
An Indian infantry section of the 2nd Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment about to go on patrol on the Arakan front, Burma 1943. Courtesy of: Imperial War Museum (IND 2917)
Written at Islaamabad (Chittagong)
in June 1777
Communicated by Major R,E. Roberts
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In February last the Mugs, or Aaracaners, carried off from the most southern parts of Bengal, about 1800 men, women, and children; they arrived at Aracan (according to the Persian orthography, Rekheng) after a voyage often days. Upon their arrival they were conducted to the rajah; or sovereign of the country, who chose from among them for his slaves all the handicraftsmen and most use-ful persons, amounting to about one-fourth of the whole number; the rest he returned to the captors, who conducted them, by ropes about their necks, to a market, and there sold them from twenty to seventy rupees each, according to their strength, abilities, etc. The purchasers assigned them the cultivation of their lands, and other laborious employments, giving each person, for his monthly support, only fifteen seers1 of rice.
When these people arrived at Rekheng, a man named Duppung Geree was the rajah,and one Kuddul Poree, his kutwal The rajah wanted to put the kutwal to death; but the latter, getting information of his design, made his escape to a village, and prevailed on the inhabitants to assist him in deposing the rajah. When the rebels made their intention suspected, by assembling in arms, the rajah ordered his son-in-law to go with a small army, and put the kutwal to death. A battle was fought between the two armies and the rajah's son-in-law was defeated and killed. After this battle the kutwal proceeded with his partizans to the rajah's fort; at his approach all the rajah's adherents not excepting his relations, fled and left him alone to the revenge of the kutwal. The rajah hid himself, but was soon discovered, and put to death. After Duppung Geree's death, Kuddul Poree proclaimed himself rajah, sent for all the former rajah's relations and servants, and such of them as did not make him handsome presents, were put to death. An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 143
Four days after this revolution, the tranquility of the country not yet being restored, twenty-five men and women, natives of Bengal (all of whom were of the number of those carried to Rekheng in Feb. last, except one man, named Buddul Khawn, of Backergunge, who was carried thither about thirteen years ago) took the opportunity to seize on a boat and to make their escape in it. They proceeded in the boat for one day, and then quitted it to travel by land. When they quitted the boat, they landed in a woody and uninhabited part of Rekheng, and continued their route on the banks of small rivers, to avoid wild beasts and impenetrable woods. They were seven days travelling from Rekheng* to Islaamabad, and arrived here the 15th instant.
The produce of Rekheng, with respect to vegetables, is nearly by the same as Bengal,except that no part of it produces the mulberry-tree. With respect to animals, it neither produces sheep, horses, nor jackalls, but great plenty of geese, fowls, ducks, goats, kine, buffaloes, elephants, deer, hogs, dogs, and bees. As to its manufacturies, they make wood oil, and several kinds of coarse cloths. Their trade consists in exporting the said manufactures, elephant's teeth, and wax, and in importing fine cloths, and a few other Bengal articles.
The Rekheng merchants that come to Bengal, never plunder or carry away people fromthence, but follow their trade peaceably as merchants should. The rajah of Rekheng, readily grants the merchants permission to trade to Bengal; but he will not permit any of his subjects to leave his country, to plunder and make slaves, until he has received from them a considerable sum of money. When these plunderer return to Rekheng, every thing they have made prize of is carried to the rajah. Of the goods it is his allowed privilege to take half, and of the prisoners one fourth; but he generally exacts the lion's share; for which reason the Mugs endeavour to secrete all the silver and gold that they collect in these expeditions, and to that end, when they make a rich prize, they put all the prisoners to death.
There is but one fort in Rekheng; the Rajah resides in it. It consists of three squares, one within the other; each square surrounded with walls made of brick and stone. The two inner walls are about fourteen feet high, the outer wall about twelve feet, the thickness of each of the walls is about eight feet. They are at this time much decayed, and may be easily demolished. The fort has no ditch to it, or any outwork to prevent theapproach of an enemy; and is said to have been built merely to secure the rajah from the insurrections of the natives. It is said to be situated from the northern boundary of Rekheng, seven days journey; from the southern three days, from the eastern boundary one day, and the same distance from the western boundary, or the sea. A river runs from the sea very near the fort, where it is about twenty feet broad 2. Large boats can go to the fort. The banks of the river are cultivated: there are about 1,000 pieces of
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That is to say, from the northern boundary of Rekheng. 144 Major R. E. Roberts cannon lying between, two of the fort walls; only five or six of them are mounted on carriages, and even those carriages are two [sic] much decayed to be serviceable. There are a very few small brass cannon: all the others are thought to be so much damaged, by having been, for a great length of time, exposed to the weather, that they cannot be used. Under different bamboo and straw sheds in the fort, are kept a great many cannon balls of different sizes; a large quantity of gunpowder in earthen pots; and several intatchlocks. The rajah also has seven Europe muskets, which are always carried in his train; but these, as well as the match-locks are become unserviceable. He has six small horses (tattoos) which, it is said, he got from Chittagong.
From all the accounts that I have been able.to obtain of Rekheng, it appears, that the natives of that country are a dastardly race of people and have only courage to attack defenceless Bengal merchants and boatmen; that they depend more on the timidity of the persons they attack, and the strength of their oars, than on the goodness of their arms, or personal prowess.
One Tahes Mahmud 3, a native of Bengal, was formerly the rajah's derrwan4, and afterwards became his dewan5. Having gained some riches in that part, the rajah was determined to deprive him of them, and for that purpose to put him to death. The dewan getting notice of this design, fled to Chittagong, with about 2,000 of his countrymen, and arrived here near two years ago6. The rajah has frequently demanded him of this government, and has sent several threatening and very insolent letters, because his demand was not complied with. But the persons who are since returned from Rckhcng, say, that a report frequently becomes current there, that Tahes Mahmud is on his way thither, with an armed force belonging to the English; and that at such times the people residing about the fort, and even the rajah's relations and attendants, fly to the hills and woods, leaving him alone, till they find that the report is false. Tahes Mahmud is now a sherrickdar of the this province.
Almost three fourths of the inhabitants of Rekheng are said to be natives of Bengal, or descendants od such, who constantly pray that the English may send a force to deliver them from their slavery, and restore them to their country; in that case they have agree among themselves to assist their deliverers to the utmost of their power.
The hills that join Rekheng to the eastward are inhabited by a people called Kheng, which is also the name of the country. These people have a rooted enmity to the native inhabitants of Rekheng, and miss no opportunity of carrying them off to their own country for slaves; but they never assault or injure the Bengal inhabitants. It is said that the Kheng never made open war with the Mugs, but only assault them by surprise. The dress of Kheng consists only of a piece of coarse cloth, about the breadth of a hand, An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 145
which they wear round the middle; they wear no turbans, or ever shave the head, but tie all the hair together on the fore part, or crown of the head. They spot their faces with black paint, and they resemble the natives of Bengal in their features, shape, and stature7.
The Rekheng rajah governs this country in the most despotic manner: he is absolute over the lives and properties of his subjects. In his administration, his only guides are his own reason and passions. He is the sole judge of all causes, criminal and civil. The parties are brought before him; he hears what they have to say, and immediately gives judgment. Criminals are punished by flogging, dismembering, beheading and impaling. If flogging is the sentence, it is inflicted instantly before him; but if either of the other punishments, the criminal is conducted to a building at a little distance, where thesentence is immediately executed.
When the rajah goes abroad, he is carried on a kind of litter made with two bamboos, fastened together by rattans on which he sits, by four bearers, and is attended by men armed with long bills8, like swords, and with spears (the only arms used by the Mugs)and the seven Europe muskets before mentioned. When the rajah administers justice, he sits on a mat, on a place elevated above the heads of the people, An eunuch attends on him, to repeat the orders he gives. The eunuch stands with his hands on his knees; consequently his body is bent forward; a position expressive of respect and attention, which he is not suffered to vary during his continuance in the rajah’s presence. All other persons, except the rajah's father and father-in-law, while in his presence, kneel, bend their bodies forward, turn one side of the head to him, and hold both hands to the car of that side. This, I think, at once signifies, that they salute him, are attentive to any order he may be pleased to give, and ready to execute it.
The sovereignty of Rekheng is neither hereditary nor elective; but is possessed by whoever is able and willing to take it, the people readily submitting to the conqueror. The natives of Rekheng are much given to excess in drinking and almost every man distils the arrack he uses. They never use tomtoms but at funerals. There are very few inhabitants on the sea-coast. Fresh water is both good and plenty, and rice also; as much of that grain may be bought for two puns9 of cowries as will serve twenty men for a meal. A Rekheng rupee is equal to twelve annas10 or in Rekheng to three, or fortyeight uns of cowries; so that if we allow twelve chattaks11 of rice for each man’s meal, twenty men will eat fifteen seers; the price of which being but two puns of cowries, one Rekheng rupee's worth of rice will be nine of our maunds, equal to twelve maunds12 for a dussmassa rupee. 146 Major R. E. Roberts
The rajah has a mint in his fort, and coins silver rupees His house, which is in the fort, is built with bamboos and straw, and his only upper apartments, at a considerable height from the ground. Very few persons besides the rajah's family live in the fort.
The land round it is level and cultivated, with a few houses here and there, and the country to it, from the sea, is mostly cultivated, all of it clear of jungle* and the fort is of easy access, even to artillery, on that side. About two years ago, above 2,000 persons, men, women, and children, (near a fourth of whom had, at different times, left this province to avoid the oppressions of the zemindars; the rest had been carried forcibly to Rekheng by the natives of that country, and there sold for slaves) escape from Rekheng, and came to a place called Rawmoo, in the most southern part of this province. From Rawmoo they sent four deputies to the chief, to inform him of their arrival, and to request him to assign them lands for their maintenance. The chief readily promised to comply with their request, and told them to look out for such uncultivated lands as they might chuse [sic] to reside on. They pitched upon land near Rawmoo Khurwan, and Chukurreah13, which, were granted them, on condition that they should pay no rent tillthe expiration of three years, and that they should then pay the customary rent. A short time after (two or three months), such of the men as had not been able to bring their wives and children away with them, to the number of about 800, returned to Rekheng, and have not since been heard of, but are supposed to have arrived save. The settling of them so near Rekheng, both by sea and land, as the place above mentioned, was certainly very impolitic, as was fully proved by the loss of so many useful subjects; for their returnto this province again cannot be expected. The government of Rekheng will certainly take warning from its remissness, and use proper means to prevent a second escape. The loss of these people would have been effectually prevented, had they been settled inland in the northern parts of the province, from whence it could not have been so easy for them to go to Rekheng, nor would the rajah of that country have had it so much in his power to send his agents among them to entice them away, which is strongly suspected to have been partly the cause of their return.
We are traditionally informed, that the people of Rekheng have, from time Immemorial, plundered the southern parts of Bengal, and carried the inhabitants into slavery; that they have even been so hostile as to descend on the coast of Chittagong, proceed into the country, plunder and burn the villages, destroy what they could not carry away, and ake slaves of the inhabitants. The vestiges of a fortification that once surrounded the town of Islaamabad still remain; and it is well known that this fortification was not
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Thick woods, or forests An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 147 only intended as a place of refuge to the inhabitants of the country, but also to secure the inhabitants of the town from being pillaged by these invaders, to such lengths did they then proceed.
Before this province was ceded to the Company, the government was at an immense expence to maintain a marine and land force to repel the Mugs; but the great extent of
Chittagong coast made it impossible to prevent their landing on some part of it, and carrying off considerable booty, It is surprising that the governement did not perceive, that the only effectual way to put a stop to these invasions, would have been to attack the invaders in their own country, which is both near, and of easy access. For some time, after the cession of this province to the Company, it was found necessary to keep considerable force for its protection; but the government being at that time less supine than formerly, was not contented with barely repulsing the invaders, which was the case before, except in a very few instances, but followed them to sea, and soon made them desist from their invasions. Since that time till very lately, an interval of thirteen or fourteen years14, they have been pretty quiet; but as it is not said that we gave them any very remarkable defeat, and as it is certain we never invaded their country, I cannot attribute their peaceable behaviour, for so long a time, solely to their fear of the English force, but suppose it must have been partly owing to an invasion of their country by another nation, to a dearth or epidemic disease, or to change in their government; but to whatever cause it was owing, it is certain, as I said before, that they did not attack this province for a considerable time.
It is said, that the great extent of country, now called the Sunderbunds, was formerly populous and well cultivated; and that its present condition is solely owing to the Mugs, many of the inhabitants having been carried into slavery and that the remainder fled from it to avoid a like fate15.
To attempt to prove the dishonour and loss to our government by tamely suffering such depredations, would be superfluous; both are too evident even to need being pointed at. All that I shall say on this head at present is, that I am fully convinced that these violences may be easily prevented, a great number of very useful subjects restored to freedom and their country, and, perhaps, many other advantages that cannot now be perceived, may accrue to the Company at a trivial, or even no expense, by a wellconducted attack on Rekheng, A nest of pirates, enemies to mankind, and to the peace and commerce of Bengal, will be thereby destroyed. I think I may venture to predict, that the longer they continue unattacked, the more powerful and courageous they will become, till at last it will be found necessary for the immediate preservation of the southern parts of Bengal, to enter into an expesive, and perhaps a bloody war with them. It must be a very considerable armed force, acting only on the defensive, to defend even the coast of Chittagong from invasion. But how can the security of this 148 Major R. E. Roberts
whole province protect the inhabitants of the islands, and other southern parts of Bengal?
When Mahabut Jung was subahdar16 of Bengal, Sadacut Mchamud Khan was naib subahn17 of ali the southern parts, as far west as Hijli18. He planned an expedition against Rekheng, which being approved by the nabob, he raised an army of 12,000 men, consisting of 100 horsemen, 500 bildars (pioneers), 2,500 coolies; and the remaining number of infantry of different denominations, His artillery consisted often pieces of cannon. With this army he marched towards Rekheng; the bildars, and a certain number of coolies, preceded in one day's march, in order to clear the road. The ammunition and provisions were conveyed as far as Rawmoo, in 400 boats, and there landed, to be carried with the army. The boats then proceeded to the river Nawf, to assist the army in passing it. The army arrived at that river after nineteen days marching; and were on the point of passing it, when an order came from Mahabut Jung for the army to return as fast as possible, This ended an expedition that cost the government upwards of 80.000 rupees! The order was obtained by the influence of Sadacut Mohamud Khan's enemies at the durbar, who made the nabob believe that the naib subah intended to make himself independent by the conquest of Rekheng; and that he would so strengthen himself by that conquest, as to be able to support himself in the independent sovereignty of both that country and Chittagong. The road from Islaamabad to Rawmoo, which the army was eleven days marching, was very bad; but from thence to the river Nawf, it marched on the sea-beach, which was all the way, so level, that a one horse chaise might have gone on it. The Nawf is the limit of Chittagong, and divides it from Rekheng. It is so broad, that in the clearest weather nothing on the opposite side can be seen; but only the entrance of it is here meant, as it is not known that any one ever went up to it. It is thought to communicate with Pegue; but this is merely a conjecture of me natives of this province.
After the return of the army, some natives of Bengal, who had made their escape from Rekheng, reported, that when it was known there that the nabob's army was on its march to that country, the rajah and most of the inhabitants fled to the hills and woods;but that a small garrison was left in the fort, who were also soon struck with a panic, quarrelled amongst themselves, and at last deserted the fort. Some time before Sadacut Mohamud Khan went on the expedition against Rekheng, he received advice that two fleets of Mug boats were seen going to the south of the islands; that one of them, consisting of fifty or sixty boats, appeared to be going to Luckipore, by the way of Deccan Shahbazpore19; and that the other fleet, of eighty or one hundred boats, was going towards the Sundcrbunds20, Soon after, farther intelligence came that the last-mentioned fleet was lying in Bengun Gunge Nullah, in the Sunderbunds; on which the naib subah went there, with seventy or eighty armed boats, and arrived at the entrance of the Nullah when it was low water, and the Mug boats An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 149 stranded. He attacked them, killed many of them, took fifty boats, and 2,200 prisoners, who were employed in the buildings at Mootejeel. What became of the other fleet of Mug boats is not certainly known; but it is thought they got intelligence of the defeat of their countrymen, and returned as fast as possible to Rekheng, It was in consequence of the appearance of these fleets, that the expedition against Rekheng was planned.
[Post-scriptum]
Islaamabad, June 1777
Since writing the above, the persons who were lately sent to Rekheng with a letter are returned. They report, that on their arrival, Kuddul Poree, the rajah, ordered them to be confined till he returned from subduing a rebellion raised by one of his zemindars21; and he, at the same time, promised to give them an answer to their letter. Soon after the rajah was killed by the zemindar, who seized on the government and ordered them to be put to death as spies; but that by paying twenty-five rupees, they were permitted to escape, They farther say, that the people of Rekheng were in expectation of an English force coming against it, and that the native inhabitants were in great fear.
When these messengers, in going to Rekheng, arrived at the Nawf, they travelled for some time along its banks to the eastward, and very soon came to a part of it that is not broader than the .Chittagong river, near the town; over which they crossed with ease.
Notes
1. Terme anglo-indien qui design e une unite de mesure de poids ou de capacite largement repandue en Inde. D'aprcs les indications du Hobscm-Jobson, la valeur du seer variait selon les regions entre 226 et 1400 grammes. La regulation de 1833 le donne comme pesant 1 135 g, Le seer etait divise en 16 chhitak.
2. ll s'agit de la riviiere Aungdat.
3. Ll pourrail s'agir d'un certain Taj Muhammad dont la presence dans le district de
Chittagong est signale par Serrajuddin en 1782, II s'agissait d'un refugie qui avait
beneficie d'unc donation de terres.
4. D'apres Ie Hobson-Jobson, ce tenme d6signe un ponier ou concierge. 150 Major R. E. Roberts
5. Ce terrne recouvrait des fonctions assez diverse en Inde qui vont du Premier
minister a I’ administrateur local. Au Bengale, il designait un serviteur charge des affaires domestiques d'une grande maison ou d`un commerce. C'est le sens qui
nous parait le plus probable ici.
6. 1775. Nous n'avons rien trouve dans les sources arakanalses sur cese`venemems,
7. Cette breve notice ethnographique sur les montagnards Chin estpeut-etre la
premiere information que nous ayons sur cette population. Ces deportations sent aussi documentors dans les sources arakanaises.
8. Couteau avec un manche long et une lame incurvee utilise pour couper des branches d'arbrcs.
9. Un pun est l'equivalent d'une livre. Si on admet qu'il s’agit ici d'une livre a 16
onces, un pun correspondait a 453,6 g,
10. Une roupie indienne equivalait a 16 annas.
11. Si l’on prend en compteles valeurs minimale et maximale du maunds et du seer,un repas peut etre estime` entre 638 et 852 g.
12. Le maund etait une mesure de poids exiremement variable suivant les regions
de l`lnde, allant de 2 a 160 livres. Nous admettons qu'il faut prendre en
consideration le maund du Bengate qui valait, suivant une citation de 1760figurant dans Hobson-Jobson (p. 565), 75 livres, c`est-a'-dire environ 34 kilos,
13. Chocoria; localite’ au nord de Ramu, connue depuis le xvI siecle.
14. C`esi-a-dire entre 1763 et 1777,
15. Les voyageurs europeens du xvii siecle comme Bemier, Schouten ou Manrique y
font reference, notamment en rapport avec les Portugais qui prenaient part & ces
aetivites,
16. Gouverneur mogol.
17. Un naib (gouverneur adjoint ou delegue) Sadaqat Muhammad Khant fils de Agha
Baqer Khan, figure sur une liste d'officiers mogols tiree du Tarikh-i-Chatgaon de
Maulvi Hamidullah Khan (voir Qanungo 1986, 456),
18. Voir Manrique 1927, 13 n, 1 et 438. Cette localite au Nord-Ouest de la baie du
Bengale n'existe plus maintenant,
19. Cette ile se trouve a` l’embouchure du Gange et de la Meghna.
20. C`est-a-dire qu'elle s'orientait plus vers l’Ouest,
21. Nous supposons qu 'il s'agit de I 'affrontement avec le general On Cun, fin mai
1777 (Candamalalankara 1931 (vol. 2), 284).
One Tahes Mahmud 3, a native of Bengal, was formerly the rajah's derrwan4, and afterwards became his dewan5. Having gained some riches in that part, the rajah was determined to deprive him of them, and for that purpose to put him to death. The dewan getting notice of this design, fled to Chittagong, with about 2,000 of his countrymen, and arrived here near two years ago6. The rajah has frequently demanded him of this government, and has sent several threatening and very insolent letters, because his demand was not complied with. But the persons who are since returned from Rckhcng, say, that a report frequently becomes current there, that Tahes Mahmud is on his way thither, with an armed force belonging to the English; and that at such times the people residing about the fort, and even the rajah's relations and attendants, fly to the hills and woods, leaving him alone, till they find that the report is false. Tahes Mahmud is now a sherrickdar of the this province.
Almost three fourths of the inhabitants of Rekheng are said to be natives of Bengal, or descendants od such, who constantly pray that the English may send a force to deliver them from their slavery, and restore them to their country; in that case they have agree among themselves to assist their deliverers to the utmost of their power.
The hills that join Rekheng to the eastward are inhabited by a people called Kheng, which is also the name of the country. These people have a rooted enmity to the native inhabitants of Rekheng, and miss no opportunity of carrying them off to their own country for slaves; but they never assault or injure the Bengal inhabitants. It is said that the Kheng never made open war with the Mugs, but only assault them by surprise. The dress of Kheng consists only of a piece of coarse cloth, about the breadth of a hand, An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 145
which they wear round the middle; they wear no turbans, or ever shave the head, but tie all the hair together on the fore part, or crown of the head. They spot their faces with black paint, and they resemble the natives of Bengal in their features, shape, and stature7.
The Rekheng rajah governs this country in the most despotic manner: he is absolute over the lives and properties of his subjects. In his administration, his only guides are his own reason and passions. He is the sole judge of all causes, criminal and civil. The parties are brought before him; he hears what they have to say, and immediately gives judgment. Criminals are punished by flogging, dismembering, beheading and impaling. If flogging is the sentence, it is inflicted instantly before him; but if either of the other punishments, the criminal is conducted to a building at a little distance, where thesentence is immediately executed.
When the rajah goes abroad, he is carried on a kind of litter made with two bamboos, fastened together by rattans on which he sits, by four bearers, and is attended by men armed with long bills8, like swords, and with spears (the only arms used by the Mugs)and the seven Europe muskets before mentioned. When the rajah administers justice, he sits on a mat, on a place elevated above the heads of the people, An eunuch attends on him, to repeat the orders he gives. The eunuch stands with his hands on his knees; consequently his body is bent forward; a position expressive of respect and attention, which he is not suffered to vary during his continuance in the rajah’s presence. All other persons, except the rajah's father and father-in-law, while in his presence, kneel, bend their bodies forward, turn one side of the head to him, and hold both hands to the car of that side. This, I think, at once signifies, that they salute him, are attentive to any order he may be pleased to give, and ready to execute it.
The sovereignty of Rekheng is neither hereditary nor elective; but is possessed by whoever is able and willing to take it, the people readily submitting to the conqueror. The natives of Rekheng are much given to excess in drinking and almost every man distils the arrack he uses. They never use tomtoms but at funerals. There are very few inhabitants on the sea-coast. Fresh water is both good and plenty, and rice also; as much of that grain may be bought for two puns9 of cowries as will serve twenty men for a meal. A Rekheng rupee is equal to twelve annas10 or in Rekheng to three, or fortyeight uns of cowries; so that if we allow twelve chattaks11 of rice for each man’s meal, twenty men will eat fifteen seers; the price of which being but two puns of cowries, one Rekheng rupee's worth of rice will be nine of our maunds, equal to twelve maunds12 for a dussmassa rupee. 146 Major R. E. Roberts
The rajah has a mint in his fort, and coins silver rupees His house, which is in the fort, is built with bamboos and straw, and his only upper apartments, at a considerable height from the ground. Very few persons besides the rajah's family live in the fort.
The land round it is level and cultivated, with a few houses here and there, and the country to it, from the sea, is mostly cultivated, all of it clear of jungle* and the fort is of easy access, even to artillery, on that side. About two years ago, above 2,000 persons, men, women, and children, (near a fourth of whom had, at different times, left this province to avoid the oppressions of the zemindars; the rest had been carried forcibly to Rekheng by the natives of that country, and there sold for slaves) escape from Rekheng, and came to a place called Rawmoo, in the most southern part of this province. From Rawmoo they sent four deputies to the chief, to inform him of their arrival, and to request him to assign them lands for their maintenance. The chief readily promised to comply with their request, and told them to look out for such uncultivated lands as they might chuse [sic] to reside on. They pitched upon land near Rawmoo Khurwan, and Chukurreah13, which, were granted them, on condition that they should pay no rent tillthe expiration of three years, and that they should then pay the customary rent. A short time after (two or three months), such of the men as had not been able to bring their wives and children away with them, to the number of about 800, returned to Rekheng, and have not since been heard of, but are supposed to have arrived save. The settling of them so near Rekheng, both by sea and land, as the place above mentioned, was certainly very impolitic, as was fully proved by the loss of so many useful subjects; for their returnto this province again cannot be expected. The government of Rekheng will certainly take warning from its remissness, and use proper means to prevent a second escape. The loss of these people would have been effectually prevented, had they been settled inland in the northern parts of the province, from whence it could not have been so easy for them to go to Rekheng, nor would the rajah of that country have had it so much in his power to send his agents among them to entice them away, which is strongly suspected to have been partly the cause of their return.
We are traditionally informed, that the people of Rekheng have, from time Immemorial, plundered the southern parts of Bengal, and carried the inhabitants into slavery; that they have even been so hostile as to descend on the coast of Chittagong, proceed into the country, plunder and burn the villages, destroy what they could not carry away, and ake slaves of the inhabitants. The vestiges of a fortification that once surrounded the town of Islaamabad still remain; and it is well known that this fortification was not
---------------------------------
Thick woods, or forests An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 147 only intended as a place of refuge to the inhabitants of the country, but also to secure the inhabitants of the town from being pillaged by these invaders, to such lengths did they then proceed.
Before this province was ceded to the Company, the government was at an immense expence to maintain a marine and land force to repel the Mugs; but the great extent of
Chittagong coast made it impossible to prevent their landing on some part of it, and carrying off considerable booty, It is surprising that the governement did not perceive, that the only effectual way to put a stop to these invasions, would have been to attack the invaders in their own country, which is both near, and of easy access. For some time, after the cession of this province to the Company, it was found necessary to keep considerable force for its protection; but the government being at that time less supine than formerly, was not contented with barely repulsing the invaders, which was the case before, except in a very few instances, but followed them to sea, and soon made them desist from their invasions. Since that time till very lately, an interval of thirteen or fourteen years14, they have been pretty quiet; but as it is not said that we gave them any very remarkable defeat, and as it is certain we never invaded their country, I cannot attribute their peaceable behaviour, for so long a time, solely to their fear of the English force, but suppose it must have been partly owing to an invasion of their country by another nation, to a dearth or epidemic disease, or to change in their government; but to whatever cause it was owing, it is certain, as I said before, that they did not attack this province for a considerable time.
It is said, that the great extent of country, now called the Sunderbunds, was formerly populous and well cultivated; and that its present condition is solely owing to the Mugs, many of the inhabitants having been carried into slavery and that the remainder fled from it to avoid a like fate15.
To attempt to prove the dishonour and loss to our government by tamely suffering such depredations, would be superfluous; both are too evident even to need being pointed at. All that I shall say on this head at present is, that I am fully convinced that these violences may be easily prevented, a great number of very useful subjects restored to freedom and their country, and, perhaps, many other advantages that cannot now be perceived, may accrue to the Company at a trivial, or even no expense, by a wellconducted attack on Rekheng, A nest of pirates, enemies to mankind, and to the peace and commerce of Bengal, will be thereby destroyed. I think I may venture to predict, that the longer they continue unattacked, the more powerful and courageous they will become, till at last it will be found necessary for the immediate preservation of the southern parts of Bengal, to enter into an expesive, and perhaps a bloody war with them. It must be a very considerable armed force, acting only on the defensive, to defend even the coast of Chittagong from invasion. But how can the security of this 148 Major R. E. Roberts
whole province protect the inhabitants of the islands, and other southern parts of Bengal?
When Mahabut Jung was subahdar16 of Bengal, Sadacut Mchamud Khan was naib subahn17 of ali the southern parts, as far west as Hijli18. He planned an expedition against Rekheng, which being approved by the nabob, he raised an army of 12,000 men, consisting of 100 horsemen, 500 bildars (pioneers), 2,500 coolies; and the remaining number of infantry of different denominations, His artillery consisted often pieces of cannon. With this army he marched towards Rekheng; the bildars, and a certain number of coolies, preceded in one day's march, in order to clear the road. The ammunition and provisions were conveyed as far as Rawmoo, in 400 boats, and there landed, to be carried with the army. The boats then proceeded to the river Nawf, to assist the army in passing it. The army arrived at that river after nineteen days marching; and were on the point of passing it, when an order came from Mahabut Jung for the army to return as fast as possible, This ended an expedition that cost the government upwards of 80.000 rupees! The order was obtained by the influence of Sadacut Mohamud Khan's enemies at the durbar, who made the nabob believe that the naib subah intended to make himself independent by the conquest of Rekheng; and that he would so strengthen himself by that conquest, as to be able to support himself in the independent sovereignty of both that country and Chittagong. The road from Islaamabad to Rawmoo, which the army was eleven days marching, was very bad; but from thence to the river Nawf, it marched on the sea-beach, which was all the way, so level, that a one horse chaise might have gone on it. The Nawf is the limit of Chittagong, and divides it from Rekheng. It is so broad, that in the clearest weather nothing on the opposite side can be seen; but only the entrance of it is here meant, as it is not known that any one ever went up to it. It is thought to communicate with Pegue; but this is merely a conjecture of me natives of this province.
After the return of the army, some natives of Bengal, who had made their escape from Rekheng, reported, that when it was known there that the nabob's army was on its march to that country, the rajah and most of the inhabitants fled to the hills and woods;but that a small garrison was left in the fort, who were also soon struck with a panic, quarrelled amongst themselves, and at last deserted the fort. Some time before Sadacut Mohamud Khan went on the expedition against Rekheng, he received advice that two fleets of Mug boats were seen going to the south of the islands; that one of them, consisting of fifty or sixty boats, appeared to be going to Luckipore, by the way of Deccan Shahbazpore19; and that the other fleet, of eighty or one hundred boats, was going towards the Sundcrbunds20, Soon after, farther intelligence came that the last-mentioned fleet was lying in Bengun Gunge Nullah, in the Sunderbunds; on which the naib subah went there, with seventy or eighty armed boats, and arrived at the entrance of the Nullah when it was low water, and the Mug boats An Account of Arakan (rΓ©impression) 149 stranded. He attacked them, killed many of them, took fifty boats, and 2,200 prisoners, who were employed in the buildings at Mootejeel. What became of the other fleet of Mug boats is not certainly known; but it is thought they got intelligence of the defeat of their countrymen, and returned as fast as possible to Rekheng, It was in consequence of the appearance of these fleets, that the expedition against Rekheng was planned.
[Post-scriptum]
Islaamabad, June 1777
Since writing the above, the persons who were lately sent to Rekheng with a letter are returned. They report, that on their arrival, Kuddul Poree, the rajah, ordered them to be confined till he returned from subduing a rebellion raised by one of his zemindars21; and he, at the same time, promised to give them an answer to their letter. Soon after the rajah was killed by the zemindar, who seized on the government and ordered them to be put to death as spies; but that by paying twenty-five rupees, they were permitted to escape, They farther say, that the people of Rekheng were in expectation of an English force coming against it, and that the native inhabitants were in great fear.
When these messengers, in going to Rekheng, arrived at the Nawf, they travelled for some time along its banks to the eastward, and very soon came to a part of it that is not broader than the .Chittagong river, near the town; over which they crossed with ease.
Notes
1. Terme anglo-indien qui design e une unite de mesure de poids ou de capacite largement repandue en Inde. D'aprcs les indications du Hobscm-Jobson, la valeur du seer variait selon les regions entre 226 et 1400 grammes. La regulation de 1833 le donne comme pesant 1 135 g, Le seer etait divise en 16 chhitak.
2. ll s'agit de la riviiere Aungdat.
3. Ll pourrail s'agir d'un certain Taj Muhammad dont la presence dans le district de
Chittagong est signale par Serrajuddin en 1782, II s'agissait d'un refugie qui avait
beneficie d'unc donation de terres.
4. D'apres Ie Hobson-Jobson, ce tenme d6signe un ponier ou concierge. 150 Major R. E. Roberts
5. Ce terrne recouvrait des fonctions assez diverse en Inde qui vont du Premier
minister a I’ administrateur local. Au Bengale, il designait un serviteur charge des affaires domestiques d'une grande maison ou d`un commerce. C'est le sens qui
nous parait le plus probable ici.
6. 1775. Nous n'avons rien trouve dans les sources arakanalses sur cese`venemems,
7. Cette breve notice ethnographique sur les montagnards Chin estpeut-etre la
premiere information que nous ayons sur cette population. Ces deportations sent aussi documentors dans les sources arakanaises.
8. Couteau avec un manche long et une lame incurvee utilise pour couper des branches d'arbrcs.
9. Un pun est l'equivalent d'une livre. Si on admet qu'il s’agit ici d'une livre a 16
onces, un pun correspondait a 453,6 g,
10. Une roupie indienne equivalait a 16 annas.
11. Si l’on prend en compteles valeurs minimale et maximale du maunds et du seer,un repas peut etre estime` entre 638 et 852 g.
12. Le maund etait une mesure de poids exiremement variable suivant les regions
de l`lnde, allant de 2 a 160 livres. Nous admettons qu'il faut prendre en
consideration le maund du Bengate qui valait, suivant une citation de 1760figurant dans Hobson-Jobson (p. 565), 75 livres, c`est-a'-dire environ 34 kilos,
13. Chocoria; localite’ au nord de Ramu, connue depuis le xvI siecle.
14. C`esi-a-dire entre 1763 et 1777,
15. Les voyageurs europeens du xvii siecle comme Bemier, Schouten ou Manrique y
font reference, notamment en rapport avec les Portugais qui prenaient part & ces
aetivites,
16. Gouverneur mogol.
17. Un naib (gouverneur adjoint ou delegue) Sadaqat Muhammad Khant fils de Agha
Baqer Khan, figure sur une liste d'officiers mogols tiree du Tarikh-i-Chatgaon de
Maulvi Hamidullah Khan (voir Qanungo 1986, 456),
18. Voir Manrique 1927, 13 n, 1 et 438. Cette localite au Nord-Ouest de la baie du
Bengale n'existe plus maintenant,
19. Cette ile se trouve a` l’embouchure du Gange et de la Meghna.
20. C`est-a-dire qu'elle s'orientait plus vers l’Ouest,
21. Nous supposons qu 'il s'agit de I 'affrontement avec le general On Cun, fin mai
1777 (Candamalalankara 1931 (vol. 2), 284).

α α ္αုိα္း၊ αα္ α
ျαα္αူα်ားα‘αြα္ α‘α်ိဳးααိွေαာ α₯αေαα်ား αα္α်α္ျαα္းႏွα့္ ျααာα္းျαα္းα်ား αႊα္ေαာ္α‘αြα္း ေαာα္αြα္αာαြα္ αα αာαုိα္ႏႈα္း ေα်ာ္αွαာ ေαာα္αြα္ႏုိα္αα္ ျαα ္αျαα့္ ျαα္αူα‘α်ိဳးαုိ αုိαားေαာ αα္αေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ားαိုαါ α α္းαံုးαြားαα္αု ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α α α ္αုိα္းαΏαိဳα αူαုေαာေျαာαြဲαြα္ ေျαာαΎαားαα္။
α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαုိαေαα ီ α‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ (NLD) α‘ေαႏွα့္ αΎαားျαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ α‘ႏုိα္ααိွαါα αႊα္ေαာ္α‘αြα္း αူαα္းα ုαာ ျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္αျαα့္ αုိαုိα α α္းαုံးαα္ αိုα‘α္ေαΎαာα္း ၎α ေျαာαΎαားαα္။
α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαုိαေαα ီ α‘αြဲαα်ဳα္αα္ ျαα္αြα္း αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး၊ αြဲαα α္းαုံ α‘ေျααံ ျαα္αα္ေαး၊ ααားα₯αေα α ုိးαုိးေαး αုိαα‘αြα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αα္αα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αွα္းαα္း ေျαာαုိαားαΏαီး ျαα ္αα္။
αα္αေαာ္ α‘α ုိးαα αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ α‘ျαα္းαြားαြα္αာ αူαုαႏα΅ αံαူαြဲျαα့္ α‘αα္ျαဳαဲ့ေαာ αြဲαα α္းαုံ α‘ေျααံα₯αေα ျαα္αα္αα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု αႊα္ေαာ္αြα္ αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ αα αာαုိα္ႏႈα္းႏွα့္ α‘αα္ αေαာαူαီαႈ ααွိαα္ αိုα‘α္αα္။
αα္αေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ αα αာαုိα္ႏႈα္း αါαα္αα္ αြα့္ျαဳαားαျαα့္ αြဲαα α္းαုံ α‘ေျααံα₯αေα ျαα္αα္αα္ αျαα ္ႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αြα္းျαα္ααွ ႏုိα္αံေαး αႈα္αွားαူ α‘α်ိဳαα αုα္ေαာ္ ေျαာαုိαΎααα္။
ေαာ့αွဴးαΏαိဳααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘ျαα ္ α‘ေαြးα်α္αံαα့္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αႊα္ေαာ္αြα္း α¦းα ြာ αုံαΎαα္αႈ αα္ေαာα္αα္ αိုေαΎαာα္း αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ α‘α်ိဳαα ေျαာαိုαα္။
” ေαာα္ေαာα္α်α္းေαာ့ αုα္αုိα ααြα္ေαးαူး။ α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ αုံαΎαα္αႈေαြ αွိαာေα‘ာα္ α₯ααာ α‘α်ားျαα္αူαဲα αုိα္αဲ့ α₯αေαျαဳေαး αိα α₯αα္ေαြαုိ αူးေαါα္း ေαာα္αြα္αα္းαဲα αုံαΎαα္αႈ αα္ေαာα္ααα္။ α‘α်ိα္αα ္αုေαာ့ ေαးααα္။ ျαα္α်α္αဲ့ α₯αေαေαြα ααα္ ျαα္αα့္ျαα္αုိα္αဲ့ α₯αေαျαα ္αုိα αိုαα္။ αα ္α¦းα်α္းα ီαဲα αႏα΅α‘αုိα္း αြα္αြα္αα္αα္ αဲေαးαုိα္αြα့္ ααွိαုိαα αုိα‘ေαးααီးαα္ ” αု αီေαါαΏαိဳααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ α¦းαဲαြα္းα ေျαာαΎαားαα္။
αုိα္းαα္းαားα်ား α‘ေαႏွα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαွ ααြဲαြα္αဲ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုိα္α်α္ေαးα်ားαြα္ αူးေαါα္း ေαာα္αြα္၍ ႏိုα္αံေαးαါαီα်ား αူေαာα္αာ αႊα္ေαာ္α‘αြα္း ေαာα္αွိαါα α‘ေျααံα₯αေα ျαα္αα္αα္ αααΌαααီး α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α αα္ α αα္ေαα ျαα္ေαာα္α ု αႊα္ေαာ္ αိα္ααြα္းαြα္ αα့္αြα္း ေျαာαုိα့ဲαα္။
αα္αေαာ္ αα္αα္း αα္αြဲαα်ား αα္αွိαာ ေα‘ာα္αα္းႏွα့္ αေαာαΏαိဳαα်ားαုိα αြားေαာα္αဲ့ေαာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္၏ ααီးα α₯္αြα္αα္း α‘ေျααံα₯αေα ျαα္αα္ေαး αα္αေαာ္αားα်ား α‘αူα‘αီ ေαးαα္ ေျαာαုိαဲ့αα္။
ααုα‘α်ိα္αြα္ αုα္ေαာα္ααα့္ α‘αုα္αα ္αု ααုα္αဲ့αွ်α္ ေαာα္αြα္ α‘αα္α‘αဲα်ားႏွα့္ ααံဳေαြα ႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ α‘αိα္α ααုα္αα့္αα္α်ား ααုα္αဲ့αျαα့္ ျαα ္ေαααာαα့္ αိα α₯αα္ α‘ေαα α်α္α်α္း ျαဳျαα္ααα္αု ၎ααုိαα္။
αုα္αα့္αα့္ α‘αိ်α္αြα္ ααုα္ေαာα္αဲ့၍ ααု αီαုိαေαα ီ αα္းေαΎαာα္း ေαααာα်ိα္αြα္ α‘ားαံုး α‘α္αုိα္α‘ားαုိα္ ေαာα္αြα္ααα္αု ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α ေျαာαုိαα္။
α α ္αုိα္းαΏαိဳααုိα ေαာα္αွိαာαα့္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αုိ ααိဳαုိαα္ αα္းαုိ၊ ေαာαα္း၊ αα္αα္αူး၊ αα္းေαာα္၊ ααာ ေααα်ားα ေαααံα်ားα αα ္αα္ ααိဳαα္ ေαာα္αွိ ေααဲ့αα္။
αႏၱေαး αဲαြα္ααီးα α₯္ α‘αြα္း ေαααံ ေαးαံαွα္ αα္းαα္း αိုα္αါαူαီ ေαာα္αြα္αဲ့αΏαီး ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αံαα္αိုα္းαြα္ αα ုိးαိα္ αုိα္αα ္αြα္ αါαုိααာေαာ္αုိ ααၤα္းα်ားႏွα့္ αြα္းα်ိဳα့္ αα္αွဴαΏαီးေαာα္ α‘αααူααΏαိဳα ααာαႏαΆာαံု ααာေαာ္αံ αြားေαာα္ αူးေျαာ္αα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ α ေαေααα α်α္းαာေαး α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαΎαာα့္ ေααၱα‘αားαူ αဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αေαααြα္ α α ္αုိα္းαΏαိဳααုိα αα္αα္ αြα္αြာαဲ့ျαα္း ျαα ္αα္။
αႏၱေαးαΏαိဳαေαာ္ Mandalay Hill Resort αုိαα္αုိα ေαααα္αုိα္းαြα္ ျαα္αα္ ေαာα္αွိαဲ့ဲαΏαီး αα္ α αα္ေαααြα္ αံαားα¦း၊ αိαၳီαာ၊ ေαာα္αြα္းααီး၊ ျαα္းျαံαΏαိဳαα်ားαုိα αြားေαာα္αα္ ျαα ္αα္။
Source : The Voice Daily News Letter

αုαိαα‘ααိα္ ααα္းαုα္ျαα္αႈαြα္ ေαြααေαာ αα α်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားα‘αြဲαααα်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားα‘αြဲα၏ αုαိαα‘αΎαိα္ ααα္းαုα္ျαα္αႈαို ေαေαာ္αါαီαααα္ေαα αြα္းαြဲαိုα္းα‘α်ိα္α α‘αြဲα၏ αံုးαα္းαα္αႇိαာ ααၤα္းαြα½α္းျαိဳααα္ ေαααႏၲာαα္းႏႇα့္ αီαိαုα္α‘ိα္αာေαာα့္αႇိ ေαα‘ိα္၌ ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αါαα္။
α‘αိုαါ ααα္းαုα္ျαα္αႈαႇာ ျαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αα္α်ားα‘αြα္း ααα်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαြားေαာα္αဲ့αα့္ ααီးα α₯္α်ားႏႇα့္ αα္αα္ေαာ αα္αြα္α်α္၊ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳ၊ ααα္α်ား αို ျαα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုαα‘ျαα္ αα္α α αα္ေααα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ေαာ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα αိα္ααြα္းႏႇα့္αα္α α္αα့္ αေαာαားα‘ျαα္α်ားαိုαα္း ααα္းေαာα္α်ား၏ ေαးျαα္းα်α္αို ျαα္αα္ေျααΎαားαာ၌ αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။ ααα်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား α‘ေαျαα့္ ျαα္αα္αြα္ေျαာα္αာαဲ့ျαီး ေαာα္αိုα္း αြα့္αα္းေαာ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαါα္းα α₯္ျαα့္ ေျααႇα္းαို α αα္αဲ့αာ ααၤာαျαိဳααံαူαုျαα့္ α αα္ေαြααံုαဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ααα်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα‘αြဲααိုα္α ား αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α αα္αြα္α်α္αို α¦းα ြာαႇα္းျααဲ့αါαα္။ ''αြα့္αα္းαဲ့ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းαိုα ေျαာαΎααဲ့α‘αါαႇာ αံαါα္αα ္α ျαα္αူαူαုαဲα αα ္αာαံုးαံႈးα်α္ေαြαို αုα္ေαာ္ေျαာαိုျαα္း၊ ျαα္αူαူαုαဲα ααိုα္αြα့္၊ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြαို α‘ားαံုး ေαာ္αုα္ေျαာαိုျαα္းေαြα α αါαα္''αု αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α αိုαα္။
ααၤာαျαိဳαααီးα α₯္၏ ααα္α‘ေαျαα့္ ျαိဳααံαူαု၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ား၊ ααိαိα αူαႈေαးαုα္αိုα္ေαေαာ α‘αα္αα္αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားႏႇα့္ αူးေαါα္းαိျαီး αြα့္αα္းေαာ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαါα္းα α₯္ေα‘ာα္αြα္ αူαႈαြα္αα္αα ္αု ျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊α‘α်ိဳးαα္α‘ေαျαα့္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္ααီးα α₯္၊ αႏၲေαးαိုα္း ααီးα α₯္αိုααို αြားေαာα္αဲ့ျαီး ααα‘αα ္αα ္αုαα္း αα္αံျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိုαα္းαုိႏိုα္α ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။ ''α‘α်ိဳးαα္αို ေျαာαါαိုαα္ ေαာα္αα္αα္ျαီးေαာ့ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα αα်α္ျαα္αα္ ααီးα α₯္၊ αႏၲေαးαိုα္း ααီးα α₯္αိုααို αြားႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αα္ျαီးေαာ့ αα္αာαဲ့ αααα ္αု၊ ေαာα္αα္ ေαါα္းα α္းαာαဲ့αααေαာ့ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαααါ'' αု αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
''α‘αိααေαာ့ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα ေαြαူျαα္းαα‘αိα ααုα္αဲαဲα αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαိုα္αိုα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαြား ေαြးα်α္းေαြαဲα αα္ေαြαααေαြ αုαα‘αုαα‘ေαြαို α‘αူαွ်ေααံα ားαိုα αြားαဲ့αΎααာαါ။ ျαီးေαာ့αႇ αူαိုααဲα α‘αံေαြ၊ αူαိုααဲα ျαα ္α်α္αႈေαြαို αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα αားေαာα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αီေαာ့αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααဲα αုα္αα္းα α₯္αႇာ αာαα္ျαီးေαာ့ ေαါα္းαိαြားျαီαဲαိုေαာ့ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး ျαα ္αြားαါαα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္αိုα ေαာα္ေαာα္αို αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααဲα ေαႇααုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြαာ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲα αြα့္αα္းေαာ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘αြα္ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααဲα ααီးα α₯္ေαြαႇာ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαာ αြα့္αα္းαူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းျαα ္ေα‘ာα္ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα ေျααႇα္းေαြ αို αα္αΎαα¦းαႇာျαα ္αါ αα္''αု αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α αα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။ αြားေαာα္αဲ့ေαာ ααီးα α₯္α်ားႏႇα့္ αα္αα္αα့္ αႇα္းαα္းαႈα‘ျαီးαြα္ ααα္းေαာα္α်ားαႇ ေαးျαα္းαဲ့αα္α်ားαို ေျααΎαားαာ၌ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα၏ αိα္ααြα္းα‘ေαα αေαာαားαို ααα်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားα‘αြဲααိုα္α ား αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α ေျααΎαားαဲ့αΏαီး ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα၏ αိα္ααြα္းαို α‘ျαဳαေαာေαာα္ αΎαိဳαိုျαီး α‘ားαံုး αူးေαါα္းαါαα္αႈα‘αြα္ ျαα္αα္αα္αα္းαြားαα္αု ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။ ''αြα½α္ေαာ္αα ္ေαာα္ αα္း αα္αααဲαဲαααα်ိဳးαα္αα ္αုαံုး αဲααေαာαားα‘ျαα္ေαြαို ျαံဳαံုျαီး ေαာ့ေျαေαးαႇာျαα ္αါαα္။ ျαံဳေျαာαိုα္αα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ α်ားα ြာ α‘ျαဳαေαာေαာα္αα္αိုα αိုးαိုးαားαားαဲ αႈျαα္αါαα္''αု αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α ေျαာαΎαားαါαα္။
''αα ္αုαႇိαါαα္။ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα ျαα္αူေαြαဲαα‘αံαိုαα္း αားေαာα္αΎαα့္αါαα္။
α‘ေျαာαဲααျαီးαူးαိုαဲ့ ααိေαးα
αားα်ိဳး αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαααါαα္။ ေαာα္းαါαα္။ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαααα္း αα္ေαြαα်αာαိုαဲ αα္αိုးαားαါαα္။ αα္ေαြα αဲα αိုα္းαာααα့္ ေααံေαြαႇိαါαα္'' αု αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α ေျαာαါαα္။ α‘αိုαါ ααα္းαုα္ျαα္αႈ၌ αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္ႏႇα့္α‘αူ α‘ျαားေαာ αα α်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္α်ား ααα္း ၎αိုα၏ ααီးα
α₯္၊ ျαα္αြα္းျαိα္းα်α္းေαးႏႇα့္ αααΌααိα္ααြα္းα‘ေαα αေαာαားα‘ျαα္α‘α
αႇိαα္ αိုααို ေျααΎαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
Source :EMG
αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαြαဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲ့αြα့္αα္း αူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α
α္းေαါα္းα
α္αဲ့ ααα္းα
ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲααုαို αီαေα့ αα္αုα္αွာ ျαုαုα္αါαα္။

αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ αα္ααါαီ αα αα္ေα့α α်α္းαα α₯္
ααၤα္းα်ြα္း αΏαို့αα္၊ αီαိαုα္α‘ိα္αာαွာ ျαုαုα္αဲ့ ααα္းα ာ αွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαြ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αα္αိုα္းα‘αြα္းαြားαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα ္ααီးαား၊ ααၲေαး α αဲ့ ααီးα α္ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံုေαြαဲ့ α‘ဲ့αီα‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံုေαြေαα αူαα္αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘αα္αα္αူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္း ေααေαါα္ေαးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αြားαα့္ αိα α₯αα္ေαြαို αွα္းαα္း ေျααΎαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
αααၤေαြေα့ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ α‘αိα αွα္းαα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αာαို αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαား ေαါα္းေαာα္αα¦းျαα ္αဲ့ αိုα်α္αီα αုαိုေျαာျααါαα္။
“α‘αိααေαာ့ α‘αα္ျαα္αာျαα္ ျαα ္ααီးαား၊ ααၲေαး ααီးα α္αဲ့ αဲαူးαိုα္း ααီးα α္၊ αိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌα αိα့္αြα္းေαါ့။ α‘ဲαီα‘αာေαြေαα α‘ေျααα္αΏαီး α်ေαာ္αို့ αြားေααဲ့ αα္းေαΎαာα္းααုေαါ့။ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲ့αြα့္αα္းαူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္း ေαါα္းα α္ေα‘ာα္αေα α်ေαာ္αို့ ေျαာαΎααိုαΎααာαါ။”
ααα္းα ာαွα္း αα္းαြဲαို αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြျαα ္αဲ့ αိုαα္းαိုαိုα္၊ αိုαိုααီး၊ αိုျαေα‘း၊ αိုα်α္αီα αဲ့αူေαြαဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္α ααα္းαာαေαြα ααα္းα ာααာ α α ေαာα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααΏαီး၊ αိαိုαာေαြ ေαးျαα္းαဲ့αΎααာαိုαα္း αα α်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαား ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြα ျαα္αα္ ေျααΎαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
αααၤေαြေα့ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲα‘αΏαီး αေααိုα္းαွာαဲ αိုαα္းαိုαိုα္၊ αိုေαးαΎαြα္၊ αိုα်α္αီαဲ့ αိုα‘ံ့αြα္ေα်ာ္αို့αာ αေαြးαိုα္း၊ ေα်ာα္αΏαို့αို ααီးαြα္αွာျαα ္αΏαီး၊ α‘αα္αα္αူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္းေαြေααေαါα္ေαး ေαာα္αြα္αြားαΎααα္αို့ αိααါαα္။
αα α်ိဳးαα္ေαြαဲ့ α‘αုααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαာ αုαိαα‘ααိα္ ျαုαုα္αာျαα ္αΏαီး၊ α‘α်α္းေαာα္ α‘αီးαီးα ျαα္αα္αြα္ေျαာα္αါα α αααα‘ααိα္ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ ျαုαုα္αဲ့αါαα္။
Source αီαီြαီ

αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ αα္ααါαီ αα αα္ေα့α α်α္းαα α₯္
ααၤα္းα်ြα္း αΏαို့αα္၊ αီαိαုα္α‘ိα္αာαွာ ျαုαုα္αဲ့ ααα္းα ာ αွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαြ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αα္αိုα္းα‘αြα္းαြားαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα ္ααီးαား၊ ααၲေαး α αဲ့ ααီးα α္ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံုေαြαဲ့ α‘ဲ့αီα‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံုေαြေαα αူαα္αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘αα္αα္αူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္း ေααေαါα္ေαးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αြားαα့္ αိα α₯αα္ေαြαို αွα္းαα္း ေျααΎαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
αααၤေαြေα့ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ α‘αိα αွα္းαα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αာαို αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαား ေαါα္းေαာα္αα¦းျαα ္αဲ့ αိုα်α္αီα αုαိုေျαာျααါαα္။
“α‘αိααေαာ့ α‘αα္ျαα္αာျαα္ ျαα ္ααီးαား၊ ααၲေαး ααီးα α္αဲ့ αဲαူးαိုα္း ααီးα α္၊ αိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌα αိα့္αြα္းေαါ့။ α‘ဲαီα‘αာေαြေαα α‘ေျααα္αΏαီး α်ေαာ္αို့ αြားေααဲ့ αα္းေαΎαာα္းααုေαါ့။ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲ့αြα့္αα္းαူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္း ေαါα္းα α္ေα‘ာα္αေα α်ေαာ္αို့ ေျαာαΎααိုαΎααာαါ။”
ααα္းα ာαွα္း αα္းαြဲαို αα α်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြျαα ္αဲ့ αိုαα္းαိုαိုα္၊ αိုαိုααီး၊ αိုျαေα‘း၊ αိုα်α္αီα αဲ့αူေαြαဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္α ααα္းαာαေαြα ααα္းα ာααာ α α ေαာα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααΏαီး၊ αိαိုαာေαြ ေαးျαα္းαဲ့αΎααာαိုαα္း αα α်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαား ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြα ျαα္αα္ ေျααΎαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
αααၤေαြေα့ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲα‘αΏαီး αေααိုα္းαွာαဲ αိုαα္းαိုαိုα္၊ αိုေαးαΎαြα္၊ αိုα်α္αီαဲ့ αိုα‘ံ့αြα္ေα်ာ္αို့αာ αေαြးαိုα္း၊ ေα်ာα္αΏαို့αို ααီးαြα္αွာျαα ္αΏαီး၊ α‘αα္αα္αူ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္းေαြေααေαါα္ေαး ေαာα္αြα္αြားαΎααα္αို့ αိααါαα္။
αα α်ိဳးαα္ေαြαဲ့ α‘αုααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαာ αုαိαα‘ααိα္ ျαုαုα္αာျαα ္αΏαီး၊ α‘α်α္းေαာα္ α‘αီးαီးα ျαα္αα္αြα္ေျαာα္αါα α αααα‘ααိα္ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ ျαုαုα္αဲ့αါαα္။
Source αီαီြαီ
α
α
္αုိα္းαံαားαွ αα္း၍ α
α
္αိုα္းαΏαိဳααိုααα္ေαာα္αာေαာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αို αΎαိဳαိုေααΎααα့္ α
α
္αိုα္းαΏαိဳααံα်ားαို αα္းαံုးျαα့္ျαα္ေαြααα
α₯္။
α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαုိαေαα
ီα‘αဲြαα်ဳα္αါαီ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αα္ αေαααံαα္αြα္ αα္းαုိαာαုိαα္αွ αႏၱေαးျαိဳα၊ ααာေα‘ာα္ေျαျαိဳဳααα္αွိααာαိαုαα΅ါαုံေα်ာα္းαုိα္αုိα αြα္αြာαဲ့αာ αံαα္ααာαီαဲြαα္ααြα္ေαာα္αွိαဲ့ျαီး ေαႊα်α္αာααာαုိα္ αါαုိααာေαာ္αΎαီးိα‘ားαူးေျαာ္αေαာ့ αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း ႏွα့္ αααူαေαာα္ျαိဳα၊ ααာαႏαΆာαုံေα်ာα္းαုိα္ ααာေαာ္αΎαီးα်ားαုိαα္း αα္ေαာα္αူးေျαာ္αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααါαα္။
αုိαွ αα္αα္၍ α α ္αုိα္းျαိဳααုုိαα္αα္αြα္αြာαာαဲ့αာ α§αာααီαံαား(αααာαုံ)αα္းαေαွ်ာα္αွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α‘ား
ျαα္αူαူαုαΎαီးα ααဲααα္ αΎαိဳαုိαΎααာ αိα္αုိααႈα်ားျαα ္αွ်α္αွိαဲ့αα္αု αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္၏ ေαာ္ေαာ္αာα₯္αα္းαα္ ေαာေျαာαα့္ α§αာααီျαα ္αα္း၊αဲေαာα္ျαα္(α α ္αုိα္းαံαားα‘αီး)αုိα αααာαီ αα္αေαာα္αြα္ေαာα္αွိαဲ့αα္ ။αα္ေαာα္αာαΎαေαာ ျαα္αူαူαုαΎαီးαွာ α‘α္α‘ား αα ္αိα္းαီးαါးαα္ααွိαα္αု αα္ααွα္းααα္။ α‘αုိαါေαာေျαာαα့္ αဲေαာα္ျαα္αြα္းαြα္ αူα‘α္α‘ားα်ားျαားαြα္းαွျαီး ျαα့္α်α္αွα္ေαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αα္α ααα္ေααα αႏၱေαးေα‘ာα္αα္αα္αြα္းαြα္ αူαုαΎαီိးα‘ားေαာေျαာαာ၌ α်α္းαာေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαΎαာα့္
αိαα ္α‘αα္းαα္αာαိα္ααြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ αေαααြα္ α်α္းαာေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေααွာ ျαα္αα္ေαာα္းαြα္αြားျαီျαα ္ေαΎαာα္းαα္းαα္ေαာα္αာေαာαူαုααိα္αα္αΎαီးα‘ား αိα္ααြα္းα‘ျαီးαα္ႏႈα္αြα္းαα္α αားαြα္ αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αα္ေαာα္αာေαာ α α ္αုိα္းေαααံျαα္αူαူαုαα ္αိα္းαα္αα‘ား αိαα ္(αα)αα္ααΎαာ αိα္ααြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
αုိαေαာα္ αα္းေαာေျαာαα့္ α§αာααီαဲေαာα္ျαα္αွ αႏၱေαးျαိဳααုိαျαα္αα္αြα္αြာαာေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ αႏၱေαးေα ်းα်ိဳေαာ္αုိααα္းαြားေαာα္αα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေαာα္αုံးαြα္ေααေαာααα္းα်ားα‘α αိααα္။
αုိαွ αα္αα္၍ α α ္αုိα္းျαိဳααုုိαα္αα္αြα္αြာαာαဲ့αာ α§αာααီαံαား(αααာαုံ)αα္းαေαွ်ာα္αွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α‘ား
ျαα္αူαူαုαΎαီးα ααဲααα္ αΎαိဳαုိαΎααာ αိα္αုိααႈα်ားျαα ္αွ်α္αွိαဲ့αα္αု αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္၏ ေαာ္ေαာ္αာα₯္αα္းαα္ ေαာေျαာαα့္ α§αာααီျαα ္αα္း၊αဲေαာα္ျαα္(α α ္αုိα္းαံαားα‘αီး)αုိα αααာαီ αα္αေαာα္αြα္ေαာα္αွိαဲ့αα္ ။αα္ေαာα္αာαΎαေαာ ျαα္αူαူαုαΎαီးαွာ α‘α္α‘ား αα ္αိα္းαီးαါးαα္ααွိαα္αု αα္ααွα္းααα္။ α‘αုိαါေαာေျαာαα့္ αဲေαာα္ျαα္αြα္းαြα္ αူα‘α္α‘ားα်ားျαားαြα္းαွျαီး ျαα့္α်α္αွα္ေαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αα္α ααα္ေααα αႏၱေαးေα‘ာα္αα္αα္αြα္းαြα္ αူαုαΎαီိးα‘ားေαာေျαာαာ၌ α်α္းαာေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαΎαာα့္
αိαα ္α‘αα္းαα္αာαိα္ααြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ αေαααြα္ α်α္းαာေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေααွာ ျαα္αα္ေαာα္းαြα္αြားျαီျαα ္ေαΎαာα္းαα္းαα္ေαာα္αာေαာαူαုααိα္αα္αΎαီးα‘ား αိα္ααြα္းα‘ျαီးαα္ႏႈα္αြα္းαα္α αားαြα္ αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αα္ေαာα္αာေαာ α α ္αုိα္းေαααံျαα္αူαူαုαα ္αိα္းαα္αα‘ား αိαα ္(αα)αα္ααΎαာ αိα္ααြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
αုိαေαာα္ αα္းေαာေျαာαα့္ α§αာααီαဲေαာα္ျαα္αွ αႏၱေαးျαိဳααုိαျαα္αα္αြα္αြာαာေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ αႏၱေαးေα ်းα်ိဳေαာ္αုိααα္းαြားေαာα္αα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေαာα္αုံးαြα္ေααေαာααα္းα်ားα‘α αိααα္။



αေαα (α.α.αααα) ေαααα္α α α ္αိုα္းαΏαိဳα၊ α α ္αိုα္းαံαားေα‘ာα္αα္α‘αီး αဲေαာα္ျαα္ေαααြα္ ေ
αααံαူαုαΎαီး α‘ား ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ αိα္ααြα္းေျαာαΎαားေαα α₯္။ αာα္αံု- α₯αၠာαို
Credit: Burma VJ & 7 Days New Journal

ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα αားααိုα္းαါးααိုα္းေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြα αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္αီ ေျααွα္းေαြαွα္းေααΏαီ၊ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲ ေαြ αုα္ေααΏαီαိုαΏαီး αူျαα္αူျαα္ α‘αြα္αα္းေαးေαြ αျαေαααို α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αီ ေαာα္ေαΎαာα္းျαα္ ααွα့္ αူး၊ α α ္αα္α‘ာαာαိα္းαာα်ဳိး ααုα္ေαာ့αူးαိုααဲ αα္αါαα္αါ ααိေαးααိုαို α‘ာααံααိုαို α‘ေααိαα္ αΎαားေα‘ာα္ ေျαာေααါαα္။
ααα္ေαာ့ αα္αွိα‘ေαα‘αားαာ αααα-αααα αာα αဲα αααα-αααα αာααို ေျαာα္α‘αိα‘αα္း α α ္α‘ာ αာαွα္α αα ္α်ဳိး ααုα္ေααဲ့ αααα-αααα αာααို ေαါα္းαΏαီးျαဳံα α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ ျαα ္ေααΏαီး αူαျαα္αူαျαα္ေααာ ေαြαွာ αာαွαေျαာα္းαဲαာ ျαα္αာျαα္αူαူαုα αိေααါαα္။ α‘αူးαျαα့္ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα α‘αုα္ααား αα္ ααား ေα်ာα္းαား ေαာααိဳα‘ံုαΎαားαိုα္းαα္းαားααေαြ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲααွိαာαα္ αိုα‘αိαα်αာα αααα αုαေα αီαေααα‘αိ ျαα္αာααိုα္းေαΎαာα္းαို ααီးα ိုးαားαဲ့ αα္αေαာ္αဲαα‘ျαα္αေαာαားေαြ၊ αα္αေαာ္αဲα αြဲαα α္းαα္αα္αႈα αα ္ေαြ αေျαာα္းαဲαာျαα ္αါαα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေαααုαα္းαို ျαα္αα္αိုα္αံုαဲα ααΏαီးαဲ αα္αေαာ္αိုαါ ααါαα္းေျαာα္းαဲျαα္αα္αိုα္αွ ေαာα္ေαΎαာα္းျαα္ααွα့္αိုα α‘ာααံα်α္αွိαွာျαα ္ αါαα္။
ααာျαα္αဲα α‘αိαျαႆαာαာ αီαိုαေαα ီျαႆαာျαα ္αα္၊ αုိα္းαα္းαားျαႆαာျαα ္αα္၊ α‘ေျααံα₯αေαျαႆ αာျαα ္αα္ α αျαα့္ αိုα္αα္αာαႈေαါα့္αေα ေျαာေααΎαေααဲ့ αီαေαααာααွာ α‘α်ဳα္αေαာ့ α α ္αα္ျαႆαာαဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။ α α ္αα္αိုα္၌α αီαိုαေαα ီαα္αα်α္ေαး၊ αုိα္းαα္းαားαα½ြα္ျαဳေαး၊ αူαႈ-α ီးαြား αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ ေαးေαြ ေျααံုးေαါα္းαံုး α‘αိုးα ြဲေααေαြα αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေαး၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαး၊ α₯αေαα‘ေαးေαြα‘ားαံုး αႏြα္αα္αα α္αါ ေαာα္ျαα္ေαွာα္αွားαုα္αွာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αိုα္αα္းေαႊ-αိုα္ေαာα္ေα‘း ျαα ္ေα ၊ αိုα္αα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα့္α¦း၊ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ေαာα္း၊ αိုα္ေα်ာ္αα္းျαα ္ေα ၊ αိုα္αိα္း α ိα္၊ αိုα္ေαႊαα္း၊ αိုα္αα္းေα‘ာα္αႈိα္ျαα ္ေα ααα»ာေαααွာααွိေαာ့αံုαဲααဲ ααံုေαာα္αါαူး။ ααα α αုႏွα ္α်ားα αα္းαα αΏαီး αံုα ံαြα္းαဲ့αဲ့ α‘ေαြးα‘ျαα္ α‘αူα‘α်α့္ α αα ္ααားα‘ားαံုးαို α α ္αα္ααုαံုးαဲα ααါα်αα ္αိုα αိုေααါαα္။ αားαိုα္ျαα္αြားαံုαဲα ααΏαီးαဲ α α ္αα္ααုαံုးαိုေျαာα္းαဲαα ္αွ α်α္αဲ့αႏိုα္αံαံုးαွာ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြ α‘ႏွα ္αာα αွိαွိ ေαာα္ျαα္ααွα့္α αα္း ျαα ္αာαါαိα့္αα္။
ျαα္αာ့αα္αေαာ္αဲαွာ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα‘ာα္αα္းαဲα αာαα္αံုး αα္αα္αံုးေαြျαα ္αဲ့ αိုα္αα္်ာ၊ αိုα္ေαα်၊ αိုα္ αဲαြα္၊ αိုα္ေα်ာ္ေαာ αိုααို αေαာα္αΏαီးαေαာα္ ααုα္αဲ့αΏαီးေαာα္ α α ္αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αါααို αိုα္ေααα္း၊ αိုα္ ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ααီး၊ αိုα္αα္ေααိုαα αα αα αြα္αြα္းαာαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα‘ာα္αα္းαဲα αံαူα်α္ααံုးααြဲαြဲαΏαီး αိုα္းျαα့္αα္αα္αွα္αါαα်α္ႏွာαံုးαဲα α‘ိα္ααီးေααα‘ိα္αα္ေαာα္ေαးαို α ,α α₯္းα ား α ,ေျααွα္းαာαဲ့αါ ေαာ့αα္။
ျαα္αာα α ္αα္αာ ααα α αု αα္αႉးαီαာαံααα္းα αα္αα္αိα α₯ေαြျαα ္αဲ့ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αααα ္αα္αီးေαး၊ ေα်း αα္ααီးαြားေαး၊ ေααႏၱαα‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး၊ αα္αာေျαႏိုα္αံαိုα္ျαဳαုα္ေαး α αာေαြαို αα္α ြα္αα္αိုα ေျααွα္းαာαါ αα္။ αီαိုαဲα ααα α α α္αα္αာ ေααΏαိဳααα္αႉးαီαာαံαွာ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α ိုးααα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘αႈαα္းေααα္αဲα αီးαα္α αα္αေαာ္αါααေαာααားαားαိုα α ,ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αါαα္။ ααα α αု ေα‘ာα္αိုαာααွာ ေααα္αဲαေααα္αို αΎαα္း αα္α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္ေα‘ာα္ α αြα္αြα္းαΏαီး αα္αα္αိုα္αα္α‘ားαံုးαို ααα္αိုα္α αα ္ α ,α်α့္αံုးαဲ့αါαα္။ αΎαα္း αα္α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္αို αΎαα္း-ေα-ေα αα္αေαာ္ααုαံုးαဲα αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္α‘ျαα ္ αာαααα္αွα္ αိုα္αါေαာ့ αα္။
αα္αေαာ္αာ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αြဲαα‘α α္း ααုα္αါαဲα်α္ αα္αေαာ္αါααေαာααား ideology ေαာ္αုα္ေαး α‘αို ျαဳα်α္αို αိုα္α်ဳα္ေααα္းα ααα α αု αိαၳီαာ αα္αႉးαီαာαံαွာ ααားαα္αα္αြα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ α α ္αα္αဲα α‘αα္း αααို α ိα္ααိဳα္α်ဲααား ေျαႇာα္αα့္αိုα αီႏွα ္αဲαွာαဲ αုိα္αိုαာααြα့္αဲ့αΏαီး ျαα္αူαူαုαဲ၊ α‘αူးαျαα့္ α α ္αα္αဲ αွာ α α ္αα္αα္α‘ααီးျαα္αံုး αိုαဲ့ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααဲααုα္αα္ α ,αေႏαΆαα္ ေα αဲ့αါαα္။ ααα α α α္ αα္αာ αα္ αႉးαီαာαံα‘αΏαီး ေα‘ာα္αိုαာααွာ αα္αေαာ္α ိα္αာα္α α ္αα္ေαးၫႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉးαံုး (αိုα္αို αာα) α α်α ္αႈိα္ αဲα ေα ာα¦း αိုααဲα αာααူααါααို ျαααီααၢαα္းαွာ αိုα့္αေαာαဲααိုα္ αါαျαα္ααာαဲ့αါαα္ (αααα -αααα ααα αါα αဲαေαွαေျαး ျαα ္αါαα္)။
α‘αုα္ααား-αα္ααား-ေα်ာα္းαား-αံαာαိုα္αြဲေαြေαααဲ့α‘αါ αα္αေαာ္αဲαα‘αိααာαα္α ααားα₯αေα α ိုးαိုးေαးαα္ααα၊ αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαα္αုαိα αိုαΏαီး αီαိုαေαα ီαိုαဲαα ္αα္၊ αဲα‘αုα္αိုαဲαα္αႈα္ αα္αါးααီး α‘ုα္ αဲ့ααို αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαဲα α‘αΎαα္းααα္/αα္αα္αိုα္ αα္ααα္αႈα္αွားαႈ ျαα ္αာαဲ့α‘αါαွာေαာ့ α‘α်ဳα္ α‘ျαာ α‘ာαာ αα္αံ့αိုα္ျαဲေαးαα္ααα၊ αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαα္αုαိα αိုαΏαီး α‘ာαာαိုαα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αိုα αုα္αာαဲ့αါ αα္။ ေαα်ာαာαေαာ့ α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαာ “αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαα္ααα”αိုα αα္αုα္းααွ ααံαူαဲ့αာαဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ααα α αု αြα္ααွာ αα္ααွα္းααααα‘α ိုးα αα္ααီးα်ဳα္α¦းႏုα ျαα္αြα္းαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးα‘αြα္ αα္αုα္းေα် αြα္αΏαိα္း α်α္းαာαြα့္α₯αေα ျααာα္းေαး၊ ေαာ္αွα္ေαးα‘αြဲαα်ား α₯αေααြα္းααားαα္αα္αα္ႏိုα္ေαးαိုααို ααိေαးαα္းαွα္းαΏαီး ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαိုααုα္αာαဲ့α‘αါ ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αဲα α‘α္α‘ားααီး αူαာαα္αာαဲ့ α α ္αα္αာ α်α္αံုးျαဴး α်α္αံျαဴးျαα ္ αΏαီး α‘ာαာαိα္းαိုα α αα္αΎαံα α္ αႈα္αွားαာαဲ့αါαα္။
ααα α α α္αα္αာ αိαၳီαာ αα္αႉးαီαာαံαွာ αα္αေαာ္αါααေαာαား αုα္ျαα္αဲ့αΏαီး αီααဲαွာαဲ α‘ိα္ေα ာα့္ α‘α ိုးα αာαα္αံ αααα‘ααိα္α‘ာαာαိα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ αီαိုα‘ာαာαိα္းαားαာαို α‘αြα့္ေαာα္းαူαΏαီး ααα α αα္α ေαာ္α‘α္α₯αေααိုαဲ ျααာα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ αီα₯αေαေαΎαာα့္ αα္αေαာ္αာ ႏိုα္αံαဲαွာ αါ့αα္းαါ့α်α္းျαα ္αြားαΏαီး αΎαα္း αα္α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္αေαာα္αα္းαဲα α‘αိα္ααိုαာ αာαံαေαာ့αဲ့α‘ေျαα‘ေα ျαα ္αြားαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုα္αိုαာαααဲ α‘ိα္ ေα ာα့္α‘α ိုးααα္αα္αွာ αα္αေαာ္ααာ αိုα္းျαα္α‘αြα္ α‘α်ဳိးျαဳႏိုα္αဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာ္ေαΎαာα္းေαာα္း ေαΎαာα္းေαြ αα္းαα္αါαျαα္αေαးαဲ့αါαα္။
α α ္αα္αိုα္αိုαာααာ ααα၊ α‘αံαီ၊ ေαα‘ဲα္αူαိုααဲα αိုးαြα္းαႈαိုαာေαြαို (α₯ααာ- ျαဴးαိုα္αြဲ၊ ααားαံုး αြဲαႈ၊ ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαူေαြαို ααုα္ျαဴαီαွာ αα္αα္αဲααဲαႈ) αံုααီးα်ဲα αိုαααုα္ αုα္αာα္αα္αီး αα္ααဲ αဲαါ αျαα္ααΏαီး ααိုα္၊ αααၤာαီ၊ ααα္၊ ααα္αီ αဲα αွα္းျαα္αα္ေαြαွာ α α ္αα္αဲα αူαα္αႈေαြ၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေαာα္ α်α္αႈေαြ (α₯ααာ- αα္ေαး၊ ေαာαα္းαα္၊ αုေαာ၊ ျααဲ၊ αြိဳα္αα္) αို αံုးα‘ုα္ေα်ာα္α်α္αာ αုα္ေαးႏိုα္αိုα αြα္ ျαဴαα ္αဲα αိုα္းαα္းαားαူαုα္ေαြαို αူαိုးαူαိုα္းေαြ၊ α‘αΎαα္းαα္ααားေαြ၊ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαΏαိဳαြဲαူေαြ၊ α α ္αα္αို ေαာ့ ααα့္α်ဳိးα်α ္ αူေαာ္ေαာα္း αူαဲေαာα္းေαြα‘ျαα ္ αα္αဲαွာေαာ၊ ျαα္αူαူαုαဲαွာαါ ααုα္α်α္ αံုαိα္ αα္αီး α ြဲαွα္ေα αဲ့αါαα္။
αααα αု α α ္α‘ာαာαိα္းαြဲαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြ αြဲαြα္αα္αိုαဲ့ αα္ααα္α‘ေαး α‘αံαႊα့္αံုေαြးေႏြးαြဲ α‘ ေαΎαာα္းျααဲ့ေααဲ့ αααα αု ႏိုαα္αာေαာα္ααα္းα α ီα α₯္αဲ့αာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း α‘ာαာαိα္းα α ္ေαာα္α ီαα္ αိုα္αႉး α်ဳα္ေα‘ာα္ααီး αဲα αိုα္αႉးα်ဳα္αα္ေααိုαα αုα္ေျαာαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ α‘ိα္ααီးေααα‘ိα္αα္ေαာα္αာαေα ေαာα္αံုး ေαာ့ α‘ိα္ααီးαိုαံုးαံုးα်α္α်αα ္αုိα္αΏαီး αံုαα်αα္းαα်α‘ိα္αα္α αα္းαူαိုα္αာျαα ္αါαα္။
ααα္ေαာ့ α‘ာαာαိα္းαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းααားေαြαဲαွာ α¦းႏုαဲαααα α‘α ိုးααာ αα်ဳိးαားαံုးα α ္αႈαα္းα₯αေα ျααာα္းαိုα α α₯္းα ားα‘ားαုα္αာαဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္αြα္းαα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္α‘ာαာ ေα်ာ့αါးαိαုိα္αြားαွာα ိုးαာαဲ α ေαΎαာα္းαါαါαα္။ αိုα္ေααα္းαဲα α‘ာαာαိα္းα α ္α‘α ိုးααα္αα္ αααα αα္αႉးαီαာαံαွာαဲ α‘ဲ့αီα‘α်ိα္αံုးα αုα္α ားေααဲ့ “αိုαွα္αα ္” α်α္ႏွာαံုးαဲααိုα္αီαေα‘ာα္ αα်ဳိးαားαံုးα α ္αႈαα္းα₯αေααုα္αိုα ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့ေααဲ့ α α ္ α‘ုα္α ုαဲα α‘αူးα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြ αိαိုα္αံုးαႈံုးαွာα ိုးαိုα αီαိα α₯αို ေα်ာα္αုိးαိုα္αါေαာ့αα္။ αααα αုေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ αα္αႉးαီαာαံαိုαဲ ααါαွαေααေαာ့αဲ αααα αီαα္αိုα္းα်αွ ေαးααα္α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαိုαΏαီး αႏွα ္ αံုးαါ αα္αႉး ေαြαို α‘α α္းα‘ေαးေαα αြα္αႇα္ေααါαα္။
ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αိုα‘αွီျαဳαΏαီး α‘α္α‘ားααီးαြား αΎααာျαα့္αားαာαဲ့α α ္αα္αာ αူααΎααာα‘ာαာαို αြဲေαးααα့္ αα္α αα္α αα ္၊ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္ αဲα αူαိုα္းα α ္αႈαα္းα αα ္αိုααို ααိုαားαဲ့αာ ααာααါαဲ။
αααα‘ာαာαိα္းαြဲ αိုαααုα္ α‘ိα္ေα ာα့္α‘α ိုးααα္αα္αα αΏαီး α α ္αိုα္ေαြαို α‘αူးα‘αာαွိေαြα‘ျαα ္ α‘αα္αα္ α‘α ိုးααာαေαြαွာαြα္း α‘αα္αားαα္αα္းေαြα‘ေαα αႊα္းαိုးαိုα္α်αာေαြ α αာαဲ့αါαα္။ αααα α‘ာαာαိα္းαြဲ ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ αီαုα္αα္αာαိုαုိးαာαΏαီး ေααာααာαွာ α‘αြα့္αူးαံα α ္αိုα္ေαြααီးα ိုးα်α္αွα္αာ ျαα ္αာααို αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααိုα္αα္ေαးαွာαဲ α α ္αိုα္ေαြαို αာααိုα္αာေαြαဲα ေαြ/α‘ုုα္ေαြαဲ α‘α ုαိုα္ α‘ျαံဳαိုα္ αα့္αြα္း ααဳိαα္ေααာα်αဲ့αါαα္။ αα္α်ဳα္αα္းေαႊαဲαα‘α ီα‘α α₯္ေα‘ာα္αွာ αα္ααီးေαြα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘αα္αα္αဲ αိုα္αဲ့ α α ္αိုα္ေαြαာ αα္αြα္းαံုးαα္းα α₯္αာαα္αွα္α်α္α‘α α‘αα္αα္ေျαာα္းαΏαီး ေαးαα‘αိ αူαီေαာα္း αα္αα္αြα့္ေαာα္ ααေαာ့αဲ α‘αα္αα္αα်ဳိးαဲ ααα္αေαααα္ααါαα္။
α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαံ့α်α္းαΏαီး αα္αိုα္αာααာαα္ αα½ြα္းα်α္αႈααွိαဲ့ α α ္αိုα္ေαြαဲα ႏွα ္ေαါα္း α α αႊα္းαိုးα်α္αွα္αႈ ေα‘ာα္αွာ αိုα္းျαα္αာ αြα္αα္αြားαဲ့αါေαာ့αα္။ α α ္α‘αႊာα‘αြα္ α‘αြα့္αူးαံααာေαး α်α္းαာေαးα αα ္ ေαြαဲ ေαααြα္းαာαΏαီး αာαα္ျαα္αူေαြα‘αြα္ ααာေαး α်α္းαာေαးေαြ ααြα္ျαံဳα်α်α္α ီးαြားαဲ့αါαα္။
α α ္αα္αာ αα္αα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαဲ α‘αα္းαα္ေααာαူ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ααို α ီးαြားေαးαα္αα္αွာαဲ MBA αြဲαα αေαာα္αွααါαဲ့ α¦းαိုα္αဲα MEC αိုααာ ေα ်းαြα္α‘ေျαααံαဲ α‘ာαာαိုα‘ေျααံαΏαီး ααိိုးαံုးေα်ာα္αိα္ αα္αါး ααီးα‘ုα္αားαါαα္။ αိုα္α်ဳα္αိαားα ုေαြ αွα္αာαါαဲ့ αα္ေααံ ααူေαာ္αိုα္းαα္ α ီးαြားေαးααားααီးေαြααဲ αာαα္ျαα္αူေαြ αα္αိုαွααိုးႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ ႏိုα္αံααα₯α α₯ာေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္α်α္αွα္ေααါαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီးαα္းေαႊαဲα αိုα္α်ဳα္αα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα့္αိုαα αα္αေαာ္αွာ α‘α α₯္α‘αာααွိαူးαဲ့ α α္းေαာ္ (α α္းαံုးေαးေαာ္ααီ) αိုαူေαာα္αΏαီး αα္αေαာ္αားေαြαဲα αိαားα ုေαြα‘ားαံုးαဲα ေααα α₯္ααေαြαို α‘ႂαြα္းαဲ့ α်ဳα္αိုα္αိုα္αါαα္။ (αααေαα္αံုးα αα္αေαာ္αါαီα α္းαံုးေαးေαာ္ααီေαြαေαာ့ αါαီαိုα္းαိုαဲ αြα္ αြα္းαဲ့αါαα္။) α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြ၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး α‘α်ဳα္α‘ျαာα‘ာαာ αံုးαႈံးေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေααူေαြ၊ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαΏαိဳαြဲေα‘ာα္αုα္ေααူေαြ၊ α်ဳိးα်α ္α ိα္ααွိαူေαြ၊ αိုα္းျαα္ααα္ααΏαိα္ျαα ္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ ေααူေαြα‘ျαα ္ αα္αို ααα္းα‘αွားေαးαဲ့αα္း misinformation/disinformation αဲα αα္αူα‘αိုα္းαံα ိα္ေαα ိα္αား αα္ေαာα္ α ိုးαိα္ေα်ာα္ျαားေαေα‘ာα္ ေαာα္ေαွ်ာα္ ေαာα္ေαာα္α်α ္α်α ္ αုα္αားαဲ့αါαα္။
ααα α αုႏွα ္α်ားα‘αα္αိုα္းေαာα္αα αΏαီး α α ္αα္αို αံုα ံαြα္းαဲ့αဲ့α‘αြα္ αီαေαα αα αျαα ္ေα ၊ ေαာα္αွα္း ေαး α်ဳα္ αိုα္αα္ၫြα္αျαα ္ေα α α ္αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αα္αြα္α်α္α‘αြα္αဲ αααၭာα္α‘α်ဳိးα်ဳိးαဲα αံုးαα္းαဲ့αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αα္αူαွ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္αိုα၊ ႏိုα္αံααာαα ံαားαဲ့ α‘αα္αားα‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးα α ္α α ္αိုααို α ိα္αူးαာ ααုα္αါ။ αါေα αဲ့ α‘ိα္ααီးေααα‘ိα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααေα α်α₯္းေျαာα္းαဲ့αိုα္းαααါα၊ α‘α ြα္းေαာα္ ααာαါαေαြ ααြဲ αေαြေαါα္αြားေα αဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္αွိαိုα္α်ဳα္ေαြαα္ α α ္ေαးα α ္αာαွာ α‘αံုααီးαာαဲ့ αိုα္αြα္းαီ၊ αိုα္αα္းαα္၊ αိုα္αα့္ေαြαိုαα¦းα ီးαဲ့ αα α αိုေαာα္ ေααာαေαးႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္းေαႊ-αိα္းα ိα္α α ္α‘ုα္α ု α αα α¦αိαα ိα္α်ားαွαါ αα္။
ေααွα္α αα ္αα်αံုα ံαြα္းα်α္αီးαံαဲ့ααဲ့ α α ္αα္αာ α‘ေαα‘αြα္ α‘αα္α‘ေαြး α‘αα္α‘α်α္းေαြ α်αα္းαာ αာ ααံုးႏိုα္ααိႏိုα္ ေαααြα္αာαΏαီျαα ္αါαα္။ αααα αု ေα‘ာα္αုိαာ αα αα္ αα္းေαာ္ααုိα္αြα္းα αိုα္αြဲαွာ αα္ေα‘ာα္αα္αားေαြ α‘αα္αံုးαွာαိုαဲ့αြα္αΏαီး α‘αိα္ααααဲ α α ္ေျαျαα္ααုα္αြာαဲ့αဲ့α‘αြα္ α αα-αα αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ ααα αα αα္αα္းαႉး αိုα္αႉးαီαီေα‘ာα္ (ေαα α‘αα္α α₯္ αα ) ေαာα္αα္ αα ႏွα ္၊ αိုα္ααီးαΏαိဳးေα ေα‘ာα္ ေαာα္αα္ ႏွα ္ αα၊ α‘ျαားα‘αα့္ αα α¦း ေαာα္αα္ αα ႏွα ္ α‘ျαα ္ေαးαံαဲ့ααါαα္။ αα္α αα αဲα ααα ααα αα‘αာαွိေαြαဲ αီαα္αာ αα αα္ေαα αိုα္αα္αိုα္αြဲαွာ α‘ααီးα‘α်α္α α ္αႈံးျαα္းျαα ္αႈαဲα α α ္αံုαံုးαα္αံααါαα္။
ေα‘ာα္αိုαာ-ႏိုαα္αာαဲαွာ ααα αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ ααα αα၊ ααα αα၊ ααα α α၊ ααα ααα၊ ααα ααα αဲα α ျαားαα္αα္း α αα္းα αα္αα္းαႉးေαြαဲ αုα္αံα αိုαααုα္ αာαူးα်αံααါαα္။ α αα-αα αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ ααα ααα αα္αα္းαႉး αဲα ααα (αႏိုα္း) αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ ααα ααα αα္αα္းαႉးαိုααေαာ့ αိုα္αြဲαွာ α်αံုးαဲ့αါαα္။
α α ္αα္α ဲαိုαေျαာαဲ့ αααα‘αိα္ααို αα္αααာαံαာααုα္αဲ αူαီေαာα္းαα½ြα္ေαြα αα္αိုေျαာ၊ αူαီေαာα္း αα္ ေαြα αα္αိုαုα္αိုαΏαီး αα္α်ဳα္ααီးαα္းေαႊ αာα္ၫႊα္းαြဲ α ီα α₯္ၫႊα္αΎαား αာα္αိုα္αဲ့ေααဲ့ ααα္αာေαြα ျαα ္ αာαိုα αΎαံααြα္α α ္ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ αွα္αα္းαα္း αႈံးαဲαဲေααာαဲ ေαြααααို ေαါα္αြဲαုαဲ ေα‘ာα္ေျααα္ေαြ ေαΎαာα့္ ααα္α ားαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြ αေαာေαာαါးαုိα္αုα္ေααာαဲ ေαြαααါαα္။
α‘ေျααံα₯αေαျαα္αα္ေαးαဲα αြဲαααဲ့ αα္αေαာ္ျαα္αα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးα‘αြα္ ααα္αိုα္α αα ္ α်α္αိα္းေαး၊ αα္ αေαာ္αားα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α‘ျαα့္α‘αေαးေαး αဲα αα္αေαာ္αားαααၢ αြဲαα α္းေαး၊ αုα္α αα αဲαααြ αα္αေαာ္ α‘α္ α₯αေααဲα αူααွα္αဲ့α‘αိုα္းေαြαို αီαိုαေαα ီαα္းα်α် ျαα္αα္αံုးαα္ျαα္αα္ေαး αိုαααုα္ αα္αေαာ္ α‘α္ α₯αေα αα္းα₯αေαေαြ α‘αα ္ျαα္αြဲေαး၊ α¦းαိုα္ αဲα ααူေαာ္α ီးαြားေαးα်α္αိα္းေαး၊ α‘α ိုးααာαေαြαဲα αိုးα်ေαႊ αိုα္α်ား αα္αွားေαး၊ ေαးα်ဳα္ ေαာα္α်ဳα္ αုα္α်ဳα္ α်α့္α်ဳα္ α ααα်ဳα္ α α ္ေαးေαးα်ဳα္ေαြαို αΎαα္းαα္αα္αါး ααီးα‘ုα္αႈ αα္α်ဳα္αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αႈαα္α်α္ေαး၊ αααα္αို ααာαွα္ေαြαဲα αα္αိုα္αာαα္αံုး ေαြα¦းα ီးေαး၊ α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္ေαြαို ျαα္αူααိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြα αိα္းα်ဳα္ေαး α αာေαြαုα္αိုα α‘ေαးαααီး αိုαာαါαΏαီ။ αα္αူαုα္ αုα္ ααုα္αုα္ ေαာα္ေαာα္αဲα‘ေααံေαα၊ α α္αဲααွα့္αုα္ααို αုαα‘ိαျαα ္ေαα၊ αိαားα ုေαြ ေαာα္αα္း αွာ α ားααဲ့ေαာα္ααဲ့ααျαα ္ေαααဲ့ ေα‘ာα္ေျααα္αႉးαα္αားေαြαေαာ့ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αα္αေαာ္α‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြား၊ ႏိုα္αံ့α‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားαို αျαα ္ျαα ္ေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုα αာα ူေααါαΏαီ။
αေαာαွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို αα္α α α αဲေαာ္ေαြ αူαီေαာα္းαα္αΏαီး ေျαာα္αြα္ααိဳαဲ့αာ α‘αα္းαဲ αွိαါ ေαးαα္။
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αα½ြα္ေαာ္αာ αααΌαααီးျαα ္αဲ့αα္
αα္α (α) αα္ေαααြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္၌ α်α္းααဲ့αα့္ αααα‘ααိα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္ α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαြဲαြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαααΌαျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαာ္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαααီး α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α αာαα္ αα္းေαာα္αႈ αα ္ႏွα ္ျαα့္ α‘αိα္းα‘αွα္α‘ျαα ္ ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αα့္ αိα္ααြα္းαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္ ေααီαိုαွ αားαေαာα္αိ၊ αုα္ျαα္αံαΎαားαွ αိုα္αိုα္αႊα့္αႈαိုαα္း ααΎαα့္αႈαိαဲ့ေα်။ α‘αα့္ေαΎαာα့္αိုေαာ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိα αူαႈေαးααားα်ားαα္ α‘α်ိα္ႏွα့္αေျαးαီ αာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαး α αα့္ ျαα္αူαူαုαိုα၏ αုိα‘α္α်α္၊ ေαာα္းαိုα်α္ α‘αူα‘αီααိုαႈαိုααို αံαα္αွ αα‘α်ိα္ α‘ိα္α α္αα့္ α‘α်ိα္αာαα‘αိ ေαးαα္αႈαိုααို ေααααူα αားαα္ααွိ αုα္αိုα္ေαးαα္ေαα၍ ျαα ္ေαာ့αα္။
αα္α (α) αα္ေαααြα္ ေαာα္αွိαာေαာ ျαα္αာ့α‘αα္းααα္းα ာαို αူαႈေαးα‘αုα္αα္αား ေαာ αေααိုα္းα‘α်ိα္αြα္ αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းαို α‘ααိα္ααိα္αα္αႈαိαα္။ ျαα္αူေαြαဲααႏα΅αို α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαာ္ေαးေαေαာ αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းα‘ျαα့္α‘α ံုαို ျαα္αူαူαု αα ္α¦းα‘ေαျαα့္ αα္αႈαာ αူαႈေαးααားαα ္ေαာα္α‘ေαျαα့္ αံα ားαΎαα့္αိေαာ့αα္။
ႏိုα္αံေαး
ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုးαွα္းα ြာေျαာααွ်α္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ αားααα္၊ αြံαွာαα္။ αုα္းαီးαဲ့αα္။ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိαဲ့ေαာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαွာ - αα½ြα္ေαာ္αူααααဲေαာα္αΏαီး αံုးေαးႏွα ္α‘αြα္αြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္၏ αိααိုးαြားαိုα္ ႏိုα္αြα္α α္αံုααီးαို αိုα‘α်ိα္αာα၌ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαααီးျαα ္αဲ့ေαာ α¦းေααα္းαွ αိα္းαိုα္αဲ့ျαα္း၊ α‘αိုးႏွα့္α‘ေααိုααို α‘α္းα ိα္ေαာα္αဲαိုα αααားαα့္αြα္းαံαျαα္းαိုααα္ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαေαာα္ α-αα္း α-αα္းα‘αြα္αြα္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္၏α‘αα္αααုαၢိဳα္αα ္α¦းျαα ္ေαာ αααာ့αုααααΌαၢ α‘ေαြေαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး α¦းαα္α၏ α ်ာααα‘αα္းα‘αားαွα ၍ α¦းαα္αα‘ေαးα‘αα္း။ αိုαေαာα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ ၏ α‘αိုးႏွα့္ααα္αုိαိαို αααားαα္းαီးေαာα္α်αဲ့ေαာ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိα၏ ααိုα္းေαΎαာα္းαို αိႏွိα္ αဲ့ေαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ (α.α.α)αိုααို ျαα္αူαα ္αα္αံုးα αႏα΅ျαေαာα္းαိုαဲ့ေαာ αα α‘ေαးα‘αα္းαိုα ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့αα္။ αα α‘ေαးα‘αα္းαာααြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ αုαိαႏွα ္ αူαေααႏွα့္ αုα္αွα္ααုα္ ေαာα္ αုα္αိုα္α α₯္ျαα ္αα္။ ျαα္αူαို αုα္ေαα½ြးျαဳေαးေααူ၊ αααားαႈαို αံုαααံαα္ေαာ α ိα္αါα္ αုိαျαα့္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ α်ီαα္ေαာေျαာαြဲα်ားαြα္ αါαα္αႈα္αွားαဲ့αα္။ αိုαေαာ္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ႏိုα္αံေαး αို ααံုαΎαα္αဲ့။ αααားαိႏွိα္αႈαို αα္ααံႏိုα္၍ αါαα္αႈα္αွားαဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္αα္။ αα α‘ေαးα‘αα္းαြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα ေα်ာα္းαားျαα္αူ၊ ααα္αံαာα်ား α်ားα ြာα‘αα္αံုးαႈံးαဲ့ααα္။ αα½ြα္ေαာ့္၏ ααα့္ ျαα ္αူ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားေαး “α‘αီး” αα ္ေαာα္αα္း α‘αα္αံုးαဲ့ααα္။ αα္းေαာα္ α.α.α α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αိုα၏ α α ္ေαးေαးျαα္းျαα္းαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္αံαဲ့ααα္။ ေα်ာα္းαားျαα္αူα်ား α‘α်α₯္းα် αံαဲ့ααα္။ αိုαေαာ္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αားααα္၊ αααားαႈαိုαာ αိαွိαဲ့ααα္။ αα္းေαာα္ αုα္αွα္ααုα္ေαာα္ αုα္αိုα္αα္းႏွα့္ “α‘ျαဴေαာα္αα္αိα္း” αုေααေαာ α‘α်α₯္းα် ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား၏ αိαားα ုαα္αိုαα‘ား αိုα္αံα‘ားေαးႏွα ္αိα့္α်ေαာ αႈα္αွားαႈαြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αါαα္ αဲ့αα္။ αα ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား၏ αြα္းေαα½ြးαြဲ၊ ααၤαာαြဲαုိααို αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ေαာα္α့ဲαα္။ αိုαေαာ္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αားααα္။ αူαားျαα္း α ာαာေαာα္αားေαာ α ိα္αါα္ႏွα့္αာ αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့ αα္αု αံαူαဲ့αα္။ αုိαေαာα္ αααα αုႏွα ္၊ α α္αα္αာααြα္ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းျαα့္αားαႈေαΎαာα့္ ျαα ္ေαα αာαဲ့ေαာ αံαာ့α‘ေαးα‘αα္း (ေαႊαါေαာα္ေαာ္αွα္ေαး)αြα္ αံαာေαာ္α်ား ေααူαိုးαြာαေαွာα္ αိαα္ ααါαဲ αုေαာα္းေααၱာαိုααႈαြα္ αုααΆαာαာျαα္αာαူα်ိဳးαα ္ေαာα္α‘ေαျαα့္ αြα္းαα္αα္αွဴαါα္းαႈ α်ားျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။ αα္းα‘αြα္ α.α‘.α α‘ာαာαွα္αုိααွ αα္းαီးαာ α α ္ေαΎαာေαးα αα္းαိုα (α) αα္ αိုα္αိုα္ ေαာα္αဲ့αျαα္αα္။ αိုαေαာ္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αားααα္ေαး။ αာαာααားαို αΎαα္ αိဳαႈျαα့္αာ αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္αα္။ α‘α်ိဳးαာαာ αာααာα‘αြα္ ေαးαα္αဲ့αႈ၏ααα္αား α‘ႏု ααာေαာααဲαွ αုα္αα္αံαျαα္းαα္ ျαα ္ေαာ့αα္။ α‘α်ဳα္αိုေαာ္ . . . αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαး αိုααိ။ ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αားααα္၊ ααံုαΎαα္၊ αႏွα ္αΏαိဳα၊ αြံαွာαဲ့αα္။ αြံααုα္းαိေαာ့αα္။
ααု ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαααီး α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αွ αα ္ႏွα ္ျαα့္ေαာေαααြα္ α‘α်ားျαα္αူαိုα αံုαံုαΎαα္ αΎαα္ႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္α‘α်ဳα္α‘ျαာα‘ာαာαို α‘α္ႏွα္းαံαားααα့္α‘αြα္ αိαျαα္αူα်ားαို α¦းαိα္ αားαΏαီး ျαα္αူေαြαဲααႏα΅αို α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαာ္ေαးαα္αု ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။ ααုα‘α ိုးααα္ ေαာα္ႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာα‘αြα္ α‘αွα့္α‘ေျαာα္းျαα ္ααို α‘αာαα္αားα α₯္α်ိဳးαα္α်ားα‘αြα္αα္း ααိုα္းαြα္ေα αα့္ α αα္ျαα္းα‘αα ္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αိαျαα္αူα်ားα‘αြα္ ααုαဲ့αိုα αုα္αူαα္းေျαာα္ αြα္αာ၊ α ံααူαာ αာααျαဳαြα္αာ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αဲ့αူးေျαာα္းαႈααီးαို ေαာα္αြα္αဲ့ျαα္းαα္ α‘α ုိးαα်α္း αα္αα္ααုα္ေαΎαာα္း ႏိုα္αံေαးαါαီα်ား၊ α‘αα္αα္ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား၊ αႊα္ေαာ္αုိα္α ားαွα္ ααီးα်ား၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္α်ား၊ ααားα ီαα္ေαးααိဳα္α်ား၊ αီαီαာα်ား α αα္αိုαα‘ားαံုးαိုαα α α္းαံုးαီၫႊα္α ြာ α¦းαα္းαဲ့αα္း ေαာα္αြα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ျαα္းေαΎαာα့္αာ ျαα ္αါေαΎαာα္း၊ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ားα‘ားαံုး ေαာα္ေαΎαာα္းျαα္ααွα့္α αα္း ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းαΎααΏαီး ααူαီαာေαြαိုαα္ αူαီαာေαြαို αူးေαါα္း αုα္αိုα္αြားαΎααα္αိုαါα αီαိုαေαα ီαα္ αုိα္αာαα္αα္ αုိα္αာαာαα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ αα္။ αုိαျαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံေαးα αα ္ αုိα္αာαα့္αα္αာေα αα္ αိုα္αာေαာα့္αα္းေαာ ႏိုα္αံေαးα်ိဳး αα္αα ္α်ားαိုα‘α္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α်ိဳးαα္αα ္ α်ိဳးαα္ေαာα္းαိုα၏ α ုေαါα္းα ြα္းα‘ားႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαα္ေαာα္ αြားႏိုα္ေαးαα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိαႏိုα္αံေαာ္ႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα‘ားαံုးαဲα α‘αာαα္ႏွα့္ αိုα္αိုα္αα္α α္ ေαေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘ေαα αααΌαααီးαွ ααုαဲ့αိုα ေျαာαΎαားေαာ α αားαံုးα်ားေαΎαာα့္ ေα်αα္αိေαာ့αα္။ αα္းေျαာα္αိေαာ့αα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαး ေαာα္းျαα္း αိုးျαα္းαိုααα္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αို α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαာ ႏိုα္αံ့ေαါα္းေαာα္α်ားေαααြα္αာ αα္ေαာ့αα္αူ၍ αားαα္ αြားေαာ့αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ ေα်αα္αိαါေαာ့αα္ . . . . ႏိုα္αံေαး။
α ီးαြားေαး
αα½ြα္ေαာ္α ီးαြားေαးαို αားααα္။ ααα½ြα္းα်α္။ α‘αံုးα ြα္αံုးေျαာαေαာ္ αုα္αွα္ေαာααြα္ ααုα္ေαာα္α‘ျαα ္ α်α္αα္α α₯္αာαα်ား၌ αα½ြα္ေαာ့္α‘ား αုα္αုα္αူαွ ααုα္ေαာα္ေαΎαးေαြα်ား ေαးေαာ္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα္αံ αေααြα္αα္။ ေαြေαΎαးαို ααိုα္ေαာα္αα္။ ααီးျαα ္αူα‘ား α‘ိα္αိုαေαာα္αွ်α္ αိုေαြေαΎαးαိုααို αိုးα‘α္၊ ေαြေαΎαးαြာααႈα်ားျαα ္αα့္α‘αါ αြာα၊ αိုαα့္α‘αါ αြα္ αို၊ αုα္αုα္ αူαို ျαα္ေျαာ၊ ျαα္ေαာα္းႏွα့္ αံααာαα္ေααဲ့αူαα ္ေαာα္ျαα ္αα္။ α‘ႏုααာαွαြဲ၍ αα္αα့္ α ီးαြားေαးαွ ααုα္αα္။ αုα္αဲ့αα္αα္း αေα‘ာα္ျαα္αဲ့။ α€αွ်ေαာα္αို α ီးαြားေαးαα½ြα္းα်α္αူ αα ္ေαာα္ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ α ီးαြားေαးαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္αြံαုα္းαဲ့αα္။
αိုαေαာ္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းαဲαြα္ α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းαိုα္α α္α်ား၊ αြα္းαုα္αိုααုα္ αိုα္α α္α်ား၊ αုိααုα္ႏွα့္αα္αα္ေαာ α‘αြα္α‘αα်ားαို ေαွ်ာ့α်αα္αွားေαးαဲ့ျαα္း၊ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαြ αဲαွα္αႈ ႏႈα္းαားα်ား ေျαာα္းαဲေαးျαα္း၊ αα္α αါးαα္αိုααြα့္α်ား αα္αီးေαးျαα္း၊ α α္αံုးαီ၊ αα္αီαုα္း၊ ေαာ္ ေαာ္αားေα ်းႏႈα္းα်ားαို α်αα္းαာေα‘ာα္ ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαဲ့ျαα္း၊ α‘α်ားαိုα္αုααΈαီα်ား αိုးαြားαွα္αα္ ေα ျαα္း၊ α α္αႈαုα္αα္းα်ားαိုးျαα့္ေαးαဲ့ျαα္း၊ ျαα္αြα္း/ααα္αိααာαွα္α်ား၏ αα္αိုးααီးαားေαာ α‘ααံαာα္α်ားαို α‘ေαးα‘αα္αားαΏαီး ျαα္αူαူαုαိုα၏ α ီးαြားေαးαိုျαွα့္αα္ေαးျαα္း၊ ααα္ α.α.αေαα္α αုαၢαိααိုα္ α α္αံု/α‘αုα္αံုα်ားαို α‘α ိုးααိုα္α‘ျαα ္αိα္းαိုα္αဲ့ေαာ္αα္း ααု αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘α ိုးααα ္αα္αα္αြα္ ႏိုα္αံαိုα္αုα္αα္းα်ားαို αုαၢαိααိုα္α‘ျαα ္ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈαို αူαα ္α ု αα္αα္αိုα αေαာα္αွိေα αα္၊ ααီαႈα်ား αျαα ္ေααေα αα္၊ α ြα္းαα္ျαႇα့္αα္αႈαို α‘αα္αα‘αားαျαα ္ေα αα္ α‘αα္αα္αွ αံုးαα္ေαာα္αြα္ေαေαΎαာα္းα်ားαို αΎαားαိα၍ α ီးαြားေαးαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္ ေα်αα္αိ ျαα္ေαာ့αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ ေα်αα္αိαါေαာ့αα္. . . α ီးαြားေαး။
ααာေαး
ααာေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္ျαα္ေαာ့αα္း αα½ြα္ေαာ္ αားααα္။ ααα္αα½ြα္း။ α.α.αေαα္αြα္ ααီးျαα္းαာαူαα ္ေαာα္α‘ေαျαα့္ ααာေαးαံုးαႈံးαႈα်ားαဲαြα္ αα ္ေαာα္α‘αါα‘αα္ျαα ္αဲ့αα္။ ααာေαးα‘α α္းαα္αံ αူαားαα ္α¦းျαα ္αဲ့ααα္။ ααာေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ ေαာα္αံုးႏွα ္ αူαေααႏွα့္ ေα်ာα္းαြα္αဲ့αα္။ αြဲααူးαုα္αူးα်ားαα္းαα။ α‘αၢααာαြဲα၊ αေαα α္αူαြဲαေαြ αိုαα္ ေαးေαာ ေα့ါ။ ααာေαးαို α‘ဲαီαုိ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုα္းαဲ့။ α ိα္းαားαဲ့αα္။
αိုαေαာ္ ααုαααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းαွာ ααၠαိုα္ေαြ α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းေαြ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ေαာα္αြα္αဲ့ေααာαွာ ေαα္α αα ္ႏွα့္αီαဲ့αα္αိုးၫႊα္းαα္းေαြαိုαာααα ီαံαα္ααြဲαႈ၊ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲ ေαးαိုαါ αြα္αြဲေαာα္αြα္ေαေαΎαာα္း၊ α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းα်ား၊ ααၠαိုα္ေαာαိα္α်ားαြα္ ααားαိုးα် α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားα‘ျαα္ ႏိုα္αံααာα‘αα့္ျαα့္ ααၠαိုα္ααီးα်ားႏွα့္ α်ိα္αα္αားေαာ α‘ြα္αိုα္း α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ား ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ααာ/αα်ား၏ α‘αα္α‘ေαြးျαႇα့္αားေαး αα္ေαြα α‘α္αာαα္α်ိα္αα္αႈα်ား၊ αြα္αα္α်ားျαႇα့္αα္ေαာα္αြα္ေαးα်ားαို αုα္ေαာα္ေαးαα့္α‘ျαα္ “ေααα္αိုα္ေαာαα္α်ားαို αα္ေαာ့α္αိုα္ေαာ αα္α်ားα‘ျαα ္ေျαာα္းေαးαα္” αူေαာ αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းα αားα‘α ααာေαးαူေαာ α αားαံုးα‘ား αα½ြα္ေαာ္α်α ္αα္αိαα္။ ျαα္ႏိုးαိ ေαာ့αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ ေα်αα္αိαါေαာ့αα္ . . . ααာေαး။
α်α္းαာေαး
α်α္းαာေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ αေαာα္းαြα္αွ။ ေαααα ္α်ိဳး ααα ္α်ိဳးျαα ္ေααα္။ αα½ြα္ေαာ္၏ α်α္းαာေαးαွာ ααα္းααΏαိα္αွ။ α‘α်ားျαα္αူ၏ ေααၱာαိုααႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ α‘αα္αႏαΆာ αΏαဲေαျαα္းαα္ျαα ္αα္αု αံုαΎαα္αိαα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ α်α္းαာေαးαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္ေαΎαာα္αα္။ αြံααα္။
αိုαေαာ္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းαြα္ αα္းαဲႏြα္းαါးေαာ αိαျαα္αူα်ားα‘αြα္ α်α္းαာေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αူαားαုα္αိαα‘ာႏွα့္α‘αီ α်α္းαာα ြာေααိုα္ႏိုα္αα္α‘αြα္ ျαα္αြα္း/α α်ားαြα္αွိေαာ αုαၢαိα၊ NGO၊ ႏိုα္αံααာα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား၏ α‘αူα‘αီαိုααူαΏαီး αုααααΌαၢα‘αြဲαααီး ၏ ေαာα္α ုႏွα ္αα္αွα္းα်α္α်ားႏွα့္α‘αီ ααိဳးαα္းေαာα္αြα္ေααΏαီျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αူα်ား၏ α‘ေျααံ α်α္းαာေαးေα ာα့္ေαွာα္αႈα‘αြα္ αုαၢαိαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားႏွα့္ αူးေαါα္းαာ αူαီαာαα္α်α္းαာေαး α‘ာααံα αα ္αα ္ ေαααြα္းαာαα္ ေαာα္αြα္ေαေαΎαာα္း၊ αာαα့္ႏွα ္αြα္ α်α္းαာေαးαα၌ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္၏ααာေαြαို ααα္ႏွα ္α်ားαα္ ေαးααိုးျαႇα့္αံုးα ြဲαα္ျαα ္αα္αု ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ေαာ ေαΎαာα့္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ ေαေαာα္းααိုαုိ ျαα ္αြားαα္။ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ . . . α်α္းαာေαးαို ျαα္ႏိုးαိေαာ့αα္။ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ ေα်αα္αိαါေαာ့αα္ . . . α်α္းαာေαး။
αူαႈေαး
αုα္αဲ့။ αူαႈေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αဲαဲαα္αα္ αိαားαα္။ αူαႈေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αံုးαိုေαႊ ေααိုေႏွာα္αားαူျαα ္αα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္αွα αΏαီး αာေαးαူαီαႈα‘αα္း(αα္αုα္)αြα္ αုα္αိုα္ေαးαα္αဲ့αာ ααုαိုαွ်α္ (αα)ႏွα ္αာ αာααြα္းαိုα ေαာα္ေαာ့αα္ျαα ္αα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္αွ αααα αုႏွα ္α‘αိ αိαိ၏ α‘ႏုααာαုα္αိုα္αႈα‘α်ိα္α်ားαိုαဲ့αူ၍ ေαးαα္αဲ့αာαွ αααα αုႏွα ္၊ α α္αα္αာααွα ၍ αေαααိုα္ α‘ႏုααာαုα္αα္းα်ား αုα္αြα့္ααွိေαာ့αါαျαα့္ ေααα α₯္ေαααိုα္း ေαးαα္αႈေαါα္းα်ားα ြာαို ျαα္α ြာαုαား၏ ျαααΌα ိုα္ααားေαးαါးαို αα္αိုα္ျαဳαဲ့αာ α‘α်ားျαα္αူ αိုααို αူαီေαးαေαးαα္αဲ့ေαာ αာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ ααာαေαးαα္ αα္αα္ေαး αိုααို αဲαဲαα္αα္ αုα္αိုα္αားαα္αဲ့ေαာ့αα္။
αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းαြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိαႏိုα္αံαဲα αီαိုαေαα ီαွα္αα္αိုα္αာေαးαွာ α‘αα္αα္αူα α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαွာ α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့ α‘αα္းαααွာαွိေαΎαာα္း α‘αα္αα္αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား αိုα္αာ α‘ားေαာα္းαာေαးα‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ိဳးေαြαာ αာαာααားαဲα α‘αံုးα‘ααဲαα‘αူ αα₯္ေα်းαႈα‘α αα္αα္αိႈα္းαိႈα္း α‘ျαα ္αြα္ေααဲ့αဲ့ αααိαα ိα္αါα္α်ားႏွα့္ α‘αွိα္α‘αုα္ျαα့္α ြာ αုα္αိုα္αာαα္ α‘ေαးααီးေαΎαာα္း၊ ααုαဲ့αိုα αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ား ေαααြα္းαာျαα္းαိုαα္း αုα္αူαα္းေျαာα္αါေαΎαာα္း αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
αိုαေαာ္ α€αα ္ααိα္αြα္ေαာ့ αူαႈေαးαို αဲαဲαα္αα္αိαွိαုα္αိုα္ေαးαα္ေαေαာ αα½ြα္ေαာ့္α‘αိုα αααΌαααီး၏ αူαႈေαးα αားαံုးα်ားαို αΎαားαိαေαာα‘αါ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္ “αူαႈေαး” αို α‘αူးေαΎαာα္αြံααိေαာ့αα္။ α‘αူးαုα္αႈα္αြားေαာ့αα္။
αိုαေαΎαာα့္ ေαΎαာα္αြံααိαါေαာ့αα္ . . . αူαႈေαး။
α‘αα့္ေαΎαာα့္αို . . . αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုααα္ αααα αုႏွα ္αွα ၍ αာေαးαူαီαႈαα္းαူေαာ αာေαးαွα္αုိα၏ α‘αူαီးα်ားαို αΏαိα္းαα္ေαးေαာ αာေαးαူαီေαးααႈαိုααို (α‘ααဲ့) αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αာ ααααိုα္းαြα္ αα ္ေαααွ်α္ αာေαးေαါα္း (α ) α¦းαα္ααွ ααုαိုαွ်α္ αα ္ေαααွ်α္ (αα ) αွ (α α) α¦းαα္α (α‘ααဲ့) ααΏαႋဳα္ေαးေαααΏαီျαα ္αα္။ αααူးေျαာα္းαႈα်ား ျαα့္αားαာαႈαို ျαα္αα္αံုးαα္ေαာ αα္းαဲႏြα္းαါး၍ ေαးαါးααုႏိုα္αဲ့ျαα္းαို αိαွိαဲ့ααα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αααα αုႏွα ္αွα ၍ αြဲα ိα္αုααα့္ αူαာα်ား၊ αြဲα ိα္ေαြးαြားαα့္ αုိα္αα္ေαာα္αိαα္α်ားαို αြဲα ိα္α α‘αုα္α‘α်αံαြဲα ိα္ေαးျαα္း၊ αααα αုႏွα ္αွα ၍ αုααုαုိα္ျαα ္ေαးαα္း αူ၍ (α‘ααဲ့) ေαးαါးαုααႈαိုααို αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αာ αα ္ေαααွ်α္ αူαာ (αα) αα္ααွ ααုαိုαွ်α္ αα ္ေαααွ်α္αူαာ (ααα)ေαာα္ ေα်ာ္αα္ααို (α‘ααဲ့) αုαေαးေαααΏαီ ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ α်α္းαာေαးα်ိဳααြα္းαႈ αာေαΎαာα့္ααုαဲ့αိုα ျαα့္αားေαααα္းαု α α₯္းα ားαΎαေαာ္ α‘αိααာαα္းαါးαႈ၊ ααုαုαေαါα္းαါးαႈαိုααို ေαြααွိαဲ့ααα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αုαα‘αα္း α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္αြα့္αွα ္ေαးျαα္း၊ α‘ေျααံα‘αၤαိα္α ာ ေႏြαာαီαα္αα္း၊ α‘αα့္ျαα့္ α‘αၤαိα္α ာαα္αα္း α်ား၊ αိုαα္αα္ေαာα္αႈαα္αα္း၊ αြα္ျαဴαာαα္αα္းα်ား၊ αα₯္ေα်းαိααΌာαα္αα္းα်ား α αα့္ αူαα်α့္αα္ααာေαးႏွα့္ αα္αα္ေαာ α‘αိααာေαးαα္αα္းα်ားαိုαါ αိုးα်ဲααြα့္αွα ္αဲ့αα္။ αြα္αဲ့ေαာ αံုးႏွα ္αα္αα ေႏြαာαီα‘αၤαိα္α ာαα္αα္း αြα့္αွα ္αာαြα္ αေαးαα္ (ααα) αα္α αα္ေαာα္αဲ့ေαာ္αα္း ααုႏွα ္ ေႏြαာαီαα္αα္းα‘αြα္ α ာαα္းαာေαာα္ေαးαူ αေαးေαါα္း (αααα) αီးαါးαα္ααွိαဲ့αα္။ αူαႈေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ ααုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ αာေαးαူαီαႈေαါα္း (αααααα)၊ ေαးαါးαုαေαးαႈေαါα္း (αα αααα)၊ ααာေαးႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ (ααααα) α¦းαα္α αူαီေαးα αံ့αိုးαႈα်ားαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα αုα္αိုα္ေαးαΏαီးျαα ္αα္။ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα αာေαးαူαီαႈα‘αα္း(αα္αုα္) α‘ေαျαα့္ αααΌαααီး ေျαာαΎαားαြားေαာ αူαႈေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ αာေαး၊ ααာα ေαး αα္αα္αူαီေαာα္α့ံေαး α αα့္ αူαႈαုα္αα္းα်ားαို ႏွα ္α‘αိုα္၊ ေαα္α‘αိုα္ ααα္αα္αိုး αိုးα်ဲααုα္αိုα္ေαးαα္αα္αာ αွိေαာ့αα္။
αိုααာαြα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိα αာေαးαူαီαႈα‘αα္း(αα္αုα္)α‘ျαα္ α‘ျαားαူαႈေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား၊ αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα်ားα‘αြα္ ααားαα္αုα္αိုα္αြα့္ αွα္αံုαα္αα္αα္αုိααααွိေαးαါ။ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွ αွα္αံုαα္αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ αုα္ေαးαိုα္αΏαီαု ျαα ္ေαာ္ျαားαα္း ျαα္αα္၊ αိုα္း၊ αΏαိဳααα္αာααိုα္αာα်ားαွ αေαααိုα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα αာေαးαူαီαႈα‘αα္း(αα္αုα္)αိုα α‘αိေαး α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားျαα္း ααွိေαးေα်။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αααΌαααီးαိα္ααΎαားαဲ့ေαာ ေαာα္ေαးαွα္းα်ား၊ α‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ား ျαα ္αြα္းေα‘ာα္ျαα္αာαာ αာ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိαႏိုα္αံαဲα αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα‘αြα္ αုα္αူαα္းေျαာα္α αာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αα္αα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαာ αီαိုαေαα ီαွα္αα္αိုα္αာေαးα‘αြα္ α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့α‘αα္းαααွာαွိေαΎαာα္းαု αိα္ααိုျαားေαာ္αα္း αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိα αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ားα‘αြα္ ααုαိုα္ αွα္αံုαα္ααျαα္းαα္ αααΌαααီးႏွα့္ ျαα္αα္၊ αိုα္း၊ αΏαိဳααα္၊ αα္αြα္α‘ာαာαိုα္αိုα α်ိα္αα္αႈα်ားαြဲေααΏαီαားαု αα½ြα္ေαာ္ေαြးαိαα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိα αူαႈေαးααားα်ား၊ αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ားα‘ေαႏွα့္ α‘α ိုးαα‘αိα‘αွα္αျαဳေαာ ααားααα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားα‘ျαα ္ ျαα္αူαူαုαိုαα‘ား αူαီေαးααႈαိုααို α‘ေαΎαာα္ααားႏွα့္ αွα₯္αြဲαာ αုαုိα္ေαးαို αုα္αိုα္ေααေαာαူα်ားααာ ျαα ္ေαေαာ့αα္။ α€αြα္ αααΌαααီး၏ αိα္ααြα္းα်ားαို αα½ြα္ေαာ္αα္αါαα္αါ αα္αႈ၍ ေαြးေαာα α₯္းα ားαိေαာ့αα္။ “αါαာαွ်α္ αααΌαααီးျαα ္αα္ေαာ့” αူ၍ ေαြးေαာα α₯္းα ားαိေαာ့αα္။
αုα္αါαα္။ “ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα α¦းေα်ာ္αူ” αူ၍ α‘ေαြးαဲျαα ္ေαααြားေαာ့αα္။ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αာ αααΌαααီးျαα ္αဲ့αα္ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံေαာ္αα ္ α်ီαα္αာαြα္ ေαα္αီွαြαံαΏαိဳးαိုးαα္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαာ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ααီးျαα ္ေαααာေα‘ာα္ ျαα္αူαူαုα‘ားαံုး αိုα္α်α့္ααား၊ αိုα္α်α့္αီα α ိα္αါα္α်ားαို αααα¦းαံုး ျαဳျαα္ααα္။ ေα‘ာα္ေျααူαα္းα ားα်ားျαα ္ေαာ αα္းαဲႏြα္းαါးေαာ ျαα္αူαူαုαိုα၏ α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ αူαႈေαး၊ αာေαး α αα့္αိα α₯αα္α်ားαုိ α‘αα္ေျα ေα်ာαြα္ ေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေαာα္ααα္။ αုိαုαိαုα္ေαာα္αာαြα္ ျαα္αူαူαုαဲαိုα αΏαိဳααα္၊ αα္αြα္α်ားα‘αြα္းαိုα αဲαဲαα္αα္ αြα္းαα္းေα့αာαα္ ααိုေα်။ αΏαိဳααα္၊ αα္αြα္ α‘ာαာαိုα္α်ား၏ ααα္းαိုααα်α္α်ား αα္ αိုαိုαိα်αွα္αα္ေαာ ျαα ္αα္α်ားαို αိαွိαα္ α‘ေαးααီးαα္ ααုα္αါαား။ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ ျαα္αူαူαု αိုα၏ α ီးαြားေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαးαိုααို α‘αီးαα္αံ့αိုးαူαီ ေαးαေαးေαေαာ αΏαိဳααα္α‘αိုα္၊ αိုα္းα‘αိုα္ αြဲαα α္းαားေαာ αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ားႏွα့္ αα ္αာαီαα္ααာ ေαြααံုαိုα္αံုαာ ျαα ္αα္။ αုိα‘αါ αα္းαူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ား၏ α‘α်ားျαα္αူαိုαα‘ေαα αူαီ ေαးααႈα်ားαို α‘αα္းααα‘αိုα္ αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းα်ားႏွα့္ αိုα‘α္α်α္α်ားαို αိαွိααα္ျαα ္αα္။ αုိα‘αါ αα္αဲ့αိုα ျαα္αူαူαုαိုα၏ αူαႈေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαးαိုααို αိုα္αာαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေαာα္ ေαးαα့္αα္αို αိα်ေαာ α‘ေျαααွိαα္ျαα ္ေαာ့αα္။ ေα‘ာα္ေျαျαα္αူαူαု αိုα္αာαါαွ ေαာα္ေαးαွα္းαိုα္αာေαာ αိုးαα္ျαα့္ေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီαိုα္αာααီးα်ား ေαααြα္းαာαα္αု ေαြးျαα္αိ ေαာ့αα္။ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ αီαိုαေαα ီ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ααီး αα္ေαာα္αာαြα္ ေα‘ာα္ေျα ျαα္αူαူαုαိုαႏွα့္ αိုα္αိုα္αိေαြα αူαီေαးေαေαာ αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ားα‘ား α‘ျαα္αံုး ααားαα္αွα္αံုαα္α်ား α်αွα္ေαးαΏαီးαα့္ေαာα္ αိαျαα္αူαိုα၏ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး၊ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αာေαး α αα့္ αူαႈαိα α₯α်ားαို αိုα္αာαာေα‘ာα္ αံ့αိုးαူαီေαးႏိုα္ေαးα‘αြα္ αααΌαααီးေျαာαΎαားေαာ α αားα‘α α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္αားαα္αႈ၊ αံုαΎαα္ေαးα ားαႈαိုαႏွα့္α‘αူ ျαα္αူαα‘α်ိဳး αα ္αα္αα ္αα္းαွ αα္αိုး ေαေαာ αိုα္း၊ ျαα္αα္α‘αိုα္ αြဲαα α္းαားေαာ αူαႈေαး α‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ားαိုα αααΌαααီးαိုα္αိုα္ αြα္းαα္း၍αြားေαာα္ေα့αာαΎαα့္αႈ αα္αα္αα္αိုαါα ျαα္αူαူαုαိုα ααံဳေαြαေααေαာ α‘αα္α‘αဲ α‘α်α္α‘αα္း α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္α်ားαို α်α္αါးαα္αα္ ေαြαျαα္ααΏαီး α‘α်ိα္αိုαုိ α‘αြα္းαွာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈα်ား α‘αာαα္αာαα္αု αααΌαααီးα‘ေαြးα်ိဳးႏွα့္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္α‘ေαြး αα္α်ဲααာ α‘ိα္ေα်ာ္αြားေαာ့αα္။
αုိαα αα½ြα္ေαာ္α‘ိα္αα္αα္αα္။ αံαα္α‘ာαံုαα္αြα္αα္ေαာ α‘ိα္αα္ျαα ္αα္။
“αααΌαααီး α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိα αာေαးαူαီαႈα‘αα္း(αα္αုα္)αို αာαα္” αု။
α‘ာαံုαα္αြα္αα္ေαာ α‘ိα္αα္αα္ αဲ့αိေα‘ာα္ αွα္αα္αု α‘αိုαွိေααα္။
ေα်ာ္αူ
Saudi rules out fresh hiring from Bangladesh
By Mizan Rahman Dhaka,
Saudi Arabia authorities are closely observing Bangladeshi expatriate workers as some of them were allegedly involved in various criminal offences in the Gulf kingdom, according to a Bangladesh minister.
“At the moment they (Saudis) are not willing to recruit workers from Bangladesh until the crime tendency among Bangladeshi workers goes down,” Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment Minister Khandaker Mosharraf Hossain told reporters at Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka yesterday on his return from the Gulf country.
Mosharraf, who led a six-member delegation to Saudi Arabia, said involvement in crimes by a few Bangladeshi workers has damaged the image of the country.
“During a meeting with Saudi Labour Minister Adel Fakieh, I informed him that we have taken various steps, including the registration of the overseas-bound workers and issuance of smart card, to ensure that men with criminal background can not go to Saudi Arabia or any other country for jobs,” Mosharraf said.
He said if a smart card is scanned, all information of the card-holder will be available.
Mosharraf invited the Saudi labour minister to visit Bangladesh to see the recruiting process and training programmes for the workers who are going abroad for jobs. Besides, if the Saudi authorities have any suggestions, that will be considered, he added.
The minister also met with two Saudi princes and two governors.
The two sides agreed to form a joint working group comprising officials of the labour and manpower, home affairs, and foreign affairs ministries of the two countries. The joint working group will meet once in three months by rotation in Dhaka and Riyadh to discuss issues related to export of manpower.
At present, nearly 2mn Bangladeshi workers are employed in Saudi Arabia.
Asked about the presence of Burmese Rohingya people in Saudi Arabia, Mosharraf said the Saudi side told them that about 600,000 Rohingya workers were staying in Saudi Arabia. Of them, some Burmese nationals entered Saudi Arabia with Bangladesh passports.
Mosharraf said Saudi market for Bangladeshi workers was not completely shut. Last year 15,000 Bangladeshi workers went to Saudi Arabia, he informed.
He said the Saudi government is building five mega cities and they would need huge local and foreign workers for those projects.
Source here
αူαုိα္းαူαိုα္း αိုα်α္αဲ့αိα α₯αα ိα္αံုαΏαံဳαႈαါαဲ။ α ိα္αံုαΏαံဳαႈαွိαိုααိုαာα α‘ေαΎαာα္ααားα αα္းေαးααα္။ αα္းαဲျαα္းαွ αα္းေαးααα္။ ααိုαားα‘α္αဲ့ α ိα္αα္းαဲαႈαွα္ααွ်αα္းေαးαွ α ိα္αံုαΏαံဳαာαွာျαα ္αါαα္။ α ိα္αံုαΏαံဳαိုααို αာα α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးα α‘α္ααα္α‘ေαးααီးαါαα္။ α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαွိαα္αိုαα္ ျαα္αူေαြαို αα္αူ ααွ αααားαုα္αိုααααူး။ α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαႏုိα္αံေαးααားေαြαဲααဲ αိုα္αဲ့α‘αုα္ ααုα္αါαူး။ αူαိုα္း αဲααိုα္αါαα္။α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαိုαာ αာαာα္ျαα္αူေαြαဲααα္းαိုα္αα္။ αα္αα္းေαြαဲααα္းαိုα္αါαα္။ α‘αုα္ααားေαြαဲααα္းαိုα္αα္။ αα္ααားေαြαဲααα္းαိုα္αα္။ ေαာα္αံုးေαာ့ α‘ားαံုးαာ ျαα္ αူေαြαါαဲ။ αα္ααားေαြαိုαိုααွိαα္ αိαိαဲααα္αာေျααို αံုျαံဳαိုαα‘αြα္ α₯αေααဲαα‘αာα‘αြα္αို αို α‘α္αါαα္။
α‘αုα္ααားα်ားααα္းαိုαα္းαα္းေαာα္းαါαဲ။ αိαိαိုααဲαα‘αုα္ေαြα αိαိαိုαααα‘αα္ ေαြးαα္းေα်ာα္းα‘αြα္αံုေαာα္αိုα α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαး၊ α₯αေααဲαα‘αာα‘αြα္ αိုα‘α္αါαα္။ αα္αα္းα်ား αာαα္း αိုαα္းαα္းေαာα္းαါαဲ။ αα္αα္းα်ားαာ αိုα့္αဲαα‘αုα္αြα္αွာαံုαံုαΏαံဳαΏαံဳαဲα αα္α‘αα္α‘αာ αွိ αα္αုαၢိဳα္α်ိဳးαိုαွ αα ိုးαိα္αဲαဲαေααိုααိုαာαα္း α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαါαဲ။ αူαိုα္းαူαိုα္းαာ α₯αေααဲα αွα္αွα္αုα္αြားαα္ αα္αူααွ αိုα့္αိုျαႆαာααွာႏုိα္αိုααိုαာ α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαဲα αα္αိုα္αါαα္။ ျαα္αူေαြ α ိα္αံုαΏαံဳαႈααွိαိုααွိαα္ αိုα့္αααို αိုးαα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုααိုαာ αျαα ္ႏုိα္αါαူး။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αα္းαဲျαα္းαွ αြα္αα္းျαα္း၊ ေαΎαာα္αြαံေαΎαာα့္αΎαျαα္းαိုααွ αြα္αα္းျαα္းαိုααိုα¦းαα္αဲ့ α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαး αို αြα½α္ααိုα α‘ားαံုး αိုαားαာျαα ္αါαα္။
αီαိုαေαα ီႏုိα္αံαα ္αု αူေαာα္αဲ့α‘αါαွာ αα ္α¦းေαααα ္α¦း αားαα္αႈαိုαာ α‘α္ααα္αွ α‘ေαးααီးαါαα္။ αာျαα ္αုိααဲαိုေαာ့ αီαိုαေαα ီαိုαာ α‘α်ားαဲααΎααာαႊα္းαိုးေαး၊ ျαα္αူαဲααΎααာαႊα္း αိုးေαးαဲ။ ျαα္αူေαြαာ αိုα့္αΎααာေαြ ႏုိα္αံα‘ေαααွာ αႊα္းαိုးေα α်α္ αα္αိုαα္ α‘α်α္းα်α္းαားαα္ ႏုိα္ααα္။ α‘α်α္းα်α္း α‘ေαးα‘αူαုα္ႏုိα္ααα္။ α‘α်α္းα်α္း αေαာαားααီးႏုိα္ααα္။ α‘ဲαီαိုαုα္ႏိုα္αွ αြα½α္ααိုααာ ααα္αိုα α ္αွα္αဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα ္αု αူေαာα္ႏုိα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။
αြα½α္ααိုα ေαွααα္ααα့္ααီးα α‘α္ααα္αΎαα္းαါαိα့္αα္။ α‘α္ααα္αα္αဲαါαိα့္αα္။ αါ αြα½α္αα‘αုααα္းα ေျαာαားαာαါ။ αီαိုαေαα ီαိုαာααိုααα္းααြα္αူး။ ααΏαီးαဲ့α‘αါ αα္αံ့αိုα္αΏαဲေα‘ာα္ αုα္αိုααα္း ααြα္αူး။ α‘α္ααα္αွ α‘αုα္ေαြα်ားα်ားαုα္αΏαီးေαာ့ αိα္းαိα္းαြားααွာျαα ္αါαα္
Source :ELEVEN MEDIA GROUP
αုααααၢα‘αြα္းေαးαႉးα်ဳα္αံုးα‘αြဲα α‘ααီးα‘αဲαα္းျαα
္ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαိုα္αာ α‘αူးα‘ααံေαး αာαα္αα္း αα္းေαာα္ေααဲ့ αα
α₯αာ αီေα်း αα္αီးαား Vijay Nambiar αာ α§αΏαီαααα္ေααα α
αΏαီး αုααααၢα‘αြα္းေαးαႉးα်ဳα္ αα
α₯αာ αα္αီαြα္းαဲα ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαိုα္αာ α‘αူး α‘ααံေαးαာαα္αိုαဲ αီးαα္ααα္းေαာα္ေαာ့αွာ ျαα
္αါαα္။αα α₯αာαα္αီαြα္းα αူααဲααုαိαα‘ααိα္ α‘αြα္းေαးαႉးα်ဳα္ αုαိααα္αα္းα‘αြα္ αံုးα‘αဲြααα ္αွာ αာαα္αα္းေαာα္αα့္αူေαြαို ေαာαΎαာေαα ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαဲြαွာ αုα္ျαα္ေαΎααာαဲ့αါαα္။
“αα္αွိ α်ေαာ့္αဲα αံုးα‘αဲြαα‘ααီးα‘αဲ αα α₯αာ αီေα်း၊ αα္αီးαားαာ αူ α‘αုαာαα္αူေαာα္αြα္ေααဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα္αာ α‘αူးα‘ααံေαး αာαα္αိုαဲ α‘ာαံုα ိုα္αΏαီးေαာ့ ေαာα္αြα္ေαာ့αွာαါ။ α§αΏαီα α αα္ေααα်αိုααွိαα္ αံုးα‘αဲြαα‘ααီးα‘αဲ α‘αα ္α‘ျαα ္αဲα αာαα္αူαα့္αူαို α‘αုαα္းေαာα္ေααဲ့ α‘αုα္ေαြ α αα ္αα် αဲႊေျαာα္းေαးαိုα ေျαာαားαΏαီးαါαΏαီ”
αα α₯αာ αီေα်းαα္αီးαားေααာαွာ αုααααၢα‘αြα္းေαးαႉးα်ဳα္αဲα α‘ααီးα‘αဲα‘ျαα ္αဲα α‘ာα်α္αီးαားႏုိα္αံα αူαဲα္αား αα္α္ေαာ္αာ Susana Malcorra αို αα္αα‘α္αွာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αα α₯αာαα္αီးαားαာ ααΎαာေαးαα္ααွ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαို αြားေαာα္αဲ့αာαါ။ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ေαာαΎαာေαα ααူးေαာα္ αုααααၢαုံးα်ဳα္ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαဲြαွာေαာ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ αီαုိαေαα ီေαး ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ αုα္ေααာေαြααေααα့္ ေααွα္αα္αΏαိα္ေα‘းα်α္းαႈαွိေα αိုα α‘αိα αုα္ေαာα္ααွာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαွာ α§αΏαီα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αဲြ αα္αာျαα္αာαွိαΏαီး ααားαွ်ααိုα၊ αုိα္းαα္းαား α‘αဲြαα‘α α္းα‘αီးαီးαဲα ျαα္αα္ေαြးα α္းαိုααဲα αူαႈေαး၊ α ီးαြားေαး αံြααΏαိဳးαႈ α‘αွိα္ျαႇα့္αα္αိုαေαြαို α¦းα ားေαးαုα္ေαာα္αွ αာαွα္αံαဲ့ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈ ျαα ္αာαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
Source :By αီြα‘ိုေα‘ (ျαα္αာαာα)
αေααါαုိα္αံαွ α်ီးျαွα့္αα့္ αα½ြα္αα္ααီαုαုိ ျαα္αာαုိα္αံαွ ααα်ိဳးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ αုိαα္းαုိαုိα္α‘ား αα္αံααူαုိα္αα္ αိα္αΎαးαံαဲ့αေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
´αα္α ααα္ ααုိα္းα αေααါαုိα္αံα αုေαြးα်α္ေαးα‘αဲြααα္ေαြ α‘ိα္αုိαာျαီးαိα္αΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။ αα္α ္αုုိαααα္ေαာ့ αေααါαုိαြားျαိး αုαြားαူαွာαါ´αု αုိαα္းαုိαုိα္αေျαာαα္။
αုိαα္းαုိαုိα္αα္ α‘αုိαါαုαုိ αααααုႏွα ္α α်ီးျαွα့္αံαဲ့αျαိး αာαα့္α α္αα္αာααြα္αေααါαုိα္αံ၌ α‘αα္းα‘αားျαα့္ ေαးα‘α္α်ီးျαွα့္αα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
αα္းαုαုိ ျαα္αာαုိα္αံαွ αα ုα ုေႏြး၊ ေαါα္αာα α္αီαာေαာα္αုိααα္း α်ီးျαွα့္αံαဲ့αေαΎαာα္းαိααα္။
Source : αα္αုα္αုိα္း(α္)
´αα္α ααα္ ααုိα္းα αေααါαုိα္αံα αုေαြးα်α္ေαးα‘αဲြααα္ေαြ α‘ိα္αုိαာျαီးαိα္αΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။ αα္α ္αုုိαααα္ေαာ့ αေααါαုိαြားျαိး αုαြားαူαွာαါ´αု αုိαα္းαုိαုိα္αေျαာαα္။
αုိαα္းαုိαုိα္αα္ α‘αုိαါαုαုိ αααααုႏွα ္α α်ီးျαွα့္αံαဲ့αျαိး αာαα့္α α္αα္αာααြα္αေααါαုိα္αံ၌ α‘αα္းα‘αားျαα့္ ေαးα‘α္α်ီးျαွα့္αα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
αα္းαုαုိ ျαα္αာαုိα္αံαွ αα ုα ုေႏြး၊ ေαါα္αာα α္αီαာေαာα္αုိααα္း α်ီးျαွα့္αံαဲ့αေαΎαာα္းαိααα္။
Source : αα္αုα္αုိα္း(α္)
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αဲြα‘ႏိုα္α α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αဲြαα်ဳα္αဲα αိုα္းαα္းαားαါαီေαြ ααာαိα္ αဲြαα α္းαားαဲ့ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားျαဳေαာ္ααီ CRPP αို αာαα့္ αΎαားျαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αဲြα‘αΏαီးαွာ α‘αα္αα ္αဲα ျαα္αα္ ျαα္αα္αဲြαα α္းαိုααွိαα္αိုα CRPP α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး ααိုα္α‘α်ဳိးαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αဲြαα်ဳα္ α‘ေαြေαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးαα္းျαα ္αဲ့ α¦းေα‘းαာေα‘ာα္α ေျαာαါαα္။

(Photo:Courtesy of NCGUB)
ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားျαဳ ေαာ္ααီαို αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာ αααα္ေαααြα္ αြဲαα α္းαိုα္αα့္ αွα္αα္းαာα္αံု ျαα ္αါαα္။ (ေαွααα္း၊ αဲαွαာ) α¦းαြα္၊ α¦းေα‘းαာေα‘ာα္၊ α¦းေα‘ာα္ေαႊ၊ α¦းαα္းαြα္း၊ α¦းαα္α¦း၊ (ေαာα္αα္း၊ αဲαွαာ) α¦းαွေα၊ α¦းα ိုးျαα့္၊ α¦းαြα္းαα္၊ α¦းၫြα္αေα၊ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္။ (Photo:Courtesy of NCGUB)
αါα‘ျαα္ αααα ျαα့္ႏွα ္αွာ αဲြαα α္္းαားαဲ့ αီαြα္ေαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ဳိးα်ား ααာαိα္α‘αဲြαα်ဳα္ (UNA) αိုαα္း ျαα္αα္αဲြαα α္းαိုααွိαα္αိုα α¦းေα‘းαာေα‘ာα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
αုိα္းαα္းαားαါαီေαြ αွα္αုံαα္αΏαီးαဲ့α‘αါ ျαα္αα္αဲြαα α္းαα့္ αိုα္းαα္းαား αူα်ဳိးα်ားα‘αဲြαα်ဳα္αဲαα‘αα္αိုေαာ့ α‘ားαံုးαေαာαူ αံုးျαα္α်α္αဲα ေαြးα်α္αွာျαα ္αα္αိုα α¦းေα‘းαာေα‘ာα္ααိုαါαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္ေαာα္α αိုα္းαα္းαားαါαီေαြျαα ္αဲ့ ααိုα္α‘α်ဳိးαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αဲြαα်ဳα္၊ αွα္းαိုα္းαα္းαားα်ား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αဲြαα်ဳα္၊ αိုαီး α‘α်ဳိးαားαြα္ααα္αဲα αြα္ α‘α်ဳိးαား αီαိုαေαα ီαါαီေαြ α်α္αိα္းαံαဲ့ααါαα္။
αါေαΎαာα့္ ααိုα္ α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αဲြαα်ဳα္α‘ေααဲα αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα αα္α ျαα္αΏαီးαွα္αံုαα္αိုα ေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္αွာ ေαွ်ာα္αားαဲ့αα္αိုα α¦းေα‘းαာေα‘ာα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
αွα္းαိုα္းαα္းαားα်ား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αဲြαα်ဳα္၊ αိုαီး α‘α်ဳိးαားαြα္ααα္αဲα αြα္ α‘α်ဳိးαား αီαိုαေαα ီαါαီα‘ေααဲα ααΎαာαα္ αါαီαွα္αံုαα္αွာ ျαα ္αα္αိုα α ံုα α္းαိαွိααါαα္။
Source :RFA Burmese
By: Christian N. Desrosiers
After hustling myself out of the city center across a handful of muddy fields, I entered a low wooden building where an elderly imam was waiting for me. His beard was dyed orange in the manner of the Prophet, and it stood out strongly against his skin, dark as rich soil. We spoke in low tones. Secrecy was necessary: if we were caught meeting by one of the many informants in his community it would be bad for me and worse for him. He is a member of a group that Refugees International has dubbed "one of the most persecuted groups in the world."
A Muslim of South Asian rather than Asian stock, the imam is a Rohingya, a minority group in Burma that is at the center of long running controversy regarding their citizenship. With the Burmese government alleging that they are illegal immigrants and the Rohingya asserting that they have lived here for centuries, it is a bitter dispute and much is at stake, though the waters are muddy.
One thing is clear: their life in limbo is a precarious existence. Having been denied Burmese citizenship, they are not citizens of any country, nor is any country enthusiastic about having them as refugees. Those that remain face forced labor, extortion, arbitrary jailing, and murder. Lacking citizenship, legal recourse, and international attention, with scant prospects abroad and fewer at home, their outlook is bleak.
A Disputed History
At the center of the dispute is the Burmese government's claim that the Rohingya are illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.
Between 1824 and 1942, when Burma was part of the British colonial empire, many Bengalis and Indians were brought over to serve in the colonial administration. The British considered this an internal migration, because the movement took place entirely within the bounds of their control.
"The Burmese government still considers, however," Human Rights Watch writes in a report, "that the migration which took place during this period was illegal, and it is on this basis that they refuse citizenship to the majority of the Rohingya."
The government also has on its mind the secession attempt at the formation of the state of Burma led by Rohingya who wanted to join some western parts of the country with East Pakistan.
This is a "massive mistruth," according to a senior Human Rights Watch researcher. Dissenting observers note that the first recorded South Asian immigrants to what is now Burma occurred as early as the 7th century, when a local Buddhist king brought over skilled workers as slaves.
This migration complicates the matter and makes it, perhaps, impossible to resolve because descendents from 7th century immigrants and 20th century immigrants are visually indistinguishable and there exists no conclusive documentation for many alleged illegal inhabitants.
The Response
Though the past is murky, the present that has been born out of the dispute is clear.
"This is kafir country," the imam told me. He is bitter from the years of difficult life in the region.
When the British lost their colony to the Japanese in World War II, and then again to Burmese independence in 1948, there were reprisal attacks against those who had aided and benefited from British rule. Mosques were destroyed and Rohingya villagers were raped, murdered, and tortured.
The fighting between Arakan Buddhists and Rohingya led to a separation of the populations, the Rohingya clustering along the areas near Bangladesh. Significant numbers fled to East Pakistan while others attempted to secede.
After the secession attempt failed the government adopted an official policy of treating the Rohingya as illegal immigrants. Under their new illegal status their properties were confiscated by the government.
The Burmese government has placed conditions on the possibility of Rohingya citizenship that many Rohingya claim are excessively onerous. Article 3 of the 1982 immigration law requires Rohingya seeking citizenship to provide as a prerequisite records demonstrating that their families entered the country prior to 1823. Most Rohingya possess very little, much less official birth records.
With few rights, Rohingya face hostility from many levels of society. During my travels in Arakan state, a common accusation I heard from Arakanese Buddhists was that the Rohingya were "trying to steal our land."
Such xenophobia is present even at the upper levels of the Burmese government. In 2009 the Burmese consul to Hong Kong publicly said that the Rohingya were "ugly as ogres." And In a small library in Arakan I read a history book written by a former Burmese ambassador to the United Nations in which there is a chapter entitled "Is Islam a Threat to Buddhist Culture?" The Rohingya, like all Muslims, the book asserted, were working toward the goal of "world domination," via a strategy of appealing to our sympathy and marrying "our native maidens."
No Hope Abroad
For many Rohingya, escape is the only logical solution to their problem, but, barred from leaving their villages without official bureaucratic approval, the way out is fraught. Non-citizens, they must obtain several forms of official permission before leaving their village, permission which is often denied.
I was told a story about a family who attempted a secret boat trip to Rangoon. They were discovered along the way by soldiers and, when they could not pay the bribe, they were massacred. News of them had come back through a bystander who had attempted and failed to buy the safety of the Rohingya from the soldiers. Stories like this did not make it into any newspaper.
And there are the seemingly endless stories of extortion and abuse at the hands of immigration officers, who, the Rohingya I met asserted, acted with impunity against them because the Rohingya are not citizens. When authorities discovered from an informer that one man's brother had escaped, they came to him demanding a bribe. When he could not pay, they imprisoned him for several months.
Those that make it abroad, often first to Bangladesh, find a grim life in refugee camps, where they are barred from working. More than a quarter million Rohingya fled there in the early 90s.
There is no incentive for Bangladesh to improve conditions there. More refugees means more drains on its budgets In fact, Bangladesh has in the past forcibly repatriated Rohingya refugees. Though this is a violation of the 1951 U.N. Convention on the Status of Refugees, Bangladesh is not a signatory of that accord.
And, in a famous incident, in 2007, the Thai navy disabled Rohingya refugee vessels and abandoned them, all of their occupants still inside, at sea.
No Birds in the Hand, One in the Bush
Recently, within Burma there have been signs of moves toward a more inclusive society. This month, the International Crisis Group released a report, subtitled "Major Reform on the Way," that cites a number of signs that the Burmese government is increasingly interested in democratization.
Aung Sun Suu Kyi, the Nobel Peace Laureate released from years of house arrest last year, has been in talks with government officials and thus far has been allowed to move freely about the country. The government has also awarded visas to outspoken critics of their regime, like Senator John McCain, a long time supporter of Suu Kyi and of sanctions against Burma.
While it is still unclear what is driving the change – speculation runs from a desire to avert an official U.N. inquiry into human rights abuses in the country to the fact that the aging generals are receding into the background – the consensus seems to be that change is happening. "People who say there is no change are not here," Aung San Suu Kyi was recently quoted as saying.
Yet, for the imam there is no change. "None of that affects us," he wrote to me after I'd left. The developments concern minority groups that are ethnically Asian and already, if only nominally, included in Burma's political life; the problem surrounding the Rohingya is a different issue altogether, and the exceptionally difficult task of determining the origin of these people who have no records, remains unchanged.
The ICG's report has been criticized as excessively optimistic by other human rights groups and Rohingya leaders have noted that, even in its optimism, nowhere does the report mention the Rohingya.
In fact, Win Mra, the chairman of the Myanmar Human Rights Council that is cited by the ICG as a significant sign that Burma intends to repair its human rights record, has gone on record denying the existence of the Rohingya.
The only optimistic signs coming through international channels are so bleak as to be almost comical. Chris Lewa, the head of a human rights group focused on Rohingya issues, reports that the Thai navy "confirmed that they will not push them back out to sea."
αα္αုα္αေα αံαားα₯ီးေααိα္αို ေααာα₯္αဲα ေαာα္αွိαြားαဲ့ NLD αါαီα₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αို αိα္းαဲαα်ီαဲ့ αႏၱေαးαိုα္း αူαုα αိုးαြာေααဲ့ αΎαားαဲαွာ ေαာα္းေαာα္းျαျα ααိဳαိုαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
αααα αα္α α αα္ေααα α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαုိαေαα
ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ αႏၱေαးαΏαိဳα ေα‘ာα္αα္αα္αြα္းαြα္ ေαာေျαာαြဲ ျαဳαုα္α
α₯္။ေααာα₯္αြα္းαα‘αြα္ αα္းαေαွ်ာα္ ααိဳαိုαΎααဲ့ αူαုααိαα္ α်ားαြα္းαဲ့α‘αြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αဲα αာα₯္αα္းαာ αိα္ααြα္းေျαာαိုα α
ီα
α₯္αားαဲ့ αိααΈံαα္းေαာα့္ αြα္းαဲαို ေαာα္αိုα α αာαီေαာα္ αΎαာျαα့္αဲ့αα္αိုα ααီးα
α₯္ ααိဳαိုေαး αာαα္αူαားαဲ့ NLD α‘αြဲααα္ α₯ီးαိုေαးα ေျαာαါαα္။
α‘αားαူ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာေျαာαα့္ αြα္းαဲαွာαα္း αြα္းαံုးျαα့္ ααိဳαိုαဲ့αΎααΏαီး αီျαα္αြα္းα‘αြα္ αα္းαာαီαိ ျαα ္αααို ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို α‘ားαိုး αံုαΎαα္αိαါαα္αိုα αα္ေαာα္αူေαြα ေျαာαါαα္။
αါ့α‘ျαα္ ααီးαα္းေααဲ့ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာ ေαာေျαာေααα္း ααိαα္αို ေαာα္းαα္αΏαီး ေααၱ αားαိုα္ααါαα္။ NLD ααာααိα‘αြဲααα္ α₯ီးαα္းαα္α αα္αα္ ေαာေျαာαဲ့ααΏαီး ααα‘αΎαာαွ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ျαα္αα္ ေαာေျαာႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။
ေαာေျαာαြဲαΏαီးαဲ့α‘αါ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာ ႏိုαိုαα္ ေαာ္αα္αွာ α‘αားαူαΏαီး ေαာα္αေαα α α ္αိုα္းαα္αို ααီးαα္αြားαα္αိုααα္း αိααါαα္။
αီααα္းαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး α‘ာα‘α္α္ေα‘ α‘αြဲααား αိုေααိα္ေα်ာ္αဲα αα္ျαα်α္αို αားαα္ႏိုα္αါαα္။
α‘αားαူ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာေျαာαα့္ αြα္းαဲαွာαα္း αြα္းαံုးျαα့္ ααိဳαိုαဲ့αΎααΏαီး αီျαα္αြα္းα‘αြα္ αα္းαာαီαိ ျαα ္αααို ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို α‘ားαိုး αံုαΎαα္αိαါαα္αိုα αα္ေαာα္αူေαြα ေျαာαါαα္။
αါ့α‘ျαα္ ααီးαα္းေααဲ့ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာ ေαာေျαာေααα္း ααိαα္αို ေαာα္းαα္αΏαီး ေααၱ αားαိုα္ααါαα္။ NLD ααာααိα‘αြဲααα္ α₯ီးαα္းαα္α αα္αα္ ေαာေျαာαဲ့ααΏαီး ααα‘αΎαာαွ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ျαα္αα္ ေαာေျαာႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။
ေαာေျαာαြဲαΏαီးαဲ့α‘αါ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာ ႏိုαိုαα္ ေαာ္αα္αွာ α‘αားαူαΏαီး ေαာα္αေαα α α ္αိုα္းαα္αို ααီးαα္αြားαα္αိုααα္း αိααါαα္။
αီααα္းαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး α‘ာα‘α္α္ေα‘ α‘αြဲααား αိုေααိα္ေα်ာ္αဲα αα္ျαα်α္αို αားαα္ႏိုα္αါαα္။
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α်α္းαုိα္(ααိα₯်α) ။ ။ α
α္းαုံးေαး ႏွα့္ αဲαြα္ေαး αုα္αα္းα်ားαြα္ αα္ααα္αႈα်ားႏွα့္ ေႏွာα့္αွα္αႈα်ား αွိေαေαး αျαα့္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ၏ ααားαွ်ααႈα
ြာ αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αႈαို αိαိုα္ႏုိα္္ေαΎαာα္း α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαုိαေαα
ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ NLD α αါαီ၏ ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αα္။
αα္α α αα္ေαα၌ αါαီေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွိ ααα‘ိααီαိ၊ α₯αၱααီαိ၊ αααΊဴαီαိ၊ αုααΊαီαိ αΏαိဳααα္αိုααြα္ α α္းαုံးေαာေျαာαα္ α ီα α₯္αားαာ ႏွα ္ေααာ α‘αြα္ αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ ααေαးαဲ αα္ααြα္ααႈα်ားႏွα့္ αΎαံဳေαααα္αု NLD ααုိေα‘ာα္ႏုိα္ေαး α‘αြα္းေαးαႉး α¦းαာα္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။
“αီေαααဲ α‘αြဲααα္ေαြαဲα α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαာαα္။ ေαးαΏαိဳααα္αွာ ႏွα ္αΏαိဳααα္α αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ αααူး။ αα္αα္ αားαα္။ α်ေαာ္αိုα αီα‘αြα္ α ုိးαိα္αα္။ α်ေαာ္αိုααα္α αွ်ααဲ့ αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αႈαုိαဲ α်ေαာ္αုိα αုိαား αα္”αု α¦းα₯ာα္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။
NLD αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα်ား ျαα ္αΎααα့္ α‘αိုေαာ္ (α₯ီး)ေαα်ာေαာ္ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္ႏွα့္ ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းαα္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ αααΊဴαီαီαΏαိဳααα္αိုααြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αါαီα α္းαုံးေαး ေαာေျαာαိုေαာ္ αα္း ေαာေျαာαα္ ေααာα်ား ααုαိ ααႏိုα္ေαးျαα္း ျαα ္αα္။
αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αွ αα္αြα္ααုαြα္ ေαာေျαာαα္ ျαα္αα္αားαႈαုိ αΏαိဳααα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးα αα္ααြα္αား
ေαΎαာα္း ααုိα္ေαာ္ααွα္αွ ေαေαααါαီα αα αα္ေααα αα္αံ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαာαα္αု αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α₯ီးေαα်ာေαာ္α ေျαာαα္။
“αြα့္αျαဳαူးαုိαဲ့αေαာ αα္ေαာα္ေααα္။ αΏαိဳααα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳဳα္ေαးαႉးαုံးα α ာα‘α α‘ဲαီေααာα αာααိααုိα္
ေα်ာα္းαဲα αီးαဲ့α‘α်α္αα်α္၊ α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းαဲ ααီးαα္αုိα ေျαာαားαα္”αု ေျαာαα္။
αα္းαိα α₯αို ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αိ αα္αα္ αα္ျααြားαα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ၎α αα္ေျαာαα္။
αုိαျαα္αΎαိဳαα္α‘ေαΎαာα္းααΎαားαဲαါαီα α္းαုံးေαးαα္းαα္αုαုိαာ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္α α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαာαα္αုαα္း α₯ီးေαα်ာေαာ္α αိုαα္။
ႏုိα္αံαုိα္ ααα္းα ာα်ားαြα္ ‘αါးαα္းေαြ’ αေαာα္α‘αα္ျαα့္ ေααα္ေαးေαာα္းαါးα်ား ေαးαားေαာ α¦းαα္းေαြ α ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α‘ား ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα‘ေαα α ီးαြားေαးαိα္αိုααႈ ႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αိαိα‘αွားαို αα္αံααα္αုေαးαားαားေαာ α ာα်ားαို αα္αုα္αုိα္း αံုးαြαΏαိဳααα္αြα္ ျαα္αေααဲ့αျαα့္ NLD α ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္ႏွα့္ αα္αုိα္αာ αဲα αα္းα်ားα α‘ေαးαူေαးαါαα္ ေαေαααါαီα αα αα္ေααα α‘ေαΎαာα္းαားαα္αုαα္း α¦းαာα္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။
ေαေαααါαီα α‘αြα္းα ေαျαα္ေαာ္αြα္ NLD αါαီ၏ αုိα္းαုα္ႏွα ္αုα‘ား α်α္αီးαံαဲ့αျαα္းαုိαα္း ေαာ္ααွα္ႏွα့္ αα္αုိα္αာ αဲα αα္းαုိ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαားαα့္αိုα္ ααုαိ ေαာα္αြα္ေαးျαα္း ααွိေαးေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ααα္း αါαီα α္းαုံးေαးα်ား αα္αα္ ျαဳαုα္α်α္αွိαာ αΎαာααေαးေαααြα္ αွα္းျαα္αα္ေαာα္αုိα္း αေαာ၊ ေα‘ာα္αα္း၊ αဲαိုးαΏαိဳαα်ားαိုα ေααα်α္းျαα္ αြားေαာα္α α္းαုံး ေαာေျαာαဲ့αာ αူαုααိαα္ ေαာα္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααα္။
αα္α α αα္ေαα၌ αါαီေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွိ ααα‘ိααီαိ၊ α₯αၱααီαိ၊ αααΊဴαီαိ၊ αုααΊαီαိ αΏαိဳααα္αိုααြα္ α α္းαုံးေαာေျαာαα္ α ီα α₯္αားαာ ႏွα ္ေααာ α‘αြα္ αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ ααေαးαဲ αα္ααြα္ααႈα်ားႏွα့္ αΎαံဳေαααα္αု NLD ααုိေα‘ာα္ႏုိα္ေαး α‘αြα္းေαးαႉး α¦းαာα္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။
“αီေαααဲ α‘αြဲααα္ေαြαဲα α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαာαα္။ ေαးαΏαိဳααα္αွာ ႏွα ္αΏαိဳααα္α αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ αααူး။ αα္αα္ αားαα္။ α်ေαာ္αိုα αီα‘αြα္ α ုိးαိα္αα္။ α်ေαာ္αိုααα္α αွ်ααဲ့ αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αႈαုိαဲ α်ေαာ္αုိα αုိαား αα္”αု α¦းα₯ာα္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။
NLD αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα်ား ျαα ္αΎααα့္ α‘αိုေαာ္ (α₯ီး)ေαα်ာေαာ္ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္ႏွα့္ ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းαα္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ αααΊဴαီαီαΏαိဳααα္αိုααြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αါαီα α္းαုံးေαး ေαာေျαာαိုေαာ္ αα္း ေαာေျαာαα္ ေααာα်ား ααုαိ ααႏိုα္ေαးျαα္း ျαα ္αα္။
αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αွ αα္αြα္ααုαြα္ ေαာေျαာαα္ ျαα္αα္αားαႈαုိ αΏαိဳααα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးα αα္ααြα္αား
ေαΎαာα္း ααုိα္ေαာ္ααွα္αွ ေαေαααါαီα αα αα္ေααα αα္αံ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαာαα္αု αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α₯ီးေαα်ာေαာ္α ေျαာαα္။
“αြα့္αျαဳαူးαုိαဲ့αေαာ αα္ေαာα္ေααα္။ αΏαိဳααα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳဳα္ေαးαႉးαုံးα α ာα‘α α‘ဲαီေααာα αာααိααုိα္
ေα်ာα္းαဲα αီးαဲ့α‘α်α္αα်α္၊ α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းαဲ ααီးαα္αုိα ေျαာαားαα္”αု ေျαာαα္။
αα္းαိα α₯αို ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αိ αα္αα္ αα္ျααြားαα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ၎α αα္ေျαာαα္။
αုိαျαα္αΎαိဳαα္α‘ေαΎαာα္းααΎαားαဲαါαီα α္းαုံးေαးαα္းαα္αုαုိαာ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေαာ္ααွα္α α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαာαα္αုαα္း α₯ီးေαα်ာေαာ္α αိုαα္။
ႏုိα္αံαုိα္ ααα္းα ာα်ားαြα္ ‘αါးαα္းေαြ’ αေαာα္α‘αα္ျαα့္ ေααα္ေαးေαာα္းαါးα်ား ေαးαားေαာ α¦းαα္းေαြ α ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α‘ား ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα‘ေαα α ီးαြားေαးαိα္αိုααႈ ႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αိαိα‘αွားαို αα္αံααα္αုေαးαားαားေαာ α ာα်ားαို αα္αုα္αုိα္း αံုးαြαΏαိဳααα္αြα္ ျαα္αေααဲ့αျαα့္ NLD α ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္ႏွα့္ αα္αုိα္αာ αဲα αα္းα်ားα α‘ေαးαူေαးαါαα္ ေαေαααါαီα αα αα္ေααα α‘ေαΎαာα္းαားαα္αုαα္း α¦းαာα္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။
ေαေαααါαီα α‘αြα္းα ေαျαα္ေαာ္αြα္ NLD αါαီ၏ αုိα္းαုα္ႏွα ္αုα‘ား α်α္αီးαံαဲ့αျαα္းαုိαα္း ေαာ္ααွα္ႏွα့္ αα္αုိα္αာ αဲα αα္းαုိ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαားαα့္αိုα္ ααုαိ ေαာα္αြα္ေαးျαα္း ααွိေαးေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ααα္း αါαီα α္းαုံးေαးα်ား αα္αα္ ျαဳαုα္α်α္αွိαာ αΎαာααေαးေαααြα္ αွα္းျαα္αα္ေαာα္αုိα္း αေαာ၊ ေα‘ာα္αα္း၊ αဲαိုးαΏαိဳαα်ားαိုα ေααα်α္းျαα္ αြားေαာα္α α္းαုံး ေαာေျαာαဲ့αာ αူαုααိαα္ ေαာα္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααα္။
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(ααα ေျαာေαးαိုαြα့္αွိαူ αဲေαာ္αိုးαံေα်ာα္း ႏွα့္ α‘α္αာα်ဴး)
αααα αုႏွα ္ αα္α α αα္ေαααα္ αααα αုႏွα ္α αိုα္α်ဳα္ααီးေααα္း α¦းေαာα္ေαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈ ႏွα ္ α α ျαα့္αα့္ေαα ျαα ္αα္။ α¦းေααα္း ေαါα္းေαာα္αα့္ ααα αα္းα α₯္αါαီေαα္αို αααα αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘ံုαΎαြαႈျαα့္ α်α္αိα္းႏိုα္αဲ့αΏαီးေαာα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး ေα ာေαာα္၊ αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး αα္းေαႊαိုα α¦းα ီးαα့္ ααα၊ αα‘α α α ္α‘α ိုးαα်ား αα္αα္α‘ုα္α ိုးαာαဲ့αΎααα္။
αေαααာααြα္ αααα α‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွ ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αိုα္αα့္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္αα့္ α‘α ိုးααα ္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေααα္αွာ αႏွα ္ျαα့္ေျαာα္αΏαီးαα္း ျαα ္αα္။ ααာျαα္ αြα္ျαဴαα ္αါαီ (ααα) α‘ျαα္αြα္αူ αေαα αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααိαα္ α α ္α‘ုα္α ု၊ α α ္α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ α αα ္αိုααာ α ိုးαိုးα်α္αွိαα္αု αိုαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးαြα္ αα္αα္းα‘αα့္αံုး αါαီααီးျαα ္αα့္ ααα α‘αα့္ေαΎαာα့္ αီαိုေျαာႏိုα္ααα္း။ α‘α ိုးαα‘αα္αα္ႏွα့္ ααα αα္αံေαးα‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳα‘ေαααူαα္၍ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αူ၍ αα္αိုααြဲααα္αာαံု၊ αိုα αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းျαα္αိαိုα္αα ္αာααံုႏွα့္ αα္αွိ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးα α‘ေαα α‘ျαα္αိုααို αိαွိႏိုα္αα္ ααα ေျαာေαးαိုαြα့္αွိαူ αဲေαာ္αိုးαံေα်ာα္းα‘ား ααα₯်ိα ααα္းေαာα္ αိုေαါα္ α αα္αြα္ေαးျαα္းαားαα္။
ααα αို α‘αၤαိα္αα္αα္ αααα αုႏွα ္α ေျαေα‘ာα္αါαီα‘ျαα ္ α αα္αူေαာα္αΏαီးα်ိα္αွα ၍ ေျαေαααါαီα‘ျαα ္ αံုးႏွα ္αာ αα္αα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။ ေျαေα‘ာα္αါαီα‘ျαα ္ αα္αα္αα္αα္αြားαα္αု αိααα္။
α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ αွိေααဲαား။ αွိαဲαိုαα္ αာ့ေαΎαာα့္ αွိေααဲαိုα ေျαာႏိုα္ααဲ။ αα္αိုαံုααာα္αဲα αွိေααα္αိုα ေျαာႏိုα္ααဲαα္α်။
αီေαα ααာႏိုα္αံαွာ α‘ာαာααူαားαဲ့ αိုα္α်ဳα္α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααာ α α ္α‘α ိုးααဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘αα္α‘α ားေαြ၊ α‘ေααα‘ေααα‘αံုးα‘ႏႈα္းေαြ αα္αိုαဲ ေျαာα္းαဲαားαါေα α‘ေαααံαဲα α‘αြα္းα‘ႏွα ္αာααို αြဲαΎαα့္αα္αΎααိုα αိုαါαα္။ αါαာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαုα္αူေαြαဲα α‘αα္α‘α်α္း၊ `αိုးαားαႈα αာေαြαဲα αိုα္αိုα္ αα္α α္ေααါαα္။
αူαိုα α‘ာαာαα္αာαာαာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαဲααα္αာαာαိုα ေျαာေαာα္း ေျαာαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ αီေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာ α‘αိα္α‘αာ၊ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ျαα ္αα္αိုαာ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္αα α‘ားαံုးαိαါαα္။ ααာျαα္αူαူαုααိုαိ αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီေαာα္ ေျαာα္α်αဲ့ αα ္αα္αႈααုαို αာαိုα αုα္αိုαααြားαာαဲαိုေαာ့ αွα္းαါαα္။ ေααα္αွိαိုααါ၊ ααα္းေျαာααα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာ ေααα္α‘α္α‘ားαဲα α‘αံုးα‘ျαα္ ေαးαြားαဲ့ α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈαα်ိဳးαါαဲ။
ျαႆαာααုα αα်ိဳααူေαြαာ αိုα္α်ဳα္αိα္းα ိα္αေα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αိုα α‘ေααα‘ေαα ေျαာα္းαိုα္αာαို
ေαာα္ျααΏαီး α α ္α‘α ိုးαααုα္ေαာ့αူးαိုα ေျαာေααΎααα္။ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေααα္းαေα α¦းေααα္း αုα္αိုα္αုα္းα
ေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαို αေျαာαΎααူး။ α¦းေααα္းαဲα ααα αα္ααီးα‘αြဲα၊ αႊα္ေαာ္αဲαွာαα္း ‘α‘αα္αား’α်ိဳးα ံု αါαာαဲ ααုα္αား။
α α ္αα္α α‘ာαာαို αိα္းαားαα္αိုαေျαာαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း
“ααာျαα္αာ αိုα္ေααα္းαα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာ့α‘αα္းαဲαံုးႏိုα္αံ α ာαα္းαα္αြားαΏαီး αိုα္αα္းေαႊαိုα αα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာေαααွာ α‘α်α့္α်α္ αာα္α ားαႈ α‘α်ားαံုးႏိုα္αံ αံုးႏိုα္αံα ာαα္းαဲ αါαြားαာαိုαဲ αΎαα့္αါ”
ေαြαဲαွာ α α ္αα္αဲα α‘αα္αα္αဲαားαဲ့ α α ္αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαြ
α αာαိုα္ႏႈα္း αα ေα်ာ္ αါαα္αဲ့ αာ/αံုα‘αြဲα αိုαာααီး
αα္αွိေααာαα္း αါαါαα္။ αီα‘αြဲαααီးαာ α‘ာαာ
αိα္းျαα္းαဲα α‘ေαးေαα α‘ေျαα‘ေα ေαΎααာျαα္းαိုααို α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့α‘αာေαြ αံုးျαα္ႏိုα္αΏαီး α‘ဲαီα‘αြဲααို
αႊα္ေαာ္α αာαွ α်ဳα္αိုα္ႏိုα္α ြα္း ααွိαါαူး။
αီα‘α ိုးααဲαွာ ‘α‘αα္αား’ေαြαα္း αါαα္ αိုေααα့္ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ ααα၊ αα္ααီးα်ဳα္၊ αာαြα္ေαးαα္ααီး၊
ျαα္αဲေαးαα္ααီး၊ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီးα αဲ့ ေααာေαြαို α α ္αိုα္αဲαα α ္αိုα္‘αြα္’ ေαြααာ α ီးαားαα္αိုαာ ααိαားαα့္ αါαα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αာ/αံုαဲαွာ αါαြα့္αွိαဲ့ αα္α α္ေαးαာ αα္ααီးαာααိုαာαိုαα္း α‘ဲαီαို αူေαြααာ α်ဳα္αိုα္αားαါαα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αဲα α‘α ိုးααြဲαα α္းαႈαွာ α α ္αα္αဲα ααα္αα္αူ αိုαာαာ αုα္ျααာαာαဲ αါαါαα္။ α‘αံုးα်αာ αα္αα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α α ္α‘ုα္α ုα်ဳိးαα္ αα္ႏွα ္αα္ αွိαΏαီαိုα ေျαာႏိုα္ααဲ။ αီα်ဳိးαα္ေαြαို αα္αိုα္/αα္αူေαြα αိုα္α ားျαဳ αဲ့αΎααဲα်ာ။
ααာျαα္α α α ္αα္αွာ α α ္α‘ုα္α ု αα္ႏွα ္αα္αွိαဲ့αΏαီαဲ αိုαာαဲα αα္αα္αိုαေαာ့ ေျαာααာ αα္းαα္းαα္αါ αိα့္αα္။ αူαေαာα္αဲααေαာα္ α‘ျαα္α်α္း αူα်α္αွ αူαါαိα့္αα္။ αααα α‘αြဲαααီးαဲαွာ αိုα့္α‘α ုေαးαဲα αိုα္ α‘α ုαြဲααα္ αိုαာαေαာ့ ျαႆαာαွိαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီαိုα္းαααြဲααႈαာ α α ္αα္αဲαွာαα္း ေαာα္ျαα္αα္αΏαီး αိုα္ေααα္းαဲα αိုα္ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ααီး α αူေαြα α‘αိα ေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ ααααံုး α α ္α‘ုα္α ု ေααေαါα္ αဲ့αါαα္။ αီα α ္α‘ုα္α ုαာ αα္αဲαေα αိုα္α်ဳα္α αα ္αြα္းαို αုα္αα ္αာ၊ αိုα္αႉးα်ဳα္ေα်ာ္ေαာαို α'αုα္αာ α αာေαြ αုα္αΏαီးေαာα္ αα္αို αူαိုα ေαာα္းေαာα္းα‘ုα္α ိုးαိαΏαီးαိုα αူααာαဲαααΏαိဳα္αဲ ααα α αုႏွα ္αွာ ααααံုး α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈαို αုα္ေαာ့αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αါαာ αိုα္းျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီးαိုα αα ႏွα ္ ျαα့္αဲ့ α‘αါαွာ ေααေαါα္αဲ့ α α ္αα္α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αီ ααααံုး α α ္α‘ုα္α ုα်ိဳးαα္αာ ααာျαα္αွာ α α ္αα္α α‘ာαာαူαဲ့ α‘α α₯္α‘αာαို αα္ေαာα္αဲ့ α်ိဳးαα္ ျαα ္αα္αိုα αိုႏိုα္αါαα္။ αီαိုαဲα αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ျαα္αူαူαုα αα္αΏαဲαααα၊ αိုαွα္αα ္ α‘αα္α‘ႏြα္ေαြαို αံုးα αα္ααံႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αါးαါးαီးαီး ေαာ္ျααိုα္ေαာ့ αိုα္ေααα္းαာ αူαα α ္αα္αဲαေα αိုα္ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ေαႊ၊ αိုα္αΎαα္αα္း၊ αိုα္αိα္းαုα္ α αဲ့ αိုαွα္αα ္αါαီα‘ႏြα္ αိα္αီး αα ေαα္αို αα္αဲα αုα္αα ္αိုα္αါαα္။ αီ ααα ααီးေαΎαာα္းαို ေαွ်ာα္αΎααူေαြαာ αုαိα α်ိဳးαα္ျαα ္αα္αိုα αိုα်α္αါαα္။
ααိα α်ိဳးαα္αေαာ့ αိုα္ေααα္း၊ (αူαα္αα‘α္αဲ့) αိုα္ေα ာေαာα္၊ αိုα္αα္ၫြα္ααိုααို ေျααွα္းααα့္αΏαီးααα့္ αα္αွားαΏαီး α‘ာαာα်ဳα္αိုα္αဲ့αဲ့ αိုα္αα္းေαႊ α‘αႉးျαဳαဲ့ α်ိဳးαα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα်ိဳးαα္αာ αီေαα αိုα္αိα္းα ိα္ α‘αိαဲαိုα αိုα်α္αါαα္။ αိုα္αိα္းα ိα္αာ αိုα္αα္းေαႊα αံုαΎαα္α ိα္α်α ြာ αα္ေျαႇာα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα္αံαူ (protege) ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူααာαာ αီးျαားαα္းαြα္α ြာαဲα αိုးေααα α်αာαူ၊ αါαွααုα္ ေျαααီးαဲα αြα္αာαူ ααုα္αါαူး။
α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαα္α‘α်α္းα်α္း αα္αိုααိααα‘ေαြ αွိαဲ့αူးαဲ။ αါေαြαာ αာα‘ေαααွာ α‘ေျααံ ျαα ္αΎααဲαα္α်။
α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαြα္း αြဲαာေαြ α‘αΎαိα္αΎαိα္ျαα ္αဲ့αါαα္။
“α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαိုαာ αေႏαΆααααα္းα αိုα္းα‘ုα္α ုα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αဲ့αာαိုေαာ့ αေαွ်ာα္αံုး α‘ဲαီααα‘αာαွိαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ααာျαα္ ααိုα္းαွာ α‘ာαာα αိα္αီး α α ္αိုα္ေαြα‘αΎαား α‘ာαာαို α‘αα္αားαα္ αႊဲေျαာα္း ေαးα်α္αူαဲα αႊဲေျαာα္းαေαးα်α္αူα‘αΎαားα α‘αြဲα‘αΏαဲ αိုαာαေαာ့ ααွိαေαာα္ αွားαါαα္”
αါေααα့္αိαံုးα်ဳα္αိုα္αα္ေαာ့ αါးαါαဲ့αုαား၊ αα္αို αိုα္αားႏိုα္αူα α ားαြားαာα်α္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ေα ာαံုး α‘αြဲαာ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ αိုα္ေαα်αိုααေαြ ေαာαိုαုα္း
α ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္ေαα် αိုαααα္း αα္αα္αိုα္αΏαီး
ေαာαိုαြားαာαိုေαာ့ αားαါαဲ့ αုαားα αα ားαိုα္α
αါαူး။ αα္αဲαေα α‘α ုαိုα္α‘αΏαံဳαို္α္ αုα္αα ္αα္ αိုαာαာ αြဲαာαါαဲ။ αာαα္ αိα္ααီးαဲ့ αိα္αီးαα¦း
αα္းαို၊ α₯ααာ αိုα္αα္ၫြα္ααိုαူαို αုα္αα ္αာαာ
αα္း αα္αိα္αီးαိုα္းαွာ αြဲαဲ့ α‘αိααΈါα္αါαဲ။ αူαိုαα်α္း αြဲαာαΏαဲαာေαြαွာ α‘α်ားα ုαာ αိုα္းααေαΎαာα့္
ျαα ္αါαα္။ α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαိုαာ αေႏαΆααααα္းα αိုα္းα‘ုα္α ုα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αဲ့αာαိုေαာ့ αေαွ်ာα္αံုး α‘ဲαီααα‘αာαွိαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ααာျαα္ ααိုα္းαွာ α‘ာαာα αိα္αီးα α ္αိုα္ေαြα‘αΎαား α‘ာαာαို α‘αα္αားαα္ αႊဲေျαာα္း ေαးα်α္αူαဲα αႊဲေျαာα္းαေαးα်α္αူ α‘αΎαားα α‘αြဲα‘αΏαဲαိုαာαေαာ့ ααွိα
ေαာα္ αွားαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီαိုαေαာαားαွိαူαာ αိα္αီး ျαα ္ααာႏိုα္ αါαူး။ αူαိုα α α ္αα္αြα္းαွာ α ိုα္ေαာ္
αိုα αΏαံဳေααေαာα္αာαα္αိုαာα်ိဳး ααွိαါαူး။ ေα‘ာα္α‘αα့္αα့္αွာ α α္းαα္αံαΏαီးαွ αိα္αိုα္း ေαာα္αာ αΎααာေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းျαα္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး၊ αα္αΏαိα္ေαးαဲα αြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္ေαး α‘αြα္ αα္αို α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္ α‘αားα‘αီးေαြ ျαα ္αဲ့αဲαα္α်။
α‘αိုေျαာααα္ αိုα္းျαα္αာαါαα္။ α ီးαြားေαး၊ ႏိုα္αံေαး၊ αူαႈေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး α‘αα္αα္αါαဲ။ αΎαာαြα္းေαာ့ ေαါα့္ေα ့αα္αိုαေαာα္ ေျαာႏိုα္αါαα္။ α α ္α‘αာαွိေαြα ေααာαα္ αα်α္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αΏαီး
ေααာαူαဲ့/αားေαာ့ ေααာαα္ αα်α္ေα‘ာα္ αα ္αာαါαα္။
α ီးαြားေαးαွာ αူαိုαα‘ေျααံαာαာ αူαိုααဲα αုαၢαိα α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားျαα ္αΏαီး αူαိုααဲα α α ္αα္αို ေαာα့္αα္းααα္
ေαာα့္αα္းေα‘ာα္ αα္ေαာα္ေαးαို α¦းαα္αါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ ႂαြα္αα်α္းαာေαး၊ ျαα္αူျαα္αားα‘α်ိဳး α αာေαြαို αα္αုα္းααွ α‘αα္αွာ ααားαါαူး။ αူαိုααိုα္α်ိဳးαဲα αα္ေα‘ာα္αွာαဲ αားαါαα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းျαα္αဲα α ီးαြားေαးαွာ αူαြα္αα္αြα္ α‘ာαာαေαး ααားαုα္း α်α္းαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္αိုα္α¦းαွ αိုαဲ့ αေαာαားα်ိဳးαဲαα်α္း αုα္αဲ့αာေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααα»ာαွာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αဲα αိုα္ေαာ္αိုးαα္ α ီးαြားေαးα αα ္ (crony capitalism) αိုαာ ααၤါးααုαဲα ေαါα္းαဲααα္းαို αြဲαိုααααဲ့ α‘α်α္းα‘αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္းျαα္ααုαွာ αီαိုα αα ္ αြα္းαားေααα္ α ီးαြားေαးαာ ααα္αα္း αααီးαြား၊ ααိုးαα္ႏိုα္αါαူး။
α‘ဲαီαိုα ီးαြားေαးαို ααိဳα္ျαဳαΏαီး ေαααာαဲ့ αူαႈေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး α αာေαြαာ ααံုေαာα္αဲ့ αα္α်α္α αိα္αဲα αီα ီးαြားေαးα αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ ျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့ αံုးα်ံαုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းေαြαဲα αα္αိုαွ αာαံααူႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္
ျαα ္αြားααါαα္။ αီေααေαာα္ αိုα္းျαα္α αူα‘α္α‘ားα‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ေαြ ျαα္ααို αိုαα္းαဲ့αာ ααိုα္းαွာ αα္αုα္းααွ ααွိαဲ့αူးαါαူး။ αါαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့ αα½ြα္ေαာα္းα်ျαα္းαα်ိဳး αိုαေαာα္ ေααႏိုα္αα္ αα္αါαα္။
ααာျαα္αာ αိုα္ေααα္းαα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာ့α‘αα္းαဲαံုးႏိုα္αံ α ာαα္းαα္αြားαΏαီး αိုα္αα္းေαႊαိုααα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာေαααွာ α‘α်α့္α်α္αာα္α ားαႈ α‘α်ားαံုးႏိုα္αံ αံုးႏိုα္αံα ာαα္းαဲ αါαြားαာαိုαဲ αΎαα့္αါ။ αျαားαα္း AIDS ေαာαါျαα ္αြားαႈ၊ αေαးေαြးေαႏႈα္း၊ αေαာα္းαဲ့αα္ေαြαွာ ααα»ာ့αိα္αα္းα ာαα္းαα္ ျαα ္ေααာαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ αာαွα္ျαα္းαဲαααα‘αာျαα ္αါαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္ αα္α α αα္ေαααα္ αααα αုႏွα ္α αိုα္α်ဳα္ααီးေααα္း α¦းေαာα္ေαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈ ႏွα ္ α α ျαα့္αα့္ေαα ျαα ္αα္။ α¦းေααα္း ေαါα္းေαာα္αα့္ ααα αα္းα α₯္αါαီေαα္αို αααα αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘ံုαΎαြαႈျαα့္ α်α္αိα္းႏိုα္αဲ့αΏαီးေαာα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး ေα ာေαာα္၊ αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး αα္းေαႊαိုα α¦းα ီးαα့္ ααα၊ αα‘α α α ္α‘α ိုးαα်ား αα္αα္α‘ုα္α ိုးαာαဲ့αΎααα္။
αေαααာααြα္ αααα α‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွ ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αိုα္αα့္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္αα့္ α‘α ိုးααα ္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေααα္αွာ αႏွα ္ျαα့္ေျαာα္αΏαီးαα္း ျαα ္αα္။ ααာျαα္ αြα္ျαဴαα ္αါαီ (ααα) α‘ျαα္αြα္αူ αေαα αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααိαα္ α α ္α‘ုα္α ု၊ α α ္α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ α αα ္αိုααာ α ိုးαိုးα်α္αွိαα္αု αိုαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးαြα္ αα္αα္းα‘αα့္αံုး αါαီααီးျαα ္αα့္ ααα α‘αα့္ေαΎαာα့္ αီαိုေျαာႏိုα္ααα္း။ α‘α ိုးαα‘αα္αα္ႏွα့္ ααα αα္αံေαးα‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳα‘ေαααူαα္၍ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αူ၍ αα္αိုααြဲααα္αာαံု၊ αိုα αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းျαα္αိαိုα္αα ္αာααံုႏွα့္ αα္αွိ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးα α‘ေαα α‘ျαα္αိုααို αိαွိႏိုα္αα္ ααα ေျαာေαးαိုαြα့္αွိαူ αဲေαာ္αိုးαံေα်ာα္းα‘ား ααα₯်ိα ααα္းေαာα္ αိုေαါα္ α αα္αြα္ေαးျαα္းαားαα္။
ααα αို α‘αၤαိα္αα္αα္ αααα αုႏွα ္α ေျαေα‘ာα္αါαီα‘ျαα ္ α αα္αူေαာα္αΏαီးα်ိα္αွα ၍ ေျαေαααါαီα‘ျαα ္ αံုးႏွα ္αာ αα္αα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။ ေျαေα‘ာα္αါαီα‘ျαα ္ αα္αα္αα္αα္αြားαα္αု αိααα္။
α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ αွိေααဲαား။ αွိαဲαိုαα္ αာ့ေαΎαာα့္ αွိေααဲαိုα ေျαာႏိုα္ααဲ။ αα္αိုαံုααာα္αဲα αွိေααα္αိုα ေျαာႏိုα္ααဲαα္α်။
αီေαα ααာႏိုα္αံαွာ α‘ာαာααူαားαဲ့ αိုα္α်ဳα္α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααာ α α ္α‘α ိုးααဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘αα္α‘α ားေαြ၊ α‘ေααα‘ေααα‘αံုးα‘ႏႈα္းေαြ αα္αိုαဲ ေျαာα္းαဲαားαါေα α‘ေαααံαဲα α‘αြα္းα‘ႏွα ္αာααို αြဲαΎαα့္αα္αΎααိုα αိုαါαα္။ αါαာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαုα္αူေαြαဲα α‘αα္α‘α်α္း၊ `αိုးαားαႈα αာေαြαဲα αိုα္αိုα္ αα္α α္ေααါαα္။
αူαိုα α‘ာαာαα္αာαာαာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαဲααα္αာαာαိုα ေျαာေαာα္း ေျαာαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ αီေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာ α‘αိα္α‘αာ၊ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ျαα ္αα္αိုαာ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္αα α‘ားαံုးαိαါαα္။ ααာျαα္αူαူαုααိုαိ αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီေαာα္ ေျαာα္α်αဲ့ αα ္αα္αႈααုαို αာαိုα αုα္αိုαααြားαာαဲαိုေαာ့ αွα္းαါαα္။ ေααα္αွိαိုααါ၊ ααα္းေျαာααα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာ ေααα္α‘α္α‘ားαဲα α‘αံုးα‘ျαα္ ေαးαြားαဲ့ α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈαα်ိဳးαါαဲ။
ျαႆαာααုα αα်ိဳααူေαြαာ αိုα္α်ဳα္αိα္းα ိα္αေα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αိုα α‘ေααα‘ေαα ေျαာα္းαိုα္αာαို
ေαာα္ျααΏαီး α α ္α‘α ိုးαααုα္ေαာ့αူးαိုα ေျαာေααΎααα္။ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေααα္းαေα α¦းေααα္း αုα္αိုα္αုα္းα
ေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαို αေျαာαΎααူး။ α¦းေααα္းαဲα ααα αα္ααီးα‘αြဲα၊ αႊα္ေαာ္αဲαွာαα္း ‘α‘αα္αား’α်ိဳးα ံု αါαာαဲ ααုα္αား။
α α ္αα္α α‘ာαာαို αိα္းαားαα္αိုαေျαာαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း
“ααာျαα္αာ αိုα္ေααα္းαα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာ့α‘αα္းαဲαံုးႏိုα္αံ α ာαα္းαα္αြားαΏαီး αိုα္αα္းေαႊαိုα αα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာေαααွာ α‘α်α့္α်α္ αာα္α ားαႈ α‘α်ားαံုးႏိုα္αံ αံုးႏိုα္αံα ာαα္းαဲ αါαြားαာαိုαဲ αΎαα့္αါ”
ေαြαဲαွာ α α ္αα္αဲα α‘αα္αα္αဲαားαဲ့ α α ္αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαြ
α αာαိုα္ႏႈα္း αα ေα်ာ္ αါαα္αဲ့ αာ/αံုα‘αြဲα αိုαာααီး
αα္αွိေααာαα္း αါαါαα္။ αီα‘αြဲαααီးαာ α‘ာαာ
αိα္းျαα္းαဲα α‘ေαးေαα α‘ေျαα‘ေα ေαΎααာျαα္းαိုααို α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့α‘αာေαြ αံုးျαα္ႏိုα္αΏαီး α‘ဲαီα‘αြဲααို
αႊα္ေαာ္α αာαွ α်ဳα္αိုα္ႏိုα္α ြα္း ααွိαါαူး။
αီα‘α ိုးααဲαွာ ‘α‘αα္αား’ေαြαα္း αါαα္ αိုေααα့္ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ ααα၊ αα္ααီးα်ဳα္၊ αာαြα္ေαးαα္ααီး၊
ျαα္αဲေαးαα္ααီး၊ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီးα αဲ့ ေααာေαြαို α α ္αိုα္αဲαα α ္αိုα္‘αြα္’ ေαြααာ α ီးαားαα္αိုαာ ααိαားαα့္ αါαα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αာ/αံုαဲαွာ αါαြα့္αွိαဲ့ αα္α α္ေαးαာ αα္ααီးαာααိုαာαိုαα္း α‘ဲαီαို αူေαြααာ α်ဳα္αိုα္αားαါαα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αဲα α‘α ိုးααြဲαα α္းαႈαွာ α α ္αα္αဲα ααα္αα္αူ αိုαာαာ αုα္ျααာαာαဲ αါαါαα္။ α‘αံုးα်αာ αα္αα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α α ္α‘ုα္α ုα်ဳိးαα္ αα္ႏွα ္αα္ αွိαΏαီαိုα ေျαာႏိုα္ααဲ။ αီα်ဳိးαα္ေαြαို αα္αိုα္/αα္αူေαြα αိုα္α ားျαဳ αဲ့αΎααဲα်ာ။
ααာျαα္α α α ္αα္αွာ α α ္α‘ုα္α ု αα္ႏွα ္αα္αွိαဲ့αΏαီαဲ αိုαာαဲα αα္αα္αိုαေαာ့ ေျαာααာ αα္းαα္းαα္αါ αိα့္αα္။ αူαေαာα္αဲααေαာα္ α‘ျαα္α်α္း αူα်α္αွ αူαါαိα့္αα္။ αααα α‘αြဲαααီးαဲαွာ αိုα့္α‘α ုေαးαဲα αိုα္ α‘α ုαြဲααα္ αိုαာαေαာ့ ျαႆαာαွိαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီαိုα္းαααြဲααႈαာ α α ္αα္αဲαွာαα္း ေαာα္ျαα္αα္αΏαီး αိုα္ေααα္းαဲα αိုα္ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ααီး α αူေαြα α‘αိα ေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ ααααံုး α α ္α‘ုα္α ု ေααေαါα္ αဲ့αါαα္။ αီα α ္α‘ုα္α ုαာ αα္αဲαေα αိုα္α်ဳα္α αα ္αြα္းαို αုα္αα ္αာ၊ αိုα္αႉးα်ဳα္ေα်ာ္ေαာαို α'αုα္αာ α αာေαြ αုα္αΏαီးေαာα္ αα္αို αူαိုα ေαာα္းေαာα္းα‘ုα္α ိုးαိαΏαီးαိုα αူααာαဲαααΏαိဳα္αဲ ααα α αုႏွα ္αွာ ααααံုး α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈαို αုα္ေαာ့αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αါαာ αိုα္းျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီးαိုα αα ႏွα ္ ျαα့္αဲ့ α‘αါαွာ ေααေαါα္αဲ့ α α ္αα္α‘ာαာαိα္းαႈ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αီ ααααံုး α α ္α‘ုα္α ုα်ိဳးαα္αာ ααာျαα္αွာ α α ္αα္α α‘ာαာαူαဲ့ α‘α α₯္α‘αာαို αα္ေαာα္αဲ့ α်ိဳးαα္ ျαα ္αα္αိုα αိုႏိုα္αါαα္။ αီαိုαဲα αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ျαα္αူαူαုα αα္αΏαဲαααα၊ αိုαွα္αα ္ α‘αα္α‘ႏြα္ေαြαို αံုးα αα္ααံႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αါးαါးαီးαီး ေαာ္ျααိုα္ေαာ့ αိုα္ေααα္းαာ αူαα α ္αα္αဲαေα αိုα္ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ေαႊ၊ αိုα္αΎαα္αα္း၊ αိုα္αိα္းαုα္ α αဲ့ αိုαွα္αα ္αါαီα‘ႏြα္ αိα္αီး αα ေαα္αို αα္αဲα αုα္αα ္αိုα္αါαα္။ αီ ααα ααီးေαΎαာα္းαို ေαွ်ာα္αΎααူေαြαာ αုαိα α်ိဳးαα္ျαα ္αα္αိုα αိုα်α္αါαα္။
ααိα α်ိဳးαα္αေαာ့ αိုα္ေααα္း၊ (αူαα္αα‘α္αဲ့) αိုα္ေα ာေαာα္၊ αိုα္αα္ၫြα္ααိုααို ေျααွα္းααα့္αΏαီးααα့္ αα္αွားαΏαီး α‘ာαာα်ဳα္αိုα္αဲ့αဲ့ αိုα္αα္းေαႊ α‘αႉးျαဳαဲ့ α်ိဳးαα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα်ိဳးαα္αာ αီေαα αိုα္αိα္းα ိα္ α‘αိαဲαိုα αိုα်α္αါαα္။ αိုα္αိα္းα ိα္αာ αိုα္αα္းေαႊα αံုαΎαα္α ိα္α်α ြာ αα္ေျαႇာα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα္αံαူ (protege) ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူααာαာ αီးျαားαα္းαြα္α ြာαဲα αိုးေααα α်αာαူ၊ αါαွααုα္ ေျαααီးαဲα αြα္αာαူ ααုα္αါαူး။
α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαα္α‘α်α္းα်α္း αα္αိုααိααα‘ေαြ αွိαဲ့αူးαဲ။ αါေαြαာ αာα‘ေαααွာ α‘ေျααံ ျαα ္αΎααဲαα္α်။
α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαြα္း αြဲαာေαြ α‘αΎαိα္αΎαိα္ျαα ္αဲ့αါαα္။
“α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαိုαာ αေႏαΆααααα္းα αိုα္းα‘ုα္α ုα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αဲ့αာαိုေαာ့ αေαွ်ာα္αံုး α‘ဲαီααα‘αာαွိαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ααာျαα္ ααိုα္းαွာ α‘ာαာα αိα္αီး α α ္αိုα္ေαြα‘αΎαား α‘ာαာαို α‘αα္αားαα္ αႊဲေျαာα္း ေαးα်α္αူαဲα αႊဲေျαာα္းαေαးα်α္αူα‘αΎαားα α‘αြဲα‘αΏαဲ αိုαာαေαာ့ ααွိαေαာα္ αွားαါαα္”
αါေααα့္αိαံုးα်ဳα္αိုα္αα္ေαာ့ αါးαါαဲ့αုαား၊ αα္αို αိုα္αားႏိုα္αူα α ားαြားαာα်α္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ေα ာαံုး α‘αြဲαာ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ αိုα္ေαα်αိုααေαြ ေαာαိုαုα္း
α ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္ေαα် αိုαααα္း αα္αα္αိုα္αΏαီး
ေαာαိုαြားαာαိုေαာ့ αားαါαဲ့ αုαားα αα ားαိုα္α
αါαူး။ αα္αဲαေα α‘α ုαိုα္α‘αΏαံဳαို္α္ αုα္αα ္αα္ αိုαာαာ αြဲαာαါαဲ။ αာαα္ αိα္ααီးαဲ့ αိα္αီးαα¦း
αα္းαို၊ α₯ααာ αိုα္αα္ၫြα္ααိုαူαို αုα္αα ္αာαာ
αα္း αα္αိα္αီးαိုα္းαွာ αြဲαဲ့ α‘αိααΈါα္αါαဲ။ αူαိုαα်α္း αြဲαာαΏαဲαာေαြαွာ α‘α်ားα ုαာ αိုα္းααေαΎαာα့္
ျαα ္αါαα္။ α α ္α‘ုα္α ုαိုαာ αေႏαΆααααα္းα αိုα္းα‘ုα္α ုα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αဲ့αာαိုေαာ့ αေαွ်ာα္αံုး α‘ဲαီααα‘αာαွိαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ααာျαα္ ααိုα္းαွာ α‘ာαာα αိα္αီးα α ္αိုα္ေαြα‘αΎαား α‘ာαာαို α‘αα္αားαα္ αႊဲေျαာα္း ေαးα်α္αူαဲα αႊဲေျαာα္းαေαးα်α္αူ α‘αΎαားα α‘αြဲα‘αΏαဲαိုαာαေαာ့ ααွိα
ေαာα္ αွားαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီαိုαေαာαားαွိαူαာ αိα္αီး ျαα ္ααာႏိုα္ αါαူး။ αူαိုα α α ္αα္αြα္းαွာ α ိုα္ေαာ္
αိုα αΏαံဳေααေαာα္αာαα္αိုαာα်ိဳး ααွိαါαူး။ ေα‘ာα္α‘αα့္αα့္αွာ α α္းαα္αံαΏαီးαွ αိα္αိုα္း ေαာα္αာ αΎααာေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းျαα္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး၊ αα္αΏαိα္ေαးαဲα αြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္ေαး α‘αြα္ αα္αို α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္ α‘αားα‘αီးေαြ ျαα ္αဲ့αဲαα္α်။
α‘αိုေျαာααα္ αိုα္းျαα္αာαါαα္။ α ီးαြားေαး၊ ႏိုα္αံေαး၊ αူαႈေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး α‘αα္αα္αါαဲ။ αΎαာαြα္းေαာ့ ေαါα့္ေα ့αα္αိုαေαာα္ ေျαာႏိုα္αါαα္။ α α ္α‘αာαွိေαြα ေααာαα္ αα်α္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αΏαီး
ေααာαူαဲ့/αားေαာ့ ေααာαα္ αα်α္ေα‘ာα္ αα ္αာαါαα္။
α ီးαြားေαးαွာ αူαိုαα‘ေျααံαာαာ αူαိုααဲα αုαၢαိα α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားျαα ္αΏαီး αူαိုααဲα α α ္αα္αို ေαာα့္αα္းααα္
ေαာα့္αα္းေα‘ာα္ αα္ေαာα္ေαးαို α¦းαα္αါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ ႂαြα္αα်α္းαာေαး၊ ျαα္αူျαα္αားα‘α်ိဳး α αာေαြαို αα္αုα္းααွ α‘αα္αွာ ααားαါαူး။ αူαိုααိုα္α်ိဳးαဲα αα္ေα‘ာα္αွာαဲ αားαါαα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αိုα္းျαα္αဲα α ီးαြားေαးαွာ αူαြα္αα္αြα္ α‘ာαာαေαး ααားαုα္း α်α္းαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္αိုα္α¦းαွ αိုαဲ့ αေαာαားα်ိဳးαဲαα်α္း αုα္αဲ့αာေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααα»ာαွာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αဲα αိုα္ေαာ္αိုးαα္ α ီးαြားေαးα αα ္ (crony capitalism) αိုαာ ααၤါးααုαဲα ေαါα္းαဲααα္းαို αြဲαိုααααဲ့ α‘α်α္းα‘αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္းျαα္ααုαွာ αီαိုα αα ္ αြα္းαားေααα္ α ီးαြားေαးαာ ααα္αα္း αααီးαြား၊ ααိုးαα္ႏိုα္αါαူး။
α‘ဲαီαိုα ီးαြားေαးαို ααိဳα္ျαဳαΏαီး ေαααာαဲ့ αူαႈေαး၊ ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး α αာေαြαာ ααံုေαာα္αဲ့ αα္α်α္α αိα္αဲα αီα ီးαြားေαးα αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ ျαα ္ေαααာαဲ့ αံုးα်ံαုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းေαြαဲα αα္αိုαွ αာαံααူႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္
ျαα ္αြားααါαα္။ αီေααေαာα္ αိုα္းျαα္α αူα‘α္α‘ားα‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ေαြ ျαα္ααို αိုαα္းαဲ့αာ ααိုα္းαွာ αα္αုα္းααွ ααွိαဲ့αူးαါαူး။ αါαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ေαΎαာα့္ ေααေαါα္αာαဲ့ αα½ြα္ေαာα္းα်ျαα္းαα်ိဳး αိုαေαာα္ ေααႏိုα္αα္ αα္αါαα္။
ααာျαα္αာ αိုα္ေααα္းαα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာ့α‘αα္းαဲαံုးႏိုα္αံ α ာαα္းαα္αြားαΏαီး αိုα္αα္းေαႊαိုααα္αα္αွာ ααα»ာေαααွာ α‘α်α့္α်α္αာα္α ားαႈ α‘α်ားαံုးႏိုα္αံ αံုးႏိုα္αံα ာαα္းαဲ αါαြားαာαိုαဲ αΎαα့္αါ။ αျαားαα္း AIDS ေαာαါျαα ္αြားαႈ၊ αေαးေαြးေαႏႈα္း၊ αေαာα္းαဲ့αα္ေαြαွာ ααα»ာ့αိα္αα္းα ာαα္းαα္ ျαα ္ေααာαာ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ αာαွα္ျαα္းαဲαααα‘αာျαα ္αါαα္။
Source : αိုေαါα္ | MIzzima
αα္αုα္αိုα္း α‘ေαွααိုα္း ααၠαိုα္ αါေαာαα‘α်ဳα္α ေα်ာα္းαားေαြ ႏုိα္αံေαးαဲααα္αα္αα္ ေα်ာα္းαုα္αံααα္αိုα αေααα ေαααူ ေျαာαိုေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαါαα္။

αααα αုႏွα ္ αူαုိα္α α αα္ေαααွာ ေαြααေαာ αα္αုα္ ααၠαုုိα္ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူαုိα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ α α ္αα္၏ αုံးေαာα္αြဲαွဳေαΎαာα့္ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ α်α္αီးαဲ့ααါαα္။ (αွα္αα္းαါα္αုံ)

αααα αုႏွα ္ αူαုိα္α α αα္ေαααွာ ေαြααေαာ αα္αုα္ ααၠαုုိα္ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူαုိα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ α α ္αα္၏ αုံးေαာα္αြဲαွဳေαΎαာα့္ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ α်α္αီးαဲ့ααါαα္။ (αွα္αα္းαါα္αုံ)
αီαိα
α₯αဲααα္αα္αိုα ααာႏိုα္αံαံုးαိုα္αာ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢα်ားα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ ααုိα
α္းαုံးေαးေαာ္ααီ αြဲαα္α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး (α) αုိαα္းေαြးαα
္α αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့α‘αα္α ေαာα္αုိα္းααုိα္ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား αααၢαုိ αြဲααုိα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘ဲαီααα္းαုိ αΎαားαΏαီး αါေαာαα‘α်ဳα္ α¦းေα်ာ္αဲαြα္းα ααာαေαြေαာ၊ ေα်ာα္းαားေαြေαာ ေαααΏαီး ေα်ာα္းαားႏုိα္αံေαးαုα္αα္ ေα်ာα္းαုα္αံααα္αုိα ααိေαးေαΎαာα္း α‘ာα‘α္α္ေα‘αို ေျαာαါαα္။
α‘ေαွααိုα္း ααၠαိုα္αါေαာαα‘α်ဳα္α α‘αုαို ေျαာαိုαာαာ α‘αα္ αα ႏွα ္ ျαα့္αΏαီးαα္ ααိဳα္αဲ့ႏုိα္αံေαးαါαီ αα္αΏαီး ႏုိα္αံေαး αုα္αုိα္αြα့္αွိαα္αုိαဲ့ αααα αြဲαα α္းαံု α‘ေျααံα₯αေααဲα ααိုα္αီေαΎαာα္း αိုαα္းေαြးαα ္α ေျαာαါαα္။
ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိα္ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢαို ေαေαΎαာα္းααၠαိုα္၊ ααααၠαိုα္၊ α‘ေαွααိုα္းααၠαိုα္αဲα α‘α ုိးα αα္းααာααၠαုိα္αုိαဲ့ ααၠαိုα္ေαးαုα ေα်ာα္းαားေαြ αြဲαα α္းαားαာαါ။ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ α‘ႏွံααွာαα္း ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢေαြ αြဲαα α္းေααΏαီ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α‘ေαွααိုα္း ααၠαိုα္αါေαာαα‘α်ဳα္α α‘αုαို ေျαာαိုαာαာ α‘αα္ αα ႏွα ္ ျαα့္αΏαီးαα္ ααိဳα္αဲ့ႏုိα္αံေαးαါαီ αα္αΏαီး ႏုိα္αံေαး αုα္αုိα္αြα့္αွိαα္αုိαဲ့ αααα αြဲαα α္းαံု α‘ေျααံα₯αေααဲα ααိုα္αီေαΎαာα္း αိုαα္းေαြးαα ္α ေျαာαါαα္။
ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိα္ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢαို ေαေαΎαာα္းααၠαိုα္၊ ααααၠαိုα္၊ α‘ေαွααိုα္းααၠαိုα္αဲα α‘α ုိးα αα္းααာααၠαုိα္αုိαဲ့ ααၠαိုα္ေαးαုα ေα်ာα္းαားေαြ αြဲαα α္းαားαာαါ။ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ α‘ႏွံααွာαα္း ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢေαြ αြဲαα α္းေααΏαီ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Source : RFA Burmese
NLD ေα‘ာα္ႏိုα္ေαး ααီးα
α₯္α‘αြα္αႈံαေαာ္ေαးαုα္ေααဲ့ αူαြα္ေαာ္αါαါေαးႏွα့္α‘αဲြα


ေα‘ာα္αα္αα္ αα္αြα္းαα
္αα္αα
္α်α္αွာ LED Screen ααီးေαြαα္ေααဲ့ ေαႊαα္းေαာα္α်ား။αါα္αံု-αိုα္းαြα္(YPI)
ႏွα
္ α
α αΎαာ α
α
္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးα α¦းေαာα္αဲ့ αီαိုαေαα
ီ ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ေαြαာ ေαာα္ျαα္ ααြားေαာ့αူးαိုα ေျαာαိုα ေα
ာαြα္းေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αာ α‘αိုα္α‘αံ ေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္း α
ုαΎαα္α αုααΆαူးေααα ေျαာαΎαား αဲ့αါαα္။
αα်ိဳαα αိα္ α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αြα္း ေααα္ ၊ αူαα‘ေααဲαေαာ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို ααိαားαΏαီး α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αα္αိုα αေααါ αိုα္αံ ေα‘ာ့αာαါ ααၠαိုα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαြαို αီαီαိုαဲα α αားေျαာ αာαွာ ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္α ေျαာαို αဲ့αာαါ။
α‘ႂαြα္းαဲ့ α‘ာαာαာ α α ္αα္αα္ αွာαဲ αွိေαေαး αာαိုα αီαိုαေαα ီ αူးေျαာα္းေαးαို α α ္αα္α αုံးα ေαာα္αံ ααာαα်α္း ေαာα္ျαα္ αွα့္αα့္ α‘ႏၲαာα္ ααွိαူးαိုα ေျαာαိုα ααေαးေαΎαာα္း ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္α αိုαါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္ α‘ေျαα‘ေααာ ျαဳျαα္ ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αα္းα ေαα ေαာα္ေααΏαီαိုα ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αΏαီး α§αΏαီ αΎαားေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို αα္αိုα αုံးျαα္ αဲ့αါαα္။
ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္ α α္းαုံးေαာေျαာαိုα α ီα α₯္αားαဲ့ αα္αြα္းαို α‘αုံးαျαဳαိုα ေαα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα αားျαα ္αွုေαြ αွိေααα္αိုα ααα္း ααွိαါαα္
Source : BBC
αα်ိဳαα αိα္ α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αြα္း ေααα္ ၊ αူαα‘ေααဲαေαာ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို ααိαားαΏαီး α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αα္αိုα αေααါ αိုα္αံ ေα‘ာ့αာαါ ααၠαိုα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαြαို αီαီαိုαဲα α αားေျαာ αာαွာ ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္α ေျαာαို αဲ့αာαါ။
α‘ႂαြα္းαဲ့ α‘ာαာαာ α α ္αα္αα္ αွာαဲ αွိေαေαး αာαိုα αီαိုαေαα ီ αူးေျαာα္းေαးαို α α ္αα္α αုံးα ေαာα္αံ ααာαα်α္း ေαာα္ျαα္ αွα့္αα့္ α‘ႏၲαာα္ ααွိαူးαိုα ေျαာαိုα ααေαးေαΎαာα္း ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္α αိုαါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္ α‘ေျαα‘ေααာ ျαဳျαα္ ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αα္းα ေαα ေαာα္ေααΏαီαိုα ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αΏαီး α§αΏαီ αΎαားေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို αα္αိုα αုံးျαα္ αဲ့αါαα္။
ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ ေαα ေα‘ာα္αα္း α ုαΎαα္ α α္းαုံးေαာေျαာαိုα α ီα α₯္αားαဲ့ αα္αြα္းαို α‘αုံးαျαဳαိုα ေαα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα αားျαα ္αွုေαြ αွိေααα္αိုα ααα္း ααွိαါαα္
Source : BBC
αေααါႏုိα္αံ α‘ေျαα
ုိα္ Rights & Democracy α‘αြဲα President ျαα
္αူ Mr Gerard Latulippe ႏွα့္ Field Pepresentative South-East Asia ျαα
္αူ Ms Cavelle Dove αုိα α¦းေαာα္ေαာα‘αြဲααα္ αုိαα္းαုိႏုိα္ႏွα့္ αုိαုိααီးαုိ αα္α ααα္ေαα α ααးαα αာαီαွ ααးαα αာαီα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ αုိαα္းαုိႏုိα္၏ေαα‘ိα္αွာ αာေαာα္ေαြααုံαဲ့αါαα္
ααီαာα‘ေျαα
ိုα္ α‘ာαွαြံ့αΏαိုးေαးαα္(ေα‘αီαီ) αာ αα္α
ုႏွα
္ α αုေα်ာ္ေαာα္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαို ေαြေαΎαးα‘αူα‘αီ αေαးαဲ αα္αိုα္းαားαာαေα αြံ့αΏαိုးေαး α
ီαံαိα္းေαြαွာ αိုα္αုိα္ေαြေαΎαးαူαီေαးαို့ ျαα္αα္ေααα္αို့ αုα္ေαာ္ ေျαာαΎαား αိုα္αါαα္။

ေα‘αီαီ α¦းေαာα္αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး αာα်α္αα္α ေα‘αီαီα‘ေαျαα့္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ ့ ျαα္αα္္αα္αံαို့ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ αိုးျαွα့္ ေαာα္αြα္ေααါαα္။ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαို αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲ့ေα αႊα္αΏαီး ေα့αာα ူးα α္းαႈေαြ α αα္ αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΏαီးαါαΏαီ။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αြံ့αΏαိုးαိုးαα္αႈα‘αြα္ α§αာα α ိα္ေαααႈေαြ αွိေααါαα္။ α‘ေျααံ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ေαြ αα္ေαာα္ေαးαဲ့ αူαႈေαးααေαြαွာαါ α‘ေαာα္α‘αံ့ေαြαဲ့ α ြα္းေαာα္αα္ ျαွα့္αα္ေαးαို့ α‘ေαာ္ေαး αိုα‘α္ေααါαα္αို့ ေျαာαါαα္။
ေα‘αီαီα‘ေααဲ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ αြံ့αΏαိုးေαးα ီαံαိα္းေαြ ααားαα္ α αα္αုα္ေαာα္αိုα္αို့ ့ αα္αဲ့ α‘α ုαွα္αာαα္ေαြαီα ေαာα္αံαႈααို ့ααိုးα ားေααဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းαဲ့ ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαို αူαီαို့ αုααααၢαဲ့ ့ αααာ့αα္αို α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္းေαြαဲ့ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αြားαα္αို့ ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αေα αီαိုαေαα ီေαး ျαုျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ ျαα ္αြα္းαဲ့α‘ေαα αααာ့αα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ αိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိဳα္းα αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြαဲ့α်ီ αα္αိုα္းαားαဲ့ α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ျαα္ေαးαို့ ့ ျαα္αα္ေαα်ိα္αွာ αုαို α‘ာαွαြαံαΏαိုးေαးαα္ααα္း αူαီαို့ ျαα ္αာαာαါ။
αိုα္αံααာေαြေαΎαးαα္αုံေαြα‘αြဲ့ (α‘ိုα္α‘α္α‘α္α္)ααα္း ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαာ α‘ာαွαဲ့ α ီးαြားေαးαα္αα္αα ္ ျαα ္αာαိုα္αα္αို့ αုα္ေαာ္ ေျαာαΎαားαားαါαα္။ αααာ့αα္αေαာ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ ျαα္αα္ αα္αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြ α αα္ αုα္ေαာα္ေαာ့αα္αို့ ααΎαာေαးαα္ααွ ေαΎααာαားαါαα္။ ေα်းေαြαα ္ေαြ α်ေαးαို့αိုေαာ့ ေαΎαြးေαာα္းေαြ ျαα္αα္αΏαီးαွ ေαးαα္αို ့ေျαာαΎαားαားαါαα္။
α‘ာαွαြαံαΏαိုးေαးαα္αုိ αααα αုႏွα ္ ααα္းα α αα္αူေαာα္αားαာ ျαα ္αΏαီး α‘ာαွαိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ α ီးαြားေαး αြံ့αΏαိုးαုိးαα္αႈαို αူαီαံ့αုိးေαးαို့ αα္ေαာα္αားαာαါ။ α‘ာαွαဲ့αα ိαိα္ေααα αα αိုα္αံαဲ့ α‘ျαα္αα္α αα αိုα္αံ α ုα ုေαါα္း α‘αြဲ့αα္αိုα္αံ αα αိုα္αံ αွိαါαα္။ αα္αဲ့ αွα္αာα‘α်ားα ုαို α‘ေααိαα္αဲ့ α်αα္αို့α αိုα္αိုα္αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαေαာ့ αααα αုႏွα ္α ေα‘αီαီ α‘αြဲ့αα္αိုα္αံ ျαα ္αာαဲ့αΏαီး αααα-αα αုႏွα ္ေαြαုα္းαေαာ့ ျαα္αာαို ေα်းေαြαဲ့αα္းααာ α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ေαးαဲ့αူးαါαα္။ ျαα္αာα α ္αα္α α‘αα္αားေαြαို αα ္αα္ႏွိα္αα္းαႈေαြ ျαုαုα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα α‘ေαးα‘αα္း ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာေαာ့ ျαα္αာαို αိုα္αိုα္ ေαြေαΎαး αူαီေαာα္αံ့αႈေαြ αေαးေαာ့αဲ αα္αိုα္းαားαာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Source : αီαီြαီ

ေα‘αီαီαα္αဲ့α‘ααီးα‘αဲαα¦းα ααြα္းαα္ α
ီးαြားေαး ααα္းαာααဲ့ αိαα
္αိုα္αိုα္αံ ααီαာαΏαို့α ေα‘αီαီαာαα်ုα္αံုးαα္းαွာ ေαြααံုေαးျαα္းαာαွာ ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αာαါ။
ေα‘αီαီ α¦းေαာα္αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး αာα်α္αα္α ေα‘αီαီα‘ေαျαα့္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ ့ ျαα္αα္္αα္αံαို့ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ αိုးျαွα့္ ေαာα္αြα္ေααါαα္။ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαို αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲ့ေα αႊα္αΏαီး ေα့αာα ူးα α္းαႈေαြ α αα္ αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΏαီးαါαΏαီ။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αြံ့αΏαိုးαိုးαα္αႈα‘αြα္ α§αာα α ိα္ေαααႈေαြ αွိေααါαα္။ α‘ေျααံ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ေαြ αα္ေαာα္ေαးαဲ့ αူαႈေαးααေαြαွာαါ α‘ေαာα္α‘αံ့ေαြαဲ့ α ြα္းေαာα္αα္ ျαွα့္αα္ေαးαို့ α‘ေαာ္ေαး αိုα‘α္ေααါαα္αို့ ေျαာαါαα္။
ေα‘αီαီα‘ေααဲ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ αြံ့αΏαိုးေαးα ီαံαိα္းေαြ ααားαα္ α αα္αုα္ေαာα္αိုα္αို့ ့ αα္αဲ့ α‘α ုαွα္αာαα္ေαြαီα ေαာα္αံαႈααို ့ααိုးα ားေααဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းαဲ့ ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαို αူαီαို့ αုααααၢαဲ့ ့ αααာ့αα္αို α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္းေαြαဲ့ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αြားαα္αို့ ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αေα αီαိုαေαα ီေαး ျαုျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ ျαα ္αြα္းαဲ့α‘ေαα αααာ့αα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ αိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိဳα္းα αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြαဲ့α်ီ αα္αိုα္းαားαဲ့ α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ျαα္ေαးαို့ ့ ျαα္αα္ေαα်ိα္αွာ αုαို α‘ာαွαြαံαΏαိုးေαးαα္ααα္း αူαီαို့ ျαα ္αာαာαါ။
αိုα္αံααာေαြေαΎαးαα္αုံေαြα‘αြဲ့ (α‘ိုα္α‘α္α‘α္α္)ααα္း ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαာ α‘ာαွαဲ့ α ီးαြားေαးαα္αα္αα ္ ျαα ္αာαိုα္αα္αို့ αုα္ေαာ္ ေျαာαΎαားαားαါαα္။ αααာ့αα္αေαာ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ ျαα္αα္ αα္αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြ α αα္ αုα္ေαာα္ေαာ့αα္αို့ ααΎαာေαးαα္ααွ ေαΎααာαားαါαα္။ ေα်းေαြαα ္ေαြ α်ေαးαို့αိုေαာ့ ေαΎαြးေαာα္းေαြ ျαα္αα္αΏαီးαွ ေαးαα္αို ့ေျαာαΎαားαားαါαα္။
α‘ာαွαြαံαΏαိုးေαးαα္αုိ αααα αုႏွα ္ ααα္းα α αα္αူေαာα္αားαာ ျαα ္αΏαီး α‘ာαွαိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ α ီးαြားေαး αြံ့αΏαိုးαုိးαα္αႈαို αူαီαံ့αုိးေαးαို့ αα္ေαာα္αားαာαါ။ α‘ာαွαဲ့αα ိαိα္ေααα αα αိုα္αံαဲ့ α‘ျαα္αα္α αα αိုα္αံ α ုα ုေαါα္း α‘αြဲ့αα္αိုα္αံ αα αိုα္αံ αွိαါαα္။ αα္αဲ့ αွα္αာα‘α်ားα ုαို α‘ေααိαα္αဲ့ α်αα္αို့α αိုα္αိုα္αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαေαာ့ αααα αုႏွα ္α ေα‘αီαီ α‘αြဲ့αα္αိုα္αံ ျαα ္αာαဲ့αΏαီး αααα-αα αုႏွα ္ေαြαုα္းαေαာ့ ျαα္αာαို ေα်းေαြαဲ့αα္းααာ α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ေαးαဲ့αူးαါαα္။ ျαα္αာα α ္αα္α α‘αα္αားေαြαို αα ္αα္ႏွိα္αα္းαႈေαြ ျαုαုα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα α‘ေαးα‘αα္း ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာေαာ့ ျαα္αာαို αိုα္αိုα္ ေαြေαΎαး αူαီေαာα္αံ့αႈေαြ αေαးေαာ့αဲ αα္αိုα္းαားαာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Source : αီαီြαီ

ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ α ာေααဲ့α ာαα္αα္းα‘αြဲ့αာ α‘ေαးေαααီαာαံααု αာαα့္αα္ေαြ α‘αြα္းαွာ ေαααူαΏαီးေαာ့၊ αီαီαာαံαေα α ာေααဲ့α ာαα္αα္းα‘αြဲ့αို α်α္αိα္းေαာ့αα္αို့ α‘αြဲ့ေαါα္းေαာα္ αα¦းα ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ ααုαα္းေαာ α ာေααိုα္αာ α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္းျαα ္αဲ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ α ာေααဲ့α ာαα္αα္းα‘αြဲ့αို α်α္αိα္းαΏαီး αα္αိုα္αာαုα္αα္းေαြေαααို αူαα္αာ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ ααα္းα ာααာα်ားα‘αα္း၊ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ α ာေαးααာα်ားα‘αα္းαဲ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ αုံႏွိα္αုα္ေαျαα့္α်ိαူα်ား α‘αα္းαိုαΏαီး αီးျαား αြα္αα္αဲ့ α ာေααိုα္αာα‘αြဲ့α‘α α္း α αြဲ့ ေαααာေαာ့αα္αို့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ α ာေααဲ့α ာαα္αα္းα αြဲαα္ α‘αြα္းေαးαႈး α¦းαိုαို (αိုαို – α α္αႈααၠαိုα္)α ေျαာαါαα္။
“αα္α ေαာα္αံုး α‘αα္ေαာα္αွာ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ α ာေαα ာαα္αα္း α‘ေαးေαα αီαာαံαုα္αα္။ ααα္းα ာαဲαွာαα္း ေαααားαα္။ ေαာေαာαα္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံα ာေαးααာα‘αα္း၊ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံααα္းα ာααာ α‘αα္း၊ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ αံုႏွိα္αုα္ေαျαα့္α်ိαူα်ား α‘αα္းαိုαΏαီး α‘αα္း α αြဲ့ ေျαာα္းαဲαα္ေαာα္αα္ αွိαါαα္။ αီးျαား α‘αα္းေαြ ျαα ္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘ဲαီ α‘αα္းααုα်α္းα ီαဲ့ αြဲα α္းαံုα α္းα်α္းေαြ ေαးαြဲေααါαα္။”
α‘αα ္αြဲ ့α α္းαα့္ α ာαα္αα္းαိုα္αာ α‘αα္း α αα္းαွာ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံα ာေααဲ့ α ာαα္αα္းα‘αြဲ့α α‘αႈေαာα္ေαြ ျαα္αါαာαွာ ααုα္αဲ αီαာαံαေα ေαြးα်α္αΏαီး α‘αႈေαာα္αα ္ေαြαဲ့ ျαα္αα္ αြဲ့α α္းαြားαα္αို့ α¦းαိုαိုα αα္ေျαာαါαα္။
αα္αွိ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံα ာေααဲ့α ာαα္αα္းα‘αြဲ့αုိ ျαα္αΎαားေαးαα္ααီးαာαα α¦းေαာα္αΏαီးေαာ့ αြဲ့α α္းαားαာ ျαα ္αΏαီး αာααိုα္αာေαြα α‘αိုျαုαားαဲ့ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαို α‘αႈေαာα္ α‘αြαဲαα္α‘ျαα ္ αα့္αြα္းαားααာαါ။
ေαာα္ αြဲ့α α္းαα့္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ ααα္းα ာααာα်ား α‘αα္းαိုေαာ့ α‘α ိုးααိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြ ααါαα္αဲ αြα္αα္αဲ့α‘αြဲ့α‘α α္း ျαα ္ေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေαာα္αα္αို့ αူα αα္ေျαာαါαα္။
αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ααα္း α αုαၴααိဳα္ေαြα‘ေααဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီ α်α့္α α္αဲ့α‘αီ αြα္αα္αႈαဲ့ αာαα္αူαႈαို αွ်αွ်αα αိα္းေα်ာα္း ေαာα္αြα္αြားαိုα္ေα αို့ α‘α်ုိးαားα ာαα္αα္းေαာα္α ီ(α‘α α)αို αူေαာα္αြားαα္αို့ αα္α α αα္ေα့α α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲ့ α ႏွα ္ျαα့္ αိုα္αံေαာ္α‘ေျαျαု αိα့္αြα္းαွာ αα့္αြα္း ေျαာαΎαားαြားαါαα္။
Source : αီαီြαီ
α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαုိαေαα
ီ α‘αြဲαα်ဳα္(NLD) α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္၏ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ααီးα
α₯္α‘αြα္း αူαုαဲαြα္α
α္းαုံးေαာ ေျαာαα့္ ေααာႏွα့္αα္αα္၍α‘ာαာαုိα္α်ား α ααုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ αေαးေαးေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွိ αααΊဴαီαိ၊ αုααΊαီαိ၊ ααα‘ိααီαိ၊ α₯αၱααီαီ αΏαိဳααα္α်ား αြα္ αူαုα α္းαုံးေαး ေαာေျαာαα္ျαα ္αΏαီး ေαာေျαာαα့္ေααာႏွα့္αα္αα္αΏαီး ေαα α‘ာαာαုိα္α်ားα αုံαΏαဳံေαး α‘ေαΎαာα္း ျαα်α္ျαα့္ αြα့္ျαဳျαα္းααွိေαးေαΎαာα္း α‘αုိαါαΏαိဳααα္α်ားαွ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ NLD αါαီ ျαα္αူα αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ ေαာα္းα်ားα α§αာααီαုိα ေျαာαα္။
αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αွ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ ေααα ႏα΅αα္းα“ေαာေျαာαုိαααα့္ αြα္းႏွα ္αြα္း αွာαΏαီးαα္αါαα္၊ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ေαာα္α ီαုံးαဲα αီးαုိααုိαဲ့ αုံαΏαဳံေαး α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္αဲα αα္αါαα္၊ α‘αုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ ေααာαေαးေαးαူး”αု αုိαα္။
αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးα α‘α ုိးααုိα္ αူαုα ုေαးႏုိα္αα့္ေααာα်ားαုိ ျαဳαုα္αα္ αြα့္αျαဳαα့္α‘αြα္ NLD αါαီαုိαား αα့္ αုံαα္းα‘α္း ေα်းαြာαွိ ေαာα္αူα်ားαုိα္ αα္αြα္း၌ ျαဳαုα္αြα့္ေαာα္းαံျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိαေαာ္ αုံαΏαဳံေαးα‘ေαΎαာα္းျα α်α္ျαα့္ αα္αံαα္α်ျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ၎α αα္αα္ေျαာαိုαα္။
αုိαိုα αΏαိဳααα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαာαα ေαာေျαာαြဲျαဳαုα္αြα့္αုိ ျαα္းαα္αα့္ α‘αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α αα္း αြα့္αျαဳျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ααΎαာαီαα္αုိα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာα္αွိαာေαာ့αα္ျαα ္αΏαီး ααားေαာαα့္ ေααာαြα့္ျαဳျαα္းααွိαွ်α္ ααားαြဲαုိ αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္ NLDαုံးαα္းαြα္ ျαဳαုα္ααα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိα‘ေျαα‘ေααုိαွ်α္ αα္းαိα္αုိααႈျαα ္αာႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း ေααα ႏα΅αα္း α ေျαာ αα္။
αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αြα္ αα္αα္းα‘α်ားα ု ေααုိα္α်α္αွိေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။ αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ၌ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘ႏုိα္ααဲ့αα့္ αဲαႏα΅ αα္ေျα ျαα ္αα္။
ααα‘ိααီαိ αΏαိဳααα္αွ ျαα္αူα αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္α‘ျαα ္ αα္ေαာα္α‘ေαြးαံαα့္ α¦းႏုိα္αံαα္းααα္း“αα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ αုαားαား α αြα္းαုα္းα αာααိα α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦းαဲα αီးαုိααဲ့၊ α‘ဲαီေαာ့ αြα္αြα္αα္းαα္း αြာααြာαα္αွာ αုα္αုိααα္αားαα္၊ αααα္း αီαြα္းαွာαဲ αုα္αα္”αု ေျαာαα္။
αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αြα္αα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာေျαာαα့္ေααာαααွိေαးေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာα္αူαα¦း၏ αα္αာေျααြα္ျαဳ αုα္αα္ αΏαိဳααα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးαံ αα္ျααားေαာ္αα္း α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းႏွα့္ αီးαα္αုိαα့္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္ျαα့္ αα္α်ေαΎαာα္း NLD ျαα္αူα αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α¦းေαα်ာေαာ္α ေျαာαုိαα္။
“αူααα္းေα်ာα္းαဲα αီးαာαါ၊ α‘αုα‘α်ိα္αွာ α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းαα္း ေႏြαာαီေα်ာα္းαိα္αြားαΏαီ၊ αα္ေαာ့ αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ေαာα္း αားαα္၊ ααေαးαူး”αု ၎α αုိαα္။
ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္αွ αုα္ျαα္αားαα့္ α₯αေαα်ားႏွα့္α‘αီ αုα္αုိα္ေαျαα္းျαα ္၍ αြα့္ျαဳαိα့္αα္αုαα္း αုံαΎαα္ေαΎαာα္း α¦းေαα်ာေαာ္α αα္ေျαာαα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္၏ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ααီးα α₯္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ေα αα္α‘αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္αုိα NLD ေαါα္းေαာα္αုိα္းα αြားေαာα္αာ αိွႏႈိα္းေαာα္αြα္ေαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွိ αααΊဴαီαိ၊ αုααΊαီαိ၊ ααα‘ိααီαိ၊ α₯αၱααီαီ αΏαိဳααα္α်ား αြα္ αူαုα α္းαုံးေαး ေαာေျαာαα္ျαα ္αΏαီး ေαာေျαာαα့္ေααာႏွα့္αα္αα္αΏαီး ေαα α‘ာαာαုိα္α်ားα αုံαΏαဳံေαး α‘ေαΎαာα္း ျαα်α္ျαα့္ αြα့္ျαဳျαα္းααွိေαးေαΎαာα္း α‘αုိαါαΏαိဳααα္α်ားαွ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ NLD αါαီ ျαα္αူα αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ ေαာα္းα်ားα α§αာααီαုိα ေျαာαα္။
αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αွ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ ေααα ႏα΅αα္းα“ေαာေျαာαုိαααα့္ αြα္းႏွα ္αြα္း αွာαΏαီးαα္αါαα္၊ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ေαာα္α ီαုံးαဲα αီးαုိααုိαဲ့ αုံαΏαဳံေαး α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္αဲα αα္αါαα္၊ α‘αုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ ေααာαေαးေαးαူး”αု αုိαα္။
αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးα α‘α ုိးααုိα္ αူαုα ုေαးႏုိα္αα့္ေααာα်ားαုိ ျαဳαုα္αα္ αြα့္αျαဳαα့္α‘αြα္ NLD αါαီαုိαား αα့္ αုံαα္းα‘α္း ေα်းαြာαွိ ေαာα္αူα်ားαုိα္ αα္αြα္း၌ ျαဳαုα္αြα့္ေαာα္းαံျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိαေαာ္ αုံαΏαဳံေαးα‘ေαΎαာα္းျα α်α္ျαα့္ αα္αံαα္α်ျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ၎α αα္αα္ေျαာαိုαα္။
αုိαိုα αΏαိဳααα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαာαα ေαာေျαာαြဲျαဳαုα္αြα့္αုိ ျαα္းαα္αα့္ α‘αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α αα္း αြα့္αျαဳျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ααΎαာαီαα္αုိα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာα္αွိαာေαာ့αα္ျαα ္αΏαီး ααားေαာαα့္ ေααာαြα့္ျαဳျαα္းααွိαွ်α္ ααားαြဲαုိ αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္ NLDαုံးαα္းαြα္ ျαဳαုα္ααα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိα‘ေျαα‘ေααုိαွ်α္ αα္းαိα္αုိααႈျαα ္αာႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း ေααα ႏα΅αα္း α ေျαာ αα္။
αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αြα္ αα္αα္းα‘α်ားα ု ေααုိα္α်α္αွိေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။ αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ၌ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘ႏုိα္ααဲ့αα့္ αဲαႏα΅ αα္ေျα ျαα ္αα္။
ααα‘ိααီαိ αΏαိဳααα္αွ ျαα္αူα αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္α‘ျαα ္ αα္ေαာα္α‘ေαြးαံαα့္ α¦းႏုိα္αံαα္းααα္း“αα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ αုαားαား α αြα္းαုα္းα αာααိα α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦းαဲα αီးαုိααဲ့၊ α‘ဲαီေαာ့ αြα္αြα္αα္းαα္း αြာααြာαα္αွာ αုα္αုိααα္αားαα္၊ αααα္း αီαြα္းαွာαဲ αုα္αα္”αု ေျαာαα္။
αြာααြာα‘αီးαွိαြα္းαွာ ေαာေျαာαြဲαာေαာα္αα့္ ααိαα္α‘αြα္ α‘αα္းαα္ေαးαံαα့္α‘αြα္ ေαာ္ေαာ္αာα₯္ျαα့္ ααိဳαုိα αုα္ေαာα္ေαးααα္ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
αိαိαα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ ααα‘ိααီαိ αဲαႏα΅αα္αြα္ ေαာα္αူα‘α်ားαုံးေααုိα္αΎααΏαီး α‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ α
ီးαြားေαး αုααΈαီααီးα်ား၏ α‘αααΌ αα္αာေျααိα္းαα္းαႈα်ားαုိ α‘α်ားαုံးαံα
ားေααေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ NLD α‘ေαျαα့္ ေαာα္αူα်ားα‘α်ိဳးα‘αြα္ ααားα₯αေα α
ုိးαုိးေαးαုိ α¦းα
ားေαးαုα္ေαာα္αα္ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း α¦းႏုိα္αံαα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαα္။
ααα‘ိααီαိ αΏαိဳααα္αα္ αΏαီးαဲ့αα့္αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ αα္αာα
ုိα္α်ိဳးေαး αα္ααီး α¦းျαα့္αႈိα္၏ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေျα ျαα
္ αα္။
αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αြα္αα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာေျαာαα့္ေααာαααွိေαးေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာα္αူαα¦း၏ αα္αာေျααြα္ျαဳ αုα္αα္ αΏαိဳααα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးαံ αα္ျααားေαာ္αα္း α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းႏွα့္ αီးαα္αုိαα့္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္ျαα့္ αα္α်ေαΎαာα္း NLD ျαα္αူα αႊα္ေαာ္ αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α¦းေαα်ာေαာ္α ေျαာαုိαα္။
“αူααα္းေα်ာα္းαဲα αီးαာαါ၊ α‘αုα‘α်ိα္αွာ α ာαα္ေα်ာα္းαα္း ေႏြαာαီေα်ာα္းαိα္αြားαΏαီ၊ αα္ေαာ့ αြα့္ျαဳα်α္ေαာα္း αားαα္၊ ααေαးαူး”αု ၎α αုိαα္။
ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္αွ αုα္ျαα္αားαα့္ α₯αေαα်ားႏွα့္α‘αီ αုα္αုိα္ေαျαα္းျαα ္၍ αြα့္ျαဳαိα့္αα္αုαα္း αုံαΎαα္ေαΎαာα္း α¦းေαα်ာေαာ္α αα္ေျαာαα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္၏ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ααီးα α₯္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ေα αα္α‘αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္αုိα NLD ေαါα္းေαာα္αုိα္းα αြားေαာα္αာ αိွႏႈိα္းေαာα္αြα္ေαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
αα္αွိα‘ေျαα‘ေα၌ ေαျαα္ေαာ္ αα်ိဳαေαာေααာα်ားαြα္ NLDαုိα္းαုα္α်α္αီးαံαဲ့ααΏαီး ေα်းαြာα်ားαြα္αα္း NLD αါαီ αိုαဲေαးαွ်α္ αα္းαီαα္၊ αွ်α္α
α
္αီးျαα္ေαာα္αα္αု αΏαိα္းေျαာα္αႈα်ားαွိေαေαးαα္αု NLD α ေျαာαိုαα္။
ααα္ျαα္αြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αႏၲေαးαΏαိဳααုိα αြားေαာα္αα္ျαα ္αΏαီး αႏၲေαး- ျαα္α¦းαြα္ αားαα္းα‘αီးαွိ ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္ αα္αြα္αြα္ αူαုαို ေαာေျαာαα္ျαα ္αα္။
ααα္ျαα္αြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αα္ αႏၲေαးαΏαိဳααုိα αြားေαာα္αα္ျαα ္αΏαီး αႏၲေαး- ျαα္α¦းαြα္ αားαα္းα‘αီးαွိ ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္ αα္αြα္αြα္ αူαုαို ေαာေျαာαα္ျαα ္αα္။
αုိαေαာα္ αႏၲေαးαΏαိဳα ႏုိαုိαα္ αုိαα္αြα္ αα္းαုိαာ αα္α ααα္ေαα၌ αါαုိααာေαာ္ႏွα့္ ααာαႏαΆာαုံ ααာေαာ္αုိα α‘ား αူးေαွ်ာ္αα္ျαα
္αΏαီး α
α
္αုိα္းαΏαိဳααူαုαို α§αာααီျαα
္αွိ αဲေαာα္ျαα္αြα္ ααားေαာαα္ျαα
္αα္။
αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ αံαားα¦း၊ ႏြားαုိးααီး၊ αိαၱီαာαΏαိဳαα်ားαုိα αα္ေαာα္αα္ျαα ္αΏαီး αေααုိα္းαြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွိ ααα‘ိα αီαိႏွα့္ αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္α်ားαြα္ ေαာေျαာαြဲα်ား ျαဳαုα္αα္ျαα ္αα္။ αုိαေαာα္ αြဳိα္αα္ αုαျαာ αုိαα္αြα္ αα္းαုိαာ αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ α₯αၱααီαိႏွα့္ αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αြα္ αα္αα္ေαာေျαာαα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
Credit Here :
αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ αံαားα¦း၊ ႏြားαုိးααီး၊ αိαၱီαာαΏαိဳαα်ားαုိα αα္ေαာα္αα္ျαα ္αΏαီး αေααုိα္းαြα္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွိ ααα‘ိα αီαိႏွα့္ αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္α်ားαြα္ ေαာေျαာαြဲα်ား ျαဳαုα္αα္ျαα ္αα္။ αုိαေαာα္ αြဳိα္αα္ αုαျαာ αုိαα္αြα္ αα္းαုိαာ αα္α α αα္ေαααြα္ α₯αၱααီαိႏွα့္ αုααΊαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αြα္ αα္αα္ေαာေျαာαα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
Credit Here :
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