα္ေαာα္ ေα αဲ့αါαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ေαးαိုးαဲ့αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး α ာα်ဳα္α‘α ျαα္αြα္းα α ္ αိုαα္α ဲႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး α ာα်ဳα္ႏွα့္α‘αူ ေαာα္αိုα္းαူαα္ေαααα္း αိုα္αိုα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး၊ ααိုα‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ α‘ာαာαြဲေα αုံးα ြဲαြα့္ ααွိαဲ့αΏαီး ေααံαုα္αα္းαွ ααွိαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္αဲ့ α α αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းαို αံα ားαိုα္αြα့္ ααွိαဲ့αါαα္။
αါေααα့္ αူαိုα္ α၊ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ေαာα္αိုα္းαူαα္αာ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαေα α‘αΏαီးα‘αိုα္αြဲαြα္αΏαီး αီးျαားαြα္αα္αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αာαဲ့αါαα္။ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္ျαααာαို ေα့αာαΎαα့္αα္ αူα်ိဳးααူ၊ αာαာααူαူေαြ α‘ေαααိႏွိα္αားαိုαဲ့ ေျαာα္αိုα္းα‘ာαα္ α်ိဳးႏြα္ေαြαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαးαါαို ေαြαααွာျαα ္αΏαီး၊ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္α αြα္αွိαဲ့ ေααံ ေαာα္းαိုαααဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္αို ေαာα္αိုα္းαူαα္ ျαα္αူေαြαို αြဲေααံα ားαိုα္ αေαးαဲ့ျαα္းαာ ေαာα္αုံးααα္ α‘ျαα ္ ႏိုα္αံ ႏွα ္ျαα္းαြဲαဲ့ α‘αိ α¦းαα္ေα αဲ့αာαို ေαြααွိαါαα္။
ααိုα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘α ျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့ α‘αုα္းααား၊ αူα်ိဳးααီးαါαα‘ျαα္၊ ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α်ားαဲ့ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ေαြαဲαေαါα္းαΏαီး ααာαααံαာαို α‘αူးα‘αူးαုα္αုα္αႈαာ αူαα္α‘αြα္ α‘αြဲα‘αΏαဲαာα္αα္း ေααေαါα္ေα αဲ့ α‘αိα α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αα္း ααα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαာ αူαα္α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ာααိα ေαααြα္ ေαာα္α ာαို α‘αိα αွီαိုေαααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံ αိုα‘α္α်α္αဲ့ αα αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းαို α‘ာααိα αα္αြα္ေααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αါαα္။
ေαွααα္ααα့္ ျαα္αာ့ ႏိုα္αံေαး
ααိုα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘α ျαα ္ေααေααဲ ျαα ္αဲ့ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαးααိααα‘αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးႏွα့္ αီαိုαေαα ီ αို αြဲαားαိုαααႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း ေαြαααါαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααေαြαွာ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αို ေα့ေα်ာ့αΏαီး αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαိုαဲ α‘ာαုံα ိုα္ေαျαα္းαာ ααာα αα်αွαဲ့ α‘ေျααွာαႈ ααုျαα ္αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αုαိα αα္αုံαီαာαံα်ိဳး αုα္ααα္αိုαာ αို္α္းαα္းαားေαြαဲ့ ျαααာ α‘ေαးαါαႈαို αီးေαာα္းαိုးျααာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα္α ုႏွα ္ααα္းα αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြ α‘ေαးαာ ျαα္αြα္းေαး αီးαα္αααုα္αဲ ျαα္αႏိုα္αံααီးေαြ αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ “α” ျαα္αα္αို α‘ျαားႏိုα္αံααု αΎααာαံ ျαα္αα္ေαြ αေααေαါα္αာαိုα α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြαွာαါ αာαα္αွိေααါαα္။
αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α α ္αြဲα ααံαာαိα္းα်ဳα္ေαး၊ αူα်ိဳးေαးαα္αဲ့ α α ္αြဲျαα ္αာαာ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αားα‘αာ ေαာα္းေαြ ααုα္αါαူး။ α§αာααီ ျαα ္α‘ေαးαို αα်α္α‘ေαးαို ααားαီးႏိုα္αာ၊ α‘ေαးααူ ααွိαာα‘αြα္ αα္αα္α‘αီαီးα ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαွာ αာαα္αွိαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘αြα္ ေαာα္α်ိဳးαα္ေαြ ျαα္αα္ေαးαα္α ႏိုα္αါαα္။
ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α‘α်ိဳααာ αူαိုαα‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္ ααုαα္းαိုαာ α¦းαα္αΏαီး αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံေααာαာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္αα္ α‘ျαα ္ေαြα αိုα်ားαα္αိုαာ αူαα္αို ႏိုα္αံα်ိဳးα αα္ေαေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαးαို α‘ေျααွာ α α₯္α ားαဲ့α‘αါ αီαိုαေαα ီေαး၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံααီးα‘α်ိဳααဲ့ ααာαααံαာα α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားေαြေαΎαာα့္ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ αααိα‘ေျαα‘ေααိုαါ αα့္αြα္းα α₯္းαိုα αိုα‘α္αွာ ျαα ္αါေαΎαာα္း။ ။
αွေαႊ
References;
1. Arakan Oil Watch Report
2. The role of the State in the natural resources and civil war paradigm.
3. Grievances and the roots of insurgences; south Sudan and Darfur.
4. China’s involvement with in armed conflict and post war reconstruction in Africa; Sudan in comparative context.
Source :Maukkha Education Magazine
αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ ေျαာα္α ေαာα္αα αΏαီး ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲα ေαααြα္းႏွα့္ ααα»ာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး αာα္αုံေαααို ေαာα္αာαာ ေαြαααါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα ααာα်ဴαာα်αဲ့ αααီαα္ α‘ေαα‘αား၊ α‘ေααိαα္αဲα ααာα်ဴαာ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈႏွα့္ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲααα္း αိုα္αိုα္ေαααို ျαα ္ေααါαα္။ αα αာα ုαာ α‘ေααိαα္α αα ိαိα္ေαα α ိုးαိုးေαး ျαα ္ေαΎαာα့္ ααားαα္ ေαΎαျαာαားαΏαီး ျαα ္αါαα္။
αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αီးαာαာαဲαα‘αွ် ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး ေαα်ိα္ααα္း ျαα့္αာေααါαα္။ α‘αိုα္α‘αံႏွα့္ αα္αွိ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αူαိုααဲ့ αΏαိဳα္αြဲαို αΎαα့္αα္း α‘αာαα္ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αα္ααွα္းαြα္ α်α္αႈα်ားαα္း αွိေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αα္αွိ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α္α‘αα္းα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα‘ေျααံ ႏိုα္αံေαး (αိုα) αီαα္αႈα္ေαြးαα္αဲαႈ αွိααားαိုαာ αα္းα α ္ααα့္ α‘α်ိα္ေαာα္ေααΏαီαါαΏαီ။
α‘αိα္αာα ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး
α‘αိα္αာα ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး ျαα ္α α₯္αို αုံးαα္αα္αိုαα္ α‘ျαα္ႏွα ္αုαဲαα်α₯္းαα္ααါαα္။ αααα αြα္αα္ေαး ααΏαီးေαာα္αိုα္း ျαα္αာ့αိုα္αံေαး ေαα ီးေαΎαာα္း ႏွα ္αု ျαα ္αααဲ့αါαα္။ αααα‘ျαα္αေαာ့ αα္αဲαါαေαးαာ α‘ေျααံαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးαား α α္းαုံးေαးα‘ျαα္ αိုαေျαာααါαα္။ αုαိα α‘ျαα္α αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘ေျααံ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းα ုံ α ုေαါα္းေααိုα္ေαး ျαα ္αါαα္။
αα္α်ဲααα္αα်α္ေαးαႈα္αွားαႈေαြαွာ ααာα‘α်ိဳးαားေαြ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို α¦းေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီး ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့ αါαီαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီ α αα ္ေα‘ာα္αွာ ααာ့α‘α်ိဳးαားေαး αါααာ αα္αဲαို α‘ေျααံαΏαီး αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ α‘αူαါαα‘ေαး ααα္းα‘ားျαα့္ αူαα္းα ားျαααာα ေαွααα္းαိုေαာα္αΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးα ေαာα္αα္းαို ေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αူαα္းα ားျαααာ ေျααα္αြားαα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား ျαααာ ေျααα္αြားαα္αိုα αြα္α်α္αဲ့αΎααα္။
αါαီαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီ α αα ္ေα‘ာα္αွာ αူα်ိဳးα ု ျαααာαို ေျααွα္းαိုαααိဳးα ားαα္းαဲα ααာ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαးαါααဲα α‘αူ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αα္ေα‘ာα္αို ျαα္αာαႏိုα္αံαုံး ႏွα ္ေαါα္း α α ေα်ာ္ ေαာα္αြားαဲ့αါαα္။ αီα‘α်α္αို αΎαα့္αα္ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαး ααိαααα‘αွာ α‘αူαါα ေαးαာαα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘α်ိဳးαားαα္းαူေαးα αိုαΏαီး α‘ေαးααီးαα္αိုα αြα္α်α္αိုα ααါαα္။
αα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαး
αααα αေα αααα αုႏွα ္α‘αိ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαးαာ ααာα‘α်ိဳးαားေαး αါαေα‘ာα္αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းα ုံ α ုေαါα္းေααိုα္ေαးα α‘αိα ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားα်ား ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαဲα αြဲααြα္ေαးαို α‘αိααား α α₯္းα ားα်α္αာျαα ္αါαα္။ αααα ေα်ာ္ αုႏွα ္α်ား αိုေαာα္αဲ့ α‘αါαွာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αဲαα‘αူ αိုα္းαα္းαား ေααေαြαွာ αြα္αွိαဲ့ ααာαααံαာα αိုα္αိုα္αိုαႈေαြေαΎαာα့္ ααာα α ္αါα ေαααြα္αာαါαα္။ α α ္αါααဲαα‘αူ αိုα္းαα္းαားα်ားα‘αα ႏို္α္αံေαးα‘α ေαးαα္αားαိုαႈေαြα ျαα္αြα္း α α ္αီးαို αိုαိုေαာα္ေαာα္ေα αဲ့αာαာ αααိ α‘ေျαα‘ေαျαα ္αါαα္။
αα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘αα္းα‘α်α္းα αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြ αုα္းα ျαα ္α်α္αဲ့αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးαဲα αိုα္αိုα္ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီ α αα ္αွာ αူαားαα¦းα်α္းαဲ့ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြαို ေαးαားαဲ့α‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘ေαးαာ αြ်ဲαူးေααါ ျαα ္αာαα္αိုαဲ့ αေαာααားαို ေαြαααါαα္။
α‘αိုα္α‘αံ ႏိုα္αံေαး ααားေαြေαာ၊ ႏိုα္αံααာ α်α္္ေျαေαး ααားေαြαα္ααါ αီαိုαေαα ီေαးα αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးαα္ ααα α¦းα ားေαးျαα ္αα္αိုα αံαူαားαုံααα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ ႏိုα္αံααာα‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြααα္း ျαα္αာ့α‘ေαးαို α α₯္းα ားαဲ့α‘αါ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေαးα ေαွααα္းေαာα္αΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးα ေαာα္αို ေαာα္ေααါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီႏွα့္α‘αူ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြ αါαာαα္αိုα ေαြးαုံααါαα္။
α်ိα္α ာαα့္αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံαား
Resources Curse αိုαဲ့α αားαုံးα ႏွα ္αα္αာα ု αုα္αါαီး αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြαွာ ေαါေαါαီαီαုံးαာαဲ့ α αားαုံးျαα ္αါαα္။ “ααာα ααံαာα ႂαြα္ααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαြαာ αုိးαα္ αα့့္္α‘α ား၊ αံαံαာα α်ိα္α ာαုိαဲ့ ααာα α‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ ႂαြα္ααႈေαြα α‘α်ုα့္α်α္ ျαα ားαႈ၊ αိႏွဳိα္α်ဳα္α်α္αႈ၊ αα္းαဲαြဲေααႈαဲα α α ္αြဲေαြαီαို α¦းαα္αြားေα αα္” αိုαα ာαα္းααုαွာ ေααျααားαါαα္။
αααα ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α ေαးαα္αားαိုαဲ့ ααာα‘α်ိဳးαားေαး α‘ေျααံ α α ္αါαီ ေααα္း αα္αα္αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαား αα္ေျαေαြαွာ αြα္αွိαဲ့ ααာα α‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ αို αွာေαြαႈ α αα္ေαာα္αြα္ αာαါαα္။ α‘αိုးαုံးα αααα αူαုα‘ုံႂαြαႈေαြαို ႏွိα္ႏွα္းαΏαီးαဲ့ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαြ ျαα္αα္ေααဲ့ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαာ αိုα္းαα္းαား ေαααြα္ ααံαာαေαြαို α ိα္ααိဳα္ αုα္ေαာα္းαΏαီး αα္αα္αဲα ေαြေαΎαး ျαα့္αα္း αဲ့αΎααα္။
ေααံαဲα ααာααါα္ေαြαα ျαα္αာα α ္α‘α ိုးα ααွိαဲ့αα္ေαြα αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ α.α αα αီαီαံαွိαါαα္။ ေα်ာα္α်α္αααာα ααဲ့ α‘αြα္ααာα αααα αα္α ေααံαα္ ေαာα္းα်αဲ့α်ိα္α α.α αီαီαံααွိαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ ေααေααဲ α ီαံαိα္းα်ားႏွα့္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαααα္ αုα္αားαဲ့ ေααာαာα ီαံαိα္းα်ား၊ αα ္αုα္αုα္ေαး၊ ေααုα္αα္း α αဲ့ ααာα ααံαာα ေαြαααα့္ ααာေαြαာ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာα αာ ျαα ္αာαဲ့αα္။ αီααံαာα αα αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းα αိုα္းαα္းαား ေααေαြαွာαဲ αα္αွိαါαα္။
ျαα္αာ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαာ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαးαါαႏွα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ααΏαိဳαြဲေαး αိုαα္းျααΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြ αိုα္αိုα္αဲ့ ααာαααံαာα ααွိေαးαို α‘ာαုံα ိုα္αာαါαα္။ αα αာα ု α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαာα α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαဲ့ ααာα်ဴαာα αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္αΏαီး ေျαေααေျαေα‘ာα္ ααံαာααုိ αုα္αူေαာα္းα်ေαး ျαα ္αာαဲ့αါαα္။ αီαို αုα္αုα္ေαာα္းα်ျαα္းα α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαဲ့ αα¦းα်α္း ႂαြα္αα်α္းαာαႈαို ျαα ္ေααေα αါαα္။
ααာα ααံαာαေαြေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαေαြαဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αားααα္း α‘α္α‘ား ေαာα့္αα္း αိုα္αာαာαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαား ေαာ္αွα္ေαး α‘αြဲαေαြ α‘α္α‘ားေαာα့္αα္းαာαႈα α α ္αါαီေαြα‘αြα္ α‘αြα့္ေαာα္းααα္ ျαα ္αာျαα္αါαα္။ α α ္αα္ α‘α္α‘ား α်ဲααြα္αိုα αα္းα αြα့္αဲ့αΏαီး၊ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ αုိα္αΏαဲαိုα α‘ေαΎαာα့္ αα္αာျαα္αါαα္။ ααံαာ ႂαြα္αျαα္းαာ αိααα‘ေαြαဲα αိုα္αိုα္ αα္α α္αာαဲ့αα္။
ေαာα္းαုိα္းαူαα္ αာေαΎαာα့္ αြဲαြα္αြားααဲ
ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αွာ ျαα ္ေαααဲ့αဲ့ ααိααα‘αာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ α₯ααာ ααα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααာα ααံαာα αြဲေααုံးα ြဲαာαွာ αွ်ααႈααွိαဲ့α‘αြα္ αိုα္αိုα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး ေαာα္းαိုαႈႏွα့္α‘αူ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αြဲ ျαα ္αြားျαα္းႏွα့္ α‘α်ိဳးααα္ α‘ျαα ္ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αာ αααα αူαိုα္ α αα္ေαααွာ αီးျαားαြα္αα္ေαာ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αာαဲ့αါαα္။
ααα α αုႏွα ္αွာ αြα္αα္ေαးαေαာ့ αြα္αα္ေαးαααα္α αေαာαူαားαဲ့ αα္ααα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု αα္ေαာα္ေαး αူαိုαα္αα်α္αΏαီး ေျαာα္αိုα္းα‘ာαα္ α်ိဳးႏြα္α ုေαြ ααီးα ုိးαဲ့ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့αΏαီး αာαာααူ၊ αူα်ိဳးααူαဲ့ ေαာα္αိုα္းαားေαြ α‘ေαααိႏွိα္αႈေαြႏွα့္ α‘αူ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္ααီး ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့αါαα္။
αူαα္αိုα္αံαဲ့ αα αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းေαာ ေααံαိုα္αာ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αွာ αα္αွိေααα့္ ေααံαုα္αα္းႏွα့္ αα္αα္αဲ့ α α္αႈαုα္αα္းေαြα ေျαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္αွာ αα္αွိေααါαα္။ α ီးαြားေαး αြံααΏαိဳးαႈ αြာαα်α္α αα္α ုႏွα ္ ႏွα ္αုαΎαာ ျαα ္αြားαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αီးαို αိုαို ေαာα္ေαာα္ ေα αဲ့αါαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ေαးαိုးαဲ့αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး α ာα်ဳα္α‘α ျαα္αြα္းα α ္ αိုαα္α ဲႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး α ာα်ဳα္ႏွα့္α‘αူ ေαာα္αိုα္းαူαα္ေαααα္း αိုα္αိုα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး၊ ααိုα‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ α‘ာαာαြဲေα αုံးα ြဲαြα့္ ααွိαဲ့αΏαီး ေααံαုα္αα္းαွ ααွိαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္αဲ့ α α αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းαို αံα ားαိုα္αြα့္ ααွိαဲ့αါαα္။
αါေααα့္ αူαိုα္ α၊ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ေαာα္αိုα္းαူαα္αာ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαေα α‘αΏαီးα‘αိုα္αြဲαြα္αΏαီး αီးျαားαြα္αα္αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αာαဲ့αါαα္။ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္ျαααာαို ေα့αာαΎαα့္αα္ αူα်ိဳးααူ၊ αာαာααူαူေαြ α‘ေαααိႏွိα္αားαိုαဲ့ ေျαာα္αိုα္းα‘ာαα္ α်ိဳးႏြα္ေαြαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαးαါαို ေαြαααွာျαα ္αΏαီး၊ ေαာα္αိုα္း αူαα္α αြα္αွိαဲ့ ေααံ ေαာα္းαိုαααဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္αို ေαာα္αိုα္းαူαα္ ျαα္αူေαြαို αြဲေααံα ားαိုα္ αေαးαဲ့ျαα္းαာ ေαာα္αုံးααα္ α‘ျαα ္ ႏိုα္αံ ႏွα ္ျαα္းαြဲαဲ့ α‘αိ α¦းαα္ေα αဲ့αာαို ေαြααွိαါαα္။
ααိုα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘α ျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့ α‘αုα္းααား၊ αူα်ိဳးααီးαါαα‘ျαα္၊ ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α်ားαဲ့ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ေαြαဲαေαါα္းαΏαီး ααာαααံαာαို α‘αူးα‘αူးαုα္αုα္αႈαာ αူαα္α‘αြα္ α‘αြဲα‘αΏαဲαာα္αα္း ေααေαါα္ေα αဲ့ α‘αိα α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αα္း ααα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαာ αူαα္α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ာααိα ေαααြα္ ေαာα္α ာαို α‘αိα αွီαိုေαααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံ αိုα‘α္α်α္αဲ့ αα αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းαို α‘ာααိα αα္αြα္ေααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαα ္αါαα္။
ေαွααα္ααα့္ ျαα္αာ့ ႏိုα္αံေαး
ααိုα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘α ျαα ္ေααေααဲ ျαα ္αဲ့ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαးααိααα‘αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးႏွα့္ αီαိုαေαα ီ αို αြဲαားαိုαααႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း ေαြαααါαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααေαြαွာ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αို ေα့ေα်ာ့αΏαီး αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαိုαဲ α‘ာαုံα ိုα္ေαျαα္းαာ ααာα αα်αွαဲ့ α‘ေျααွာαႈ ααုျαα ္αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αုαိα αα္αုံαီαာαံα်ိဳး αုα္ααα္αိုαာ αို္α္းαα္းαားေαြαဲ့ ျαααာ α‘ေαးαါαႈαို αီးေαာα္းαိုးျααာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα္α ုႏွα ္ααα္းα αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြ α‘ေαးαာ ျαα္αြα္းေαး αီးαα္αααုα္αဲ ျαα္αႏိုα္αံααီးေαြ αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ “α” ျαα္αα္αို α‘ျαားႏိုα္αံααု αΎααာαံ ျαα္αα္ေαြ αေααေαါα္αာαိုα α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြαွာαါ αာαα္αွိေααါαα္။
αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α α ္αြဲα ααံαာαိα္းα်ဳα္ေαး၊ αူα်ိဳးေαးαα္αဲ့ α α ္αြဲျαα ္αာαာ ျαα္αာ့ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αားα‘αာ ေαာα္းေαြ ααုα္αါαူး။ α§αာααီ ျαα ္α‘ေαးαို αα်α္α‘ေαးαို ααားαီးႏိုα္αာ၊ α‘ေαးααူ ααွိαာα‘αြα္ αα္αα္α‘αီαီးα ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαွာ αာαα္αွိαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘αြα္ ေαာα္α်ိဳးαα္ေαြ ျαα္αα္ေαးαα္α ႏိုα္αါαα္။
ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α‘α်ိဳααာ αူαိုαα‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္ ααုαα္းαိုαာ α¦းαα္αΏαီး αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံေααာαာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ျαα္αα္ α‘ျαα ္ေαြα αိုα်ားαα္αိုαာ αူαα္αို ႏိုα္αံα်ိဳးα αα္ေαေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαးαို α‘ေျααွာ α α₯္α ားαဲ့α‘αါ αီαိုαေαα ီေαး၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံααီးα‘α်ိဳααဲ့ ααာαααံαာα α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားေαြေαΎαာα့္ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ αααိα‘ေျαα‘ေααိုαါ αα့္αြα္းα α₯္းαိုα αိုα‘α္αွာ ျαα ္αါေαΎαာα္း။ ။
αွေαႊ
References;
1. Arakan Oil Watch Report
2. The role of the State in the natural resources and civil war paradigm.
3. Grievances and the roots of insurgences; south Sudan and Darfur.
4. China’s involvement with in armed conflict and post war reconstruction in Africa; Sudan in comparative context.
Source :Maukkha Education Magazine
α‘ေααိαα္α‘ေျαα
ုိα္ ျαα္αာ့α‘ေαး αႈα္αွားαူα်ားαုိα
by Swe Swe Kyi
by Swe Swe Kyi
ααူးေαာα္ျαα္αာαံα‘αα္ α¦းαα္းေαြ
ေαးα ားα ြာျαα့္
-ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ αα္αွα္αုα္αိα္းေαးα‘αြα္ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္αα္αွα ျαီး ေα‘ာα္αα္းαα္းα်ိဳးα ုံ αုံးαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αα္ေαျαႏုိα္αုိα αα္αဲ့αါαα္။
-αααΌαα¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααာ α‘ေααိαα္αα္αွα္αုα္αိα္းေαးα‘αြα္ ααူးေαာα္αွိ αုααααၢ ျαα္αာα‘ျαဲαα္းαုိα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲααααα့္ ααူးေαာα္ ααုα္ျαα္αာα‘αα္းαုိ αုαုံးαုα္ျαီး α‘ုိαားαားႏွα့္ αီαိα္αာα်ားαုိ αိα‘ားေαးαဲ့ ေα‘ာα္αα္းαα္းαုံးαာαာေαြαααါαα္။
-αုααααၢαုိα္αာ ျαα္αာα‘ျαဲαα္းαုိα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ α¦းαα္းေαြαေα ααူးေαာα္ ααုα္ျαα္αာα‘αα္းαုိ αိα‘ားေαးျαီး αα္αွα္αြα့္ေαးေα‘ာα္ α‘ေααိαα္ααααုိ α ာေαးαုိα္းαာ αα္ေαα‘ေαာα္α‘αားαဲαααြ αα္ႏိုα္αူေαြα ေαာ္αုα္αα္ျααားαါαα္။ αီα‘ေαာα္α‘αားေαြαာ αြα္αြα္αူαူ ααဲ့αာααုα္αါ။ αုαုိαα္ αီα‘ေαာα္α‘αားေαြ ေαါα္αΎαားαႈα‘αြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္α α ုံα α္းα α ္ေαးαႈေαြ αုα္ေαျαီျαα ္αါαα္။
-αီα‘ေαာα္α‘αားေαြαုိ α‘αၤαိ္α္αာαာျαα္ျαီး ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးα ααိα္αα်α ္αα္းαဲ့ αα္αွα္αြα့္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ေααα္αုိαာ αααΌα α‘ုိαားαားαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ αီαိα္αာေαြαံ Burma Campaign U.S α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္αုိααုိ α α္ျαိဳα္α‘α ိုးαေαါα္းေαာα္ ေαါα္αာα ိα္αα္းαုိααုိ αုαၢိဳα္ေαြα α‘ျαα္αုံးαα္ျααα္αုိαα္ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးα α‘αွα္αျαီး ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားαႊα္ေαးေαးαိα α₯ αူ့α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္ေααဲ့αိα α₯ေαြαုိ α‘ျαα္αုံးျαဳျαα္ေαးေα‘ာα္ αိα‘ားေαးႏုိα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။
-ααူးေαာα္αွ αုိးαီးαြα္αုိααုိ αႈα္αွားαူေαြααဲ α‘αားαူ αααΌα α‘ုိαားαားαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ αီαိα္αာေαြαံ α ာေαးαΎααα္αုိαα္ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααုိ αိα‘ားေαးႏုိα္αဲ့ αΎαီးαားαဲ့ αα္αိα္းαΎαီး ျαα ္αာႏုိα္αါေαΎαာα္း αုိα္αြα္းα‘α္αါαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ αααΌαႏွα့္ αီαိα္αာα်ားαံေαးαα့္α ာαြα္ αူးαြဲαα္ျααα့္αα့္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားα်ား
ေαးα ားα ြာျαα့္
-ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ αα္αွα္αုα္αိα္းေαးα‘αြα္ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္αα္αွα ျαီး ေα‘ာα္αα္းαα္းα်ိဳးα ုံ αုံးαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αα္ေαျαႏုိα္αုိα αα္αဲ့αါαα္။
-αααΌαα¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααာ α‘ေααိαα္αα္αွα္αုα္αိα္းေαးα‘αြα္ ααူးေαာα္αွိ αုααααၢ ျαα္αာα‘ျαဲαα္းαုိα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲααααα့္ ααူးေαာα္ ααုα္ျαα္αာα‘αα္းαုိ αုαုံးαုα္ျαီး α‘ုိαားαားႏွα့္ αီαိα္αာα်ားαုိ αိα‘ားေαးαဲ့ ေα‘ာα္αα္းαα္းαုံးαာαာေαြαααါαα္။
-αုααααၢαုိα္αာ ျαα္αာα‘ျαဲαα္းαုိα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ α¦းαα္းေαြαေα ααူးေαာα္ ααုα္ျαα္αာα‘αα္းαုိ αိα‘ားေαးျαီး αα္αွα္αြα့္ေαးေα‘ာα္ α‘ေααိαα္ααααုိ α ာေαးαုိα္းαာ αα္ေαα‘ေαာα္α‘αားαဲαααြ αα္ႏိုα္αူေαြα ေαာ္αုα္αα္ျααားαါαα္။ αီα‘ေαာα္α‘αားေαြαာ αြα္αြα္αူαူ ααဲ့αာααုα္αါ။ αုαုိαα္ αီα‘ေαာα္α‘αားေαြ ေαါα္αΎαားαႈα‘αြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္α α ုံα α္းα α ္ေαးαႈေαြ αုα္ေαျαီျαα ္αါαα္။
-αီα‘ေαာα္α‘αားေαြαုိ α‘αၤαိ္α္αာαာျαα္ျαီး ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးα ααိα္αα်α ္αα္းαဲ့ αα္αွα္αြα့္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ေααα္αုိαာ αααΌα α‘ုိαားαားαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ αီαိα္αာေαြαံ Burma Campaign U.S α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္αုိααုိ α α္ျαိဳα္α‘α ိုးαေαါα္းေαာα္ ေαါα္αာα ိα္αα္းαုိααုိ αုαၢိဳα္ေαြα α‘ျαα္αုံးαα္ျααα္αုိαα္ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးα α‘αွα္αျαီး ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားαႊα္ေαးေαးαိα α₯ αူ့α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္ေααဲ့αိα α₯ေαြαုိ α‘ျαα္αုံးျαဳျαα္ေαးေα‘ာα္ αိα‘ားေαးႏုိα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။
-ααူးေαာα္αွ αုိးαီးαြα္αုိααုိ αႈα္αွားαူေαြααဲ α‘αားαူ αααΌα α‘ုိαားαားαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ αီαိα္αာေαြαံ α ာေαးαΎααα္αုိαα္ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααုိ αိα‘ားေαးႏုိα္αဲ့ αΎαီးαားαဲ့ αα္αိα္းαΎαီး ျαα ္αာႏုိα္αါေαΎαာα္း αုိα္αြα္းα‘α္αါαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ αααΌαႏွα့္ αီαိα္αာα်ားαံေαးαα့္α ာαြα္ αူးαြဲαα္ျααα့္αα့္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားα်ား
Image credit: Nicolas Raymond/Shutterstock.com
After being largely closed to the world for half a century, Myanmar is now starting to open up. But the country faces a tricky future. In its quest to find a development model for alleviating poverty and creating an equitable society, writes Chandran Nair, it must not get caught up in the euphoria of rapid growth at any cost.
s one of the last countries in Asia to open its doors, Myanmar — also known as Burma until 1989 — has the opportunity to draw on some of the lessons its neighbors have learned in their decades-long pursuit of rapid economic growth. Many in the region now lament the erosion of cultures and values and the high cost to their resource bases that has accompanied their embrace of unfettered free markets and extreme capitalism.
The rush for rapid growth can be exploited by some to reignite ethnic tensions, as countries like Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Timor experienced.
Examples abound from Japan, where the 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster have prompted questions about its pursuit of prosperity, to Thailand, where the worst floods in living memory resulted from its focus on economic development at the expense of the environment. Throughout Asia, horrific air pollution has engulfed many cities following their blind embrace of cars and low-cost manufacturing, and obesity rates are exploding in countries from India to Malaysia as diets have changed.
Myanmar's opening occurs at a critical time for thinking about routes to development. With the West's reputation undermined by the global financial crisis and its aftermath, its recipe for consumption-led growth is being questioned. Many Asian countries are beginning to come to terms with the reality that they cannot simply "manufacture and export" their way out of poverty and ape an economic model that appears to have exhausted itself because it thrives on promoting relentless consumption by underpricing critical resources.
This offers Myanmar an opportunity to look for a more sustainable development model, one that can avoid the worst impacts of this aspect of global capitalism.
Multiculturalism is a striking feature of Myanmar, yet historically it has been at the core of its woes. Creating and maintaining multicultural harmony in a resource-rich country such as Myanmar has been a key to economic success. Doing so will not be easy. The rush for rapid economic growth can be exploited by some to reignite ethnic tensions, as countries like Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Timor have experienced in their post-colonial eras.
Access to resources is invariably at the center of ethnic conflicts in countries with weak institutions. In fact, Myanmar's ethnic conflicts — which have persisted for decades — can be attributed principally to British colonial rule and its widespread use of a divide-and-conquer tactics to access these resources. After the British annexed Burma in 1885, making it a province of India the following year, they brought in Indians to staff the civil service. The favoritism of the Indian civil servants for their compatriots' business interests, as well as their favoring of Chinese interests over Burmese ones, bred deap-seated resentment.
While it can be refreshing not to see a single Starbucks, McDonalds, KFC or other international fast food outlet, Myanmar is not likely to stay that way.
Attempts were made to reverse this by adopting the "Burmese Way to Socialism," a blueprint for economic development drawn up in 1962. Whatever its other shortcomings, the plan sought to reduce foreign influence, encourage strong military power and promote the coexistence of the countries' different ethnic groups.
But as we now know, it had other unintended consequences. Colonial rule fostered many grievances among the country's different ethnic groups and led to more violent riots and ultimately military crackdown. This is why the recent news about a cease-fire between the Burmese Army and the insurgent armies of the Karen and Shan ethnic groups — together with the release of political prisoners — is a very significant step. The Burmese government should be congratulated these achievements.
Despite the ravages of the last 50 years, Myanmar's culture remains steadfast. But for how much longer, now that political freedom is slowly being realized and the economy is opening up to the rest of the world?
The country must tread carefully so as not to get caught up in the euphoria of rapid economic growth that will undoubtedly hinge on cheaply exploiting its natural resources. This approach will likely be encouraged by those with little understanding of Myanmar's history and complexities — and perhaps even no real long-term interest in the welfare of its people.
Asia's Rice Basket
To an outsider, daily life in Myanmar might seem relatively slow and uncomplicated. Internet connections are weak and work only in a few locations. Shops don't accept credit cards. While it can be refreshing not to see a single Starbucks, McDonalds, KFC or other international fast food outlet, Myanmar is not likely to stay that way.
Despite the rush of the United States and the United Kingdom to take credit for Myanmar's current progress, much of it actually comes after decades of quiet diplomatic relations with many Asian countries. In 1997, Myanmar was admitted to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which has opposed the use of sanctions against Burma, making the regional grouping the true architect of the country's current opening. Having achieved this, it is hoped that the ASEAN nations, more than any others, will not now seek to plunder Myanmar's resources.
Foreign investors are eyeing the country's rich resources — natural gas, oil, copper, silver, precious stones, hardwoods and fisheries.
When it gained independence from Britain in 1948, Myanmar was one of the wealthiest Asian nations and a significant supplier of commodities. But in the following decades, because of its inability to address the many thorny issues arising from its colonial past, it went from being the region's "rice basket" — when it was a net exporter of rice and other agricultural products — to being one of Asia's poorest countries.
Now Myanmar has another chance. But with foreign investors eyeing the country's rich resources — natural gas, oil, copper, silver, precious stones, hardwoods and fisheries — the challenge facing the country is to find a way to foster growth while avoiding the worst pitfalls of development. As many other nations in the region have found out, encouraging investment is important. But there is often a profound conflict between the short-term needs of investors and the long-term interests of the country and its people. This conflict is compounded in resource-rich countries like Myanmar.
This is the sustainable development challenge so many nations in Asia face — and few have found the right balance. But one thing is certain: blindly buying into the economic model of the West is not the answer. The government of Myanmar will need to be prepared to negotiate very strongly, even with its so-called friends, as it continues to open.
Ideally, Myanmar will manage to preserve its culture, heritage and resources while seizing the benefits of integrating its economy with the other vibrant nations of Southeast Asia. But will it be allowed to choose its own route to modernity? Or will it be swamped by extreme capitalism looking for yet another frontier to conquer by plundering its resources?
Source here
Posted By Min Zin
I recently heard an odd story from a source very close to the government in Burma. The source predicted a serious bout of political instability for the country in June 2012. The cause, he said, will be neither an Arab Spring-style mass uprising nor a resurgence of civil war in the country's borderlands.
The reason, he said, is that the health of Thein Sein, our general-turned-civilian-president, is set to go downhill about then.
I asked the source how he knew this.
"This is what an astrologer has been telling us for the past few months," he replied.
Really?
"Yes. It comes from the chief astrologer, the one that the top brass rely on."
I sighed. This is the Burma that I know only too well.
By now it's no secret that Burmese rulers are deeply superstitious, often drawing on the advice of fortunetellers when making important decisions (including economic ones). In early 2011, the former dictator Than Shwe and his entourage (including Thein Sein) dressed in women's longyis (sarong-like garments) as a way of countering the influence of The Lady, Aung San Suu Kyi, and reversing her karma.
So we shouldn't dismiss this latest prediction with a derisive laugh. The ruling elites take their soothsaying extremely seriously.
So is there any basis for such concerns? All I know is the following:
A person who met the president two weeks ago says that Thein Sein was coughing a lot during the meeting. The president, who suffers from heart disease, received a new pacemaker during his recent visit to Singapore. But the same source says that Thein Sein doesn't feel "comfortable" with it.
In a meeting with a dissident early last month, a cabinet minister who is a close aide of Thein Sein also expressed concern about the latter's health.
However, the president's speech on Thursday, which lasted almost an hour, showed him to be in relatively good shape. He only made a few throat-clearing coughs halfway through, and then again near the end of the speech. (The photo above shows him greeting members of parliament just before it.)
Let's suppose that the astrologer's prediction turns out to be true. Past experience, shaped by Burma's tradition of personalized rule and weak institutions, suggests that we are likely to see the rise of hardliners and an intense power rivalry within the regime. Though Thein Sein has officially denied that there are any opponents of reform in the administration, several government insiders have told me and other observers that there are elements within the regime who are not happy with the president's course. Apparently they have even tried to bring the former dictator Than Shwe back into play as a way of foiling or at least slowing down the reform process.
That is why Aung San Suu Kyi recently cautioned that the reforms are not irreversible: "Ultimate power still rests with the army so until we have the army solidly behind the process of democratization we cannot say that we have got to a point where there will be no danger of a U-turn."
If the death of a key player complicates Burma's fragile political transition, a number of scenarios are possible: splits or purges, the emergence of a new autocrat, military intervention, or a popular uprising. Worse still, these scenarios are not mutually exclusive.
As long as reform in Burma is based on personalities rather than institutions, any abrupt change at the top can trigger instability. We probably don't need any astrologers to understand that, though. Reading history ought to be enough.
Source here
Tonight at around 10:30 pm Ashin Gambira has been taken by police for interrogation again. He was able to talk to Ashin Khesara and Ashin Issariya aka King Zero while sitting in the pickup car with the police.
Ashin Gambira had returned to Rangoon just yesterday. He came back from a trip to Kachin state and a visit at his family home in Meithila near Mandalay. He was staying at the house of his elder sister Khin Thu Htay in Eastern Dagong Township when a car with four police men arrived and took him. He was told the police needs to ask him some questions and he would be returned to his monastery tomorrow morning.
During the phone call the car was near Sule Pagoda in Downtown Rangoon. Three police man were sitting around him in the back of the pick up car, the fourth police man was driving. Ashin Gambira was still wearing his monks robe, he has not been disrobed.
U Gambira and Ashin Khesara had been in Kachin state to document the situation of the war refugees there. They visited a refugee camp with over 60.000 people. Ashin Gambira donated money to build a well in that camp.
Before this trip the state run newspaper “New light of Myanmar” had reported that the Sangha Committee had asked for legal action to be taken against Ashin Gambira. When returning back to Rangoon Ashin Gambira already expected to be possibly rearrested but he refused to be limited by fear.
Interview in Burmese
Source here
By Jeff Davis, Ottawa Citizen
Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird will make a rare visit to Burma, one of Asia's most repressive and dictatorial regimes, amid signs the ruling military junta will allow more democratic freedoms in the country.
Baird will be the first Canadian foreign minister to visit the Southeast Asian nation. The trip will likely be officially announced Tuesday.
In response to widespread human-rights abuses and military crackdowns against protesters, Canada imposed diplomatic and economic sanctions against Burma in 1988. These sanctions ban military exports to the country, hinder trade, and deny visas to senior members of the regime.
"We are visiting at a time when we're cautiously optimistic about recent changes," a source told Postmedia News. "While we're not at a point of lifting sanctions, we want to make sure advances made are not reversible."
Burma's ruling junta surprised many when it liberated opposition politician and pro-democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi - who was kept under house arrest for 15 years - in November. In January, she announced she would run for a seat in a parliamentary byelection, and has been campaigning since.
Speaking via video conference to an audience at Carleton University last week, Suu Kyi thanked Canada for its help in pushing Burma toward democracy, saying sanctions have been effective.
"Canada has helped us greatly with regard to our movement toward democracy," said Suu Kyi, who was named an honorary Canadian in 2007.
While there are positive signs the junta is becoming more moderate, she said, it's too early to call.
"Don't be too optimistic. Don't be too pessimistic. Try to see things as they are and try to keep contact with the ordinary people of Burma," she said. "The way in which you can continue to help us is to keep up your awareness of what is happening in Burma."
The first indication Canadian Friends of Burma executive director Tin Maung Htoo received that Baird was looking to visit the country came during a meeting with Immigration Minister Jason Kenney on Feb. 29.
Htoo said the Conservative government has been taking a "wait-and-see" approach to Burma, likely to ensure the reforms that have been launched by the ruling junta are real and not simply window-dressing. He pointed to the fact hundreds of political prisoners remain detained.
But at the same time, foreign ministers from a variety of Western nations, including British Foreign Secretary William Hague and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, have visited, meeting specifically with Suu Kyi. Htoo said it's time Canada followed suit.
Elliot Tepper, a professor of political science at Carleton University, said Canada has stood out for its persistent pressure on Burma.
"The junta has been under severe sanctions by most countries of the world, but in particular by Canada," he said. "This current government has been really strong on the issue of Burma, kind of a world leader in this regard."
Tepper said the current regime is struggling to gain some democratic legitimacy, but that it's too early to know whether democratic reforms have truly taken root.
"The question on everyone's mind is how real it is, whether this is window dressing or will these reforms be institutionalized and lead to significant change," he said.
Diplomatic relations with Burma have improved, evidenced by Burma's sending of a full-fledged ambassador to Canada last year. In recent years, Burma's top diplomat was a charge d'affaires, indicating cool bilateral relations.
Burma's ambassador was not available for comment Monday.
By HANNA HINDSTROM
Location of Thay Baw Bo in Karen state, where the woman claims she was sexually assaulted yesterday (DVB)
A young woman claims she was beaten, drugged and sexually assaulted by two men wearing army fatigues while working in her vegetable garden in Karen state close to the Thai border this week, according to the Karen Women Organization (KWO).
The 22-year-old mother of two told the group that she only managed to escape when a spurt of gunfire near to Thay Baw Bo village opposite Thailand’s Phop Phra district scared off her assailants. She could not confirm whether they were Burmese military or not, but said they were carrying guns.
“We are outraged and deeply saddened to hear about this attempted rape and brutal attack,” said Dah Eh Kler, secretary of KWO, said in a statement on the group’s website. “We hope for peace every day, but this despicable attack reminds us how far we have to go to have the rights, peace and safety our community deserves.”
This is the first reported case of sexual violence since an initial ceasefire agreement was negotiated between Karen rebels and the Burmese government in January. As the young woman was unable to identify her attackers, it is unlikely that they will be brought to justice.
The incident follows other reports of human rights abuses in Karen state, including attacks on displacement camps, forced labour and looting of supplies by the Burmese army. As part of the ceasefire agreement, the Karen National Union (KNU) agreed to let Burmese soldiers restock their supplies inside rebel territory, which they are alleged to have exploited by sending more troops to the area.
“This most recent egregious case is only one example of human rights abuses which continue every day including forced labour and other acts of violence against women,” the group says.
Campaigners warn that sexual violence will continue to happen unless perpetrators are held to account by the Burmese army and demilitarisation is made a priority. KWO has called for the Burmese regime to be held accountable for its actions “with real monitoring and accountability”.
The group is concerned that women’s voices are being ignored in the ceasefire process, despite being specifically affected by the conflict. Last month it created a women’s peace committee, in accordance with UN Security Council recommendations, but they have not been formally invited to join the ceasefire negotiations.
“We heard that the KNU also has a [gender] policy and they would like women to be involved in discussions, but we did not receive an official invitation,” executive member of the KWO Board, Naw K’nyaw Paw, told DVB.
Zipporah Sein, General Secretary of the KNU and former head of the KWO, has previously called for more women to be integrated into KNU leadership and for women’s rights to be made a priority in Burma.
Ethnic minority women, including the Karen, have faced systematic abuse at the hands of the Burmese army for decades. Accurate data is difficult to obtain because of the taboo surrounding sexual violence. Rape survivors are often blamed and ostracised by their communities in a vicious cycle of re-victimisation.
The KWO is determined to gather more international support for a fact-finding mission, such as a UN commission of inquiry, to document incidents of violence against women.
“What they have done is a war crime, but in order to prosecute the Burmese military we need more evidence,” said Naw K’nyaw Paw.
Last month, the head of Burma’s human rights commission ruled out the possibility of a probe into abuses against ethnic minorities. The international community has also backed away from earlier pressure, ostensibly with a view to encouraging further democratic reforms in Burma.
“Maybe this is not the time [to pursue prosecution] but this type of information needs to be collected and once there is a negotiation or a transitional government, the issue can be brought up again,” said Naw K’nyaw Paw.
Source :DVB
αααα α‘ေαးα‘αα္း ျαα ္αြားαျαα္း α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αα္း α်ားα‘αα္ αα ္αု α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα ္ေαာ αα္αုα္ α α္αႈααၠαိုα္ ေα်ာα္းαား αိုαုα္းေαာ္ αြα္αြα္αျαα္း (αα) ႏွα ္ေျαာα္ ႏွα ္αα္αα္ ေα‘ာα္ေα့αြα္ α‘αα္းα‘αားαို αα္αုα္αΏαိဳαေαာ္ ေαာ္αα္ႏွα္းαီ αα္းααြα္ αα္α αα αα္ေαα αံαα္ α αာαီαွ αα αာαီα‘αိ ျαဳαုα္αြားαα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း α‘αိုαါαြဲ α ီα α₯္αူ αα ္α¦းα ေျαာαΎαားαα္။
αα္းα‘αα္းα‘αားαြα္ α α္αႈααၠαိုα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαာα္း αααα αုႏွα ္ αα္ αα αα္ေααႏွα့္ αα αα္ေαα αုိααြα္ α‘αီးαီး α်αုံးαဲ့ေαာ ေα်ာα္းαား αုိαုα္းေαာ္ႏွα့္ αုိα ုိးႏိုα္ αုိαα‘αြα္ ေα‘ာα္ေα့αြα္αာα်ား ေျαာαΎαားαα္ ျαα ္αΏαီး ေα်ာ္ေျαေαး α‘α ီα‘α α₯္α်ားαα္း αါαα္ေαΎαာα္း αα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းႏွα့္ αီးα α္αူ αα ္α¦းαံαွ αိααα္။
αα္α (αα)αα္၊ αααα αုႏွα ္။
αိုαုα္းေαာ္α်αံုးαΏαα္း (αα)ႏွα ္ေαΏαာα္ α‘αွα္ααα‘αα္းα‘αားαα ္αုαိုαα္αုα္α α္αႈααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαာα္းα်ားα α¦းα ီးαΏαီး
α်α္းααΏαဳαုα္αြားαို ့ αΏαα္αα္α ိုα္းαΏαα္းေααααα္αို ့ αိαွိααါαα္။
αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားα‘αြဲ α‘ေααဲ ့αိုαုα္းေαာ္ေα ့α‘αα္းα‘αားαို
αိုα္းαα္းαံ့αိုးေαးαို ့αံုးαΏαα္αားေααာα္းααα်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္αα ္ေαာα္α ေαΏαာαိုαါαα္။
αိုαုα္းေαာ္α်αံုးαဲ့αဲ့ ေααα္αို"αΏαα္αာ့αူα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေα"α‘αΏαα ္αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαႈα္αွားαα္ααြαူα်ားα α‘α α₯္αα ိုα္ ေαာ္αႊα္းαα္αွα္αဲ့αααါαα္။
Source : The Voice News
αူေျαာα်ားေααဲ့ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ αααΊဴαီαိျαိဳααα္αွ၊ αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့ ေαာေျαာαြဲ
NLD αါαီα α္းαံုးေαးေαာေျαာαြဲ αα္ေαာα္αူα်ားαို αααΊဴαီαိျαိဳααα္၊ ေα‘ာα္α်α္းαာေα်းαြာ αီးαα္းေαးေαာ္ααီαွ αီးαေαးαု αို
(α ိα α ္ေαးαα္ေαာ ααα္း)
αα္αုα္ αα္ α αα္။ ။ေαျαα္ေαာ္αααΊဴαီαိျαိဳααα္αွ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αα့္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္း၏ α α္းαံုးေαးααီးα α₯္α‘αြα္း ေαာေျαာαြဲαိုααα္ေαာα္αΎααူ αြာαားα်ား၏ေαα‘ိα္αို αွ်α္α α ္αီးαြα္αα္း ေαးαα္ααုα္αု ေα်းαြာαီးαα္းေαးေαာ္ααီα ေျαာαိုေαΎαာα္းαို ေαာ္αα္ႏွα္းαီαြα္ ျαဳαုα္ေαာ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαြα္ ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းα ေျαာαα္။
α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းႏွα့္α‘αြဲααα္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αα αα္ေααα αααΊဴαီαိျαိဳααα္αွိ ေα‘ာα္α်α္းαာေα်းαြာαိုα α α္းαံုးေαးαα္းαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αြာαြα္ေααိုα္αူ αူ ααα αα္ααα္ေαာα္ αားေαာα္αဲ့αΎαေαΎαာα္း ၊α‘αိုαါ ေα‘ာα္α်α္းαာαြာαα္ ααုαိαိုα္ αီးαααွိေαးαဲ αြာαြα္ αွ်α္α α ္αီးေαွ်ာα္αားေαးα‘αြα္ αီးαα္းေαးေαာ္ααီαြဲααားေαΎαာα္း၊ αြာαွိα‘ိα္α်ားα αα ္α‘ိα္αွ်α္ α αိα္းαဲ့αα္αာ αြာαားα်ားα αီးααွိေαးαို αΎαိဳးα ားေαααဲαာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα αα္ေααα ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္း၏ ေαာေျααြဲαα္ေαာα္αူα်ား၏ α‘αα္α ာαα္းαို αီးαα္းေαးေαာ္ααီα‘αြဲαα αွα္αားαာ αိိုαြာαားα်ား၏α‘ိα္α်ားα‘ား αီးαα္းαိုαေαာα္αြα္αာα ာαα္းα်ားα αုα္αα္αိုα္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαα္။αိုαα‘ျαα္ αြာαားα်ားαံαွ ေαာα္αံေαာ ေαြ ααိα္းαα္ αီးαိုα္ႏွα့္ αီးαΎαိဳး αိုးαာျαα ္ျαီး ααα္α ေαာ္αာαို αါαီαα ္αုαွ αွဴαါα္းαွာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုαါαီαွ αွဴαါα္းေαာ ααα္α ေαာ္αာαွေα၍ αီးαြα္αα္းααα္ ျαα ္αျαα့္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ ေαာေျαာαြဲαိုα αα္ေαာα္ေαာαူα်ားαို αီးαေαးေαာ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ α်α္αွိαူα်ားαိုαာ αီးေαးαα္αု ေα်းαြာαီးαα္းေαးေαာ္ααီα ေျαာαα္αု ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းαေျαာαα္။
α‘αα္αါαိα α₯ႏွα့္ αါα္αα္၍ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αα αα္ေααα ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းαိုα္αိုα္ αိုေα်းαြာαိုα αြားေαာα္ျαီး αီးαα္းေαးေαာ္ααီα₯αၠαႏွα့္ ေαြααြα့္ေαာα္းαာ α‘ျαားαာαα္αွိαူႏွα့္αာ ေαြααြα့္αေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုαူαွ “αα္းαိုααΎαိဳα္αဲ့ေααာαိုαိုα္၊ αါαိုαα α‘αα္α‘αα္ α‘αိα္αေαးαိုα αုα္ေαာα္ααာαာ ျαα ္αα္၊ αီαီးαα္းαိုαေαးαာαာ αါαိုααါαီαေαးαာ ျαα ္αဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္းαိုα NLD ေαာα္αံαူေαြαို αီးαေαးαူး၊ αΎαိဳα္αဲ့ေααာαိုαိုα္” αုေျαာαြားေαΎαာα္း၊ ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းα‘ေαႏွα့္ αြာαားα်ားα ုေαါα္း၍ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးေαာ္ααီαိုα α ာαိုααိုα္αΎαားျαα္းေαာα္αြα္αΎααα္၊ αူα αိုα္αိုα္αα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္αိုα αα္ျααားေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ αီαီαာαွေα၍ αα္αα္ေျααွα္းαα္ αုαြာαားα်ားα‘ား ေျαာαိုαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αွα္းαα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα ေျαာαΎαားေαာ αိα္ααြα္းႏွα့္αါα္αα္၍ αီαီαာα်ားαွ ေαးျαα္းαႈαို ေျααΎαားαာαြα္ “α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘αြα္း α‘ေα်ာ့αိုα္းႏွα့္ α‘αာαိုα္း αြဲျαားေαျαα္းααုα္αဲ αူαα ္α¦းα်α္းαီ၏ α‘α်α့္α αိုα္၊ α ိα္ေαα ိα္αား αြဲျαားαႈေαΎαာ့α္αာ αုα္αိုα္ေျααွα္းαံု αြဲျαားျαα္းαာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း” αိုေαာα αားα‘α αိုαူαα ္α¦းα်α္းα ီ၏ α ိα္ေαα ိα္αားα်ားေαΎαာα့္αα္ ေα‘ာα္ေျααြα္ αိαိုα္αာ α‘αα္α‘αဲα်ားαΎαံဳေαြαေααျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αα္αွαုαၢိဳ၊ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α₯αၠααိုαα αα္αိုαဲ ααိα်ားေαးေαေα αာαူ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα‘αα့္α်ား၏ αေα်ာ္αΎααာ αံုးαႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ ျαိုααα္α‘αα့္ ααိုα္α‘αα့္α်ားαြα္ ေα်ာေαြααႈααွိαဲ α‘αα္α‘αဲα်ား ျαα ္ေααေαΎαာα္း αိုαွα္းαα္းေျααΎαားαြားαါαα္။
αိုαဲ
ေαျαα္ေαာ္ αααΊဴαီαိျαိဳααα္၊ αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့ ေαာေျαာαြဲαွာ ျαα္αူαဲα αα္αα္းα‘αါα‘αα္ αိα္းαဲαα်ီαα္ေαာα္ αΎααα္αိုα αိαွိααါαα္...
ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွ NLD αါαီαα္α်ား αါαီαိုα္းαုα္α‘ား αα္းေα ာα့္ေααΎαα
(α ိα α ္ေαးαα္ေαာ ααα္း)
ေαျαα္ေαာ္ α₯αၱααီαိျαိဳααα္ႏွα့္ αုααΊαီαိျαိဳααα္ αိုααြα္αွိေαာ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αါαီαိုα္းαုα္α်ားα‘ား αားျαα့္αုα္ျαα္း၊ αွီးျαα္း αိα α₯αα္α်ားျαα ္ေααေαေαΎαာα္းαို αα္α α αα္ေααα ααα္းျαိဳααα္ ေαႊαံုαိုα္αွိ ေαာ္αα္ႏွα္းαီးေαာα္αိုα္αြα္ ျαဳαုα္ေαာ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαြα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α¦းျαိဳးေαα်ာေαာ္α αွα္းαα္းေျαာαΎαားαြားαα္။
αααျαα ္α α₯္αွာ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α¦းαα္းαူ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αα့္ α₯αၱααီαိျαိဳααα္αြα္ ျαα ္αြားျαα္းျαα ္ျαီး ျαိဳααα္αံုးαွိ αါαီαိုα္းαုα္α‘ား αားျαα့္αုα္αြားαာေαြααွိαဲ့αေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ α¦းαα္းαူα αα္αိုα္αာ αဲα αα္းαြα္ αိုα္α်α္αြα့္ျαီး ααားαံုးαို α¦းαိုα္ေαွ်ာα္αားαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αုαိαျαα ္α α₯္αွာ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α¦းျαိဳးေαα်ာေαာ္ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αα့္ αုααΊαီαိျαိဳααα္αြα္ ျαα ္αြားျαα္းျαα ္ျαီး αုααΊαီαိျαိဳααα္α ိα္αα္αံုးေα်းαြာαွိ αα္/ေα်းαံုးαα္းαြα့္αွα ္αားαα့္ αိုေα‘းαα္းαα္း ေαα‘ိα္αြα္ ျαα ္αြားျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα αα္ေαα α αံုးαα္းαြα့္αွα ္αားα်ိα္αြα္ αါαီαိုα္းαုα္α‘ား αားျαα့္αွီးαြားျαα္းျαα ္ျαီး αα αα္ေααααα္αြα္ αα္αိုα္αာ ααၱာαဲα αα္းαိုα αူ αα¦းα αα္ေααြα္αို αိုα္α်α္αြα့္αားျαα္း ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαα္။
α¦းျαိဳးေαα်ာေαာ္α αα္αα္ αွα္းαα္းေျαာαΎαားαာαြα္ ααုေαာေαာαα္αြα္ αိုα္α်α္αြα့္αားαံု α‘ေျαα‘ေααာ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αႈαြα့္αα့္ α‘αα့္αိုα αေαာα္ေαးေαΎαာα္း၊ ေα်းαြာα်ားαြα္ αα္/ေα်း αါαီαိုα္းαုα္ αူေαာα္αားαူα်ားα‘ားαံုး ααိုα္းαြα္ αိုα့္αိုα္းαုα္αို αိုα္αိုα္ αα္းေα ာα့္ α‘ိα္ေααေαΎαာα္း αွα္းαα္းေျαာαΎαားαα္။
“ α‘ေျααံα‘αα့္αွာαွိαဲ့ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးα‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα‘ေααဲααα္း α‘αုαα္αွိαွာ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌααΎαီး αိုα္αိုα္ αီαိုαေαα ီαα္းေαΎαာα္းαို ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းေααα္ αိုαာαို α်α္ေျααျαα္αα့္αူး αိုα αα½ြα္ေαာ္ α‘αိေαးα်α္αါαα္” αု αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α¦းေαα်ာေαာ္αွ ေျαာαΎαားαြားαါαα္။
αိုαဲ
αူαီေαာα္းေαြαဲαွာ αြα္ေαါα္းေαြ α‘α်ားαΎαီးαွိαါαα္..။ αα္αα္းေαြ ααα‘ေျααိုα္αာαိုαα‘αြα္αဲေαးαဲ့ ေααေαာα္αα္ αူαီေαာα္းαို ေα့αိုα္αါ αြα္ေαါα္းαို ျαα ္αိုα္αါ..
... α‘αွα္ααားα‘αြα္ αα္ေαျααိုα္αါ...။
ေαျαα္ေαာ္α ေα်ာα္းαူαီေαာα္းαဲα
α‘ေα့ေျαးαα¦းα αα္ေαျαေαျαီေαာ္...(αံု Getty Images)
α‘ေα့ေျαးαα¦းα αα္ေαျαေαျαီေαာ္...(αံု Getty Images)
Credit : Demowaiyan
Local people from Maungdaw fear for their daily life struggle after sole agents tenders were announced on March 3 , said a trader from Maungdaw.
“The tender price is more than twice than last year and the sole agents will collect more their fee on consumers’ goods and daily life of people.”
Kyat 1.2 million for slaughter license – sole agent- which no different from last year , but the market and wheel and road licenses are going more than double price than last year, said a businessman from Maungdaw.
“Kyat 11.8 million for market license which was 5.8 million and Kyat 16 million for wheel and road license which was 8.6 million last year.”
The agents are;-- Maung Maung Sein for slaughter , Than Khey alias Paungmay for market and Maung Maung Zaw for wheel and road,
Kyaw Saw, ex-military intelligence personnel had tried to control -- the market, wheel and road -- sectors and asked to former agents to give him ten million kyat for not involving in the sole agent auction (tenders) sale, according to an officer who involve in the tender sale.
It is learn that Kyaw Saw, the agent of fishing sector in Maungdaw south who harass the fishermen with help of authority and most of fishermen lost their business for high toll collecting. It is now trying to control and monopoly and to harass the Rohingya business of Maungdaw with this sole agent system.
The Arakan state economic minister and the head officer of Akyab municipal were present with other officials during tender sale program which held in Thirimangala Hall in Maungdaw.
Source : KPN
Representatives from Karen organizations worldwide today call for genuine peace throughout Burma and for national reconciliation towards the establishment of a federal union. They also appealed to the international community, especially the European Union and the United States, to maintain pressure on the Burmese Government until there is tangible political change for the Karen and for all the people of Burma.
Today’s appeals were the result of a four-day conference organized by the Karen National Unity Committee from 27 February to 1 March in Kawtholei, Karen State. The conference was attended by 167 Karen participants, including community and religious leaders, as well as representatives from women, youth and other Karen ethnic organizations from inside Burma and around the world.
“We welcome the peace initiative of the Karen National Union (KNU),” said K’nyaw Paw, Executive Member of Karen Women’s Organization and Presidium Board Member of Women’s League of Burma. “We are collectively calling on the Burmese Government to genuinely commit to a ceasefire with the KNU, stop military operation in Karen areas, start political negotiation, and guarantee ethnic rights for the Karen people and for all the people of Burma.”
Participants of the conference also expressed their support for the KNU in working with other ethnic and democratic alliances including United Nationalities Federal Council for the establishment of a federal democratic Burma.
“We acknowledge that there have been some political changes in the central parts of Burma,” said Zoya Phan, Chair of the European Karen Network and Advisor of the Karen Community Association UK. “However, the situation in Karen areas has not improved and the rights and protection of the Karen have not been guaranteed. These are critical issues that must be addressed in order to achieve lasting peace in our communities, and for there to be significant political reforms in Burma.”
“As Karen overseas, we pledged to do all we can to support the ceasefire negotiations between the KNU and the Burmese Government,” said Saw Kenneth Moe, Vice-Chairperson of the Karen National Fellowship–Korea. “Karen people around the world have pledged to work in unity and we hope the international community will stand with us by pressuring the Burmese Government to work sincerely for peace and national reconciliation in our country. International governments could also play a concrete role as observers to make sure the process is transparent.”
The conference also stressed that development projects, many of which are already underway in Karen areas, must take into account the local people’s rights to participation in decision-making, right to land ownership and well being of future generations. The Burmese Government’s economic policies must be based on the long-term benefit of the people, especially local communities.
For more information, please contact:
Zoya Phan: +66811002857 / +447738630139
K’nyaw Paw: +66810295503
Saw Kenneth Moe: +66896448764 / +821087147019
________________________________________________
Statement from Karen Worldwide Conference
Statement from Karen Worldwide Conference
By Karen National Unity Committee
A Karen Worldwide Conference was held on 27 February to 1 March 2012 regarding the current political situation in Burma and the future of Karen people. A total of 167 participants comprised of Karen communities, religious leaders, and representatives from women, youth and other Karen ethnic organizations, from both inside Burma and overseas, attended the conference.
The following decisions were made by consensus in the conference:
A Karen Worldwide Conference was held on 27 February to 1 March 2012 regarding the current political situation in Burma and the future of Karen people. A total of 167 participants comprised of Karen communities, religious leaders, and representatives from women, youth and other Karen ethnic organizations, from both inside Burma and overseas, attended the conference.
The following decisions were made by consensus in the conference:
We welcome the Karen National Union (KNU)’s four-step roadmap regarding the on-going peace talks with the Burmese Government.
We, Karen communities around the world, both inside Burma and oversea, will support the ceasefire and peace talks between the KNU and the Burmese Government as best as we can.
A nationwide ceasefire must be implemented. Ceasefire and peace processes must be conducted with transparency and involve third party international observers.
Refugees and Internally Displaced People (IDPs) should not be repatriated until genuine peace is achieved. At that point, repatriation must be completed under the observation of the international community.
The international community should maintain pressure against the Burmese Government until a genuine peace is achieved.
We call for the release of all political prisoners including Mahn Nyein Maung and other KNU and Karen communities members.
Development projects must take into account the local people’s rights to participation in decision-making, right to land ownership, and the well being of future generations. The economic policies must be based on the long-term benefit of the people, especially local communities.
We recognize the urgent need to fight against drug and gambling, and work together as a national cause.
In order to prevent ineffectiveness during the peace negotiation taken by the KNU, there should be good management in political, military, economic and organizing sectors.
We will work to promote unity and solidarity among Karen ethnic organizations. Karen people from different communities and organizations around the world will work together to protect and promote our Karen cause.
For the purpose of safeguarding the future of Karen nationality, and based on Karen national solidarity, we will hold an inclusive congress with participation of all the Karen people.
We will continue to work together and collaborate with other ethnic nationalities to achieve the political aspirations of the Karen people, such as nationality equality and the right to self-determination.
For more information about the conference, contact the following persons:
Zoya Phan: +66811002857 / +447738630139
Saw Aw Baw Mu: +66806215075
Former detained Burmese activist Ko Ko Gyi recalling his days in prison during an interview in Yangon. For veteran dissident Ko Ko Gyi, freedom after almost two decades behind bars has brought guarded optimism about Burma's future, and no thoughts of revenge against the regime. (AFP Photo).
Yangon. For veteran dissident Ko Ko Gyi, freedom after almost two decades behind bars has brought guarded optimism about Burma's future, and no thoughts of revenge against the regime.
The former student activist, one of hundreds of political prisoners released in January in the country formerly known as Burma, said that he was ready for reconciliation if the quasi-civilian government continues its reforms.
"We had a bitter experience for a very long time, but we can forgive, not only myself, but also my comrades," he told AFP in an interview.
"We do not want to dwell on the past, but instead face the brighter future... It is not going to be easy to forget, and we say that if we have to engage in politics the time is now, not in the past."
Ko Ko Gyi said he and other prominent former student leaders who were at the vanguard of a failed 1988 uprising would give their full support to opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, who is standing for a seat in parliament for the first time in April 1 by-elections, as well as to a new generation of activists.
"There is now a change of guard on the streets from us to the younger generation," he said.
"I am now 50 for example. I am now more engaged in politics in this democratic space, but we welcome the involvement of more and more younger students to this cause."
He said his group would engage with civil society and pointed to the government's decision last year to halt a Chinese-backed mega-dam in response to public opposition as an example of the potential of people power.
But more than a month after he was freed along with hundreds of other political detainees, Ko Ko Gyi said he had yet to enjoy true liberty.
"Freedom? There is no new freedom. Sometimes they are still watching," he said at his home in Yangon, referring to intelligence agents in civilian clothes he believes have been assigned to watch him.
I Still Hear the Clanging of Cell Doors
Ko Ko Gyi lost the best years of his youth in jail, and has seen many of his fellow activists succumb to both physical and mental torture.
He hides his pain beneath an easy smile and a piercing set of eyes that quickly spot even the smallest of movements, a typical trait among those who have spent many years in detention.
"The images still reflect in my mind. I hear prison voices in my head, and I still hear the clanging of cell doors in the morning and in the evening," he said.
As vice-president of the All Burma Federation of Student Unions, Ko Ko Gyi was one of the most prominent activists who stood up to the junta in 1988.
The military brutally crushed the peaceful protests, leaving thousands of people dead.
Ko Ko Gyi was detained for 44 days the following year for his role in the rallies. He was arrested again in 1991 for his activism and sentenced to two decades in jail with hard labor.
He was released after more than 13 years behind bars, but was detained again in 2007 for supporting the "Saffron Revolution" monk-led protests the same year, which also triggered a bloody military crackdown.
Fellow student leader Min Ko Naing, who headed the All Burma Federation of Student Unions, was jailed for 16 years over the 1988 protests. He was also arrested in 2007 and freed in January this year.
I Lost My Youth
Ko Ko Gyi said he and his colleagues were routinely tortured, but what hurt more was not knowing when he would see his family and friends again, and watching fellow activists lose their minds while in prison.
His parents died one after the other while he was locked up, leaving his younger brother to support the family financially while he languished in jail.
"I am single. I have never married because there was no time to find a suitable partner or to get married. I lost my youth," he said.
Ko Ko Gyi said compared with many of those imprisoned for criminal offenses, the political detainees were closely watched and were allowed fewer visitors.
But as Burma faced tighter international scrutiny over its tentative steps towards reforms, his jailers allowed small concessions, including access to books.
"Inside, my companions were Gandhi and Mandela," Ko Ko Gyi confided, referring to former South African president and anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela and Indian pacifist Mahatma Gandhi.
When he was much younger Ko Ko Gyi was impressed by Cuba's Fidel Castro and his rebellion launched with only 12 rifles, though he said his own experience had taught him to be more pragmatic.
The release of Ko Ko Gyi and other political prisoners is part of a raft of reforms by the regime that has included allowing Aung San Suu Kyi and her party to return to mainstream politics and giving more freedom to the media.
He said that while the number of seats at stake in the April polls, 48, was not enough to change the balance of power in parliament, Aung San Suu Kyi's inclusion -- if she wins a seat as widely expected -- would be significant.
"Aung San Suu Kyi's voice is not the same as the others. It carries a heavier weight... So we believe she can represent in the parliament on behalf of the democratic groups."
Ko Ko Gyi feels that while change is in the air, the reforms have yet to be felt by ordinary people, and are in part driven by a desire by the regime to improve ties with the West and attract more investment and tourists.
"When I was freed from prison in January, there were so many flash bulbs and so many young journalists who surrounded us. This was a strange situation, and I have never been used to being exposed. So yes, there are some changes instituted that we need to recognize," he said.
"But more needs to be done. There is simply no other choice," he said, as three police officers walked slowly in front of his house.
Agence France-Presse
αွα္αံုαα္αံαါα္ ααုαα္းαို α‘αα္α‘α်ဳိးα်ဳိးျαα့္ αူ αα ေα်ာ္ ျαα ္ေαျαα္း၊ ေααံုးαΏαီးαူα်ား αဲαႏα΅αွα္ α ာαα္း αြα္ αါαα္ေαျαα္း၊ αဲေαးαြα့္αွိαူα‘α်ဳိα၏ α‘αα္ αဲαႏα΅αွα္α ာαα္းαြα္ ααါαα္ျαα္း α αα့္ αွားαြα္းαႈα်ား ျαα ္ေααααα္αု αိုαα္။
αဲαႏα΅αွα္ ααα αα္ααွိαα့္ α်ာαံုαΏαိဳα α‘αွα္ αα αα္αြα္αြα္ αွα္αံုαα္αံαါα္ αα/ααα (ႏိုα္) αααααα ααုαα္း αို αူ αα ေαာα္ ျαα ္ေααα့္ α‘ျαα္၊ NLD αါαီαα္ αဲαံုαႉးα်ားαα္း αဲα ာαα္းαြα္ ααါαα္αု NLD αိုα္α ားαွα္αာα္း α¦းαိα္းေαြα ααၩိααို ေျαာαα္။
“ေαာ္ေαာ္αိုးαိုးαြားαြားα်α္းαါαဲ။ α¦းျαဴ αွα္αံုαα္αံαါα္ αီα‘αိုα္းαဲ၊ α¦းαီ αွα္αံုαα္αံαါα္ αီα‘αုိα္းαဲ။ αဲαံု αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘ျαα ္ α်ေαာ္αိုα αာαα္ေαးαα္αα‘α္αားαဲ့ αုαၢိဳα္ေαြαα္း αဲα ာαα္းαွာ ααါαူး။ ေαာα္ααါ αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ ေျαာα္ႏွα ္ေαာα္ααα္းα ေααံုးαြားαဲ့αူေαြ αီαဲα ာαα္းαွာαါαα္” αု ေျαာαα္။
α်ာαံုααိုα္ NLD α α ိα α ္αဲ α ာαα္းα်ားα‘α α‘αα္αႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္α‘αွα္ αα αြα္ α‘α်ံဳးαα္αα့္ α်ာαံု ααိုα္ႏွα့္ ေαးααဲααိုα္α်ားαွိ αဲαႏα΅αွα္α်ား α ာαα္းαြα္αα္း α‘αα္αါျαα ္αα္α်ဳိး ျαα ္ေααေααα္αု α်ာαံု NLDαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေα‘ာα္ႏိုα္ေαး ေαာ္ααီαα္ αိုေα်ာ္ေαα်ာα ααၩိααို ေျαာαα္။
“ေျαာααα္αိုαα္ α‘αွားေαြα်α္းαဲ။ α₯ααာαိုαα္ ေαα ာαα္းေαြ αါαα္။ αာαα္α ာαα္းေαြ αြဲαွားေααα္။ α‘ိα္ေαာα္α ု ααားαွိα်α္αဲα αဲေαးαြα့္ α ာαα္းαဲ ααါαူး။ αူα¦းေα αေαာα္αွိαα္ ααα ေα်ာ္ေαာα္ α‘ဲαီαိုα်ဳိး
ျαα ္ေααါαα္” αု αိုေα်ာ္ေαα်ာα ေျαာαα္။
α‘αိုαါ ျαα ္αα္α်ားႏွα့္ αα္αα္၍ NLD αါαီ၏ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေα‘ာα္ႏိုα္ေαး ေαာ္ααီαα္α်ားαွ αိα်αα့္ α ာαα္းα်ားαူးαူ၍ ေαာ္ααွα္αိုα αα္ျααα္ ααိဳးαα္းαာαြα္αα္း αဲα ာαα္းαို ေαααံ α‘ာαာαိုα္αိုααွ αူးαူαြα့္ αေαးαု αိုေα်ာ္ေαα်ာα αα္ေျαာαα္။
“α်ေαာ္αိုααို ျαႆαာ αွာေααာ α ာေαးေαြαဲα်။ α်ဳိαၠαာαြာα α ာေαး αိုαα္ေαာα္α¦းαိုαα္ αα္αိုေျαာαဲ αိုေαာ့ α‘αူးαα္း ααံႏိုα္αူး၊ α‘αုαα္း α‘αူးααံαူး၊ ေαာα္αα္း α‘αူးααံαူး၊ αံαားေαြ ေα်ာα္းေαြαို ααံ့αိုα္ေαးα ျαဳαုα္ေαးαားαာ။ αူαိုးαို αါးαိုး ααα္းႏုိα္αူး” αု αေα်ααံαα္αံေαΎαာα္း αိုေα်ာ္ေαα်ာα ααၩိααို ျαα္αα္ ေျαာျααα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္ ေαေαααါαီα αα αα္ေαααα္းα ααိုα္ေαာ္ααွα္αွ αုα္ျαα္αΏαီးျαα ္αα့္ αဲαႏα΅αွα္ α ာαα္းαိုαα္း αα္α α αα္ေααα‘αိ α်ာαံုαΏαိဳα αα αα္αြα္၊ ေα်ာα္းα၊ ေα်ာα္းαုα္း၊ αေျααα္၊ α‘ေαွαα်ား၊ αααα ္၊
ေαႊေαာα္α ု၊ ျαα ္αα္း၊ ေα်ာα္းαြα္း၊ ေα‘ာα္αြα္း၊ αါးα‘ိα္α ု၊ α်ဳိαါေα်ာα္αဲ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ု α αα့္ αြာေαါα္း αα αြာαြα္ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးαံုးα်ားႏွα့္ ေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αြဲααြဲαံုးα်ားαြα္ αα္αားျαα္း ααွိαα့္α‘αြα္ αဲαႏα΅αွα္ α ာαα္း α ိα α ္αာαြα္ α‘α်ိα္αΎαα္ααΎαာαႈα်ား ျαα ္ေααေααα္αုαα္း αိααα္။
αα္/ေα်း ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αြဲααြဲα်ားαွ αဲαႏα΅αွα္α်ားα‘ေαျαα့္ αိαိαိုα αာαα္ αဲαႏα΅αွα္α ာαα္းαြα္ αါαα္ျαα္းαွိ/ααွိ၊ αွားαြα္းαႈ αα ံုααာαွိαါα ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αြဲααြဲα်ားαိုα αα္α α αα္ေαα ေαာα္αံုးαား α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαα္ ၫႊα္αΎαား αားေαာ္αα္း α်ာαံုααိုα္ αα္းαွα ုေα်းαြာαိုα αα္α α αα္ေααα‘αိ αဲαႏα΅αွα္α ာαα္း ေαာα္αွိααာေαးαု αα္း αိုေα်ာ္ေαα်ာα ေျαာαα္။
α€αိα α₯α်ားႏွα့္ αα္αα္၍ αα္/ေα်း ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αြဲααြဲα်ား၊ αΏαိဳααα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αြဲααြဲ αိုααိုα αα္ျα αားαΏαီး၊ αဲαႏα΅αွα္α ာαα္းα်ား αွားαြα္းαႈαိုαα္း NLD ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေα‘ာα္ႏိုα္ေαး ေαာ္ααီαα္α်ားαွ αα္αα္ α ိα α ္αာ αα္ျααြားαα္αုαα္း α¦းαိα္းေαြα ေျαာαα္။
αဲαႏα΅αွα္α ာαα္း αြဲαွားαႈα်ားαို α§αΏαီα α αα္ေαααြα္ α်α္းααα္αွိαα့္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααိုα္αီ α αα္ ααိဳαα္၍ αါαီα‘αီးαီးαွ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα်ား α‘ေαျαα့္ ေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αီးαီးαိုα αα္ျαႏုိα္αΏαီး αα္ျααႈ α‘ေαα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္αွ α ိα α ္α‘αα္ျαဳαα္ ျαα ္αα္။
α်ာαံုααိုα္၏ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း α α α‘ုα္α ုαြα္ αြာေαါα္း ααα ေα်ာ္αွိαΏαီး ေαးααဲααိုα္αြα္ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ု αα α‘ုα္α ုαြα္ ေα်းαြာေαါα္း ααα αွိαα္။ α်ာαံုααိုα္αြα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာαα αဲαႏα΅ေαးαြα့္αွိαူ ααα,ααα ေα်ာ္αွိေααΏαီး ေαးααဲααိုα္αြα္ ααα,ααα ေα်ာ္ αဲေαးαြα့္αွိαα္αု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္α αုα္ျαα္αα္αုαα္း αိααα္။
α်ာαံု၊ ေαးααဲ α‘αα္αႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ α‘αွα္ αα αြα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα‘αြα္း ααု α်α္းαာေαး αုαα္ααီး ေαါα္αာ ေααျαα္ျαα္α‘ုα္းαα္αွ ααံ့αိုα္ေαးαါαီ αိုα္α ားျαဳ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္ α‘ႏိုα္ααဲ့αα္။
α်ိဳးαα္α
Source : α်α္းαုိα္ (ααၩိα)
αိုαေαာ္ α‘αွα္ααα္αုα္αိုα္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ ေαာ္αα္αိုေαာ့ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္ααα့္ α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားαα္း αွိေααα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α ျαα္αြα္း αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαး၊ ααားα₯αေα α ိုးαိုးေαး α‘αါα‘αα္ ααα္းαီαီαာ αα၊ αုαၢαိα αα၊ ααာေαးႏွα့္ ေαြေαΎαးαα၊ ႏုိα္αံααာαα္αံေαးႏွα့္ αα္းႏွီးျαွα္ႏွံαႈ၊ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူαႈေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး၊ ႏုိα္αံ ေαး၊ ေαα္αီαြံαΏαိဳးαိုးαα္ေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီႏုိα္αံαα ္ႏွα့္ α‘αာαα္ ေαွ်ာ္αွα္းα်α္α်ား၊ α‘αိα္α ααၤα္းα ာα်ား α αα္ျαα့္ ααα ုံ ေျαာαΎαားαြားαα္။
ျαα္αာ ျαα္αူαူαု α‘ေαျαα့္ ေαα္α‘αα္αα္ α‘α ိုးα α αα ္α်ိဳးα ုံαို ေαြαααံဳαံα ားαဲ့αေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္αွိα‘α ိုးα၏ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαး αုα္αα္းα α₯္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αႈ၊ ေααွα္ αိုα္αာαα္αံ့αႈα‘ေαα αူαα္αΏαီး ေαာα္α‘α ိုးαα‘αα္αα္၏ ေαာα္းေαြ၊ αိုးေαြαို αံα ားααα္ αိုαα္αိုαα္း α‘ေαးα‘αα္ αုံαΎαα္ေαΎαာα္း α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္ ႏွα ္ေαါα္း αα ေα်ာ္ ααိααα‘ျαα ္αြားေααα့္ αိုα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα်ား αα္αွိ ႏုိα္αံေαးျαα ္α α₯္α်ား၌ αါαα္ႏုိα္ αα္ α‘ေαးααီးαα္αုαα္း αုα္ေαာ္ေျαာαိုαြားαα္။
“α်ေαာ္αိုα ႏုိα္αံαာ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ႏုိα္αံ αႏုိα္αံ ျαα ္αာαဲα α‘αီ αီႏုိα္αံေαး αုα္αα္းα α₯္αွာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြα‘ားαုံး αα္းαူ αα္αူ αါαα္αြα့္ααွိαိုα αျαα ္αေα ေαာα္αြα္ααွာ ျαα ္αါαα္…ααα္αဲα ααα္ αိေαြααα္αံαႈေαြ αα္းေαးαΏαီး α‘αα္α‘
ျαα္ αြဲαွားαဲ့αာေαြ α်ေαာ္αိုα α‘α ိုးα αα္αα္αွာ α‘αုံးαα္ေαးႏုိα္αိုα αိုαါαα္”αု α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α αိုαα္။
αိုαေαာα္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α ၎၏ αိα္ααြα္းαို αေαွ်ာ္αα့္αဲ αα္αα္αိုα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား αူαα္α်ား ေααα္α‘α ား ααα္း αα္းααာေαα္၏ α‘αုံးα‘ေαာα္ αα α₯α္းαို αႏα΅αွိαုံαီαိုα α¦းαα္αိုα္αα္။
“αα ႏွα ္၊ αα ႏွα ္ α‘αြα္αွိαဲ့ αိုα္းαα္းαား αူαα္ေαြα ေျαာαΎααα္၊ α်ေαာ္αိုααα္း αα္α္ေαာ့ေαြ၊ αြα္α်ဴαာေαြ αိုα္α်α္αα္ αိုαဲ့α αား၊ α်ေαာ္ ααα္αဲ α ိα္αေαာα္း ျαα ္ααါαα္၊ α်ေαာ္ α‘αိုα္α‘αာ αႏα·ိαာα္α်αားαါαα္၊ α်ေαာ္ αိုα α‘α ိုးααα္αα္αွာ αီαို ααုံααဲ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α ိုးαြံααႈေαြ αေα်ာα္ေα‘ာα္ ေα်ာα္αα ္ααါαα္”αု α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α ေျαာαိုαα္။
αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးႏွα့္ αα္αα္αΏαီး αာαααΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး α‘αြα္ α်αွα္ ေαာα္αြα္ေααα့္ α‘αα့္ α αα့္αα္ αာαα αΏαိα္း α်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္αα့္ ႏုိα္αံေαာ္၏αα္းျαေျααုံαα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း α¦းαိα္းα ိα္၏ ေျαာαုိα်α္αွာ ေαးαα္αα့္α‘αြα္ ေαာα္ ေαာ္αα္း αα္ေαြαα‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαααα္ ααီးေαးေαေαးαα့္ α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားα αွိေαေαးαα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္၏ αα္α α αα္ေααα ေျαာαΎαားαα့္ αိα္ααြα္းαြα္“αα်α္αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး ျαα္αြα္း ျαα္αα ေαးျαα္းေααΎααာေαြ αွိαါαα္။ αိαျαα္αူေαြαα္း αိα်α္ေααΎααါαိα့္αα္။ α်ေαာ္ αိုα္αိုα္ αα္αေαာ္αို αိαိαိုα္αို αုαံ αာαြα္αုံααြဲαΏαီး αိုးα α ္αα္ αိုα္αိုα္αႈေαြααုα္αုိα αႊα္αΎαားαားαΏαီးαဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αားαွာ αာျαα ္αုိα αα ္ αα္ αိုα္αိုα္αႈေαြ ααα္ေαးαာαဲ αိုαဲ့ ေαးαြα္းαါαဲ”αု αေααα‘αိ αα်α္ေαααြα္း αΏαိα္းα်α္းαα္αΏαိα္αႈ αααွိေαးαα္ αို αုα္ေαာ္ေျαာαΎαားαားαα္။
αိုαိα α₯αα္ α‘α ိုးα α‘αါα‘αα္ αα်α္αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္α်ား၏ αာαα္αα္း ျαα ္αα္αု ၎ααုိαα္။
αα်α္ေαααြα္ αΏαီးαဲ့αα့္ႏွα ္ αြα္ααွα αα္ ျαα ္αြားေαာ αα်α္ျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္(KIA)ႏွα့္ α‘α ိုးααα္α်ား၏ αိုα္ αြဲα်ားေαΎαာα့္ ေαာα္းႏွα့္α်ီαα့္ ေαααံ α‘αα္αားα်ား α‘ိုးα‘ိα္ α ြα္ααြာ αြα္ေျαးေαααဲ ျαα ္αα္။ α‘α ိုးα αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαာ္ ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲαႏွα့္ αα်α္ျαα္αြα္αα္ေαးα‘αြဲα(KIO)αိုαα‘αΎαား αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ား ျαဳαုα္ေαေαာ္αα္း αိုα္αြဲα်ား αα္αα္ျαα ္αြားေααဲ ျαα ္αα္။
αααΌαα¦းαိα္းα ိα္α αα္αα္αΏαီး ျαα္αာျαα္αူα်ားα‘ားαုံး αိုαားေαာα့္αေαေαာ α ီးαြားေαးေαာα္းαြα္αΏαီး ေαα္αီαြံααΏαိဳးαα့္ ႏုိα္αံ αႏုိα္αံ ျαα ္αာαα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘αိααႏα΅ ႏွα ္αα္ αွိαာ ααα αႏα΅၌ αα္αΏαိα္ေα‘းα်α္းα ြာ ေααိုα္αိုαα့္α‘ေαα α‘ေျααံ၍ α‘α်ိဳးαား ျαα္αα္ေαါα္း α α္း αီαြα္ေαး၊ αာαααΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαာα္αΎαα₯္းေαး α αα့္ ႏုိα္αံေαး αုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ားαို α‘ေαးေαးေαာα္αြα္αဲ့αα္αု ေျαာαုိαα္။
ႏိုα္αံαားα‘ားαုံး ေαာα္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္ααွα့္α αα္း ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းαΏαီး ααူαီαα္α်ားαို ေαးαα္၍ αူαီαα့္ α‘αိုα္းα်ား၌ αူးေαါα္း αုα္αိုα္αြားαα္αα္း α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α ေျαာαΎαားαα္။
α‘α ိုးα α‘αြဲαα‘αြα္း “ေαါα္းαာαုိα္းႏွα့္ α‘ေα်ာ့αုိα္း”αြဲျαားေααα္αူαα့္ ေααα္ေျαာαိုေααႈα်ားαိုေαာ့ ၎α ျαα္းαို αြားαα္။
“αူαα¦းα်α္းα ီαဲα αီα၊ α αိုα္၊ α‘αူα‘α်α့္ေαြေαααွာ αူαα္αΏαီး α ီαံαα္ααြဲαႈ αြဲျαားျαားαားαာααြဲαိုα α်ေαာ္αိုα α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲααဲα αူαါααို α်ေαာ္αိုαα‘ားαုံး ααိွα္ααုα္ αုံαΎαα္α ြာ ေαာα္αြα္ေααΎααာ ျαα ္αါαα္”αု α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α αိုαα္။
αိုαေαာ္ αုိ α‘αာαိုα္းႏွα့္ α‘ေα်ာ့αုိα္းαα္ α‘αွα္ααα္αွိေααΏαီး α‘αာ ααားα်ားαို α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘ေαႏွα့္ αα္αိုα αိုα္αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αα္αိုαα္αွာ α‘ေαးααီးαါαα္။
α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ αီးα α္αူα်ားႏွα့္ ααα္းαီαီαာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းααα္း α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘αြα္း၌ ျαႆαာα်ားα ြာ αွိေαေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αူးα
ျαα့္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ားαြα္ αေαာαား αြဲαြဲαႈα်ားαွိေαေαးေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαိုαΎααα္။
α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲα α αα္αာαα္αူα αααα αုႏွα ္ αα္-α§αΏαီ α ေျαာαΎαားαα့္ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္၏ αိα္ααြα္းαြα္ ေαာα္းαြα္ေαာα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αႈ α αα ္(Good Governance) ႏွα့္ αα္ααွα္းေαာ α‘α ိုးα (Clean Government) ေααေαါα္ေαး ααိဳးαα္းေαာα္αြα္αα္ ေျαာαိုαား αာ αႏွα ္αာ αာαα‘αြα္း αုိα‘α်α္α်ား αα္αα့္α‘αိုα္းα‘αာα‘αိ ααိဳးαα္း α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ ေαααဲ့αα္αိုαူ ααုαα္ αို၍ αွα္းαα္းαိα်α ြာ αိαွိαα္αိုα‘α္αα္αု αူααါαα္။
αႏွα ္αာα‘αြα္း α ီးαြားေαးαα၌ αြံααΏαိဳးေα‘ာα္ျαα္αႈႏွα့္αα္αα္αΏαီး αα္αီαုα္း ေα ်းႏႈα္း၊ αားေα ်းႏႈα္းႏွα့္ αα်ိဳαေαာေα ်းႏႈα္း α်ား ေαွ်ာ့α်ေαးေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αြα္αα်ိဳαေαွ်ာ့ေαးαဲ့ေαΎαာα္းαွαြဲ၍ α‘αα္α‘αွား ααိαွိαေα။
αိုαα‘ျαα္ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးααα္αα္းαα္ αာαα့္αααα αုႏွα ္α‘αိျαα ္αာ α‘α်ားျαα္αူαုိαေαးαားေαာ ααိααα္α်ားႏွα့္ αုα္αα္း α ီαံαိα္းα်ား ေαာα္αြα္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαာ္αႈ α‘αိုα္းα‘αာαိုαα္း ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αα¦းαα္αုαα္ αုိα်α္αါαα္။
Credit :(α‘α္αီαာ့α‘ာေαာ္) α§αာααီααα္း
 |
| ( αα့္αုိαာαα္း) |
α‘α α္းα‘ေαးα‘αΏαီး αီေα့αွာေαာ့ αα္ေαာα္αΏαို့αွိ ေαာαα္းေαာ္αα္α ေαါ့αα္းααα္αွာ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ ျαုαုα္αဲ့αါαα္။ ααα္ႏွီးေႏွာααွα္αြဲα‘αြα္း αာေαြ ေαြးေαြးေျαာαုိαဲ့αဲαုိαာαို α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαဲ့ αα္αα္αΏαီး α₯ေαာα ααα္αြα္αα္α₯αၠααα္းျαα ္ αူေαααα္αြα္ျαဴαီαီ α‘αΎαံေαး αα¦းျαα ္αဲ့ αα့္αုိαာαα္းαုိ αα္αြα္ေαးျαα္းαားαါαα္။
“αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ α‘αα္α ααα္αα်ိဳးαားαုံးαဲ့ αီαာαံααီးαွာေαာ့ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့ ααα္αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαြ α‘αီးαီးα αα္ျαေαြးေαြးαဲ့ α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြ၊ ααα္ααိ်ဳးαားαုံးα‘αြα္ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαα္၊ αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘αုαα္αွိ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားα‘α α္းα‘αုံးαα္၊ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးααဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαါ ေαြααုံေαြးေαြးαဲြေαြα‘ေαααွာ α်ααုိ့αဲ့ α‘ျαα္ေαြαဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αုံးαα္ေαြးေαြးေααဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာေαြαို αီေα့ ျαα္αΏαီး αα္ျααာ ျαα ္αα္။”
ααα္ ႏွီးေႏွာααွα္αဲြαွာ αူေαြ ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαα္း αα္ေαာα္αΎααα္။ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαား α‘α α္းα‘αုံးαဲ့ αα္αွိα‘α ုိးααဲ့ ေαြααုံαႈα‘ေαααွာ αα္αိုα်ားαေαာαားαΎααဲ။
“α‘αိαေαာ့ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားα‘α α္းα‘αုံးαဲ့ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ုိးααဲ့ αုα္ေαာα္ေααဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေαြးαဲြေαါ့။ ααာα α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαးαိုαα္း ααα္αူαုααီးα ααိုαုိေαာα္αံαα္။ ေαာα္αာαα့္ α‘αα့္αွာ αုိα္αံေαး ေαြးေαြးαဲြေαာ αΏαီးေαာ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ααုိ္α္αို့α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာα္αာαဲ့ αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαြα‘ားαုံးα αα္αုိ္α္αေαာα္၊ αိဳ္α္းαα္းαူαီαΏαီးေαာ့ αံ့αုိးαြားαα္αုိ့αα္း α်ααုိ့ ေαြးေαြးαဲ့αါαα္။”
ေαα‘α္αူα‘αြဲ့α‘α α္းαဲ့ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ုိးα ေαြαေααဲ့ α‘α်ိα္αွာေαာ့ ေαα‘α္αူ ααုိေαာ္ααီαα္ αေαာα္ျαα ္αဲ့ ααုိαα္းαΏαိα္းေαာα္αα္း α‘αုαα္αွိ αုံးαုα္ α α ္ေαးαံေαααα္။ α‘αႈေαြ α‘α်ားααီးαဲ့ α‘α ဲြαံαားααα္αုိေαာ့ αီαိα α₯αဲ့ αα္αα္αΏαီးေαာ့ ααα္ႏွီးေႏွာααွα္αဲြ α‘αြα္းαွာေαာ αာα်ားေျαာαြားေαးαဲ။
“α်ααုိ့ α‘α်ားααီး ေαြးေαြးαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘αုαα္αွိ α‘ေျαα‘ေααာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးαα ေαα‘α္αူαဲ့αာαΏαီးေαာ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးα αားေαြ αာေျαာေααα္။ α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαး αုα္αုိ့α‘αြα္αα္း ေαြးေαြးေααα္။ ααα္αα္းαွာαဲ ααα္ αုိ္α္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαို αα္αα္αα္းαီးαα္။ αα္းαΏαိα္းေαာα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ေαါ့။ αါαααα္αဲ αα္ααံαုိα္α αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααု ျαα ္αါαα္။ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးααα္α α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αုိα်α္αα္αုိαα္ αα္αွိαုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြα‘ားαုံး αႊα္ေαးααွာ ျαα ္ααို ααα္αုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαိုαα္း αႊα္ေαးααါαα္။ αα္းαΏαိα္းေαာα္αိုαα္း α‘αိααား αႊα္ေαးααα္။ αါαို ေαြးေαြးαဲ့αါαα္။”
α‘ααို့ αုα္αားαဲ့ ေαΎααာα်α္αဲαွာ ေαြααာေαါ့။ α₯ေαာα αααၢαဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္ αုိα္αံαုိ့α‘ေααဲ့ ααα္ျαα္αူေαြ၊ ျαα္αာျαα္αူααα္αုံးα‘αြα္ αို္α္αာαဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲ αα ုံααာ αျαα ္ေααေαးαေαြα αα္αα္ αိα‘ားေαးαုိ့ ေαာα္းαုိαားαα္။ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαုိαာ αα္αိုα်ိဳး ေျαာα္းαဲαႈαို αုိα်α္αာαဲ။ αူαုေαြα‘ေααဲ့ေαါ့ေα။ α‘αုα αာေαြ αα္αိုျαα ္ေαေαးαို့αဲ။
“α‘αုျαα္αာျαα္αဲ့ αα္αွိα‘ေျαα‘ေααွာ αα္αုα္αဲ့ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αုိ့αွာ αုိ္္α္αံေαး ေျαာα္းαဲαႈ αα်ိဳ့αေαေαာ့ αွိေααါαα္။ αါαိုαα္း α်ααုိ့ ααိုαုိαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ααα့္ αုိα္းαα္းαားေααေαြαွာ αွိေααဲ့ျαα္αူαူαု၊ α‘αိαα‘ားျαα့္ ααα္ျαα္αα္αွာαွိαဲ့ ျαα္αူαူαုေαြα‘αြα္ αာαွαုိးαα္αႈ ααွိေαးαူးαို့ α်ααုိ့ ျαα္ααα္။ αα္ေαာα္αာαဲ့ αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αီးαီးေαြαα္း ေαြးေαြးαΎααα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘ေαααွာ α်ααုိ့α αုိ္α္αံααာαဲ့ α‘αုαα္αွိ αိα‘ားေαးαႈေαြαို αူαို့ααα္αားαုိ့၊ α‘αုျαα္αာျαα္αဲ့ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြα α‘ေαααံαဲαွိေαးαα္။ αီ့αα္ αα္ေαြαα်α် ေျαာα္းαဲαႈ αျαα ္ေαးαူး။ ααα္ျαα္αα္αွာαုိαα္ αူ့α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြα ααΏαီးαုံးေαးαူး၊ αျαားαုိα္းαα္းαား ေααေαြαွာαα္း αူ့α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြ α‘α်ားααီးαွိေαးαα္။ αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘αုαα္αွိ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαးေျαာေααဲ့ α‘α်ိα္αွာαα္း αါα ααာαα‘αα့္αဲ αွိေαးαα္။ ααα္α α ္αွα္αဲ့ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαးαα္း αေαာα္ေαးαူး။ ααα္αα္းαွာαဲ αုိα္αံေαး ျαႆαာေαြαို αုိα္αံေαးαα္းျαα့္ ေျααွα္းαုိ့ ααα္ေαာα္ေαးαူး။ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αုိα္αံေαးαΏαိα္းα်α္းαႈαို α်ααုိ့ααေαးαါαူး။ αီαုိα‘α်ိα္αွာ αုိ္α္αံααာαဲ့ αိα‘ားေαးαႈေαြ αα္αားαα့္αα္αုိ့ α်ααုိ့α ျαα္αါαα္။”
α‘αုαုα္αားαဲ့ ေαΎααာα်α္αွာ ျαα္αြα္းαုαα‘αα္αဲ့ αα္αα္αို့ ေျαာαုိαားαာαွိαα္။ ျαα္αြα္းαုαα‘αα္αုိαာ ျαα္αုိ့αို့ αα္αုိα‘α်ိα္αွ α‘αα္ေျααα့္ α‘α်ိα္ ျαα ္ααဲ။
“α‘α်ိα္αေαာ့ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားα‘α α္းα‘αုံးα α်αွα္αားαဲ့ αုα္αα္းα α₯္α α αα့္ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααα α‘αα့္αေαာ့ α‘αု ααာα α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαး α‘αα့္ေαါ့၊ αုαိα α‘αα့္αေαာ့ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαး ျαα ္αို့α‘αြα္၊ ααိα α‘αα့္αေαာ့ αုိα္αံေαး ေαြးေαြးαဲြααုျαα ္ေျαာα္αို့ေαါ့၊ ေαာα္αုံး α‘αα့္αေαာ့ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ααုိ့α‘αြα္αါ။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αီαုိ္α္αံေαး ေαြးေαြးαဲြ ααα္αွ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αျαα ္ေαးαေαြα ျαα္αြα္းαွာαွိαဲ့ αုαα‘αα္ေαြ α‘αါα‘αα္ αα္α α္αွာαွိαဲ့ αုαα‘αα္ေαြαα္း αူαုိ့αုိ ျαα္αို့αုိ့α‘α်ိα္ ααα့္ေαာ္ေαးαူးαို့ α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαွာ α်ααုိ့ αုံးαα္αဲ့αါαα္။”
αျαား αာα်ားေျαာα်α္αာ αွိαါေαးαဲ။
“ေαာα္αုံးေျαာα်α္αာေαာ့ ααα္αα်ိဳးαားαုံးαဲ့ αီαာαံαွာ α်α α‘α္ααα္αို ေα်αα္α‘ားααိαα္။ αာαုိ့αဲαုိေαာ့ αα္ေαာα္αာαဲ့ αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αီးαီး ေαြးေαြးαΎαααို αုိα္αα္αΎααα္။ ααα္αα်ိဳးαားαုံးα‘αြα္ αဳိα္းαα္းαΏαီးေαာ့ ေαα‘α္αူ α‘α α္းα‘αုံးαိုαα္း αα္αုိ္α္αေαာα္ αံ့αိုးေααα္αုိ့ α်ααုိ့ ေαြးေαြးαဲ့αα္။ αါα ααα္ ေα်αα္ α‘ားαα αာ ေαာα္းαဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααါ။ αΏαီးေαာ့ αα္ေαာα္αာαဲ့ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαဲαွာ αာαာေαး ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαα္း αါααို αူαα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ၊ α‘α်ိဳးααီး ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαα္၊ αူ့α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαွာ αႈα္αွားေααဲ့ α‘αဲြαα‘α α္းေαြαα္၊ αα္αα္ေαး αုα္αα္းαွာ αုα္ေααဲ့ α‘αဲြαα‘α α္းေαြαα္၊ αုိα္αံေαး ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαα္၊ α‘αႊာေαါα္းα ုံαုိေαြαααα္။ ααα္ α‘αာαα္α‘αြα္ ααα္ေαာα္းαဲ့ ααα‘αာျαα ္αါαα္။”
ေαာ္ႏိုαα္း
Source :DVB News
ααူးαီαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully
ααူးαီαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး Murray McCully ၏ ႏွα ္αα္αΎαာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ ααီးα α₯္ α‘αြα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ႏွα့္αα္း ေαြααံုαα္αွိေαΎαာα္း ααူးαီαα္ ααα္းααα္αြα္ ေαးαားαားαα္။
Radio New Zealand News α‘α Mr McCully αα္ αααၤာေααα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αြα္αြါαြားαΏαီး α‘αၤါေαααြα္
ေαျαα္ေαာ္၌ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္၊ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး α¦းααα°ေαာα္αြα္αိုαႏွα့္ ေαြααံုαΏαီးေαာα္ αုααΆαူးေαααြα္ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα၌ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ႏွα့္ ေαြααံုαα္αွိαα္αု ေαာ္ျααါαွိαα္။
ααုααီးα α₯္αွာ Mr McCully ၏ ααααံုး ျαα္αာႏိုα္α ံααီးα α₯္ျαα ္αΏαီး ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ ααူးαီαα္αွာ α‘ေαွαα‘ာαွ αိα္αီးαီαာαံαဲ့αိုα ေαααြα္း ေαြးေႏြးαြဲα်ဳိးေαြαာ ေαြααံုေα့ αွိαဲ့αΎααα္။
Source :ααူးေααီ (ααα₯်ိα)
“ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ααα‘ိααီαိ ျαိဳααα္ αα္းα်α₯္းααားαြာααြα္း αိα္ααြα္းေျαာαΎαားα α₯္ႏွα့္ ေαာာαΎαားေαာαိα္ααြα္းေαာα္ႏဳွα္α်α္´
“αီαဲαွာαိုαိုααွိαα္ ααα‘ိααီαိျαိဳααα္α ျαα္αူေαြαာ α‘α္ααα္αွ αααိုαုα္းαα္ααါαα္ α‘ဲαီေαာααα½ြα္ααေျαာαα္ αααူေαြαဲ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္αာ αα္ေαာα္αုα္းαα္αααဲ αိုαာ α‘α်ားαိျαီးαားျαα ္αါαα္ ။ α‘ဲαီေαာα αုα္းαα္ααဲααူျαα္း α‘αူαူေαာααားαα္αႈαွိαα္ ။αααွာαα္αိုαုα္းαα္αααဲ ၊αααွαα္αိုα‘αα္α‘αဲေαြαဲαေαြααααဲ။ αα½ြα္ααိုαα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္αွာαိုαိုααွိαα္αα္းαα္းαဲαဲαα္αα္αα္းαα္းαဲα αα္αα္αဲα ေααာαွာα‘ႏွα ္ ႏွα ္αα္ေα်ာ္αြားαါျαီ။ αါေαΎαာα္ααိုααိုα αα½ြα္ααိုαα ျαα္αူေαြαဲααα္းαဲႏြα္းαါးαႈαို αα ္αα္ααို αα္ေαြαα်α် αားαα္αဲα α‘αြဲαျαα ္αါαα္αိုα αα½ြα္αေျαာαါαေα ”
“αα½ြα္ααိုαႏိုα္αံαာ ααံαာαေαြ α‘α္ααα္α်α္းαာαဲαႏိုα္αံαါ။ α‘ေαွαေαာα္α‘ာαွαွာ α‘α်α္းαာαံုးႏိုα္αံ αိုαေျαာαα္ေαာα္αွ αွားαα္αိုαααα္αါαူး။αါေααα္ααα္း αα ္α်ိα္αဲαွာ αα½ြα္ααိုααဲαျαα္αူေαြαာ α‘ေαွαေαာα္α‘ာαွαွာ α‘αα္းαဲαံုးျαα္αူေαြαဲαိုαေျαာαိုααွိαα္αα္းαွα္αွာαဲ”
“αα ္ျαားαူαို α‘ားαိုးαိုααျαα ္αူး αိုα္ααိုα္αို α‘ားαိုααα္ ။ αီေαာαျαα္αူေαြααα္αα္ αါαိုααီေαာα္ေαာα္α‘ားαα္းေααာ ၊αိုααီေαာα္ေαာα္αα္းαဲေααာ αိုααွာαွိα ုαα္ေαြαာေαြေαာα္ ေα်ာα္αြားျαီαိုααα္းα αα္αိုαိုααိုα္ααိုα္αို α‘ားαိုႏိုα္αွာαα္းαိုα α‘ဲαီαို αα ္α်ိဳαα α ိα္αဲαွာေαြးαα္။ αါေααα္αျαα္αူေαြαွာαာျαα ္αဲαိုေαာα ααα္α α₯္းα ားαΎαα္ααိုααွိαα္ျαα္αူေαြαဲαα‘α္α‘ားαိုαာαα္းαာααုα္αူး ။ျαα္αူααွိαα္ ႏိုα္αံαိုαာ ααွိႏိုα္αူး α‘ဲαါαဲ။ α‘ျαဲαွα္αားαါ ႏိုα္αံαα ္ႏိုα္αံαွာ ျαα္αူαွိαွ αα္ႏိုα္αα္αိုαာα‘ျαဲαွα္αားαါ”
“ႏိုα္αံαိုαာ ေαာα္αားαဲαျαα္αူαွိαα္ αα္ေαာααွ ျαα ္ααာႏိုα္αူး αα္ေαာααွ αျαα္ααားႏိုα္αာႏိုα္αူးαိုαာ ေαေαα်ာα်ာ α ြဲα ြဲျαဲျαဲ αွα္αားαါ´´
” ျαα္αူေαြαဲααΎααာαႊα္းαိုးαဲαα αα ္αိုαာ αီαိုαေαα ီαဲ ။ αီαိုαေαα ီαဲαα‘αိααΈါα္αာ αါαါαဲ
“αုα္αα္ααုα္αိုα္αဲα αိα α₯αိုေαာα αုα္ႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ေαာα αိုα္ααိုα္αို αံုαΎαα္α ြာαုα္ααα္။ α‘ဲαါαာαααွာ αိုးαα္α်α္αα္ αီαိုαဲαုα္ααွာαဲ
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုုαΎαα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ααα‘ိααီαီ αΏαဳိααα္α ေαာေျαာα်α္။ (αα -αα-αααα၊ αေα α αာαီ) αီαီြαီ α‘αံαုိα္αားαα္αα္
ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ααိα‘ααီαိျαို့αα္ ေαာေျαာαဲြ αူααိα္းαα္ ့αα္ေαာα္
ααိα‘ααီαိျαို့αα္ αα္းα်α္းααား ေα်းαြာαြα္ αဲαြα္α
α္းαံုးေαး ျαုαုα္ေαေαာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုျαα္αို ေαြ့αα
α္။
αα္းαဲαြα္ ေαာေျαာαဲြαို့ ေαααံ αူαα ္αိα္းαα့္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုျαα္αα္ αα္းαွ ေαα်ာαီαိျαို့αα္ αံုးαα္းα‘α္း ေα်းαြာ αို့ αα္αα္ αြα္αြာαြားαဲ့αα္။
αα္αုα္αိုα္းα္
ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ααိα‘ααီαိαΏαိဳααα္၊ αα္းα်α₯္းααားαြာααြα္း α‘αြα္းαွ ျαα္αူαူαုα‘ား ေαြααα α₯္။
αာα္αံု- ေα်ေαာα္ေαာα္(α‘αααူα)
αα္းαဲαြα္ ေαာေျαာαဲြαို့ ေαααံ αူαα ္αိα္းαα့္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုျαα္αα္ αα္းαွ ေαα်ာαီαိျαို့αα္ αံုးαα္းα‘α္း ေα်းαြာ αို့ αα္αα္ αြα္αြာαြားαဲ့αα္။
αα္αုα္αိုα္းα္
ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ααိα‘ααီαိαΏαိဳααα္၊ αα္းα်α₯္းααားαြာααြα္း α‘αြα္းαွ ျαα္αူαူαုα‘ား ေαြααα α₯္။
αာα္αံု- ေα်ေαာα္ေαာα္(α‘αααူα)
-
α်α αွာ αိုαα္α်ာ α‘αိ αေαာα္αွ ααွိαါαူး။ αိုαα္α်ာ ေαြ ေα αဲ့ ေαα αα္း ααါ αွ αေαာα္αူးαါαူး။ α‘ဲαါေαΎαာα့္..αိုαα္α်ာ ေαြ α‘ေαΎαာα္း αα္း ေαာ...
-
By Mahmut Aytekin Daily Sabah July 21, 2014 Wirathu, a 45-year-old extremist Buddhist monk who labels himself as the ... -
Nyo Tun RB Article August 14, 2013 Identity and Violence was one of many books of Amartya Sen, a professor at Harvard University a... -
Cox's Bazar: A 19-member delegation comprised of diplomats from western countries has recently visited the Burmese Muslim refugee camps...
-
People belonging to the Rohingya Muslim community sit outside their makeshift houses on the outskirts of Jammu, India, on 5 May 2017. (Ph... -
A group of Rohingya refugees after crossing the Bangladesh-Myanmar border, September 1, 2017. Mohammad Ponir Hossain/Reuters By Ass... -
Atapoom Ongkulna & Narong Nuansakul The Nation February 7, 2013 House Standing Committee on State Security chairman Weng Toji... -
In this June 25, 2014, file photo, a Rohingya refugee holds her daughter who suffers from a skin disease in their makeshift tent at Dar Pa... -
By World Bulletin October 29, 2013 A group of six foreign ministers and OIC Secretary General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu will visit Myan... -
Richard Potter RB Opinion October 13, 2013 All people actively participating in their governments, however they disagree with...
Popular Posts
Threatwiki
Amartya Sen: Burma's "slow genocide" of Rohingyas
Watch Professor Amartya Sen speak on what he calls Burma's 'slow genocide' of Rohingya, Harvard, 4 Nov 2014
