A nearly unanimous Western world has heaped praise on President Thein Sein's supposed moves towards "democratic reform" and "national reconciliation". But what has actually changed and what's behind the hype?
In near unison, the international community condemned the Myanmar regime for its brutal repression of Buddhist monk-led pro-democracy protests in 2007, its initial callous response to the Cyclone Nargis disaster in 2008 - when a widely condemned sham referendum on a new constitution was held in the killer storm's wake - and a blatantly rigged general election swept by military-backed candidates in November 2010.
One theory goes that the administration is locked in a power struggle between military "hardliners" and "reformers", and that the latter, at least for now, have the upper hand. Several Western countries have apparently taken the policy decision that every effort should therefore be made to support the "reformers" and recent reform signals to ensure that Myanmar doesn't return to its old repressive ways.
The EU and US have expressed public views to that effect. On January 31, EU president Herman Van Rompuy said in a statement after a summit in Brussels: "I welcome the important changes taking place in Burma/Myanmar and encourage its government to maintain its determination to continue on the path of reform." The US State Department said the day before that it was "encouraged " by Myanmar's recent reforms, "including its decision to allow opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi to run in upcoming elections".
Others, however, suspect that the signs emerging from Myanmar's leadership reflects a well-orchestrated "good cop, bad-cop" routine to neutralize domestic opposition and win new foreign allies, especially among former critics in the West. Either way, Thein Sein's regime has so far skillfully played its cards in a way that few, probably even among themselves, could have foreseen. "Those in power are military men, not representatives of a democratic government. This is how they work," says a Myanmar national who has followed political developments for decades.
Well laid plans
In order to understand Myanmar's policy shift - and why the West has been so supportive - it is instructive to look back to the early 2000s. Then condemned and pressured by the international community, the ruling military junta announced in August 2003 a seven-step "Roadmap to Discipline-Flourishing Democracy." That plan called for the drafting of a new constitution, general elections, and convention of a new parliament which would "elect state leaders" charged with building "a modern, developed and democratic nation".
The "roadmap" was made public, but at the same time a confidential "master plan" which outlined ways and means to deal with both the international community, especially the US, and domestic opposition was also drawn up. The authors of that plan are not known but an internal military document written by Lt Col Aung Kyaw Hla, who is identified as a researcher at the country's prestigious Defense Services Academy, was completed and circulated in 2004.
The Burmese-language document, received and reviewed by this writer, outlines the thinking and strategy behind the master plan. It is, however, unclear whether "Aung Kyaw Hla" is a particular person, or a codename used by a military think-tank. Anecdotal evidence suggests the latter.
Entitled "A Study of Myanmar-US Relations", the main thesis of the 346-page dossier is that Myanmar's recent reliance on China as a diplomatic ally and economic patron has created a "national emergency" which threatens the country's independence.
According to the dossier, Myanmar must normalize relations with the West after implementing the roadmap and electing a government so that the regime can deal with the outside world on more acceptable terms. Evidently the internal thinking was that normalization with the West would not be possible as long as Myanmar was ruled by military juntas.
Aung Kyaw Hla goes on to argue in the master plan that although human rights are a concern in the West, the US would be willing to modify its policy to suit "strategic interests". Although the author does not specify those interests, it is clear from the thesis that he is thinking of common ground with the US vis-a-vis China. The author cites Vietnam and Indonesia under former dictator Suharto as examples of US foreign policy flexibility in weighing strategic interests against democratization.
If bilateral relations with the US were improved, the master plan suggests, Myanmar would also get access to badly needed funds from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other global financial institutions. The country would then emerge from "regionalism", where it currently depends on the goodwill and trade of its immediate neighbors, including China, and enter a new era of "globalization".
The master plan is acutely aware of the problems that must be addressed before Myanmar can lessen its reliance on China and become a trusted partner with the West. The main issue at the time of writing was the detention of pro-democracy icon Suu Kyi, who Aung Kyaw Hla wrote was a key "focal point": "Whenever she is under detention pressure increases, but when she is not, there is less pressure." While the report implies Suu Kyi's release would improve ties with the West, the plan's ultimate aim - which it spells out clearly - is to "crush" the opposition.
At the same time, the dossier identifies individuals, mostly Western academics, known for their opposition to the West's sanctions policy, and somewhat curiously suggests that "friendly" Indian diplomats could be helpful in providing background information about influential US congressmen.
The dossier concludes that the regime cannot compete with the media and non-governmental organizations run by Myanmar exiles, but if US politicians and lawmakers were invited to visit the country they could help to sway international opinion in the regime's favor. Over the years, many Americans have visited Myanmar and often left less critical of the regime than they were previously. In the end, it seems that Myanmar has successfully managed to engage the US rather than vice versa.
Institutional Sinophobia
The "roadmap" was made public, but at the same time a confidential "master plan" which outlined ways and means to deal with both the international community, especially the US, and domestic opposition was also drawn up. The authors of that plan are not known but an internal military document written by Lt Col Aung Kyaw Hla, who is identified as a researcher at the country's prestigious Defense Services Academy, was completed and circulated in 2004.
The Burmese-language document, received and reviewed by this writer, outlines the thinking and strategy behind the master plan. It is, however, unclear whether "Aung Kyaw Hla" is a particular person, or a codename used by a military think-tank. Anecdotal evidence suggests the latter.
Entitled "A Study of Myanmar-US Relations", the main thesis of the 346-page dossier is that Myanmar's recent reliance on China as a diplomatic ally and economic patron has created a "national emergency" which threatens the country's independence.
According to the dossier, Myanmar must normalize relations with the West after implementing the roadmap and electing a government so that the regime can deal with the outside world on more acceptable terms. Evidently the internal thinking was that normalization with the West would not be possible as long as Myanmar was ruled by military juntas.
Aung Kyaw Hla goes on to argue in the master plan that although human rights are a concern in the West, the US would be willing to modify its policy to suit "strategic interests". Although the author does not specify those interests, it is clear from the thesis that he is thinking of common ground with the US vis-a-vis China. The author cites Vietnam and Indonesia under former dictator Suharto as examples of US foreign policy flexibility in weighing strategic interests against democratization.
If bilateral relations with the US were improved, the master plan suggests, Myanmar would also get access to badly needed funds from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other global financial institutions. The country would then emerge from "regionalism", where it currently depends on the goodwill and trade of its immediate neighbors, including China, and enter a new era of "globalization".
The master plan is acutely aware of the problems that must be addressed before Myanmar can lessen its reliance on China and become a trusted partner with the West. The main issue at the time of writing was the detention of pro-democracy icon Suu Kyi, who Aung Kyaw Hla wrote was a key "focal point": "Whenever she is under detention pressure increases, but when she is not, there is less pressure." While the report implies Suu Kyi's release would improve ties with the West, the plan's ultimate aim - which it spells out clearly - is to "crush" the opposition.
At the same time, the dossier identifies individuals, mostly Western academics, known for their opposition to the West's sanctions policy, and somewhat curiously suggests that "friendly" Indian diplomats could be helpful in providing background information about influential US congressmen.
The dossier concludes that the regime cannot compete with the media and non-governmental organizations run by Myanmar exiles, but if US politicians and lawmakers were invited to visit the country they could help to sway international opinion in the regime's favor. Over the years, many Americans have visited Myanmar and often left less critical of the regime than they were previously. In the end, it seems that Myanmar has successfully managed to engage the US rather than vice versa.
Institutional Sinophobia
Aung Kaw Hla's internal thesis is the first clear sign of dissatisfaction with the regime's close ties with China, which, in part, were forged because the West downgraded its relations with Myanmar after massacres of pro-democracy demonstrators in 1988 and other gross human-rights violations. More signs of a worsening relationship could be discerned in internal reports that began to circulate within the military in 2010.
China, until then praised as a dependable ally, was beginning to be viewed increasingly as the root of Myanmar's many ills, from the rape of the country's forests to rampant drug trafficking. China's close ties with the United Wa State Army, Myanmar's main drug-trafficking militia, has not go unnoticed by the authorities in Naypyidaw. Then, in September 2011, came Thein Sein's decision to suspend the China-backed US$3.6 billion joint-venture Myitsone dam project in the far north of the country.
Seen from a US perspective, encouraging Myanmar to move away from China became a priority when Naypyidaw showed that it was willing to engage with the US. Washington was also eager to undermine Myanmar's disturbing military ties with North Korea. Not surprisingly, North Korea was high on the agenda when US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Myanmar last December.
The last of several recorded attempts to ship weaponry from North Korea to Myanmar took place in May and June 2011, several months after the supposedly "reformist" Thein Sein became president and after government officials had claimed that there was no military cooperation with North Korea.
On May 26, the USS McCampbell caught up with M/V Light, a Myanmar-bound North Korean cargo vessel suspected of carrying missile parts and possibly other military equipment. The US destroyer approached the ship and asked to board but the North Koreans refused. The first encounter took place in the sea south of Shanghai and a few days later closer to Singapore. The M/V Light eventually stopped and turned back to its home port in North Korea - all the way tracked by US surveillance planes and satellites.
After that incident - and incentives from the US such as easing restrictions on Naypyidaw's access to multilateral lending institutions - there has been no known attempt by North Korea to ship weapons to Myanmar. And the US is no doubt taking full advantage of Myanmar's drift away from China. "What the US is trying to do is to send every signal of support to the forces pushing for liberalization in Burma," said Robert Fitts, a former US diplomat in the region now attached to Thailand's Chulalongkorn university.
The US will soon send a new ambassador to Myanmar, representing an upgrade of diplomatic relations. On February 7, the New York Times quoted US officials as saying that the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), David Petraeus, may visit Myanmar later this year. The CIA is not exactly known for being a leading proponent and promoter of liberal values in the developing world; the agency has other priorities such as Myanmar's strategic importance to the US.
But therein lies a danger, which Aung Kyaw Hla outlined in his thesis of more than seven years ago. If Myanmar does manage to improve bilateral relations with the US, China could counteract in a way that threatens Myanmar's integrity and independence. A balanced approach is therefore needed, Aung Kyaw Hla argued, but it was not set out in the master plan how that balance may be achieved.
Well-worn routine
There are other reasons to doubt that Myanmar's new policies will work over the long term. While the international community appears to fall for the latest incarnation of the regime's well-worn good cop, bad cop routine, local and exiled mainstream opposition groups are less likely to be so gullible.
One of the supposed "good cops" in Myanmar's current nominally civilian leadership is former Maj Gen Aung Min, currently the railway minister, who has been tasked with shuttling back and forth between Myanmar and Thailand to meet with influential exiled dissidents. Some of those who have recently met him are deeply suspicious of his motives and the less conciliatory signals sent from the regime's "bad cops".
They note that Aung Min once served under Tin U, Myanmar's powerful intelligence chief until he was ousted in 1983, ostensibly for corrupt practices but more likely because he had built up a state within a state that threatened the leadership of former junta leader Gen Ne Win.
Writing in the Far Eastern Economic Review in 1983, British journalist Rodney Tasker characterized Tin U and his intelligence colleagues as "men of the world compared with other more short-sighted, dogmatic figures in the Burmese [Myanmar] leadership. They were allowed to travel abroad, talk freely to foreigners and generally look behind the rigid confines of the current regime."
But they were also known to be ruthless and extremely skilled at manipulating their enemies and adversaries. Tin U himself was trained by the CIA on the US-held Pacific island of Saipan in 1957. Aung Min somehow survived the 1983 purge and moved to join Myanmar's Intelligence Battalion 21 in 1992. He was with the 66th Light Infantry Division in 2000, was elevated to Southern Commander of the Myanmar Army in 2001, and became railway minister in 2003 under the previous military junta led by Gen Than Shwe.
In today's context, solving the long-burning ethnic issue will be key to realizing the master plan's ultimate vision of keeping the military in power. One of the supposed "bad cops" in the current power configuration is Aung Thaung, another peace negotiator, who met ethnic Kachin rebel leaders in Ruili in southwestern China earlier this year. A former heavy industry minister, he is believed by many to have been one of the architects behind a 2003 mob attack on Suu Kyi and her colleagues in Depayin that left scores of her supporters dead and wounded. "The good cop" Aung Min did not attend the talks in Ruili but some analysts suggest may later step in to "rescue" the talks with a softer approach.
Whether Myanmar's many rebellious ethnic minorities will accept these well-known personalities and well-worn negotiating tactics remains to be seen. The fact that the government has consistently refused to even consider a federal structure does not bode well for reaching lasting agreements with armed groups. The 2008 constitution lays down the fundamentals for a centralized state structure where the military is a main, if not dominant, player.
Thus the recent euphoria over recent "reforms" in Myanmar may therefore be short-lived. Unless the present constitution is scrapped or widely amended, which is extremely unlikely due to the military's de facto veto power in parliament, Myanmar's ethnic issue will likely remain unsolved. And if the country becomes an arena of competition between the US and China, there will certainly be more trouble ahead - as Aung Kyaw Hla warned in his master plan now being put into practice.
Bertil Lintner is a former correspondent with the Far Eastern Economic Review and author of several books on Burma/Myanmar, including Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Published in 2011). He is currently a writer with Asia-Pacific Media Services.
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ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ αွ်ိဳααွα္ α ီαံαိα္း-αာေαးα္ αα ္ααာ
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္αα္αိုα္αိုααာ ေျααွα္းαျαα္ျαα္ ျαα
္ေαျαီ။
αααΌα αိα္းα ိα္αဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ေျααွα္းေαြαိုαာαဲα α‘α်ိဳးαားျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαး αုိαာαို α‘ေαာα္ααα»ာ ααုαုံးα αα္ααြα္αူ ααွိαေαာα္αီးαီး α်ီးαြα္းαΎααာေαးေααΎααα္။ αါေααဲ့ ααα္αα္းαာေαြ ေျαာα္းαါααဲ။ α‘ဲαီα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαိုαဲ့ α‘ေျαာေαြαဲ့ ေαာα္αြα္αွာ αာေαြ αွိေαααဲ။
αုααΆαာαာ αုα္းေαာ္αΎαီးေαြ α¦းေαာα္αဲ့ αααα αုႏွα ္ αႏα΅ျααြဲေαြ α‘ေαααွာ αα္αα္α α္α α္ ႏွိα္αα္းျαဳိαြဲαဲ့αာ ေαြ၊ αααα αုႏွα ္ α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαုα္းα ျαα ္αြားαဲ့αဲ့ αာαα ္ ေαးαိုးαာααΎαီးαဲ့ α‘α αိုα္းαွာ α‘αΎαα္αာαα္းαဲ့ αα္α α္αဲ့ αုα္αျαα္αုံေαြ၊ αီαူαα္αုα္αိုα္းαΎαီး ျαα ္ျαီးαာα αွာαဲ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααα ္αဲα αα္αα္αဲ့ α‘αုα‘ေαာα္္ αႏα΅αံαူαြဲဲαΎαီးα်α္းααဲ့αိုα α‘α်ားααိုα္းαα္း αွဳα္α် ျαα ္αα္αံααာေαြ၊ αααα ႏိုαα္αာαွာ αုα္αဲ့ α‘ေαြေαြေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေျαာα္ေျαာα္αα္းαα္း αဲαိုး αဲαα ္ျαီး α α ္αα္ေα်ာေαာα္ေαာα္αံ αΎαံ့αြံαေαြα αဲေαြ αိα္းαΎαံဳးαုαူαြားαာေαြαို ααΎαာေαးαα္αာααေαးαွာαဲ ႏိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα αိုα္းαα္းαွဳα္α်α‘ျαα ္αα္αဲ့αΎααါေαးαα္။
α‘αုေαα္α ားေααဲ့ αီα‘ိုαီ ααုα‘α α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘αြα္းαွာ ေαါα္းαာαူေαြαဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαူေαြ α‘ာαာαြα္αြဲေααΎααα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ αုေαာေαာαα္α‘αိေαာ့ ျαဳျαα္αိုαူေαြα α‘αာα ီးαေαေαးαα္αိုααα္း αိုαΎαေααဲ့။ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံ ေαာ္ေαာ္ α်ားα်ားα αာαဲαုα္αုα္ αူαိုα αုα္αဲ့ α‘αုα္αိုα္းαာ ျαဳျαα္αိုαူေαြαို ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαာေαာα္αိုα αဲα ေαာေαာαα္ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ ေαာα္ျαα္αုα္ααြားαိုα αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္ α‘ေαααွာ ေαααα ီα် ေαာα္αြα္ေα αΎααာααα္း α‘αα္α‘αွားαါαဲ။
α₯ေαာα αααၢαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαိုααာ αီαေαာαားαို αူαိαွα္αΎαားαုα္ေαာ္ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ီးαူ α₯ေαာα αααၢ α₯αၠα αားαα္း αα္ αြα္းαါ α ααα္αဲα္ αိα္αီး α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαွာ ေαΎααာ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αာαွာ “ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္း αဲαႈေαြαို αΎαိဳαိုαါαα္။ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘αိုα္းαα္αြားαα္αိုαဲ့ αႏα·ိαာα္αားαွိαိုααိုαα္း αိုα္αြα္းα‘ားေαးαါαα္” αိုα ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ဲααို αူαေျαာαα္ ααα္α‘αΎαိဳαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαး αα္αΎαီးαာαααα္း αာαα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ α‘αုိα္α‘αံေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို αါαြα့္ေαးαာ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲ့ ေαာေαာαα္αုα္αဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို “α‘ားေαး” αါαα္αိုα ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။
αα်ိဳααူေαြαေαာ့ α‘α ိုးαေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαΎαားα α‘αြဲα‘ျαဲαိုαာေαြαာ ျαα္αြα္း α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြ ျαိα္ေαေα‘ာα္၊ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြαီα α‘αα္ ေααα္αူေαာα္းေαြαဲ့ α‘αံေαြ αိα္ျαီး ႏိုα္αံျαားαိα္ေαြေαြαိုးαာေα‘ာα္ αူαိုα α α ္αုိα္ α‘α်α္းα်α္း αΎαားαွာ αူαိုးαူေαာα္းα‘ုα္α ုαြဲျαီး αာα္αိုα္αျαေααΎααာαိုα αံαααα္αΎααါαα္။ αα်ဳိααေαာ့αα္း αိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးααာ αူαိုα α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘αြα္းαွာေαာα္ αူαေျααွα္းαို αΎαိဳααα္ααွα္းႏိုα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ αွα္αဲေαြαို αုα်ိα္α‘αိ αါးαါးαα္αα္ αိုα္αြα္ျαီး αα ားေααα္αိုα ျαα္αΎααါαα္။ ျαα္αာ့ ႏုိα္αံေαး ျαα ္ေαααိုးαα္αႈαို αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြαဲα α်ီျαီး ေα့αာαူ ျαα္αာαေαာα္αေαာ့ “ααα္αα္း α‘ာαာαွိαာα α α ္αα္α်။ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α ိုးα αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαွာ αာα‘ာαာ αွ αွိαာααုα္αူး” αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။
α αα ္αα် α‘αြα္α်αားαဲ့ α‘α ီα‘αံ
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ ေαααα ီ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαဲα αာ့ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα αီေαာα္ေαာα္αံေααΎα ααဲ αိုαာαို αားαα္ ႏိုα္αိုααိုαα္ αααα αုαြα္α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαာαေαြαို ျαα္ေျαာα္းαΎαα့္αွဳαိုα αိုαါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘α်ိα္αုံးα ႏိုα္αံααာαဲ့ α‘ျαα ္αα္αႈ၊ αိα‘ားေαးαႈေαြαွိေαျαီး α‘ုα္α ိုးαူ α α ္α‘α ိုးααာ α α္းαα္းျαα့္αေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီαိုα α်ီαα္αာ αα္းျαေျααုံ αုαα ္α်α္αိုαာαို αααα αု αΎααုα္ααွာ ေαΎααာαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီ αα္းျαေျααုံα‘α α‘ေျααံα₯αေααα ္ေαးαြဲ၊ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα်α္းα၊ ျαီးαα္ αႊα္ေαာ္ ေαααူျαီး ေαα္αီαြံαျαဳိးေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αΎαီး αα္ေαာα္αα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αααΌα αိα္းα ိα္αဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ေျααွα္းေαြαိုαာαဲα α‘α်ိဳးαားျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαး αုိαာαို α‘ေαာα္ααα»ာ ααုαုံးα αα္ααြα္αူ ααွိαေαာα္αီးαီး α်ီးαြα္းαΎααာေαးေααΎααα္။ αါေααဲ့ ααα္αα္းαာေαြ ေျαာα္းαါααဲ။ α‘ဲαီα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαိုαဲ့ α‘ေျαာေαြαဲ့ ေαာα္αြα္αွာ αာေαြ αွိေαααဲ။
αုααΆαာαာ αုα္းေαာ္αΎαီးေαြ α¦းေαာα္αဲ့ αααα αုႏွα ္ αႏα΅ျααြဲေαြ α‘ေαααွာ αα္αα္α α္α α္ ႏွိα္αα္းျαဳိαြဲαဲ့αာ ေαြ၊ αααα αုႏွα ္ α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαုα္းα ျαα ္αြားαဲ့αဲ့ αာαα ္ ေαးαိုးαာααΎαီးαဲ့ α‘α αိုα္းαွာ α‘αΎαα္αာαα္းαဲ့ αα္α α္αဲ့ αုα္αျαα္αုံေαြ၊ αီαူαα္αုα္αိုα္းαΎαီး ျαα ္ျαီးαာα αွာαဲ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααα ္αဲα αα္αα္αဲ့ α‘αုα‘ေαာα္္ αႏα΅αံαူαြဲဲαΎαီးα်α္းααဲ့αိုα α‘α်ားααိုα္းαα္း αွဳα္α် ျαα ္αα္αံααာေαြ၊ αααα ႏိုαα္αာαွာ αုα္αဲ့ α‘ေαြေαြေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေျαာα္ေျαာα္αα္းαα္း αဲαိုး αဲαα ္ျαီး α α ္αα္ေα်ာေαာα္ေαာα္αံ αΎαံ့αြံαေαြα αဲေαြ αိα္းαΎαံဳးαုαူαြားαာေαြαို ααΎαာေαးαα္αာααေαးαွာαဲ ႏိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα αိုα္းαα္းαွဳα္α်α‘ျαα ္αα္αဲ့αΎααါေαးαα္။
α‘αုေαα္α ားေααဲ့ αီα‘ိုαီ ααုα‘α α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘αြα္းαွာ ေαါα္းαာαူေαြαဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαူေαြ α‘ာαာαြα္αြဲေααΎααα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ αုေαာေαာαα္α‘αိေαာ့ ျαဳျαα္αိုαူေαြα α‘αာα ီးαေαေαးαα္αိုααα္း αိုαΎαေααဲ့။ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံ ေαာ္ေαာ္ α်ားα်ားα αာαဲαုα္αုα္ αူαိုα αုα္αဲ့ α‘αုα္αိုα္းαာ ျαဳျαα္αိုαူေαြαို ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαာေαာα္αိုα αဲα ေαာေαာαα္ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ ေαာα္ျαα္αုα္ααြားαိုα αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္ α‘ေαααွာ ေαααα ီα် ေαာα္αြα္ေα αΎααာααα္း α‘αα္α‘αွားαါαဲ။
α₯ေαာα αααၢαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαိုααာ αီαေαာαားαို αူαိαွα္αΎαားαုα္ေαာ္ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ီးαူ α₯ေαာα αααၢ α₯αၠα αားαα္း αα္ αြα္းαါ α ααα္αဲα္ αိα္αီး α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαွာ ေαΎααာ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αာαွာ “ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္း αဲαႈေαြαို αΎαိဳαိုαါαα္။ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘αိုα္းαα္αြားαα္αိုαဲ့ αႏα·ိαာα္αားαွိαိုααိုαα္း αိုα္αြα္းα‘ားေαးαါαα္” αိုα ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ဲααို αူαေျαာαα္ ααα္α‘αΎαိဳαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαး αα္αΎαီးαာαααα္း αာαα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ α‘αုိα္α‘αံေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို αါαြα့္ေαးαာ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲ့ ေαာေαာαα္αုα္αဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို “α‘ားေαး” αါαα္αိုα ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။
αα်ိဳααူေαြαေαာ့ α‘α ိုးαေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαΎαားα α‘αြဲα‘ျαဲαိုαာေαြαာ ျαα္αြα္း α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြ ျαိα္ေαေα‘ာα္၊ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြαီα α‘αα္ ေααα္αူေαာα္းေαြαဲ့ α‘αံေαြ αိα္ျαီး ႏိုα္αံျαားαိα္ေαြေαြαိုးαာေα‘ာα္ αူαိုα α α ္αုိα္ α‘α်α္းα်α္း αΎαားαွာ αူαိုးαူေαာα္းα‘ုα္α ုαြဲျαီး αာα္αိုα္αျαေααΎααာαိုα αံαααα္αΎααါαα္။ αα်ဳိααေαာ့αα္း αိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးααာ αူαိုα α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘αြα္းαွာေαာα္ αူαေျααွα္းαို αΎαိဳααα္ααွα္းႏိုα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ αွα္αဲေαြαို αုα်ိα္α‘αိ αါးαါးαα္αα္ αိုα္αြα္ျαီး αα ားေααα္αိုα ျαα္αΎααါαα္။ ျαα္αာ့ ႏုိα္αံေαး ျαα ္ေαααိုးαα္αႈαို αα္α ုႏွα ္ေαြαဲα α်ီျαီး ေα့αာαူ ျαα္αာαေαာα္αေαာ့ “ααα္αα္း α‘ာαာαွိαာα α α ္αα္α်။ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α ိုးα αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαွာ αာα‘ာαာ αွ αွိαာααုα္αူး” αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။
α αα ္αα် α‘αြα္α်αားαဲ့ α‘α ီα‘αံ
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ ေαααα ီ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαဲα αာ့ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα αီေαာα္ေαာα္αံေααΎα ααဲ αိုαာαို αားαα္ ႏိုα္αိုααိုαα္ αααα αုαြα္α‘ေα ာαိုα္းαာαေαြαို ျαα္ေျαာα္းαΎαα့္αွဳαိုα αိုαါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘α်ိα္αုံးα ႏိုα္αံααာαဲ့ α‘ျαα ္αα္αႈ၊ αိα‘ားေαးαႈေαြαွိေαျαီး α‘ုα္α ိုးαူ α α ္α‘α ိုးααာ α α္းαα္းျαα့္αေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီαိုα α်ီαα္αာ αα္းျαေျααုံ αုαα ္α်α္αိုαာαို αααα αု αΎααုα္ααွာ ေαΎααာαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီ αα္းျαေျααုံα‘α α‘ေျααံα₯αေααα ္ေαးαြဲ၊ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα်α္းα၊ ျαီးαα္ αႊα္ေαာ္ ေαααူျαီး ေαα္αီαြံαျαဳိးေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αΎαီး αα္ေαာα္αα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αα္းျαေျααုံαို ျαα္αူαိေα‘ာα္ ေαΎααာαဲ့αါαα္။ αα်ိα္αα္းαွာαဲ αွ်ိဳααွα္ ααာα ီαံαိα္းααα္αို αျαိဳα္αα္း ေαးαြဲαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα ီαံαိα္းαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ ႏိုα္αံααာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းαို αα္αိုαα္αံαα္αိုαဲ့ αα္းαα္းေαြαဲα α‘αိုα္α‘αံαို αα္αိုαα္ααားαα္αိုαာေαြ αα့္αြα္းေαးαြဲαားαါαα္။ αီα‘α္α ္ေα‘αဲ့ αုေααα α‘αာαွိαေαာα္ျαα ္αဲ့ αိုα္αွဴးေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွ ေαးαားαα္αိုαဲ့ α‘ဲαီαွ်ိဳαα်α္ α ီαံαိα္းαို αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ေαးαားျαီးα ီးαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုα္αွဴးေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွαိုαာ αα္αူαဲαိုαာေαာ့ ေαေαα်ာα်ာ ααိααါαူး။
ျαα္αာαာαာαဲα ေαးαဲ့ α‘ဲαီα ာαα္းαွာ ααာα ီαံαိα္းαဲ့ ေαာα္αြα္α ေαααၤα်ဴαာαို αုံးαα္ေαာ္ျααားαါαα္။ ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွαိုαာαာ ααα္αွိαဲ့αူαေαာα္αား၊ αာαα္αွα္αားαိုαာ ေαေαα်ာα်ာ ααိαေααဲ့ αာαα္αွα္αိုα αူαα αာαွိαါαα္။
α ာα်α္ႏွာ ααα α်α္ႏွာαွိျαီး ျαα္αာ α‘ေααိαα္ αα္αံေαး ေα့αာα်α္ αိုα αာαα္ေαးαားαဲ့ α‘ဲαီα ာαα္းαွာ α‘αိαေαြးေႏြးαားαာαေαာ့ ျαα္αာαဲ့ ααုα္αဲα αံααα္ေαးαာ ααာαိα္αြဲααားαဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αားαဲα α ီးαြားေαး αီαိုα‘ားαားေαααဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααာ αိုα္းျαα္αဲ့ αြα္αα္ေαးαို ျαိα္းေျαာα္αံေαααဲ့ α‘ေαးေαα α‘ေျαα‘ေααို ျαα ္ေααေα αα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αီα ာαα္းαဲ့ α‘αΎαံျαဳα်α္α‘α၊ αα္းျαေျααုံαုαα ္α်α္αို α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαာ္၊ α‘α ိုးαααα္αို ေαြးေαာα္αα္ေျαွာα္ျαα္းα‘ားျαα့္ ျαα္αααα»ာα αα္αံႏို္α္ေαာα္αဲ့ αုံα ံျαα ္αာေα‘ာα္αုα္αဲ့αα္းαα္းα်α့္αုံးျαီး α‘ေαာα္α‘ုα္α ုαဲα ျαα္αာαဲ့ αα္αံေαးαို αုံαွα္ျαα္ျαα ္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ααα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို α α ္α‘α ိုးααုံα ံαဲα α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαေαးααွ်αွာ α‘ေαာα္ααα»ာαဲα αα္αံေαး αုံαွα္ αျαα ္ႏိုα္αူးαိုα αူαိုαα‘αြα္းα α္းαွာေαြးေαααူααာαေαာ့ αα္αွားαွαါαα္။
αါ့α‘ျαα္ ααာα ီαံαိα္းα ာαα္းαွာ ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွ α‘αΎαံေαးαားαာα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ျαႆαာαို α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα α ိုးαိα္αူαα္ αာαွα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္αာ αူαိုααဲ့ ေαααၤα်ဴαာ α‘αြα္ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ α‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားေαြေαΎαာα့္ αူαိုααူαို ျαα္αိုα αႏα΅αွိαိα့္αα္αိုα αိုαားαါαα္။ ေαααၤα်ဴαာα်αဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားαိုαာ αာေαြαဲαိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္αိုေαာ့ α‘αိα‘α် ေျαာျα ααားαါαူး။ αါေααဲ့ αူေαြးေαααုံαာ α‘ေααိαα္ ααုα္α‘ားျαိဳα္αႈαို α‘ေျααံျαီး α‘ေααိαα္αဲα αုံα‘α်ိဳးαူ α‘ေျααံαိုαွာေαြေαြααွိႏိုα္αα္αိုα ေαြးαာ αα္αွားαါαα္။ α‘ေααိαα္αာ ေαααၤα်ဴαာα‘α α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားေαြαဲα αα္αိုα္αာαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီαဲα αα္αα်α္ေαေαာ္ ျαားαα္း αူααူαါααို ျαဳျαα္ α‘ေα်ာ့ေαးαα္ေαΎαာα္းαို ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွα αီαα္αα္αဲα α‘ာαာαွα္αူαာαို αα္αα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား α₯ααာေαြαဲα ေαာα္ျαေျαာαိုαါαα္။
ααα္αိုα α‘ေααိαα္αဲα αα္αံေαး ေαာα္းαြα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ႏိုα္αα္ ျαα္αာα‘ေααဲα ေααုေα်ာαါး αိုα‘α္ေααဲ့ ααα»ာ့αα္၊ ႏိုα္αံααာ ေαြေαΎαးαα္αုံေαြ α‘αြဲα IMF ၊ αဲα ႏိုα္αံααာ ααာေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαီα ေαြေαΎαးα‘αူα‘αီαို αႏိုα္αα္αိုα α‘ဲαီ ααာα ီαံαိα္းαေαာ္ျααါαα္။ αါαိုαα္ ျαα္αာαာ ααုα္α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ ေα ααာαဲα αုα္αြα္ေαး α‘ေαααွာ αီαိုေα ααဲ့ ေαααြα္းႏိုα္αံαႏိုα္αံα‘αα့္αေα ေα်ာ္αြα္ျαီး ααိုαα္αိုα္ေαးαွα္းေαα္αဲαို αα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိα့္αα္αိုα α‘αΎαံျαဳαားαါαα္။
ျαα္αာαာ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ αုံαΎαα္αႈαေα‘ာα္ ααုα္αဲα ααာαိα္αြဲααားαဲ့ αα္αံေαးαို αေα်ာ့α်αα္αွာ ေααေαါα္αာႏိုα္αဲ့ ျαႆαာေαြαိုαα္း ααာα ီαံαိα္းαွာ ျαα့္ျαα့္α ုံα ုံေαာ္ျααားαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီα ီαံαိα္းαို ေαးαြဲေαα α₯္αာααာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို αα္းαီးαားαဲ့αာαျαα ္ျαီး α‘ဲαီα ာαα္းαဲαွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာ ေαာ့α်α္ျαα ္αα္αိုα ေαးαား αါαα္။ αူααို αα္းαားαဲ့ α‘α်ိα္ေαြαွာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαိα‘ားေαြ αိုαိုαာျαီး αူααို αႊα္ေαးαားαα္ αိα‘ားေαြေα်ာ့αြားαα္αိုααα္း αုံးαα္αားαါαα္။ α ုαΎαα္αို αႊα္ေαးျαα္းαာ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြαဲα αα္αံေαးαို αိုးαα္ေα αိα့္αα္αိုα α‘α ီαα္αံα ာαွာ ေαးαား ααို αူααဲ့ α‘αုံးα ြα္αα္αွα္းα်α္α‘ျαα ္ αွα္းαွα္းαα္းαα္းေαးαားαားαာαေαာ့ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα‘α္α‘ားα ုαို ျαဳိαြဲေαးαဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αα်ိα္αα္းαွာαဲ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ αိα္αိုαေαး αို αα္αα်α္αဲ့ α‘ေαာα္αိုα္း ααာαွα္ေαြαိုαα္း αာαα္αဲα ααြေαာ္ျααါαα္။ α ိα္αα္α ားα αာေαာα္းαဲ့ α‘αΎαံျαဳα်α္αေαာ့ αΎααာαွိαဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္ αြα္ααα္α ္ α‘αα္ေαြαဲ့ ေαာα္αံ α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြαဲα αα္αα္ျαီး αα္αα္αα္းႏွီးေေαာ α‘ိႏα΅ိα αံααα္α်ားαα‘αူα‘αီ ေαးαါαိα့္αα္αိုα αိုαားαဲ့ α‘α်α္ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α ာαα္းαွာ α‘αုံးαα္ေαာα္α်α္α်αားαာαေαာ့ α‘α ိုးααာ αီαီαာေαြαဲα ျαα္αေαာα္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြ αြဲααားαဲ့ α‘α ိုးαααုα္αဲ့ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαို αွα₯္ႏိုα္αွာ ααုα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးααားေαြαဲα αႊα္ေαာ္α‘αα္ေαြαို ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαာαိုα αိα္αΎαားαိုα္αα္ ႏိုα္αံααာαဲ့ α‘ျαα္αို α‘α ိုးααα္αါαာေα‘ာα္ αျαα္းျαα္း ေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္αါαိα့္αα္αိုα αိုαားαါαα္။ ျαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ႏွα ္ေαြ α‘αြα္းαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ α‘α်ားα‘ျαားαာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲαို ေαာα္αာαΎαျαီး ျαα္αြားαဲ့ α‘αါ α‘αα္α αα္ေααα္αဲ့ α‘αံေαြ αျαα္းျαα္းေα်ာ့αာαဲ့αါαα္။ ေαာα္αုံးαွာေαာ့ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ α‘ေααိαα္αဲα αိေαြααα္ αံေαးαွာ α‘ေαးα‘αူα‘ျαα္α‘αွα္αိုαဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαααုα္αဲ α‘αာα ီးααဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαျαα ္ေα‘ာα္ ေα‘ာα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ျαα္ αုα္ေαာα္ ႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။
ααုα္ေαΎαာα္ေαာαါ
ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွαဲ့ αီα ာαα္းαာ ααုα္αဲα αီးαီးα α္α α္ αα္αံေαααဲ့ α‘ေαα α α ္α‘α ိုးααဲ့ αႏွα ္αα္αႈαို ααααုံး αွα္းαွα္းαα္းαα္း ေαာ္ျααဲ့ ααα‘αာαα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααုα္αဲα αီးα α္αာαာαာ αααα αုႏွα ္ αီαိုαေαα ီ ေαာα္းαိုαဲ့ αူαု αႈα္αွားαႈαΎαီး αို αα္ျαα္ႏွိα္αα္းαႈαဲα αျαား αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ဳိးေαာα္αႈေαြ ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα ျαα္αာαဲα αα္αံေαးαို ေα်ာ့α်αိုα္αာ ααα္း α‘ေαΎαာα္းαေαΎαာα္းα‘ေααဲα αα ိα္αေααα‘ားျαα့္ αါαα္αါαα္။ ααုα္αဲα αα္αံေαး αိုျαီး αိုးαာαာαိုေαာ့ αααα αုႏွα ္α‘αြα္း α α ္αα္α‘αြα္းαွာαဲ ျαα္αေα αα္αွဳαဲ့ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာေαြαို αα္αΎαα့္αα္ αိုေαααြα္αာαါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαာαα‘αိ ααုα္αို α‘ားαိုးαိုα္αဲ့ αိα္ေαြαိုα α်ီးαြα္းေျαာαိုαႈေαြ αα္αွိေαေαးေααဲ့ αα ္ေαာ ααံαာαေαြαို αေαာ္αααား ααူαႈ၊ αူးαα ္ေαွာα္αိုαုα္αြα္ေαးαို αိုးαါးေα αႈ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ αိုးαိုးαါးαါး αိα α₯α‘α်ားα ုαွာ ααုα္αာ αα ္ျαα ္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααားျαα ္ααားαိုαာαို αျαα္းျαα္း αုံးαα္α ျαဳαာαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ α‘αိα αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုα္αြα္ေαး αုα္αဲ့ αα္αα္αိုα္ αα္αြဲαျαα ္αဲ့ αျαα္ေαြးα α္းαီαြα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္ (UWSA) αဲα ααုα္αΎαား αα္းαα္းႏွီးႏွီး αα္αြα္αα္αα္ေααာαိုαα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္α‘α ိုးα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြ α‘ေααဲα ααိαျαဳαိα αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααွိαူး။ α‘ဲαီ့ေαာα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာααွာေαာ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေျαာα္αိုα္းαွာ ေαာα္αြα္ေααဲ့ ေαααာ αα္း αααα αα္ ααုα္αα္α α္ ျαα ္αုံ α ီαံαိα္းαို αိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα αိုα္းαံ့αိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αုံးျαα္α်α္ αြα္ေαααာαါေαာ့αα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္α αΎαα့္ေαာ့αα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္α‘α ိုးαα α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαဲα αိေαြα αူးေαါα္းαိုေαΎαာα္း ျαααဲ့ α‘α်ိα္αွာ ျαα္αာαို ααုα္αဲα αြဲαြာေα‘ာα္ α‘ားေαးα‘ားေျαွာα္ျαဳαုα္ေαးေαးαာ α‘αိαα¦းα ားေαး ျαα ္αာαα္။ αါ့α‘ျαα္ αူαိုα α‘αြα္ α ိα္α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္ျαα ္ေα αဲ့ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားαဲα ျαα္αာα‘αΎαား α α ္ေαး αα္α α္αႈαို α်α္ျαα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုααα္း α‘ေααိαα္α‘α ိုးα α‘ေααဲα α ိα္α‘ားαα္αα္αα္။ ျαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αီαα္αာααွာ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္αΎαီး αီαာαီααα္αα္ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαို αာေαာ့ α‘ေααိαα္αဲ့ α‘αိα αုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြαဲαွာ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα‘ေαးαာ αိα္αိုα္းααါαာαာαာ αာαွ α‘ံ့αΎαα αာααွိαူး။
ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αိုαားαါαα္αိုαဲ့ αိα္းα ိα္ αααΌαျαα ္αာျαီးေαာα္၊ α‘α ိုးα α‘αာαွိေαြα αူαိုααဲα ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα‘αΎαား α α ္αα္αိုα္αာ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈ ααွိαါαူးαိုα ေαΎααာျαီးေαာα္၊ αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαα၊ αြα္αေαြαွာေαာα္ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα ေα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αေαၤာαဲα αα္αα္αα္αိုααိုα α‘αΎαိα္αΎαိα္αΎαိဳးα ားαဲ့αဲ့ αွα္αα္းေαြαွိαဲ့αါαα္။
ေαα αα αα္αွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα αα ္αိုα္းαα္αα္ α‘α ိα္α‘αိုα္းေαြαဲα α α ္αα္αα္ေαြ αα္ေαာα္αာ αα္αိုα αံαααွိαြα္ျαα ္αဲ့ M/V Light ေျαာα္αိုαီးαား αုα္αα္αေαၤာαို α‘ေααိαα္ ေααα္αိုα္ USS McCampbell ေααာα₯္αα္ αေαၤာα ေαြααဲ့αα္။ α‘ေααိαα္ αေαၤာα ေျαာα္αိုαီးαာ αေαၤာαီα်α₯္းαα္ျαီး αေαၤာေαααα္ေαာα္ α α ္ေαးαြα့္ေαာα္းေααဲ့ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားαα္α ျαα္းαဲ့αα္။ ေαာα္αα္ αα္ α‘αα္းα‘αα္α‘αΎαာ α αၤာαူႏို္α္αံα‘αီး αွα္αိုα္းေαာα္αα္ αα္αα္ျαα္ αဲαွာေαာ့ ႏွα ္αα္ αα္αိုα္ α‘α်α္းα်ားαဲ့αΎααα္။ ေαာα္αုံးαွာေαာ့ α‘ေααိαα္ αα္းေαာα္ေααာα₯္ေαြαဲα αα္αြα္ေαး ျαိဳα္αုα αα္းαေα်ာα္ ေαာα္ေα်ာα္ ေα ာα့္αΎαα္αိုα္αါαာαဲ့ α‘αြα္ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαား αေαၤာ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားαို ျαα္αွα့္αြားαဲ့αα္။
α‘ဲαီα‘ျαα ္α‘α်α္ေαာα္αိုα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ႏိုα္αံααာααာေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαီαေα ေαြေαΎαးα‘αူα‘αီ ααူႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘ေααိαα္αα္α αိα္αိုα α‘ေαးαူαႈαα်ိဳααို ေα်ာ့ေαါ့ေαးαိုα αα္αုံးေαးαဲ့ျαီး ေျαာα္αိုαီးαား αα္αα္αေαၤာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုαာေαာα္αိုα ေαာα္αα္αΎαိဳးα ားαာα်ဳိးαα္း ααΎαားαေαာ့αါαူး။ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ααုα္αေααြဲαြာα်α္αဲ့ αႏα΅αို α‘ေααိαα္α ေαာα္းေαာα္း α‘ျαα္αုα္ α‘αုံးα်αဲ့αα္αိုαာ αံαα αα္α αာααွိαါαူး။ “α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္α αΎαိဳးα ား ေαာα္αြα္ေααာαေαာ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αα ္ααα္α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းα်α္αဲ့ α‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြαို ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးေαΎαာα္း ျαααိုααါαဲ” αိုα αိုα္းႏိုα္αံ α်ဴαာေαာα္αြα္း ααၠαိုα္αွာ α‘αုα‘αါ α‘αုα္αုα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္ αံααα္ေαာα္း ေαာαα္ αα ္ αေျαာαါαα္။
ααΎαာαα္αွာ ျαα္αာαဲα αံααα္αα္αြα္ေαး ျαွα့္αα္αဲ့ α‘ေααဲα α‘ေααိαα္ α‘α ိုးααာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αံα‘αα္αα္αα‘α္ αါေαာ့αα္။ ျαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαေαာ္αါαီα α αα္αုα္ α‘ေααိαα္ ααူးေαာα္αိုα္း ααα္းα ာαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ ααိုေαာα္αွα္းေαးα‘αြဲα α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘αဲ့ αႊα္αΎαားေαးαွဴး ေαးαα ္ αα္ααီးαα္α ္ αီႏွα ္αဲαွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αြားαα္αိုα α‘ေααိαα္ α‘α ိုးα α‘αာαွိေαြαို αိုးαားျαီး ေαးαားαဲ့ αါαα္။ α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘αာ αြံαျαိဳးαဲႏိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ αα ္ααα္αα္αိုးေαြαို ျαွα့္αα္ေαးαူ ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαူ α‘ေααဲα αူαိα်ားαဲ့ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ဳိး αုံးα ααုα္αါαူး။ α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘αဲ့ α¦းα ားေαးαုα္αα္းαာ α‘ေααိαα္α‘αြα္ ျαα္αာαဲ့ ေαααၤα်ဴαာ α‘α α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ αိα α₯αိုαာα်ဳိးαို ေαာα္αြα္αိုααါ။
αီေααာαွာ α‘ႏၱαာα္αွိαာႏိုα္αဲ့ α‘α်α္αို αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ (α) ႏွα ္ααα္းα ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွα ေαးαဲ့αါαα္။ ျαα္αာαာ α‘ေααိαα္αဲα α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္αα္αံေαး αိုးျαွα့္αာαα္ ααုα္αာ ျαα္αာαဲ့ ေαြးα α္းαိုα္αာαႈαဲα αြα္αα္ေαးαို ααα္းαα္းαဲα ျαိα္းေျαာα္αာ ႏိုα္αα္αိုαာαါαဲ။ αါ့ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ားαွ်ေα‘ာα္α်α့္α်ိα္ေαာα္αြα္αိုααိုα‘α္αα္αိုα ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွα ေျαာαါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ αα္αို α‘ားαွ်ေα‘ာα္αုα္ααဲαိုαာαိုေαာ့ αူααဲ့ ααာα ီαံαိα္းαွာ αα့္αြα္းေαးαားααားαါαူး။
ေαာα္းေαာα္းျαα္αα္αားαဲ့ αα္းေαΎαာα္း
ျαα္αာαဲ့ ေαααα ီαα ္ေαြαာ ေααွα္ α‘αုα္ျαα ္αါ့ααားαိုαာေαာ့ αံαααα္α αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းေαြαွိαါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံα α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္α ားαဲ့ α‘αα္αားα‘α ိုးααဲαွာ αူေαာα္း၊ αူαိုး α‘ုα္α ုαြဲျαားေααα္αိုαဲ့ αα္α ုံျαα့္ αျαေααဲ့αာα္αα္းαို ႏိုα္αံ ααာα αုံαΎαα္αုံαေααဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္αα α‘αိα α‘αိုα္α‘αံα‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြαေαာ့ αီေαာα္ α‘αွာαြα္αြα္αဲα αုံαΎαα္ αΎααုံαααါαူး။
ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွαဲ့ αီα ာαα္းαာ ααုα္αဲα αီးαီးα α္α α္ αα္αံေαααဲ့ α‘ေαα α α ္α‘α ိုးααဲ့ αႏွα ္αα္αႈαို ααααုံး αွα္းαွα္းαα္းαα္း ေαာ္ျααဲ့ ααα‘αာαα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααုα္αဲα αီးα α္αာαာαာ αααα αုႏွα ္ αီαိုαေαα ီ ေαာα္းαိုαဲ့ αူαု αႈα္αွားαႈαΎαီး αို αα္ျαα္ႏွိα္αα္းαႈαဲα αျαား αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ဳိးေαာα္αႈေαြ ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα ျαα္αာαဲα αα္αံေαးαို ေα်ာ့α်αိုα္αာ ααα္း α‘ေαΎαာα္းαေαΎαာα္းα‘ေααဲα αα ိα္αေααα‘ားျαα့္ αါαα္αါαα္။ ααုα္αဲα αα္αံေαး αိုျαီး αိုးαာαာαိုေαာ့ αααα αုႏွα ္α‘αြα္း α α ္αα္α‘αြα္းαွာαဲ ျαα္αေα αα္αွဳαဲ့ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာေαြαို αα္αΎαα့္αα္ αိုေαααြα္αာαါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαာαα‘αိ ααုα္αို α‘ားαိုးαိုα္αဲ့ αိα္ေαြαိုα α်ီးαြα္းေျαာαိုαႈေαြ αα္αွိေαေαးေααဲ့ αα ္ေαာ ααံαာαေαြαို αေαာ္αααား ααူαႈ၊ αူးαα ္ေαွာα္αိုαုα္αြα္ေαးαို αိုးαါးေα αႈ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ ျαα ္ေααဲ့ αိုးαိုးαါးαါး αိα α₯α‘α်ားα ုαွာ ααုα္αာ αα ္ျαα ္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααားျαα ္ααားαိုαာαို αျαα္းျαα္း αုံးαα္α ျαဳαာαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ α‘αိα αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုα္αြα္ေαး αုα္αဲ့ αα္αα္αိုα္ αα္αြဲαျαα ္αဲ့ αျαα္ေαြးα α္းαီαြα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္ (UWSA) αဲα ααုα္αΎαား αα္းαα္းႏွီးႏွီး αα္αြα္αα္αα္ေααာαိုαα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္α‘α ိုးα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြ α‘ေααဲα ααိαျαဳαိα αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααွိαူး။ α‘ဲαီ့ေαာα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာααွာေαာ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေျαာα္αိုα္းαွာ ေαာα္αြα္ေααဲ့ ေαααာ αα္း αααα αα္ ααုα္αα္α α္ ျαα ္αုံ α ီαံαိα္းαို αိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα αိုα္းαံ့αိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αုံးျαα္α်α္ αြα္ေαααာαါေαာ့αα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္α αΎαα့္ေαာ့αα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္α‘α ိုးαα α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαဲα αိေαြα αူးေαါα္းαိုေαΎαာα္း ျαααဲ့ α‘α်ိα္αွာ ျαα္αာαို ααုα္αဲα αြဲαြာေα‘ာα္ α‘ားေαးα‘ားေျαွာα္ျαဳαုα္ေαးေαးαာ α‘αိαα¦းα ားေαး ျαα ္αာαα္။ αါ့α‘ျαα္ αူαိုα α‘αြα္ α ိα္α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္ျαα ္ေα αဲ့ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားαဲα ျαα္αာα‘αΎαား α α ္ေαး αα္α α္αႈαို α်α္ျαα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုααα္း α‘ေααိαα္α‘α ိုးα α‘ေααဲα α ိα္α‘ားαα္αα္αα္။ ျαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αီαα္αာααွာ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္αΎαီး αီαာαီααα္αα္ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαို αာေαာ့ α‘ေααိαα္αဲ့ α‘αိα αုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြαဲαွာ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα‘ေαးαာ αိα္αိုα္းααါαာαာαာ αာαွ α‘ံ့αΎαα αာααွိαူး။
ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αိုαားαါαα္αိုαဲ့ αိα္းα ိα္ αααΌαျαα ္αာျαီးေαာα္၊ α‘α ိုးα α‘αာαွိေαြα αူαိုααဲα ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα‘αΎαား α α ္αα္αိုα္αာ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈ ααွိαါαူးαိုα ေαΎααာျαီးေαာα္၊ αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαα၊ αြα္αေαြαွာေαာα္ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα ေα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αေαၤာαဲα αα္αα္αα္αိုααိုα α‘αΎαိα္αΎαိα္αΎαိဳးα ားαဲ့αဲ့ αွα္αα္းေαြαွိαဲ့αါαα္။
ေαα αα αα္αွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားα αα ္αိုα္းαα္αα္ α‘α ိα္α‘αိုα္းေαြαဲα α α ္αα္αα္ေαြ αα္ေαာα္αာ αα္αိုα αံαααွိαြα္ျαα ္αဲ့ M/V Light ေျαာα္αိုαီးαား αုα္αα္αေαၤာαို α‘ေααိαα္ ေααα္αိုα္ USS McCampbell ေααာα₯္αα္ αေαၤာα ေαြααဲ့αα္။ α‘ေααိαα္ αေαၤာα ေျαာα္αိုαီးαာ αေαၤာαီα်α₯္းαα္ျαီး αေαၤာေαααα္ေαာα္ α α ္ေαးαြα့္ေαာα္းေααဲ့ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားαα္α ျαα္းαဲ့αα္။ ေαာα္αα္ αα္ α‘αα္းα‘αα္α‘αΎαာ α αၤာαူႏို္α္αံα‘αီး αွα္αိုα္းေαာα္αα္ αα္αα္ျαα္ αဲαွာေαာ့ ႏွα ္αα္ αα္αိုα္ α‘α်α္းα်ားαဲ့αΎααα္။ ေαာα္αုံးαွာေαာ့ α‘ေααိαα္ αα္းေαာα္ေααာα₯္ေαြαဲα αα္αြα္ေαး ျαိဳα္αုα αα္းαေα်ာα္ ေαာα္ေα်ာα္ ေα ာα့္αΎαα္αိုα္αါαာαဲ့ α‘αြα္ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαား αေαၤာ ေျαာα္αိုαီးαားαို ျαα္αွα့္αြားαဲ့αα္။
α‘ဲαီα‘ျαα ္α‘α်α္ေαာα္αိုα္း ေαျαα္ေαာ္ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ႏိုα္αံααာααာေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαီαေα ေαြေαΎαးα‘αူα‘αီ ααူႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘ေααိαα္αα္α αိα္αိုα α‘ေαးαူαႈαα်ိဳααို ေα်ာ့ေαါ့ေαးαိုα αα္αုံးေαးαဲ့ျαီး ေျαာα္αိုαီးαား αα္αα္αေαၤာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုαာေαာα္αိုα ေαာα္αα္αΎαိဳးα ားαာα်ဳိးαα္း ααΎαားαေαာ့αါαူး။ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ααုα္αေααြဲαြာα်α္αဲ့ αႏα΅αို α‘ေααိαα္α ေαာα္းေαာα္း α‘ျαα္αုα္ α‘αုံးα်αဲ့αα္αိုαာ αံαα αα္α αာααွိαါαူး။ “α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္α αΎαိဳးα ား ေαာα္αြα္ေααာαေαာ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αα ္ααα္α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းα်α္αဲ့ α‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြαို ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးေαΎαာα္း ျαααိုααါαဲ” αိုα αိုα္းႏိုα္αံ α်ဴαာေαာα္αြα္း ααၠαိုα္αွာ α‘αုα‘αါ α‘αုα္αုα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္ αံααα္ေαာα္း ေαာαα္ αα ္ αေျαာαါαα္။
ααΎαာαα္αွာ ျαα္αာαဲα αံααα္αα္αြα္ေαး ျαွα့္αα္αဲ့ α‘ေααဲα α‘ေααိαα္ α‘α ိုးααာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αံα‘αα္αα္αα‘α္ αါေαာ့αα္။ ျαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαေαာ္αါαီα α αα္αုα္ α‘ေααိαα္ ααူးေαာα္αိုα္း ααα္းα ာαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ ααိုေαာα္αွα္းေαးα‘αြဲα α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘αဲ့ αႊα္αΎαားေαးαွဴး ေαးαα ္ αα္ααီးαα္α ္ αီႏွα ္αဲαွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αြားαα္αိုα α‘ေααိαα္ α‘α ိုးα α‘αာαွိေαြαို αိုးαားျαီး ေαးαားαဲ့ αါαα္။ α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘αာ αြံαျαိဳးαဲႏိုα္αံေαြαဲ့ αα ္ααα္αα္αိုးေαြαို ျαွα့္αα္ေαးαူ ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαူ α‘ေααဲα αူαိα်ားαဲ့ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ဳိး αုံးα ααုα္αါαူး။ α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘αဲ့ α¦းα ားေαးαုα္αα္းαာ α‘ေααိαα္α‘αြα္ ျαα္αာαဲ့ ေαααၤα်ဴαာ α‘α α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ αိα α₯αိုαာα်ဳိးαို ေαာα္αြα္αိုααါ။
αီေααာαွာ α‘ႏၱαာα္αွိαာႏိုα္αဲ့ α‘α်α္αို αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ (α) ႏွα ္ααα္းα ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွα ေαးαဲ့αါαα္။ ျαα္αာαာ α‘ေααိαα္αဲα α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္αα္αံေαး αိုးျαွα့္αာαα္ ααုα္αာ ျαα္αာαဲ့ ေαြးα α္းαိုα္αာαႈαဲα αြα္αα္ေαးαို ααα္းαα္းαဲα ျαိα္းေျαာα္αာ ႏိုα္αα္αိုαာαါαဲ။ αါ့ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ားαွ်ေα‘ာα္α်α့္α်ိα္ေαာα္αြα္αိုααိုα‘α္αα္αိုα ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွα ေျαာαါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ αα္αို α‘ားαွ်ေα‘ာα္αုα္ααဲαိုαာαိုေαာ့ αူααဲ့ ααာα ီαံαိα္းαွာ αα့္αြα္းေαးαားααားαါαူး။
ေαာα္းေαာα္းျαα္αα္αားαဲ့ αα္းေαΎαာα္း
ျαα္αာαဲ့ ေαααα ီαα ္ေαြαာ ေααွα္ α‘αုα္ျαα ္αါ့ααားαိုαာေαာ့ αံαααα္α αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းေαြαွိαါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံα α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္α ားαဲ့ α‘αα္αားα‘α ိုးααဲαွာ αူေαာα္း၊ αူαိုး α‘ုα္α ုαြဲျαားေααα္αိုαဲ့ αα္α ုံျαα့္ αျαေααဲ့αာα္αα္းαို ႏိုα္αံ ααာα αုံαΎαα္αုံαေααဲ့ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္αα α‘αိα α‘αိုα္α‘αံα‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြαေαာ့ αီေαာα္ α‘αွာαြα္αြα္αဲα αုံαΎαα္ αΎααုံαααါαူး။
ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ ေαာေαာαα္ α‘αα္αား α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းαားαဲ့ αူေαာα္းေαြαဲα αေαာα္αါαိုαဲ့ αီးααားαα္αΎαီး αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαာα္း ေα‘ာα္αα္းαာ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαဲα αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαΎαား ေαါα္αုံα ေαါα္ျαα္αြားျαီး αα္αွားαဲ့ α‘ေαးေαာα္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံေαြαဲα ေαြααုံေααါαα္။ αူαဲα αα္αေαာ ေαြααုံαΎαααူေαြαေαာ့ αူααဲ့ αα္αြα္α်α္ေαြ α α ္α‘α ိုးα αα္းαာα‘ုα္α ုαူαိုးေαြαီα ေျαာαΎααα္αိုα αူαိုαဲ့ αွိႏႈိα္းαိုα ိα္ααွိαဲ့ ααα‘αာေαြαိုαာ αဲα αα္αα္ျαီး αံαα αΎαီးαΎαီးαα္ေααΎααါαα္။
ေα‘ာα္αα္းαာ αααα αုႏွα ္αုα္းα αာαူးျαဳα္α်αံαဲ့ααဲ့ α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α်α္αွα္αα္α¦းαဲ့ ααα့္αိုαာαို αူαိုα ααိျαဳαိαΎα αါαα္။ α်α္αွα္αα္α¦းαို α‘α်α့္α်α္ျαα ားαႈေαြ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαျαီး αာαူးα αα္αွားαဲ့ေααα့္ αူαာ α‘αα္ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αΎαီး ေααα္းαဲ့ ေαါα္းေαာα္αႈαို ျαိα္းေျαာα္αဲ့ α α္ျαိဳα္ေαာα္αဲ့ αုα္αα္ေαြေαΎαာα့္αာ αα္αွားαံαဲ့ααာα αိုျαα ္αိုα α်ားαါαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္αုα္းα Far Eastern Economic Review αွာ α‘αၤαိα္ααα္းα ာααာ ေαာ့α္αီ αα္α αာ α αα္α¦းαဲα αူαေαာα္αွα္းေαးေαြ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαို α‘αုαို ေαးαားαဲ့αူးαါαα္။ “αူαိုααာ αျαား α‘ျαα္α်α₯္းαဲ့၊ ααားေααα္αဲ့ ျαα္αာေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြαα္ ႏိုα္αံααာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαိုαိαူေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူαိုααာ αα္αွိ α α ္α‘α ိုးααဲ့ αα္းαΎαα္αဲ့ αα္ααα္α်α္ေαြေα‘ာα္αွာ αွိေααုံαေααဲ့ αူαိုααို ႏိုα္αံျαား αြားαြα့္ေαးαားαα္။ ႏိုα္αံျαား αားေαြαဲα αြα္αြα္αα္αα္ α αားေျαာαြα့္ေαးαားαα္” αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αါေααဲ့ αူαိုααာαα္း αူαိုααဲ့ αα္αူေαြ၊ ျαိဳα္αα္ေαြ α‘ေαααွာ α‘α္ααα္α‘αွာαာαα္းαα္α α္ ျαီး α‘αြα္αါးαα္αိααΌာαူေαြ α‘ျαα ္ αူαိα်ားαါαα္။ α်α္αွα္αα္α¦းαိုα္αိုα္αာ α αိα္ႏိုα္αံ αα ိαိα္αြ်α္းα ုေαြαဲα αြ်α္းααြ်α္းαွာ α‘ေααိαα္ α ီα‘ိုα္ေα‘ αα္αα္းαို αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αူ αေαာα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ ေα‘ာα္αα္းαာ αααα αွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ ααα္းααုံα်α္αα ္αဲ့ျαီး αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ျαα္αာ α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး αα αα္αြဲααို ေαႊαေျαာα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ α‘αွα္ αα ေျαျαα္αα္αα္းαိုေαာα္αဲ့ျαီး၊ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ ျαα္αာα α ္αα္αဲ့ ေαာα္αိုα္းαိုα္းαွဴးα‘ျαα ္αာαူးαိုးျαွα့္αံααါαα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာေαာ့ α‘αα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αα္းေαႊα α ္α‘α ိုးα αα္αα္αွာ αီးααားαα္αΎαီးျαα ္αာαါαα္။
αီေαα α‘ျαα ္α‘α်α္ေαြαို αα္α α္αΎαα့္αα္ ααာα ီαံαိα္းαွာ ေαးαားαားαဲ့ α α ္α‘ာαာ αα္αိုးαွα္ေαး α‘α ီα‘α α₯္αွာ αာααွα္αΎαာ ျαႆαာျαα ္αဲ့αဲ့ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ေαးαာ α‘αိα ျαႆαာ ျαα ္αါαိα့္αα္။ α α ္α‘α ိုးα αα္αွိ α‘ာαာαြα္αြဲαြဲ αာα္αα္းαွာ αူαိုးα‘ုα္α ုαဲααေαာα္αိုαူ αေαာ့ ေαာα္αα္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေα ့α α္ေαြးေႏြးαူαေαာα္ျαα ္αဲ့ ေα‘ာα္ေαာα္း αါ။ αီႏွα ္αဲαွာ ααုα္ႏိုα္αံ α‘ေαာα္ေαာα္αိုα္းα ေαႊαီျαိဳααွာ αα်α္αူαုα္αဲα ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αူαါ။ αူαာ α‘αα္ α α္αႈαα္αΎαီးေαာα္းျαα ္ျαီး၊ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ α ုαΎαα္αဲα α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါေαြαို α‘ုα္α ုαြဲααိုα္αိုα္αဲ့αိုα α ုαΎαα္ေαာα္αံαူ α‘α်ားα‘ျαား ေααုံးαα္αာααဲ့αΎααဲ့ αီαဲαα္း α‘ေαးα‘αα္းαို ေαာα္αြα္α α ီα α₯္αဲ့αူေαြαဲα αေαာα္αိုα αα္ျαα္αူααံααူျαα ္αါαα္။ αူေαာα္းေα‘ာα္αα္းαာ ေαႊαီေαြးေႏြးαြဲαို ααα္αဲ့αါαူး။ αါေααဲ့ αုံးαα္αူαα်ဳိααေαာ့ ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ ေαြးေႏြးαြဲ α်α္ျαားαα့္ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαာα္αာαα္ α‘ေα်ာ့αိုα္းα်α₯္းαα္αုံα ံαဲα ေα‘ာα္αα္းα αα္ေαာα္αα္αα္αိα့္αα္αိုα αα္ျαα္ေααΎααါαα္။
α‘αုαို αူαိα်ားαα္αွားαဲ့ αုαၢိဳα္ေαြα α‘ေαα‘α်ာျαα္αα္αားαဲ့ ေαြးေႏြးေαး αα္းαα္းေαြαဲαေαာα္αြα္ေααာေαြαို αုα္αα္αူ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαα္α αα္αံαα္ααံαိုαာαေαာ့ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αα¦းαွာαါ။ αα္ααα္αူαို α‘α ိုးααα္α αα့္ေαာα္ αα α₯္းα ားαဲ ေαာα္ေα်ာα္αααα္αα္း ျαα္းαα္ေααဲ့ α‘α်α္αာαα္း αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαေαြαဲα αေαာαူαီ α်α္αို αာαွα္αα္αα္ααိုα αျαα ္ႏိုα္αဲ့ α‘α်α္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αααα α‘ေျααံα₯αေααာαα္း α α ္αα္αို α‘αိααားျαီး ααိုαα်ဳα္αိုα္αဲ့ α‘α ိုးααုံααα္αို α‘ေျααံေαးαားαားαါαα္။
αါ့ေαΎαာα့္ αα္αေαာ ေျαာေααΎααဲ့ “ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး” αိုαာαဲα αα္αα္ျαီး α‘ေα်ာ္αြα္ေααဲ့αာααာ αိα္αွα္αΎαာαα္ααα္αါαူး။ α α ္αα္αို αႊα္ေαာ္αဲαွာ ααားααα္ αီαိုα‘ာαာေαြ α‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံေαးαားαဲ့ αα္αွိ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααို α်α္αα္α်α္၊ αါαွααုα္ α‘α်ားα‘ျαားαို ျαα္αα္ျαα္၊ α‘ဲααိုαွ ααုα္αα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားျαႆαာαာ ေျααွα္းαိုαααွာ ααုα္αါαူး။ αါ့α‘ျαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαာ α‘ေααိαα္αဲα ααုα္αိုα αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αΎααာ αα္ေျαααုαာျαα ္αာαဲ့αα္ေαာ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαာ ေαွαေαွ်ာα္ေαα်ာေαါα္ αိုျαီး αုαα‘ေαာα္αွာαါ။ ααာα ီαံαိα္းαွာ ေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွααိေαးαဲ့αဲ့ ααုα္ α‘ေααိαα္ ျαႆαာαာ α‘αုαα္ေαြα ေααေαါα္ေααါျαီ။
Credit : Ko Thaung
ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα္αာ αုααααၢ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αိုα္α ားαွα္ TomΓ‘s Ojea Quintana ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္း ေαြααုံα α₯္
ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠαႏွα့္ αုααααၢ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αိုα္α ားαွα္αိုαα‘ား ေαြααα α₯္
αုံαΎαα္α်α္ α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား α်α္αွိေαေαးေαΎαာα္း NLD αွ αα္αံ α ာαα္းေαးαာαါα αα္αိုα္αာαွ α ိα α ္αိႇႏိႈα္း ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαα္αု ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα္αာ αုααααၢ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αိုα္α ားαွα္ TomΓ‘s Ojea Quintana ႏွα့္ေαြααုံα α₯္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းα “αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲααα္ αα္αိုα αူα UNαို αာαα့္ αα္ααွာ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာαα္αα္။ α‘ဲαိုαα္ႏိုα္αိုαα‘αြα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ α ααα္း α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြαို αာေα့αာαာ။ αူေျαာαာα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα ႏိုα္αံေαးျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြα α‘α္ααα္ α‘ားαα αာ ေαာα္းαါαα္။ ေα်αα္α αာ ေαာα္းαါαα္။ αီα‘αြα္αα္း αူαိုααα္α αα္αα္αΏαီးေαာ့ αီαိုαိုးαα္ေα‘ာα္ ေαာα္αြα္αိုαα‘αြα္ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αα္αိုαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαα္။
αိαိαိုααα္ααα္း αိုα့္ႏိုα္αံαိုးαα္ αြံααΏαိဳးေαးα‘αြα္ αီαိုျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ αα္αΏαီး αုα္αွာαိုα ျαα္ေျαာαိုα္αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီေαာ့ αူα αာαα္ေျαာαဲαိုαα္ αာαα့္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αွာ αြα္αα္αΏαီး ααားαွ်ααဲ့ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲျαα
္αα္ αိုαိုααွိαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ α်ားα
ြာ α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းေαြ ေαာα္းαါαα္αိုα ေျαာαα္။ αိαိαိုαααα္း ααိေαး αိုα္αα္။ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာ αြα္αα္αΏαီး αွ်ααဲ့ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ျαα
္α αα္။ ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αါ။ α‘ေျαာ ααုα္αူး။ α‘αုα္αဲα ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αါαိုα ေျαာαိုα္αα္။ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α‘ေျαα‘ေααဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး ေαာေαာαα္αူαိုαα αိုαႏိုα္αံαဲα αα္αα္ ေαာα္αြα္α်α္ေαြα α‘α္ααα္ αိုးαα္ေαာα္းαြα္αα္။
α‘ားαေα်αα္αါαα္αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။ αုံαΎαα္α်α္ α‘α်α₯္းαား αဲααα္αα္αိုα αူαိုαα ေαးαα္။ ေαးαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ α‘αα္αုα္းααα္း αုံαΎαα္α်α္ α‘α်α₯္းαားαိုαေααေαာ αူα်ားαို NLD αα္ α α
ာαα္းေαးαဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္αိုα္αာ αာαα္αွိαဲ့αူေαြα α
ိα
α
္αΏαီးေαာ့ αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္ ေαးαိုα္αΏαီ။ αိုααာαြα္ α‘ဲαီα‘αဲαွာ α်α္ေαေαးαα္αိုα ေျαာαα္။ ေျαာေαာ့ αူαိုαေαးαဲ့ α
ာαα္းα‘αိုα္းαဲ αီααြα့္ျαဳေαးαိုα္αာ။ αိုααာαြα္ α်α္ေαေαးαα္ αိုαဲ့αူေαြα αျαားျαα
္αႈαိုα္αာ α₯αေαα‘α α‘ေαးαူ αံαားααဲ့αူေαြ ျαα
္ေαာα္းျαα
္ႏိုα္αα္။ αါေααα့္αα္αΏαီး αူαိုααα္α α်α္ေαေαးαα္αိုα α
ာαα္းေαးαα္αိုαα္ αα္αိုα္αာα α
ိα
α
္αΏαီး αိႈႏိႈα္းαΏαီး ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘αြα္αα္း αိαိαိုαα ααိျαဳαိုα္αါαα္”αု ααα္းေαာα္α်ားα‘ား ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
Source : EMG
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| Philippines Foreign Minister Del Rosario & Daw Aung San Suu Kyi |
Source : The voice weekly
by Yangon Press International
α်α ္α¦းေαာα္ ေαးျαα္းαα္။
“Than Shwe: Unmasking Burma’s Tyrant” α‘αα္αွိ α¦းαα္းေαႊα‘ေαΎαာα္း α ာα‘ုα္ေαးαားαူ αα္αီαα ္αိုα်ာα ္αို α‘ံ့α‘ားαα့္αြားေα αဲ့α‘α်α္αေαာ့ αူααို ျαα္αာαံαံုးα αီαာαုα္ေαးαိုα္αဲ့ αိα α₯αါ။ ααα္ေαာ့ αူααို ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα αီαာေαးαိα့္αα္αိုα αံုးααို ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ααားαဲ့αါαူူး။ αာαိုααဲαိုေαာ့ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္ ျαα္αာျαα္αာαα္αုα္းα αူαααီးα α₯္αΏαီးαံုးαါαီးαွာαဲ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ α¦းαα္းေαႊα ာα‘ုα္ေαးαဲ့αူαာ αူαဲαိုαာ ေαြααွိαြားαΏαီးေαာα္αိုα္း ႏွα္αုα္αံαဲ့ααိုααါαဲ။ α‘α α₯္α‘αာα‘ားျαα့္ေαာ့ α‘ႏွα္αုα္αံααΏαီαုိαα္ α‘αα္α်α္α ာαα္းαဲαွာ αါαြားαΏαီေαါ့။ αါေααဲ့αα္း ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲေααာ αုα္ααုα္ α α္းαΎαα့္αိုα၊ ေαာα္αΏαီး αံα ားαΎαα့္αိုα αီαာေαွ်ာα္αိုααို αူααို αိα္ေαြေαြα αိုα္αြα္းαာαေα αီαာေαွ်ာα္ျαα ္αြားαါαα္။ αီαိုαဲα α‘ိα္αα္αα္ေααဲ့ αူαα ္ေαာα္αို ααံုαα ္αα္၊ αံုαα ္αα္αဲα αΏαိαိα္α‘ေျαα ိုα္ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αာαြα္ျαွα့္αα္ေαးα‘αြဲααα ္αုျαα ္αဲ့ Christian Solidarity Worldwide α‘αြဲαα α‘ေαွαα‘ာαွေαါα္းေαာα္ αα္αီαα ္αိုα်ာα ္αာ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααို ေαာα္αာαဲ့αα္αိုαါေαာ့။ αα္ααါαီ αα αα္αေα αα αα္ေααα‘αိ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααွာ αα္αα္αြားαဲ့αဲ့ αူααဲαα‘ေαြαα‘ααံဳ၊ ေျαာα္းαဲေα αဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို αူαα္αိုျαα္αဲαိုαာαို Yangon Press International (YPI) α α‘α္αာα်ဴးαားαါαα္။
YPI: αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္α ျαα္αာျαα္αို αာαα္αုα္းα αα္α်ား ႏွα္α‘αုα္αံαဲ့ααα္။ αါေααဲ့ αီႏွα ္αဲαွာ αα္α်ားαီαာααα္။ αာေαΎαာα့္ αီαာααာαα္αα္αဲ။
Rogers: αါαာαာαဲαိုαα္ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္းαွာ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαΎαာα့္αဲ။ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြαာ α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ျαα ္αα္αိုαာ၊ αူαိုαေျαာα္းαဲေααα္αိုαာαို ႏိုα္αံααာαို αံုαΎαα္ေα α်α္αα္။ α‘ဲαိုျααဲ့α‘αါαွာ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္α αူαိုα ႏွα္αုα္αိုα္αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံααာαွာ αα္αွားေα်ာ္αΎαားαဲ့ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαႈα္αွားαူ၊ α ာေαးααာαα ္ေαာα္αို ျαα္αာαα္αြα့္ေαးαΏαီး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို αာαΎαα့္αိုα္းαဲ့αα္းαာ αိုေαာα္းαဲ့αα္းျαα ္αα္αိုαာ αူααိုααဲျαα ္ႏိုα္αါαα္။ αါααα့္α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြαဲα αα ္α ိα္αα ္αိုα္းαိုααဲ α်ေαာ္αံုαΎαα္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္ αာαα္ααိαားαိαဲαိုေαာ့ αာαα္α်α္α ာαα္းαွာ αα့္α‘αြα္းαံααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαားαား ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαာ α‘αုေαာα္αိုα္း (ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို) αာαα္αα္αြα့္αေααΎααα္။ ျαα္αα‘ေျαα ိုα္αီαီαာααားα‘α်ိဳαα‘αါα‘αα္ေαါ့။
YPI: αီαα ္ααိα္ေαာ့ αα္α်ား ႏွα္α‘αုα္ααံααူး။ αာေαΎαာα့္αိုααα္αဲ။
Rogers: α‘α ိုးαα ααာαွာ αူααဲααံုαိα္αို ေαာα္းαာေα‘ာα္ αα‘ားααိဳးα ားေααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး α‘α α ္α‘αွα္α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို ααα္αုα္ေααါαα္αိုαာαိုαဲ ႏုိα္αံααာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းαို αံုαΎαα္ေα α်α္αα္။ α်ေαာ္αို αα္αΏαီးႏွα္αုα္αα္ αူαိုα ႏိုα္αံααာαို ေαးα်α္αဲ့ message α αွားαြားαွာေαါ့။ αါေαΎαာα့္αဲ α်ေαာ္αို αူαိုαႏွα္ααုα္αာ။
YPI: αα္αုα္αွာ αα္αα္αဲ့α‘αါ αα္αိုα်ိဳးαံα ားααဲ။ ေαာα္α αα ္ေαာα္ေαာα္αိုα္ေααα္αိုα αံα ားααား။
Rogers: αိုးαိုးαားαားေျαာααα္ ေαααိုα္းαိုαဲ…α်ေαာ္ α‘ိα္αα္αα္ေαααား αံα ားααα္။ ααΎαာαα္ α‘ိα္αα္αေα ႏိုးααာαိα့္αα္αိုααα္း αံα ားαိαα္။ ေαာ္ေαာ္αူးျαားαါαα္။ αီαα ္ααိα္ေαာ့ ေαာα္ေαာα္αံαိုα္ေααα္αိုα αံုးαံုးαို ααံα ားααူး။ (αα္αုα္) ေααိα္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာေαာ၊ αα္αုα္αွာαα္αα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာေαာ၊ ေαာα္αΏαီး ျαα္αဲ့α‘αါαွာαါ αာျαႆαာαွααွိαူး။ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္ α်ေαာ္ေαာα္αံုးα‘ααိα္ေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့α‘α်ိα္ααα္းα αိαိαာαာေျαာα္းαဲαြားαα္αိုα αံα ားαိαα္။ αီαွα္ေαြ၊ ျαααိα္ေαြေαααွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာα္αံုေαြαဲα αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα‘ာα္αα္းαာα္αံုေαြαို ေαြαααာ၊ αΏαိဳααα္α αိုα္ေαြαွာ α‘ဲαီαာα္αံု၊ ျααα‘αိα္ေαြ α်ိα္αြဲေαာα္းα်ေααာေαြαို ေαြαααာαာ α‘ံ့αΎαα αာေαာα္းေααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αီးαြိဳα့္ေαြαွာ၊ αိုα္ေαြαွာ The Lady αုα္αွα္αားα‘ေαြေαြ ေαာα္းα်ေααာαို ေαြαααာαာαဲ α‘ံ့αΎαα αာျαα ္ေααα္။ αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα ္ႏွα ္ေα်ာ္ααိုαα္ α‘ဲααိုαာα်ိဳးαိုေαြαααိုααိုαာ α α₯္းα ားαိုααိုααႏိုα္αူး။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αာαα္ααီးαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးαႈα္αွားαူα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαိုαα္း ေαြαႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။ αြားααα့္αα္းေαΎαာα္းαေαာ့ ေαးေαေαးαα္။ α‘αုေαြαေαααဲ့α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαိုαΎαα့္αα္αိုαα္ ေαာα္ျαα္ααွα့္αα့္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αႈαိုα္αာ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαိုαေαာ့ ေျαာαααူး။ αါေααα့္ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αွိαဲ့ αႊα္αိα္းေαြαဲ။ α‘α ိုးααို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ αိုαΏαီးαုα္ေαာα္αာေα‘ာα္ α‘ားေαးေααဲ့αα ္α်ိα္αα္းαွာ α‘α ိုးααုα္ေαာα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳαα့္αα္၊ α်ီးα်ဴးαုα္ျαဳαα့္αα္αိုα α်ေαာ္αံုαΎαα္αα္။
YPI: ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္းα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαဲα αα္αα္αိုα αိုα္ေαးαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αူေαြαီα αα္αိုαူαီαဲ့ αံုαျαα္αႈα်ိဳးαို ααိုα္ααဲ။
Rogers: ေαြααဲ့αဲ့αူαိုα္းαီးαါးαေαာ့ ααိαဲα α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αΎααာαို ေαြαααα္။ αα ္ေαာα္αဲ α‘ႏွုα္ααα‘αာေαာα္αဲ့α‘ျαα္α်ိဳးαွိαာαို ေαြαααα္။ αူα α‘αုα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြα‘ားαံုးαာ α‘α ိုးααဲα ေαာα္ေα်ာα္ေαြျαα ္αα္၊ α်ားαα ္αိုαဲ့α‘ေαာα္α်ိဳးαာ αူαိုααိုα္ေααα α‘α α္α‘ေျαာα္ေαြαို αေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္αူးαိုαΏαီး α‘ဲαီα‘αိုα္း αူαံုαΎαα္ေααα္။ αါေααဲ့ α‘ားαံုးαေαာ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαာ α‘α α ္α‘αွα္αိုααα္ျαα္αူααΎααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αααΌαααီးαဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αူေαြαာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္αို ααα္αို ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ေα α်α္αΎααဲ့αူေαြျαα ္αα္αိုα αူααΎααα္။ αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαာ α‘αα္α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ိဳး ျαα္αျαα ္αြားႏုိα္αူးαိုααဲαံုαΎαα္αူααΎααα္။ ေαြααဲ့αဲ့αူေαြα α‘αူးα‘ေαးα‘αα္αား ေျαာαΎααာα αααααီးαဲα α‘ျαားျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αူေαြαို α‘ားေαးαα့္αα္၊ ေαာα္αံαα့္αα္၊ α‘ားαုα္αႈေαြαို α်ီးα်ဴးαα့္αα္၊ αီαုိαေαα ီαႈα္αွားαူေαြα‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αိုαူေαြαဲα αူးေαါα္းαုα္ေαာα္αα့္αα္၊ αါေααဲ့ αြားααα့္αα္းα αα္းα‘αွα္ααီး၊ αုα္ေαာα္α αာေαြααα္း α‘α်ားααီးαွိေαးαα္αိုαΏαီး ေျαာαΎααα္။ αααားαဲ့ ααားα₯αေαေαြαို α်α္αိα္းαα့္αα္ (αိုα) ျαα္αα္αα့္αα္။ ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးαႈαွိαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေαာα္ေαးαိုααိုαα္။ αြဲαα α္းαံုα‘ေျααံα₯αေααို ျαα္αα္αိုααိုαα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αုိα္းαα္းαားျαႆαာေαြαို αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαα္αံႏိုα္αα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαးေျααွα္းαα္းα်ိဳးαဲα ေျααွα္းေαးαိုα αိုαါαα္။ αိα္αိုααႈေαြαဲα αα္αα္αိုαေαာ့ α်ေαာ္αဲα ေαြααဲ့αဲ့αူ α‘ားαံုးαီးαါးα αုα္αိα္းαα့္αα္αိုαျαα္αΎααα္။ αါေααဲ့ αα ္αါαα္း αုα္αိα္းαာα်ိဳးααုα္αဲ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို α‘αိαွα္ျαဳ၊ αုံαျαα္αဲ့α‘ေααဲα αα ္αα့္α်α္း αုα္αိα္းαα့္αα္αိုα ျαα္αΎααα္။ αိα္αိုααႈေαြα‘ားαံုးαို αα ္αါαα္းαဲα ျαα္αုα္αိα္းαိုα္αာαာ ααာα်ဴαာα‘αွားαα ္αုျαα ္αိα့္αα္။ αα်ိဳαα‘ေαးαူαားαာေαြαိုေαာ့ αα္αားαα့္ေαးαα္…αိုα္းျαα္αွာ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αααေαးα်α္း၊ αွα္αα္αဲ့ α₯αေααိုα္းαိုα္αာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ αျαα ္αေαးα်α္းေαါ့။
YPI: αိုα္းျαα္αွာ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို αα္αိုαံုးαα္αဲ။
Rogers: α‘ေαာα္းαα္ααΎαα့္αα္αိုαα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα NLD ႏိုα္αံေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္αဲαွာ αါαα္αာαာ၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαို αႊα္αာ၊ αီαီαာα‘ေααα်ဳα္α်α္αားαႈေαြαို ျαα္ေαွ်ာ့ေαးαာ၊ α်ေαာ့္αို ႏိုα္αံျαားαားေαြαို αα္αြα့္ေαးαာ၊ αူαုαΎαားαဲαွာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး αိုαΏαီး ေျαာေαးαိုαြα့္αွိαာαΎααာ ေαြαာ αိαာαα္αွားαဲ့ αိုးαα္αႈေαြျαα ္αα္၊ ေႏြးေႏြးေαြးေαြးαိုαွ ααိဳαို၊ α‘ားေαးαα့္αα္αိုααံုαΎαα္αါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ ααီးαα္းα α‘αွα္ααီးα်α္αါေαးαα္။ ααα္αိုα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ NLD α‘ႏုိα္ααα္αိုαါေαာ့…αႊα္ေαာ္αဲαွာ ααα္αα္း αာေαြαုα္ႏိုα္ααဲ။ ေαေααါးαါးαဲ။ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αိုαααာαေαာ့ αူαိုαα‘ေααဲα α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္းα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αုိαူေαြαဲα α‘αူα‘αုα္αုα္ႏိုα္αိα့္αα္၊ ျαα္αိုα္αΏαိဳးα‘αါα‘αα္ αျαားαါαီα αူေαြαဲααα္း αူးေαါα္းαΏαီး α‘ေျααံα₯αေααိုျαα္αα္αာေαြ၊ αααားαဲ့ α₯αေαေαြαို α်α္αိα္းαာ၊ ျαα္αα္αာေαြ၊ ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးေαြ၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαာαြα္ေαးαဲα ျαွα့္αα္ေαးေαြ၊ α‘ားαံုးαα္αံႏိုα္αΏαီး ေααွα္αံαα့္ α‘α α ္α‘αွα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးα‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαဲα ႏိုα္αံေαးα αားαိုα္းေαြ αူးေαါα္းαုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိα့္αα္αိုαေαာ့ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αိုαααာေαါ့။ αါαာαα္း ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αα ္αုαα္αα္αါαဲ။ αα္αုα္αို αာααα္αα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္αဲα ααုα္-ျαα္αာαα္α α္αို αြားαα္αα္ျαα ္αα္။ α‘ဲαီαွာ αα ္ေααာαေα αα ္αာေαႊαေျαာα္းαြားαာေααΎααဲ့ αူေαြ ျαα္ေျαာျααဲ့ α‘ေαာ့္αို αိုးαြားαဲ့ ျαα ္αα္ေαြ α‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαို αΎαားαဲ့ααα္။ αα္αာ၊ျαα္αာေαြ၊ α‘αααΌα‘α်α့္αံααဲ့αိα ေαြ၊ α‘ႏွိα္α α္αံααာေαြ၊ α‘αုαα္αံααာေαြ၊ α‘αααΌαုα္α‘ားေαးαိုα္းေα αႈေαြ၊ α‘ိα္ေαြ၊ αုαားေα်ာα္းေαြ α‘α်α္αီးαံααဲ့ αိα α₯ေαြ။ αီαိုαုα္αα္ေαြαာ αα္ျαα ္ေααုα္း။ α‘ေαာ္α ိုးαိα္α αာα‘ေျαα‘ေααါ။ αααααီးαဲα α‘α ိုးααာ α α ္ေျαျαα္αွာαွိေααဲ့ α α ္αα္ေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္αΏαီး αα်α္ျαα္αα္α‘αါα‘αα္ αျαားαα္ေααာαွာαွ α‘ဲααိုαုα္αα္α်ိဳးေαြ αျαα ္αြားေα‘ာα္ αΎαα္αα္αုα္ေαာα္αΎααိုααိုαα္။ α ိုးαိα္α αာေαာα္းαာα α‘αα္αားေαြα‘ေαα αိုα္αိုα္ေααာαို αα္αα္ααိုα αααΌαααီးα ႏွα ္ααိα္αိုα္αိုα္ α‘αိα္ααုα္αဲ့ေααα့္ αိုα္αိုα္αႈေαြα αα္ျαα ္ေααဲ့αိα α₯αဲ။ αα္αα္αိုα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြဲαေαြ α်ဴးαြα္αဲ့ျαα ္αα္ေαြαα္းαွိαါαα္။ αီျαα ္αα္ေαြαိုαα္း α ံုα α္းα α ္ေαးαα့္αα္။ α‘ဲαီαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαေαြα‘ေααဲααα္း α‘ျαα္ျαα္αိုα္αာ α ံႏႈα္းေαြ၊ α₯αေαေαြαို α်ိဳးေαာα္ေααဲ့ αူαိုααဲα αုα္αα္ေαြαို αα္αα္းα αα္αΎαααါαိα့္αα္။ αါေααဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα်αΎαα့္αα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ αေαာα္းαဲ့αုα္αα္ေαြαို α‘α်ားα‘ျαားαုα္αာαေαာ့ αα္αေαာ္α α‘αုα္α‘α်ားαံုးαါ။ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ေျαာα္းαဲα်α္αα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαုα္αα္ေαြαို α‘αံုးαα္ αိုα α‘αိααΈါα္αွိαဲ့ ေျααွα္းေαြαို αွα္းααါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ေαးαူαာေαြαါαα္၊ ααာေαးαာေαြαα္းαါαα္။ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြαို ေααα‘ာαာαိုα္α‘αα့္ေαြ၊ αိုα္းαွဴးေαြ၊ α α ္ααα္းေααα αα္αြဲααα္ေαြα‘αိ αိုα္αုα္ααါαိα့္αα္။ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαးα ားαိုα္αာေαး ααာေαးαာေαြαα္း αါေαာα္းαါαါαိα့္αα္။ ႏိ္ုα္αံααာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္း(αုααααၢ၊ NGO αဲα αျαားααာαွα္ေαြ) α‘ေααဲα αီαိα αဲααα္αα္αΏαီး α‘α ိုးααဲα αိေαြααα္αံαΏαီး α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ေαးαိုα α‘αα္αα့္ျαα ္αα့္αါαα္။
YPI: αိုုα္α်ဳα္αွဴးααီးေαာα္း α¦းαα္းေαႊαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αာေαြαΎαားαားαဲ။ αူαα္αွာေααΏαီး αာေαြαုα္ေααα္αα္αဲ။ ေαာα္αြα္αေα ααိဳးαြဲေααုα္းαိုααဲαα္αား။
Rogers: ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ αူαα‘ိα္αွိαα္αိုαေαာ့ αွα္းααေααα့္ αα္αွာေααဲαိုαာ α‘αိα‘α်ေαာ့ ααိαူး။ αူαာေαြαုα္ေααဲαိုαာαိုαα္း α်ေαာ္ α‘αိα‘α်ααိαူး။ αူα‘αα္းαα္ေαာα္ααဲ αူαာαုα္ေααဲαိုαာ αိαိα့္αα္။ αါေααဲ့ αူα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαဲα α αားေျαာαΎαα့္αΏαီးαဲ့ေαာα္αွာ αေαာေαါα္αာαာα αူαာ ေαာα္းေαာα္းα‘αားαူေααα္၊ αါေααဲ့ αံုးαααီး ααα္αα္αဲ ေαေααာေαာ့ααုα္αူး။ αα ္αα္းေျαာααα္ ေααα α₯္α်αွα္ေαααဲ့ αံုးျαα္α်α္α်ααဲ့α‘αဲαွာေαာ့ αူααါαα္၊ ααα္αα္ေαာ့αူး။ αါေααဲ့ α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္းα α ီαီαာေαြαာ αူααီαြားαΏαီး α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့ αိα α₯ေαြαွာ α‘ααံα₯ာα္ေαာα္းαံαူေαααα္။ αါαာαα္း ααာျαα္αွာ α‘ေα့α‘αျαα ္ေααဲ့ α‘αိုα္းαါ။ αါေααဲ့ ေαွးαွိα္αြα္ေα်ာα္αြားαွာαါ။ αူααဲα αႊα္းαိုးαႈαာαα္း ေαွးαွိα္αြားαွာαါ။ αါေααဲ့ α်ေαာ္αα္αα္…ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္αα ္αုαံုးαို αူαေαာαူေαာα္αံαα္။ αာαိုααဲαိုေαာ့ αူααဲα α¦းα ားေαးα αူααိုα္αုိ αာαြα္αိုααဲα αူααိαားα ု၊ αΏαီးေαာ့ ေαα္α်α္αူေαးေαြαို αာαြα္αိုααဲαိုααိုααါ။ αΏαီးေαာ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးααုα္αဲ့ αူαာαα္αိုα၊ ααါαီαိုα၊ αျαားα‘ာαာαွα္ေαြ αα္αိုαာα္αိα္းαုα္αα္αိုαာαိုαα္း αူျαα္αားααΏαီေα။ α်ေαာ္αα္αα္…ေαာ္αွα္αုα္αα္αႈ ေαြျαα ္αΏαီး αူα်αံုးαြားαွာαα္ αူααံုαΏαံဳေαးαို α‘ာααံαဲ့ ျαα္းျαα္းα်α္း ေျαာα္းαဲαႈျαα ္α α₯္αို αူαို αေαာα်αံုααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး ေαွးαုαα္ေαြαိုαဲ αူααွိေαာ့αဲ့ေαာα္αွာ α‘ေαြα်α္αြားα်α္αာαဲျαα ္ႏိုα္αα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို αα္αα္α α္α α္ႏွိα္αြα္αဲ့αဲ့αူ၊ αααα αွာ ααα္းαံαါေαြαို αα္αα္α α္α α္αΏαိဳαြα္းαဲ့αဲ့αူ α‘ျαα ္αဲααဲ αူααို ααိαေα α်α္αံုαေαααူး။ α‘αα္ααီးαာαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αူα်α္αားαα ္αဲ့ααα့္α‘ေαြαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး α α₯္းα ားαာαဲ့αံုαဲ။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αူαႏွαံုးαားαို ျαα္αα္ေαြးαြားαိုα α α₯္းα ားαာαဲ့αံုαဲ။
YPI: αူαဲαေαြααိုαααိဳးα ားαူးαား။ αူαဲαေαြααΏαီး ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ α ာα‘ုα္αα ္α‘ုα္αα္ေαးαိုαေαာ α‘α ီα‘α α₯္αွိαား။
Rogers: αααိဳးα ားျαα ္αါαူး။ ေαြααိုααα္း α‘α ီα‘α α₯္ααွိαူး။ αူαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး α ာα‘ုα္ေαြαα္း αα္ေαးαိုα α‘α ီα‘α α₯္ααွိαူး။ αα ္α‘ုα္αိုαα္ αံုေαာα္αΏαီေαါ့။ ααα္αိုα αူαα‘ေααဲααဲျαα ္ျαα ္၊ α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္းα αူေαြααဲျαα ္ျαα ္ α်ေαာ္αဲα ေαြαα်α္αΎααα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ α်ေαာ့္α‘ေααဲα ေαြααိုα α‘αΏαဲαံαါးαြα့္αားαါαα္။ α‘αုα်ေαာ္ α ာα‘ုα္αα ္α‘ုα္ေαးေααα္။ αူαိုα္ααဲαွာ αံုႏွိα္ျαα ္αွာ။ ααာ့αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေαးαႈα္αွားαႈေαြαဲα αα္α α္ေαα၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααေαြα α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြ၊ (αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီး) ေႏွာα္းαိုα္းαာαေαြ၊ αα αα္α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြ၊ α‘αာαα္α‘ေαΎαာα္းααားေαြαို αΎαα့္ျαα္αံုးαα္ေαးαားαα္။ α‘α αေαာ့ α ာα‘ုα္αာαα္αို Burma: A Captive Nation αိုα αာαα္ေαးαဲ့αα္။ αါေααဲ့ ေαါα္းα α₯္αိုေျαာα္းαိုα္αα္။ Burma: A Nation at the Crossroads αိုαΏαီးေαာ့…ေျαာα္းαဲေααဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αα္αα္ေα‘ာα္αိုαΏαီးေαာ့။ ။
α်α ္α¦းေαာα္ ေαးျαα္းαα္။
“Than Shwe: Unmasking Burma’s Tyrant” α‘αα္αွိ α¦းαα္းေαႊα‘ေαΎαာα္း α ာα‘ုα္ေαးαားαူ αα္αီαα ္αိုα်ာα ္αို α‘ံ့α‘ားαα့္αြားေα αဲ့α‘α်α္αေαာ့ αူααို ျαα္αာαံαံုးα αီαာαုα္ေαးαိုα္αဲ့ αိα α₯αါ။ ααα္ေαာ့ αူααို ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα αီαာေαးαိα့္αα္αိုα αံုးααို ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ααားαဲ့αါαူူး။ αာαိုααဲαိုေαာ့ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္ ျαα္αာျαα္αာαα္αုα္းα αူαααီးα α₯္αΏαီးαံုးαါαီးαွာαဲ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ α¦းαα္းေαႊα ာα‘ုα္ေαးαဲ့αူαာ αူαဲαိုαာ ေαြααွိαြားαΏαီးေαာα္αိုα္း ႏွα္αုα္αံαဲ့ααိုααါαဲ။ α‘α α₯္α‘αာα‘ားျαα့္ေαာ့ α‘ႏွα္αုα္αံααΏαီαုိαα္ α‘αα္α်α္α ာαα္းαဲαွာ αါαြားαΏαီေαါ့။ αါေααဲ့αα္း ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲေααာ αုα္ααုα္ α α္းαΎαα့္αိုα၊ ေαာα္αΏαီး αံα ားαΎαα့္αိုα αီαာေαွ်ာα္αိုααို αူααို αိα္ေαြေαြα αိုα္αြα္းαာαေα αီαာေαွ်ာα္ျαα ္αြားαါαα္။ αီαိုαဲα α‘ိα္αα္αα္ေααဲ့ αူαα ္ေαာα္αို ααံုαα ္αα္၊ αံုαα ္αα္αဲα αΏαိαိα္α‘ေျαα ိုα္ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αာαြα္ျαွα့္αα္ေαးα‘αြဲααα ္αုျαα ္αဲ့ Christian Solidarity Worldwide α‘αြဲαα α‘ေαွαα‘ာαွေαါα္းေαာα္ αα္αီαα ္αိုα်ာα ္αာ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααို ေαာα္αာαဲ့αα္αိုαါေαာ့။ αα္ααါαီ αα αα္αေα αα αα္ေααα‘αိ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααွာ αα္αα္αြားαဲ့αဲ့ αူααဲαα‘ေαြαα‘ααံဳ၊ ေျαာα္းαဲေα αဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို αူαα္αိုျαα္αဲαိုαာαို Yangon Press International (YPI) α α‘α္αာα်ဴးαားαါαα္။
YPI: αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္α ျαα္αာျαα္αို αာαα္αုα္းα αα္α်ား ႏွα္α‘αုα္αံαဲ့ααα္။ αါေααဲ့ αီႏွα ္αဲαွာ αα္α်ားαီαာααα္။ αာေαΎαာα့္ αီαာααာαα္αα္αဲ။
Rogers: αါαာαာαဲαိုαα္ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္းαွာ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαΎαာα့္αဲ။ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြαာ α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ျαα ္αα္αိုαာ၊ αူαိုαေျαာα္းαဲေααα္αိုαာαို ႏိုα္αံααာαို αံုαΎαα္ေα α်α္αα္။ α‘ဲαိုျααဲ့α‘αါαွာ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္α αူαိုα ႏွα္αုα္αိုα္αဲ့ ႏိုα္αံααာαွာ αα္αွားေα်ာ္αΎαားαဲ့ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαႈα္αွားαူ၊ α ာေαးααာαα ္ေαာα္αို ျαα္αာαα္αြα့္ေαးαΏαီး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို αာαΎαα့္αိုα္းαဲ့αα္းαာ αိုေαာα္းαဲ့αα္းျαα ္αα္αိုαာ αူααိုααဲျαα ္ႏိုα္αါαα္။ αါααα့္α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြαဲα αα ္α ိα္αα ္αိုα္းαိုααဲ α်ေαာ္αံုαΎαα္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္ αာαα္ααိαားαိαဲαိုေαာ့ αာαα္α်α္α ာαα္းαွာ αα့္α‘αြα္းαံααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံျαားαား ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαာ α‘αုေαာα္αိုα္း (ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို) αာαα္αα္αြα့္αေααΎααα္။ ျαα္αα‘ေျαα ိုα္αီαီαာααားα‘α်ိဳαα‘αါα‘αα္ေαါ့။
YPI: αီαα ္ααိα္ေαာ့ αα္α်ား ႏွα္α‘αုα္ααံααူး။ αာေαΎαာα့္αိုααα္αဲ။
Rogers: α‘α ိုးαα ααာαွာ αူααဲααံုαိα္αို ေαာα္းαာေα‘ာα္ αα‘ားααိဳးα ားေααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး α‘α α ္α‘αွα္α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို ααα္αုα္ေααါαα္αိုαာαိုαဲ ႏုိα္αံααာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းαို αံုαΎαα္ေα α်α္αα္။ α်ေαာ္αို αα္αΏαီးႏွα္αုα္αα္ αူαိုα ႏိုα္αံααာαို ေαးα်α္αဲ့ message α αွားαြားαွာေαါ့။ αါေαΎαာα့္αဲ α်ေαာ္αို αူαိုαႏွα္ααုα္αာ။
YPI: αα္αုα္αွာ αα္αα္αဲ့α‘αါ αα္αိုα်ိဳးαံα ားααဲ။ ေαာα္α αα ္ေαာα္ေαာα္αိုα္ေααα္αိုα αံα ားααား။
Rogers: αိုးαိုးαားαားေျαာααα္ ေαααိုα္းαိုαဲ…α်ေαာ္ α‘ိα္αα္αα္ေαααား αံα ားααα္။ ααΎαာαα္ α‘ိα္αα္αေα ႏိုးααာαိα့္αα္αိုααα္း αံα ားαိαα္။ ေαာ္ေαာ္αူးျαားαါαα္။ αီαα ္ααိα္ေαာ့ ေαာα္ေαာα္αံαိုα္ေααα္αိုα αံုးαံုးαို ααံα ားααူး။ (αα္αုα္) ေααိα္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာေαာ၊ αα္αုα္αွာαα္αα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာေαာ၊ ေαာα္αΏαီး ျαα္αဲ့α‘αါαွာαါ αာျαႆαာαွααွိαူး။ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ႏွα ္ α်ေαာ္ေαာα္αံုးα‘ααိα္ေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့α‘α်ိα္ααα္းα αိαိαာαာေျαာα္းαဲαြားαα္αိုα αံα ားαိαα္။ αီαွα္ေαြ၊ ျαααိα္ေαြေαααွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αာα္αံုေαြαဲα αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα‘ာα္αα္းαာα္αံုေαြαို ေαြαααာ၊ αΏαိဳααα္α αိုα္ေαြαွာ α‘ဲαီαာα္αံု၊ ျααα‘αိα္ေαြ α်ိα္αြဲေαာα္းα်ေααာေαြαို ေαြαααာαာ α‘ံ့αΎαα αာေαာα္းေααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αီးαြိဳα့္ေαြαွာ၊ αိုα္ေαြαွာ The Lady αုα္αွα္αားα‘ေαြေαြ ေαာα္းα်ေααာαို ေαြαααာαာαဲ α‘ံ့αΎαα αာျαα ္ေααα္။ αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα ္ႏွα ္ေα်ာ္ααိုαα္ α‘ဲααိုαာα်ိဳးαိုေαြαααိုααိုαာ α α₯္းα ားαိုααိုααႏိုα္αူး။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αာαα္ααီးαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးαႈα္αွားαူα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαိုαα္း ေαြαႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။ αြားααα့္αα္းေαΎαာα္းαေαာ့ ေαးေαေαးαα္။ α‘αုေαြαေαααဲ့α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαိုαΎαα့္αα္αိုαα္ ေαာα္ျαα္ααွα့္αα့္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αႈαိုα္αာ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαိုαေαာ့ ေျαာαααူး။ αါေααα့္ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αွိαဲ့ αႊα္αိα္းေαြαဲ။ α‘α ိုးααို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ αိုαΏαီးαုα္ေαာα္αာေα‘ာα္ α‘ားေαးေααဲ့αα ္α်ိα္αα္းαွာ α‘α ိုးααုα္ေαာα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳαα့္αα္၊ α်ီးα်ဴးαုα္ျαဳαα့္αα္αိုα α်ေαာ္αံုαΎαα္αα္။
YPI: ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္းα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαဲα αα္αα္αိုα αိုα္ေαးαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αူေαြαီα αα္αိုαူαီαဲ့ αံုαျαα္αႈα်ိဳးαို ααိုα္ααဲ။
Rogers: ေαြααဲ့αဲ့αူαိုα္းαီးαါးαေαာ့ ααိαဲα α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αΎααာαို ေαြαααα္။ αα ္ေαာα္αဲ α‘ႏွုα္ααα‘αာေαာα္αဲ့α‘ျαα္α်ိဳးαွိαာαို ေαြαααα္။ αူα α‘αုα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြα‘ားαံုးαာ α‘α ိုးααဲα ေαာα္ေα်ာα္ေαြျαα ္αα္၊ α်ားαα ္αိုαဲ့α‘ေαာα္α်ိဳးαာ αူαိုααိုα္ေααα α‘α α္α‘ေျαာα္ေαြαို αေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္αူးαိုαΏαီး α‘ဲαီα‘αိုα္း αူαံုαΎαα္ေααα္။ αါေααဲ့ α‘ားαံုးαေαာ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαာ α‘α α ္α‘αွα္αိုααα္ျαα္αူααΎααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αααΌαααီးαဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αူေαြαာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္αို ααα္αို ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ေα α်α္αΎααဲ့αူေαြျαα ္αα္αိုα αူααΎααα္။ αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαာ α‘αα္α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ိဳး ျαα္αျαα ္αြားႏုိα္αူးαိုααဲαံုαΎαα္αူααΎααα္။ ေαြααဲ့αဲ့αူေαြα α‘αူးα‘ေαးα‘αα္αား ေျαာαΎααာα αααααီးαဲα α‘ျαားျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αူေαြαို α‘ားေαးαα့္αα္၊ ေαာα္αံαα့္αα္၊ α‘ားαုα္αႈေαြαို α်ီးα်ဴးαα့္αα္၊ αီαုိαေαα ီαႈα္αွားαူေαြα‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αိုαူေαြαဲα αူးေαါα္းαုα္ေαာα္αα့္αα္၊ αါေααဲ့ αြားααα့္αα္းα αα္းα‘αွα္ααီး၊ αုα္ေαာα္α αာေαြααα္း α‘α်ားααီးαွိေαးαα္αိုαΏαီး ေျαာαΎααα္။ αααားαဲ့ ααားα₯αေαေαြαို α်α္αိα္းαα့္αα္ (αိုα) ျαα္αα္αα့္αα္။ ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးαႈαွိαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေαာα္ေαးαိုααိုαα္။ αြဲαα α္းαံုα‘ေျααံα₯αေααို ျαα္αα္αိုααိုαα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αုိα္းαα္းαားျαႆαာေαြαို αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαα္αံႏိုα္αα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαးေျααွα္းαα္းα်ိဳးαဲα ေျααွα္းေαးαိုα αိုαါαα္။ αိα္αိုααႈေαြαဲα αα္αα္αိုαေαာ့ α်ေαာ္αဲα ေαြααဲ့αဲ့αူ α‘ားαံုးαီးαါးα αုα္αိα္းαα့္αα္αိုαျαα္αΎααα္။ αါေααဲ့ αα ္αါαα္း αုα္αိα္းαာα်ိဳးααုα္αဲ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαို α‘αိαွα္ျαဳ၊ αုံαျαα္αဲ့α‘ေααဲα αα ္αα့္α်α္း αုα္αိα္းαα့္αα္αိုα ျαα္αΎααα္။ αိα္αိုααႈေαြα‘ားαံုးαို αα ္αါαα္းαဲα ျαα္αုα္αိα္းαိုα္αာαာ ααာα်ဴαာα‘αွားαα ္αုျαα ္αိα့္αα္။ αα်ိဳαα‘ေαးαူαားαာေαြαိုေαာ့ αα္αားαα့္ေαးαα္…αိုα္းျαα္αွာ α α ္αွα္αဲ့ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αααေαးα်α္း၊ αွα္αα္αဲ့ α₯αေααိုα္းαိုα္αာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ αျαα ္αေαးα်α္းေαါ့။
YPI: αိုα္းျαα္αွာ ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို αα္αိုαံုးαα္αဲ။
Rogers: α‘ေαာα္းαα္ααΎαα့္αα္αိုαα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα NLD ႏိုα္αံေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္αဲαွာ αါαα္αာαာ၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαို αႊα္αာ၊ αီαီαာα‘ေααα်ဳα္α်α္αားαႈေαြαို ျαα္ေαွ်ာ့ေαးαာ၊ α်ေαာ့္αို ႏိုα္αံျαားαားေαြαို αα္αြα့္ေαးαာ၊ αူαုαΎαားαဲαွာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး αိုαΏαီး ေျαာေαးαိုαြα့္αွိαာαΎααာ ေαြαာ αိαာαα္αွားαဲ့ αိုးαα္αႈေαြျαα ္αα္၊ ေႏြးေႏြးေαြးေαြးαိုαွ ααိဳαို၊ α‘ားေαးαα့္αα္αိုααံုαΎαα္αါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ ααီးαα္းα α‘αွα္ααီးα်α္αါေαးαα္။ ααα္αိုα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ NLD α‘ႏုိα္ααα္αိုαါေαာ့…αႊα္ေαာ္αဲαွာ ααα္αα္း αာေαြαုα္ႏိုα္ααဲ။ ေαေααါးαါးαဲ။ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αိုαααာαေαာ့ αူαိုαα‘ေααဲα α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္းα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αုိαူေαြαဲα α‘αူα‘αုα္αုα္ႏိုα္αိα့္αα္၊ ျαα္αိုα္αΏαိဳးα‘αါα‘αα္ αျαားαါαီα αူေαြαဲααα္း αူးေαါα္းαΏαီး α‘ေျααံα₯αေααိုျαα္αα္αာေαြ၊ αααားαဲ့ α₯αေαေαြαို α်α္αိα္းαာ၊ ျαα္αα္αာေαြ၊ ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးေαြ၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαာαြα္ေαးαဲα ျαွα့္αα္ေαးေαြ၊ α‘ားαံုးαα္αံႏိုα္αΏαီး ေααွα္αံαα့္ α‘α α ္α‘αွα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးα‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαဲα ႏိုα္αံေαးα αားαိုα္းေαြ αူးေαါα္းαုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိα့္αα္αိုαေαာ့ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αိုαααာေαါ့။ αါαာαα္း ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αα ္αုαα္αα္αါαဲ။ αα္αုα္αို αာααα္αα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္αဲα ααုα္-ျαα္αာαα္α α္αို αြားαα္αα္ျαα ္αα္။ α‘ဲαီαွာ αα ္ေααာαေα αα ္αာေαႊαေျαာα္းαြားαာေααΎααဲ့ αူေαြ ျαα္ေျαာျααဲ့ α‘ေαာ့္αို αိုးαြားαဲ့ ျαα ္αα္ေαြ α‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαို αΎαားαဲ့ααα္။ αα္αာ၊ျαα္αာေαြ၊ α‘αααΌα‘α်α့္αံααဲ့αိα ေαြ၊ α‘ႏွိα္α α္αံααာေαြ၊ α‘αုαα္αံααာေαြ၊ α‘αααΌαုα္α‘ားေαးαိုα္းေα αႈေαြ၊ α‘ိα္ေαြ၊ αုαားေα်ာα္းေαြ α‘α်α္αီးαံααဲ့ αိα α₯ေαြ။ αီαိုαုα္αα္ေαြαာ αα္ျαα ္ေααုα္း။ α‘ေαာ္α ိုးαိα္α αာα‘ေျαα‘ေααါ။ αααααီးαဲα α‘α ိုးααာ α α ္ေျαျαα္αွာαွိေααဲ့ α α ္αα္ေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္αΏαီး αα်α္ျαα္αα္α‘αါα‘αα္ αျαားαα္ေααာαွာαွ α‘ဲααိုαုα္αα္α်ိဳးေαြ αျαα ္αြားေα‘ာα္ αΎαα္αα္αုα္ေαာα္αΎααိုααိုαα္။ α ိုးαိα္α αာေαာα္းαာα α‘αα္αားေαြα‘ေαα αိုα္αိုα္ေααာαို αα္αα္ααိုα αααΌαααီးα ႏွα ္ααိα္αိုα္αိုα္ α‘αိα္ααုα္αဲ့ေααα့္ αိုα္αိုα္αႈေαြα αα္ျαα ္ေααဲ့αိα α₯αဲ။ αα္αα္αိုα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြဲαေαြ α်ဴးαြα္αဲ့ျαα ္αα္ေαြαα္းαွိαါαα္။ αီျαα ္αα္ေαြαိုαα္း α ံုα α္းα α ္ေαးαα့္αα္။ α‘ဲαီαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαေαြα‘ေααဲααα္း α‘ျαα္ျαα္αိုα္αာ α ံႏႈα္းေαြ၊ α₯αေαေαြαို α်ိဳးေαာα္ေααဲ့ αူαိုααဲα αုα္αα္ေαြαို αα္αα္းα αα္αΎαααါαိα့္αα္။ αါေααဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးα်αΎαα့္αα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ αေαာα္းαဲ့αုα္αα္ေαြαို α‘α်ားα‘ျαားαုα္αာαေαာ့ αα္αေαာ္α α‘αုα္α‘α်ားαံုးαါ။ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα α‘α α ္α‘αွα္ေျαာα္းαဲα်α္αα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαုα္αα္ေαြαို α‘αံုးαα္ αိုα α‘αိααΈါα္αွိαဲ့ ေျααွα္းေαြαို αွα္းααါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ေαးαူαာေαြαါαα္၊ ααာေαးαာေαြαα္းαါαα္။ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြαို ေααα‘ာαာαိုα္α‘αα့္ေαြ၊ αိုα္းαွဴးေαြ၊ α α ္ααα္းေααα αα္αြဲααα္ေαြα‘αိ αိုα္αုα္ααါαိα့္αα္။ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαးα ားαိုα္αာေαး ααာေαးαာေαြαα္း αါေαာα္းαါαါαိα့္αα္။ ႏိ္ုα္αံααာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္း(αုααααၢ၊ NGO αဲα αျαားααာαွα္ေαြ) α‘ေααဲα αီαိα αဲααα္αα္αΏαီး α‘α ိုးααဲα αိေαြααα္αံαΏαီး α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ေαးαိုα α‘αα္αα့္ျαα ္αα့္αါαα္။
YPI: αိုုα္α်ဳα္αွဴးααီးေαာα္း α¦းαα္းေαႊαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αာေαြαΎαားαားαဲ။ αူαα္αွာေααΏαီး αာေαြαုα္ေααα္αα္αဲ။ ေαာα္αြα္αေα ααိဳးαြဲေααုα္းαိုααဲαα္αား။
Rogers: ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ αူαα‘ိα္αွိαα္αိုαေαာ့ αွα္းααေααα့္ αα္αွာေααဲαိုαာ α‘αိα‘α်ေαာ့ ααိαူး။ αူαာေαြαုα္ေααဲαိုαာαိုαα္း α်ေαာ္ α‘αိα‘α်ααိαူး။ αူα‘αα္းαα္ေαာα္ααဲ αူαာαုα္ေααဲαိုαာ αိαိα့္αα္။ αါေααဲ့ αူα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαဲα α αားေျαာαΎαα့္αΏαီးαဲ့ေαာα္αွာ αေαာေαါα္αာαာα αူαာ ေαာα္းေαာα္းα‘αားαူေααα္၊ αါေααဲ့ αံုးαααီး ααα္αα္αဲ ေαေααာေαာ့ααုα္αူး။ αα ္αα္းေျαာααα္ ေααα α₯္α်αွα္ေαααဲ့ αံုးျαα္α်α္α်ααဲ့α‘αဲαွာေαာ့ αူααါαα္၊ ααα္αα္ေαာ့αူး။ αါေααဲ့ α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္းα α ီαီαာေαြαာ αူααီαြားαΏαီး α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့ αိα α₯ေαြαွာ α‘ααံα₯ာα္ေαာα္းαံαူေαααα္။ αါαာαα္း ααာျαα္αွာ α‘ေα့α‘αျαα ္ေααဲ့ α‘αိုα္းαါ။ αါေααဲ့ ေαွးαွိα္αြα္ေα်ာα္αြားαွာαါ။ αူααဲα αႊα္းαိုးαႈαာαα္း ေαွးαွိα္αြားαွာαါ။ αါေααဲ့ α်ေαာ္αα္αα္…ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္αα ္αုαံုးαို αူαေαာαူေαာα္αံαα္။ αာαိုααဲαိုေαာ့ αူααဲα α¦းα ားေαးα αူααိုα္αုိ αာαြα္αိုααဲα αူααိαားα ု၊ αΏαီးေαာ့ ေαα္α်α္αူေαးေαြαို αာαြα္αိုααဲαိုααိုααါ။ αΏαီးေαာ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးααုα္αဲ့ αူαာαα္αိုα၊ ααါαီαိုα၊ αျαားα‘ာαာαွα္ေαြ αα္αိုαာα္αိα္းαုα္αα္αိုαာαိုαα္း αူျαα္αားααΏαီေα။ α်ေαာ္αα္αα္…ေαာ္αွα္αုα္αα္αႈ ေαြျαα ္αΏαီး αူα်αံုးαြားαွာαα္ αူααံုαΏαံဳေαးαို α‘ာααံαဲ့ ျαα္းျαα္းα်α္း ေျαာα္းαဲαႈျαα ္α α₯္αို αူαို αေαာα်αံုααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး ေαွးαုαα္ေαြαိုαဲ αူααွိေαာ့αဲ့ေαာα္αွာ α‘ေαြα်α္αြားα်α္αာαဲျαα ္ႏိုα္αα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαို αα္αα္α α္α α္ႏွိα္αြα္αဲ့αဲ့αူ၊ αααα αွာ ααα္းαံαါေαြαို αα္αα္α α္α α္αΏαိဳαြα္းαဲ့αဲ့αူ α‘ျαα ္αဲααဲ αူααို ααိαေα α်α္αံုαေαααူး။ α‘αα္ααီးαာαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αူα်α္αားαα ္αဲ့ααα့္α‘ေαြαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး α α₯္းα ားαာαဲ့αံုαဲ။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αူαႏွαံုးαားαို ျαα္αα္ေαြးαြားαိုα α α₯္းα ားαာαဲ့αံုαဲ။
YPI: αူαဲαေαြααိုαααိဳးα ားαူးαား။ αူαဲαေαြααΏαီး ေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ α ာα‘ုα္αα ္α‘ုα္αα္ေαးαိုαေαာ α‘α ီα‘α α₯္αွိαား။
Rogers: αααိဳးα ားျαα ္αါαူး။ ေαြααိုααα္း α‘α ီα‘α α₯္ααွိαူး။ αူαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး α ာα‘ုα္ေαြαα္း αα္ေαးαိုα α‘α ီα‘α α₯္ααွိαူး။ αα ္α‘ုα္αိုαα္ αံုေαာα္αΏαီေαါ့။ ααα္αိုα αူαα‘ေααဲααဲျαα ္ျαα ္၊ α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္းα αူေαြααဲျαα ္ျαα ္ α်ေαာ္αဲα ေαြαα်α္αΎααα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ α်ေαာ့္α‘ေααဲα ေαြααိုα α‘αΏαဲαံαါးαြα့္αားαါαα္။ α‘αုα်ေαာ္ α ာα‘ုα္αα ္α‘ုα္ေαးေααα္။ αူαိုα္ααဲαွာ αံုႏွိα္ျαα ္αွာ။ ααာ့αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေαးαႈα္αွားαႈေαြαဲα αα္α α္ေαα၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααေαြα α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြ၊ (αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီး) ေႏွာα္းαိုα္းαာαေαြ၊ αα αα္α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြ၊ α‘αာαα္α‘ေαΎαာα္းααားေαြαို αΎαα့္ျαα္αံုးαα္ေαးαားαα္။ α‘α αေαာ့ α ာα‘ုα္αာαα္αို Burma: A Captive Nation αိုα αာαα္ေαးαဲ့αα္။ αါေααဲ့ ေαါα္းα α₯္αိုေျαာα္းαိုα္αα္။ Burma: A Nation at the Crossroads αိုαΏαီးေαာ့…ေျαာα္းαဲေααဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αα္αα္ေα‘ာα္αိုαΏαီးေαာ့။ ။
Credit :YPI
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| Rohingya Refugee Camp in Bangladesh |
SHUDEEPTO ARIQUZZAMAN traces the 'slow burning genocide' of the Rohingya community.
One fateful night two decades ago, in Burma, the military kidnapped her husband, an elderly scholar in the community. The military then lined him up, along with 17 others, buried them to the neck and summarily executed them. A heartbroken Begum along with her two little boys went to beg the military officer to return the body of her beloved husband for a decent funeral. Instead, the military killed the two boys and shot her in the leg. Their only fault -- their religious identity.
Two decades later, Begum lies on the floor of her meagre hut in a refugee camp of Teknaf, Bangladesh, groaning in pain. She has just been struck on the head with an axe by a local politician. Her only fault -- her ethnic identity. Gruesome as her life story is, it is hardly an isolated incident in her community.
Meet the Rohingyas, a religious and ethnic minority inhabiting the Arakan region of Myanmar. They are a people driven from their homeland, and unwanted anywhere else. In Bangladesh, they are mostly known as unwanted refugees from Myanmar. Little is known of the injustice and persecution they face in their homeland owing to their cultural and religious identity.
Existence denied
How does the government of Myanmar justify the oppression directed against this community? The very word 'Rohingya' is unmentionable in the government circles of Myanmar. Before detailing on the status of the Rohingyas in Myanmar, it should be mentioned that all of Myanmar's population is colour coded, i.e. they have been issued with identity cards by the authorities, and respective colours are used to describe their status in Myanmar. Pink is used to describe those who are full citizens, blue for associate citizens, green for naturalised citizens and white for foreigners. As the identity cards were issued, the Rohingyas were informed that they do not fall under any of these categories; they are not even 'white' but 'Myanmar residents', an illegal status. Mostly, they have been described as 'illegal immigrants from Bangladesh'.
So how did the Rohingyas become illegal immigrants in their home country? While there is some truth to the opinion of the authorities that Rohingyas are Bengali Muslims who have migrated to the Arakan during the British colonial era, the fact that the forefathers of present day Rohingyas have existed long before the arrival of even the Burmese invaders is indisputable.
It was at least since the advent of the Mrauk U period in 1430 that a sizable Muslim community from East Bengal had settled in Arakan. They arrived as soldiers in the services of King Min Saw Mon, the founder of Mrauk U dynasty. Another factor that led to the presence of Arakanese Muslims during this time was that the Chittagong region would be conquered by this dynasty in 1459 and would remain so until 1666.
In short, it can be said that the northern part of Arakan, today called the 'North Arakan', was the point of contact with East Bengal. These geographical factors significantly account for the distinct historical development of that area -- both generally and in terms of its Muslim population until the Burmese king Bodaw Paya conquered it on December 28, 1784.
However, the mass migration of Muslims to Arakan from the Chittagong region, and the subsequent economic development of Arakan that accompanied this inflow of labour would take place during the British era. The British colonial rulers were quick to realise that vast opportunities existed in the rich and fertile lands of the Arakan. The flow of labourers and farmers from the Chittagong region, many of them who would later settle in these lands, provided an impetus for development in the region and huge profits for the British colonial administration. The migrants, mostly destitute peasants looking for opportunities to provide for their families first went in as seasonal labourers and many would make Arakan their permanent abode. It is this mass migration that is singled out by the Myanmar authorities to cite Rohingyas as 'illegal immigrants from Bangladesh'. Their struggle that led to the development of Arakan has been conveniently ignored, as has been the existence of the Muslim community of Arakan predating this bloody invasion.
The Burmese conquest of Arakan that resulted in the massacre of more than 200,000 men, women and children in 1784 and destroyed the cultural heritage is totally ignored in this chronicle of history. Neither community, i.e. the Arakanese Buddhists or the Muslims escaped the wrath of the Burmese invaders. Hundreds of thousands of people, irrespective of their cultural or religious identity, fled into present day Bangladesh. Even to this day, there is a Rakhine Marma community inhabiting parts of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh who had fled the terrible Burmese invasion, a community different from the Jhumia Marma who has inhabited the region from a much earlier time.
When the British took over Arakan from the Burmese, many Arakanese Muslims, along with Arakan Buddhists went back to their ancestral homes. The fate of the Arakanese Muslims would become more closely tied to the British colonial forces, when the Japanese seized Arakan during the Second World War. The Japanese considered the Muslim community of Arakan as pro-British and many of them escaped into British India, never to return again.
However, there were those who did not want to abandon Arakan, a land that they considered their motherland. They allied with the British and fought against the Japanese for their survival in Arakan. The Arakan Buddhist community on the other hand was more favourably disposed towards the Japanese. It was a time of vulnerability, dejection and despair for the Muslims of Arakan. It was during these hard times that they sought their identity in a new word 'Rohingya' in an attempt to unite in their ranks for the bloody struggle. The Arakanese Buddhists came to be known simply as Rakhines, a term hitherto used to describe all the inhabitants of Arakan, irrespective of Buddhists or Muslims.
A Japanese defeat would allow many Rohingyas to return again, but their fate would be less certain. The term 'Rohingya' as a separate ethnic identity was recognised in the history of independent Burma only by the democratically elected government of U Nu that ruled from 1948-58. But this was denied by later governments and as the military ascended to power in 1962, the situation began to take a dangerous turn for the Rohingyas. The gruesome persecution of this community that would lead to the present day refugee crisis and the dismal state of the Rohingyas was about to start.
The military junta once in power began to follow a policy of 'divide and rule', trying to drive a wedge between the Rohingyas and Rakhines, so as to ensure that the century old Arakan freedom movement does not turn into a threatening force. The military junta has been fighting ethnic insurgencies on almost all its frontiers. Naturally they are wary of a united front represented by the Rohingyas and Rakhines that can threaten the status quo of Arakan, a region separated from the rest of the country by unfriendly terrain. As Rohingya settlements are concentrated on the border region, there has always been a sense of unease among the authorities that it will be easier for this community to smuggle in arms and ammunition in the event of a conflict in the Arakan. This is another reason why the military has been consistent in denying the Rohingyas any chance of a decent existence in Myanmar.
Persecution of Rohingyas in their homeland
The primary factor that has led the Rohingyas to suffer is their religion, Islam. The military junta relies heavily on Theravada Buddhism for their acceptability and has devised and implemented policy aimed at persecuting religious minorities, especially the Muslims. All Muslim communities in Myanmar have been subjected to gross violation of human rights without exception.
Burma's large and much feared military intelligence service, the Directorate of Defense Security Intelligence, is commonly believed to have agents working within networks of Burmese monks. These so-called Buddhist Monks have involved themselves in deadly riots against the country's Muslim population. It is worth mentioning that most Buddhist monks, a people known for their commitment to peace and tolerance, have opposed the bloody pogrom perpetuated by the regime's monks.
The Rohingyas, with their distinct South Asian physical appearance, have been more vulnerable than the other Muslim communities of Myanmar.
Arbitrary killings, rape, property confiscation, theft and so on, perpetuated by the authorities in cohort with local miscreants, are widespread. The phenomenon, very common since the military junta took over in 1962, can be described as 'slow burning genocide', devised to escape international attention but quietly and gradually achieving the ultimate intention -- complete ethnic cleansing and/or driving the Rohingyas into Bangladesh.
This process of 'slow burning genocide' has not always been the norm. In 1978, the Burmese military devised and implemented operation 'Nagamin' (Dragon King). Officially, this campaign aimed at 'scrutinising each individual living in the state, designating citizens and foreigners in accordance with the law and taking actions against foreigners who have filtered into the country illegally'. In practice, this meant mass killings of Rohingya civilians, rape, tortures, religious persecution and more. More than 200,000 Rohingyas fled the country into Bangladesh during this time.
Rohingyas are totally prohibited from practising their religion publicly. Even private practice of Islam is frowned upon. Those who have tried to practise their religion publicly have been executed, tortured or maimed.
Movement from one village to another is restricted. They are prohibited to marry without permission from the local authorities, and permission is only granted after the payment of a hefty bribe, which is beyond the means of most Rohingyas.
From the Bangladesh side of the border, one can notice labourers are hard at work building a fence on Myanmar's side, supposedly to stop smuggling. These labourers, used by Myanmar's paramilitary border force, consist entirely of Rohingya 'forced labour' who do not get paid. This is only one glaring example of 'forced labour', a routine practice of the Myanmar authorities.
A bleak future
In the last year, Myanmar government has made unexpected political reforms and have won praise from many quarters expecting, perhaps a bit too optimistically, a gradual transformation to democracy. Not so the Rohingyas. The legendary icon of Burma's democratic movement, Aung San Suu Kyi has been surprisingly silent on the issue of the Rohingyas. This is in spite of the fact that most refugees in the camps of Bangladesh will confirm their support for Suu Kyi almost unanimously. Many Rohingya refugees say that they will go to their country once Burma has gained freedom and for them freedom means the day when Suu Kyi and the NLD will be in power. However, recent comments made by vice president of the NLD U Tin Oo describe Rohingyas as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. Different Rohingya organisations have requested their beloved leader Suu Kyi to explain her position. The Lady did not respond to any of their appeals.
Having counted on the democracy movement spearheaded by NLD to rescue them from their plight, the reality is gradually descending on the desperate Rohingyas. They can expect little from neighbouring Bangladesh, where the vast majority of refugees spend their lives in squalid huts, deprived of any opportunity for a decent survival. Western nations are apprehensive of advocating for the rights of a Muslim minority and in any case, the last year has witnessed a change in the attitudes on their part as they seek to counter balance China's influence in the country and seek to tap into Myanmar's vast natural resources. Unlike the Palestinians, the Rohingya plight has not received attention in the Muslim world, and the two powerful Islamic countries of South East Asia -- Indonesia and Malaysia -- have chosen to ignore the plight of the Rohingyas in the interest of economic development. For the time being, the Rohingyas -- and the other Muslim communities of Myanmar -- are on their own.
Shudeepto Ariquzzaman is a Bangladeshi sympathiser of the Rohingya cause.
Source here
αွα
္ေαးαံုး αူαုαႏα΅ျααြဲααီးျαα
္αုα္းα ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္αα¦းα‘ျαα
္ αα္αွားαဲ့αဲ့ αိုαိုးαီးαြα္αာ ျαα္αာα‘ α
ိုးααဲα ျαα္ေαာα္α
ု αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္αα¦းျαα
္αဲ့ ααားαိုαေαာα္ေαး αα္αΎαီး α¦းေα‘ာα္ αα္းαဲα αα္ေαာα္αွာ ေαြααံုαဲ့αα္။α‘ေααိαα္αွာ ေααိုα္ေααဲ့ αိုαိုးαီးαြα္αိုα ျαα္αာျαα္ ျαα္αα္αိုαα္ αα္αိုα‘ေαα‘αားေαြ αွိααဲαိုαာαို ေαြးေႏြးေαးျαα္းαဲ့αα္αုိα αိုαိုးαီးαြα္α αီαီα ီαို ေျαာαါαα္။
αါေααα့္ αိုαုိးαီးαြα္αိုααို α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ααားαα္ေαααာα်ဳိးေαာ့ ααွိေαးαူးαိုα αူα αိုαါαα္။
α‘α ိုးαα αြα့္ေαးαα္αိုαα္ α်ေαာ္αိုαα ျαα္αြားαွာαါ။ ျαα္αုα္αွာαါ” αိုα αိုαိုးαီးαြα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
α‘α်ဳိးαားျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαးαဲα αα္αွိ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို ααာαα‘ေααဲα ေαြααံု ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့ αေαာ ျαα ္αα္αိုα αူα ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αေαာα္ ျαα္αာ α‘αုိα္α‘αံေαြα α‘α ိုးααို α‘αံုα‘αΎαα္αွαိေαးαူးαိုαဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαိုαα္း α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္း αို ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αိုαိုးαီးαြα္ေျαာαဲ့α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းα αααΌαααီးαီαို αα္ျαေαးαα္αုိα ေျαာαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိုαုိးαီးαြα္ α ျαα္ေျαာျααါαα္။
Source :(αီαီα
ီ)
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Moe Thee Zun Interview with DVB News
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ျαα္αာျαα္αို ျαα္αာα်α္αα္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αα္ ေျαာαိုα်α္αဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αိုαိုးαီးαြα္ ႏွα့္ ေαးျαα္းα်α္
αိုαိုးαီးαြα္ 88
αိုαိုးαီးαြα္ αα္α်ား αα္ααါαီα αα αα္ေααα αုαိα ျαα္αဲေαးαα္ααီး α¦းαိုαိုα αα္α်ားαဲα ေαါα္αာα
ိα္αα္း αို ျαα္αာျαα္αို ျαα္αာα်α္αα္ αာႏိုα္αα္αိုα ααα္းα
ာαွα္းαα္းαဲြαွာ ေျαာαြားαါαα္။ αါαဲα αα္αα္αိုα αာေျαာ α်α္αါααဲ။
αုα္αဲ့။ α်ေαာ္αို ျαα္αာႏိုα္αါαα္αိုα αိα္ေαααြားαဲ့ α¦းαိုαို αို ေα်းαူးαα္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္α ေαာα္ αα α်ဳိးαα္α်ား၊ ျαα္αေαာα္ျαα္αာ ႏိုα္αံαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားαာ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αီαိုαေαα ီ ျαα္ αα္αြα္းαားေαး၊ αူα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲα ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αα္α ဲေαး ျαα္αြα္းαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုα္းျαα္αြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္ေαး αိုαα‘ αြα္ ႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာ ααိဳးαα္းေαာα္αြα္ေααူေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူαိုαα‘ားαံုး αိုα္ႏိုα္αံαိုαိုα္ျαα္αΏαီး αိုα္းα်ဳိးျαဳ ျαα္α်ဳိးျαဳ ေαာα္αြα္αိုαူα်ား ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ားαံုး αူααုα္αိαာαိွαိွ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αိုα α‘αြα္ αα္αိွα‘α ိုးαα α αားαα္αိα္ေαααႈေαြ α ီαံေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြαို ျαဳαုα္ေαးαိုα α်ေαာ္ αိုα္αြα္းαိုαါαα္။
αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαွာ ααားααα္ေααိုα္ေααူေαြ၊ αုαα‘αα္α αα္းαွာ ααိα္းေα်ာ္αိွေααဲ့ ျαα္αာျαα္αားေαြ၊αေαးαွားαွာ αုαα‘αα္ေα်ာα္αားαူ α αိα္းαိွαα္။ ααိα္းေα်ာ္α αုαααα ααာαα္းααီးαံုးα ααားαα္ α‘αိαွα္ျαဳαΏαီး αားေαြαိုααိααα္။ α်αα္αွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαား ေαာα္αဲαα်ီαိွေααα္။ αီαူေαြαာ αူαိုα ေαြးαာႏိုα္αံαို αα္ေαာ့ ျαα္ႏိုα္ααဲ။ αူαိုααာ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αီαိုαေαα ီျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြαုα္αွ αိုα္းျαα္αာ αိုးαα္αα္၊ ααီးαြားαα္ αိုαာαို ေျαာαဲ့αူေαြ၊ αုα္αဲ့αူေαြ αံုαΎαα္αဲ့αူေαြαါ။ αီαိုေျαာαဲ့αူေαြαို α‘α ိုးαα ေα်းαူးαα္ααွာαါ။ αူαိုα αဲαααိဳးαα္းαႈ၊ α ြα္ααြα္αႈေαြαို α‘αိαွα္ျαဳααွာαါ။ α‘α်ဳိးαား ျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαးαဲα αိုα္းျαα္αα္ေαာα္ေαးαို αူαိုααα္α‘ားαေαြα ေαာα္αြα္ႏိုα္αူေαြαါ။ αူαိုααဲα ေα ့α α္αိုα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αိုα αူαိုαααေαြ ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ ႏိုα္αိုα α ီαံေαာα္αြα္ေαးααွာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ααα္αိုαα‘α ိုးαα αိα္ေαααႈ αα္းαွα္းαႈေαြαုα္αာαα္ αိုαိုးαီးα ျαα္αွာαား။
ျαα္αာျαα္α ααα္αဲေျαာα္းαဲαΏαီαား၊ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈαα္းα ေααေαာα္αΏαီαား။ αိုးαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈαα္αို α¦းαα္ ေααΏαီαားαိုαာ α်ေαာ္ αိα်α္αါαα္။ေαာααΏαိဳαααီးαို αေαααα္းαဲα αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αာ ααုα္αူးαိုαာ α်ေαာ္ αိαါαα္။ α်ေαာ္α်α္α ိαဲα ျαα္α်α္αα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္ααီးαို ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ေαα်ိα္αွာ αုိα‘α္ေααဲ့ α‘α်ဳိးαားျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαး၊ αြα္αα္αႈαိွေαး၊ αူαိုα္း αါαα္ႏိုα္αြα့္αိွေαး၊ ααားα₯αေααိုးαိုးေαး၊ α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းαα္းαူαီαွ်αိွေαး၊ ႏိုα္αံαားαိုα္း ေαြးαာαါ α‘αြα့္α‘ ေαးေαြαိွေαး၊ αΏαိα္းα်α္αႈ αα္αα္αေαးေαြαာ α‘ေျααံ ျαα္αာျαα္ααီးαို ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘αါαွာ αုိα‘α္ ေααဲ့ α‘ုα္αဲေα်ာα္ေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αီ α‘ုα္αဲေα်ာα္ေαြαို α်ေαာ္ αα္ေαာα္ေαးα်α္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္ αα္ ေαာα္αြα့္αိွαα္ ျαα္α်α္αα္။
α‘αု ေα‘αီα‘α္α ္αီα‘α္α္αဲαေαာ၊ α‘α္α္αီαီαဲαေαာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαိုα αα္းαွα္းαာေαြ αိα္ေαα αာေαြαိွαα္။ αါαဲα αα္αα္αိုα αာေျαာα်α္ααဲ။
ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαာαာ αα္αα္α်αာ ααုα္αါαူး။ ααိααα‘αို αိα္αိုα္αα္αိုα္αာααုα္αဲ ေαြးေႏြးαႈαဲα ေျα αွα္းαာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααိααα‘ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြαာ αိုα့္αူေαြα‘ေαααွာ α‘ေαာα္းαံုးααα္αို αွာαΎααာαါαဲ။
α်ေαာ္ ေα‘αီα‘α္α ္αီα‘α္α္αွာ αာαα္αူα α₯္ααဲ αိုα္α်ဳα္ျα αာαα္ေαးαိုα αα္αိုα္αာ α‘α ိုးα ααα၊ αα‘α α‘ αα္αα္αဲα ααΎαာαα ေα ့α α္αာ၊ α αားေျαာαာေαြ αုα္αဲ့ααါαα္။ αုိα္α်ဳα္αα္αြα္αα‘αြဲ ့αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαဲα ေαြးေႏြးαိုαα‘αြα္ α‘αα ္αα္αα္α ဲေαးαုα္αိုα α်α္းαိုα္αွာ αံုးေαးααိα္ ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎαααါαα္။ αααα ေαာα္αွာ
ααααံုးα‘ααိα္ ေαα‘α္αူ αုα₯αၠα၊ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ ေαα‘α္αီαီα α₯αၠα αဲαူးαဲα္၊ αြα္ျαα္αα ္αါαီα α₯αၠα ႏိုα္ေαႊα်α္αα္၊ α်ေαာ္αα္ ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးေαးαိုα္αာ αူαα်ဳိααို αေαာαူαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
α‘ႏွα ္αာααေαာ့ αိုα့္αါαီα‘αြဲαα α္းေαြαဲα αα္αα္αြα့္၊ αα္ေျαα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αြα့္ေαြα‘ေαααွာ α‘ာαာαိုα္αဲα ေαααြံα αΏαိဳးေαးαဲα αူαုα‘α်ဳိးαို αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ αါαိုαα္ေαြ α်α့္αံုးႏိုα္αα္ αံုαΎαα္αႈααΏαီး α‘αာαα္ αွာ αα္αΏαိα္ေαးαဲα αြံααΏαိဳးαႈααိွေα αွာ ျαα ္αα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးα‘αα‘ေααဲα αα္αို αိα္ေαααႈေαြ၊ ေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြαို αိုαိုαာαဲ။ αွα္းျαႏိုα္ααား
ႏိုα္αံαားေαြα‘ားαံုးαာ αα္ααα္αႈααိွαဲ α‘α်ိα္αေαြး ျαα္αာαြα့္၊ αူαိုαα‘αုα္αိုα္ေαြ ႏိုα္αံျαားαွာ αြားေαာα္ αုα္αိုα္αΎααα္αိုαα္αα္း α‘α်ိα္αေαြးျαα္αα္ αြားေαာα္αုα္αိုα္ႏိုα္αြα့္αဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αူαα္αႈααီးαΎαα္ေαးα α‘α်α့္α်α္ျαα ားαα္αα္းေαြαဲα αααာαႈေαြαို αိαိေαာα္ေαာα္α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္ေαး αိုα ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘α ိုးααို αာαα္α်α္ေα αဲ့ α‘αဲαွာαဲ αူαα္αႈααီးαΎαα္ေαးαα္αα္းေαြαဲα αααာαႈααဲ α‘ααီးαား αံုးα‘α်α္ααီးααု ျαα ္ေααα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αဲαα‘αြα္ေαြေαြ αံုးαံႈးαΏαီး αိုα္းျαα္αို αα ္αာေααါαα္။
αα်ဳိαေαာ α်ေαာ္αိုα αိα္ေαြေαြ ျαα္αာαံαံုးေαြαွာ αီαာαြားေα်ာα္αာေαြ αိွαα္။
αါα αူαိုαααိα္ေαααα္ αာαααα္းααါ။ αα်ဳိαေαြα ႏိုα္αံαားαျαα ္αဲ၊ αα္αိုα္αာႏိုα္αံေαြα αုα္ေαး αားαဲ့ ααီးαြားαα္αွα္ေαြ αိုα္ေαာα္αားαဲ့αူေαြ αိွαα္။αူαိုααာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘α်ဳိးα‘α်ဳိးေαΎαာα့္ ေαာα္αာ ႏိုα္αံေαြαွာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαိုαံႈαဲ့ααူေαြ၊ ႏိုα္αံαားျαα ္αာαူေαြ αိွαα္။ αα်ဳိαααဲ αα္α α္ေαြαွာ ααားααα္ ေααိုα္ ေαααူေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α‘α ိုးαα α‘ေαααိုα္းαွာ ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαဲ့ αႏα΅ေαြαိွေααဲ့ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα‘αိ αႊα္αΎαားα်α္ေαြ ေαာα္ေαးαံုαααူး။ αီ ေαာ့ αံαံုးေαြα α‘αြα္ေαာα္αိုα္းαာေαြ αုα္αိုα္းαါαα္။ α₯ααာ α်αα္αွာαိွαဲ့ α်ေαာ့္αိα္ေαြ αေαာα္α αာ αီααီးαြားαα္αွα္ αိုα္αားααူ ျαα ္αα္။ αူααိုα‘αြα္ ေαြေαααာ ႏွα ္ေαာα္းαြဲေα်ာ္ ေαာα္αိုα္းαါαα္။ αိαဲ့ α‘αိုα္းαဲ ႏိုα္αံααာေαာα္ေααဲ့ αူေαြαာ αီေαာα္ αα်α္းαာαΎααါαူး။ α‘α ိုးαα α‘αြα္ ေαြ α αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းαဲ ေαာα္ααα္αိုα α‘αိα္ααုα္ျαα္ေαးေααဲ့ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα αီαာαြားေα်ာα္αို αα္းα်ဳိးα ံုαဲα αΎαα္ααΎαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေααΎα αံုး ျαα ္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္αိα္ေαြαေαာα္α α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαားαါ αီαာαြားေα်ာα္ေαာ့ ေαααာ ααα αα္ ေαာα္းαာ αံααα္။ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αို αα္αားαိုαΏαီး α‘α်ိα္αြဲαားαα္။
ႏိုα္αံျαားαွာ α‘αုα္αုα္ေααူေαြα αြα့္ααိုα္ေαးαုαΏαီး ျαα္αာျαα္αိုျαα္αΎααိုα ααိဳးα ားααူေαြαါ။ α‘α်ိα္αြဲေααဲ့ α‘αါαွာ α‘αα္αΎαံဳαΏαီး αα္ေαာα္αα္αဲ αွα့္ျαα္αာαဲ့ααα္။ αီေαာ့ αိုα္းျαα္α αူαီαေαြαို αααိုα္αူးေαါ့။ αူျαα္αာျαα္ေαာα္αα္ αူαံုးαα္α ဲြαα္။ αါαို α ီးαြားေαးαိုααα္ααα္းα αိုးαα္ေα ႏိုα္αာαဲ ααုα္αား။
αူα αိုα္းαွာαဲ αံုးα ြဲαြားေαာ့ αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαဲα αα္ေαြαဲ αိုးαα္αြားαာေαါ့။
αα္αα္းαို္α္း αိုးေααα္αိုα α်ေαာ္ ααိုαိုαါαူး။ αါေααဲ့ α‘α်ားα ုαာ ျαα ားαႈေαြαဲα α်α္α ီးေααΎααါαα္။ αါေαြαို ျαဳျαα္αိုα α‘ေαးαူαိုα αိုαါαα္။
ေαာα္ααုα α်ေαာ္ αိα္ေαြျαα္αာႏွα ္α¦းαို ေαးαΎαα့္αα္။ ျαα္ααားေαါ့။ αူαိုαေျαာαာα ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αΎαα္ αားαα္းαဲα ααα္းα ားႏိုα္αိုα၊ αα္α ္ေαာ္αီ ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိုα ααြα္αူးαဲ့။ αျαα္αဲေαးαူးαဲ့။
αူαိုα αီαွာα‘αိုα္α‘ေα်ာα္ αုα္αိုα္α ားေαာα္αိုα αေαေααဲ့ ျαα္αာျαα္αဲ ျαα္αြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ α‘αုα္α‘αိုα္αဲα α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းေαြ αီαွာαို αႏိုα္ααားαိုαာ ေαးαြα္းαိွαါαα္။ αူαိုαα αီαိုα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို α ြα္ααႊα္αΏαီး ျαα္α်α္ αΎαေααဲ့ α‘αြα္ေαာα္αိုα္းαာα်ဳိးေαြαုိ αိွေαေαာ့ ျαα္ႏိုα္αိုααα္αα္။
ေαာα္ααုα αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαွာ ααားααα္ေααိုα္ေαααဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ား ျαα ္αါαα္။αူαိုααွာ αာαွα‘ေαာα္ αားေαြ ααိွေαာ့αါαူး။
ေαာα္ααုα ေαα္ααီေαာ့αဲ့ αံαံုးα αီαာေαါα္αိα α₯။
αံαံုးα αီαာေαါα္αွာ ေαြα α₯္α်ဳိးαα္ α‘αုα္αံုးαဲαα‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြαို ျαα့္αိုα္းαာေαြ αိွေααα္။ α‘αြα္αα္αိုα ေαာα္းαါαα္။ α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြα‘αုα္αံုး ေαးေαးαိုα္αိုααဲ αြားေαာα္α α ္ေαးႏိုα္αဲ့ αႏၲαားααိွαူးαိုαာ α်ေαာ္αိုα αိေααါαα္။ αါα αα္ႏိုα္αံαို αီαာေα်ာα္ေα်ာα္ αါα်ဳိးαေαြααူးαူး။ ျαα္αာျαα္αားα‘α်α္းα‘α်α္းαဲ αီαိုα‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြ ျαα့္ေααာα ααα္αိုα‘α္ααား။ ေαα္αီေαးαားαိုαာ ျαα္αံုးαα္αΎααိုα αိုαα္။
ႏိုα္αံααာαေαာ့ αာαα္၊ αိα္α ာαဲα αα္ေαြαဲ αူαါαα္။ αူေαြα α‘αα္ေαြααီး ႏိုα္αံျαားαွာ αိုα့္α‘αုα္ αိုα္αႈα္αိုေαာ့ ေαြαုαα ္αα္ α်ဳိးαုαα ္αα္ α ာαα္းααီးαို αα္αူααွ ေαါα္းαဲαွာ αွα္ααားႏိုα္αူး။
ႏိုα္αံαားေαြαဲα α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြαိαားαိုα ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αံုျαံဳေαးαို ααα္ααာαြα္ႏိုα္αါαူး။
α₯ααာαိုαါα ိုα α်ေαာ္αိုαα္ α်ေαာ္α‘ေααွာ αီααေαာα္၊ α‘αိုαေαာα္αိွαα္။ α်ေαာ္ α‘ေαα α်ာαံု ααါ။ α‘ေαααာαα္ααြဲαိုα α¦းေαးαာαα္αိုေαာα္ α်ေαာ္ ααွα္αိေαာ့αူး။ αူαိုααားααီးေαြ αα္ႏွα ္ေαာα္αဲ αα္αူေαြαဲ α်ေαာ္ ααိေαာ့αူး။ α်ေαာ့္ αိαေαြα‘ိα္αာ α်α္αိα္းαဲ့αဲ αါαြားαα္။ αီα‘ိα္αွာ α်ေαာ္ ααီး ျαα္းαဲ့αα္။ α်ေαာ္ျαα္αြားαα္ α‘ိα္ααိွေαာ့αူး။ α‘α်α္αံααဲ့ေααာα ေျααြα္αα္ααီး ျαα ္ေααα္။ ααါαေα α်ေαာ္ αူαဲα္αေα α်ေαာ္αိုαα‘ိα္ ေျααြα္αα္ααီးαို αΎαα့္ျαα ္αါαα္။
α်ေαာ့္ α‘ေααဲ αိွေαာ့αα္။ α‘ေα့αိα္α ာαို α်ေαာ္ααိαူး။ ေαာα္αွα္းေαးαို ျαα္ေαးαααို ျαα ္ေααα္။ αာ ျαα ္αိုααဲαိုေαာ့ α်ေαာ့္ αူေαးαေαာα္αိွαα္။ α်ေαာ့္αုိαဲ ေα‘αီα‘α္α ္αီα‘α္α္αွာ α‘αႈαα္းαဲ့αα္။ ေαာ αဲαွာ αူαွα္α်ားαို ေαါα္းαဲαα္αΏαီး αူαာ αူးαြားαα္။ αα္ေαာα္αွာ ေαးαုေααံုး αိုα္α်ဳα္αα္αြα္α ေαာα္αွα္း ေαးေαြαဲαα‘αα္းαိုαံααα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αို ျαα္αိုααα္။ ႏွိα္α α္αႇα₯္းαα္းαΏαီး ေααါαီးαွာ α‘ေα ေαေααဲ့ α‘ိα္ေαွααွာ αာα်αြားαα္။ ααေαာα္α‘αΎαာαွာ αူαံုးαြားαα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္ေαာα္ααါ။
αီေαာ့ α်ေαာ့္ α‘ေααိα္α ာαα ္αို αူαိုα αိαα္။
Credit :naytthit
αုα္αဲ့။ α်ေαာ္αို ျαα္αာႏိုα္αါαα္αိုα αိα္ေαααြားαဲ့ α¦းαိုαို αို ေα်းαူးαα္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္α ေαာα္ αα α်ဳိးαα္α်ား၊ ျαα္αေαာα္ျαα္αာ ႏိုα္αံαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားαာ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αီαိုαေαα ီ ျαα္ αα္αြα္းαားေαး၊ αူα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲα ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αα္α ဲေαး ျαα္αြα္းαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုα္းျαα္αြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္ေαး αိုαα‘ αြα္ ႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာ ααိဳးαα္းေαာα္αြα္ေααူေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αူαိုαα‘ားαံုး αိုα္ႏိုα္αံαိုαိုα္ျαα္αΏαီး αိုα္းα်ဳိးျαဳ ျαα္α်ဳိးျαဳ ေαာα္αြα္αိုαူα်ား ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ားαံုး αူααုα္αိαာαိွαိွ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αိုα α‘αြα္ αα္αိွα‘α ိုးαα α αားαα္αိα္ေαααႈေαြ α ီαံေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြαို ျαဳαုα္ေαးαိုα α်ေαာ္ αိုα္αြα္းαိုαါαα္။
αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαွာ ααားααα္ေααိုα္ေααူေαြ၊ αုαα‘αα္α αα္းαွာ ααိα္းေα်ာ္αိွေααဲ့ ျαα္αာျαα္αားေαြ၊αေαးαွားαွာ αုαα‘αα္ေα်ာα္αားαူ α αိα္းαိွαα္။ ααိα္းေα်ာ္α αုαααα ααာαα္းααီးαံုးα ααားαα္ α‘αိαွα္ျαဳαΏαီး αားေαြαိုααိααα္။ α်αα္αွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαား ေαာα္αဲαα်ီαိွေααα္။ αီαူေαြαာ αူαိုα ေαြးαာႏိုα္αံαို αα္ေαာ့ ျαα္ႏိုα္ααဲ။ αူαိုααာ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αီαိုαေαα ီျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြαုα္αွ αိုα္းျαα္αာ αိုးαα္αα္၊ ααီးαြားαα္ αိုαာαို ေျαာαဲ့αူေαြ၊ αုα္αဲ့αူေαြ αံုαΎαα္αဲ့αူေαြαါ။ αီαိုေျαာαဲ့αူေαြαို α‘α ိုးαα ေα်းαူးαα္ααွာαါ။ αူαိုα αဲαααိဳးαα္းαႈ၊ α ြα္ααြα္αႈေαြαို α‘αိαွα္ျαဳααွာαါ။ α‘α်ဳိးαား ျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαးαဲα αိုα္းျαα္αα္ေαာα္ေαးαို αူαိုααα္α‘ားαေαြα ေαာα္αြα္ႏိုα္αူေαြαါ။ αူαိုααဲα ေα ့α α္αိုα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αိုα αူαိုαααေαြ ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ ႏိုα္αိုα α ီαံေαာα္αြα္ေαးααွာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ααα္αိုαα‘α ိုးαα αိα္ေαααႈ αα္းαွα္းαႈေαြαုα္αာαα္ αိုαိုးαီးα ျαα္αွာαား။
ျαα္αာျαα္α ααα္αဲေျαာα္းαဲαΏαီαား၊ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈαα္းα ေααေαာα္αΏαီαား။ αိုးαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈαα္αို α¦းαα္ ေααΏαီαားαိုαာ α်ေαာ္ αိα်α္αါαα္။ေαာααΏαိဳαααီးαို αေαααα္းαဲα αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αာ ααုα္αူးαိုαာ α်ေαာ္ αိαါαα္။ α်ေαာ္α်α္α ိαဲα ျαα္α်α္αα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္ααီးαို ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ေαα်ိα္αွာ αုိα‘α္ေααဲ့ α‘α်ဳိးαားျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαး၊ αြα္αα္αႈαိွေαး၊ αူαိုα္း αါαα္ႏိုα္αြα့္αိွေαး၊ ααားα₯αေααိုးαိုးေαး၊ α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းαα္းαူαီαွ်αိွေαး၊ ႏိုα္αံαားαိုα္း ေαြးαာαါ α‘αြα့္α‘ ေαးေαြαိွေαး၊ αΏαိα္းα်α္αႈ αα္αα္αေαးေαြαာ α‘ေျααံ ျαα္αာျαα္ααီးαို ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘αါαွာ αုိα‘α္ ေααဲ့ α‘ုα္αဲေα်ာα္ေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αီ α‘ုα္αဲေα်ာα္ေαြαို α်ေαာ္ αα္ေαာα္ေαးα်α္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္ αα္ ေαာα္αြα့္αိွαα္ ျαα္α်α္αα္။
α‘αု ေα‘αီα‘α္α ္αီα‘α္α္αဲαေαာ၊ α‘α္α္αီαီαဲαေαာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαိုα αα္းαွα္းαာေαြ αိα္ေαα αာေαြαိွαα္။ αါαဲα αα္αα္αိုα αာေျαာα်α္ααဲ။
ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαာαာ αα္αα္α်αာ ααုα္αါαူး။ ααိααα‘αို αိα္αိုα္αα္αိုα္αာααုα္αဲ ေαြးေႏြးαႈαဲα ေျα αွα္းαာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ααိααα‘ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြαာ αိုα့္αူေαြα‘ေαααွာ α‘ေαာα္းαံုးααα္αို αွာαΎααာαါαဲ။
α်ေαာ္ ေα‘αီα‘α္α ္αီα‘α္α္αွာ αာαα္αူα α₯္ααဲ αိုα္α်ဳα္ျα αာαα္ေαးαိုα αα္αိုα္αာ α‘α ိုးα ααα၊ αα‘α α‘ αα္αα္αဲα ααΎαာαα ေα ့α α္αာ၊ α αားေျαာαာေαြ αုα္αဲ့ααါαα္။ αုိα္α်ဳα္αα္αြα္αα‘αြဲ ့αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαဲα ေαြးေႏြးαိုαα‘αြα္ α‘αα ္αα္αα္α ဲေαးαုα္αိုα α်α္းαိုα္αွာ αံုးေαးααိα္ ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎαααါαα္။ αααα ေαာα္αွာ
ααααံုးα‘ααိα္ ေαα‘α္αူ αုα₯αၠα၊ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαာα္ေαာα္၊ ေαα‘α္αီαီα α₯αၠα αဲαူးαဲα္၊ αြα္ျαα္αα ္αါαီα α₯αၠα ႏိုα္ေαႊα်α္αα္၊ α်ေαာ္αα္ ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးေαးαိုα္αာ αူαα်ဳိααို αေαာαူαားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။
α‘ႏွα ္αာααေαာ့ αိုα့္αါαီα‘αြဲαα α္းေαြαဲα αα္αα္αြα့္၊ αα္ေျαα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αြα့္ေαြα‘ေαααွာ α‘ာαာαိုα္αဲα ေαααြံα αΏαိဳးေαးαဲα αူαုα‘α်ဳိးαို αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ αါαိုαα္ေαြ α်α့္αံုးႏိုα္αα္ αံုαΎαα္αႈααΏαီး α‘αာαα္ αွာ αα္αΏαိα္ေαးαဲα αြံααΏαိဳးαႈααိွေα αွာ ျαα ္αα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးα‘αα‘ေααဲα αα္αို αိα္ေαααႈေαြ၊ ေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြαို αိုαိုαာαဲ။ αွα္းျαႏိုα္ααား
ႏိုα္αံαားေαြα‘ားαံုးαာ αα္ααα္αႈααိွαဲ α‘α်ိα္αေαြး ျαα္αာαြα့္၊ αူαိုαα‘αုα္αိုα္ေαြ ႏိုα္αံျαားαွာ αြားေαာα္ αုα္αိုα္αΎααα္αိုαα္αα္း α‘α်ိα္αေαြးျαα္αα္ αြားေαာα္αုα္αိုα္ႏိုα္αြα့္αဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။
αူαα္αႈααီးαΎαα္ေαးα α‘α်α့္α်α္ျαα ားαα္αα္းေαြαဲα αααာαႈေαြαို αိαိေαာα္ေαာα္α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္ေαး αိုα ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘α ိုးααို αာαα္α်α္ေα αဲ့ α‘αဲαွာαဲ αူαα္αႈααီးαΎαα္ေαးαα္αα္းေαြαဲα αααာαႈααဲ α‘ααီးαား αံုးα‘α်α္ααီးααု ျαα ္ေααα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αဲαα‘αြα္ေαြေαြ αံုးαံႈးαΏαီး αိုα္းျαα္αို αα ္αာေααါαα္။
αα်ဳိαေαာ α်ေαာ္αိုα αိα္ေαြေαြ ျαα္αာαံαံုးေαြαွာ αီαာαြားေα်ာα္αာေαြ αိွαα္။
αါα αူαိုαααိα္ေαααα္ αာαααα္းααါ။ αα်ဳိαေαြα ႏိုα္αံαားαျαα ္αဲ၊ αα္αိုα္αာႏိုα္αံေαြα αုα္ေαး αားαဲ့ ααီးαြားαα္αွα္ေαြ αိုα္ေαာα္αားαဲ့αူေαြ αိွαα္။αူαိုααာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘α်ဳိးα‘α်ဳိးေαΎαာα့္ ေαာα္αာ ႏိုα္αံေαြαွာ ႏိုα္αံေαးαိုαံႈαဲ့ααူေαြ၊ ႏိုα္αံαားျαα ္αာαူေαြ αိွαα္။ αα်ဳိαααဲ αα္α α္ေαြαွာ ααားααα္ ေααိုα္ ေαααူေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။
α‘α ိုးαα α‘ေαααိုα္းαွာ ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαဲ့ αႏα΅ေαြαိွေααဲ့ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα‘αိ αႊα္αΎαားα်α္ေαြ ေαာα္ေαးαံုαααူး။ αီ ေαာ့ αံαံုးေαြα α‘αြα္ေαာα္αိုα္းαာေαြ αုα္αိုα္းαါαα္။ α₯ααာ α်αα္αွာαိွαဲ့ α်ေαာ့္αိα္ေαြ αေαာα္α αာ αီααီးαြားαα္αွα္ αိုα္αားααူ ျαα ္αα္။ αူααိုα‘αြα္ ေαြေαααာ ႏွα ္ေαာα္းαြဲေα်ာ္ ေαာα္αိုα္းαါαα္။ αိαဲ့ α‘αိုα္းαဲ ႏိုα္αံααာေαာα္ေααဲ့ αူေαြαာ αီေαာα္ αα်α္းαာαΎααါαူး။ α‘α ိုးαα α‘αြα္ ေαြ α αာαိုα္ႏႈα္းαဲ ေαာα္ααα္αိုα α‘αိα္ααုα္ျαα္ေαးေααဲ့ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα αီαာαြားေα်ာα္αို αα္းα်ဳိးα ံုαဲα αΎαα္ααΎαာေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေααΎα αံုး ျαα ္αါαα္။ α်ေαာ္αိα္ေαြαေαာα္α α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαားαါ αီαာαြားေα်ာα္ေαာ့ ေαααာ ααα αα္ ေαာα္းαာ αံααα္။ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αို αα္αားαိုαΏαီး α‘α်ိα္αြဲαားαα္။
ႏိုα္αံျαားαွာ α‘αုα္αုα္ေααူေαြα αြα့္ααိုα္ေαးαုαΏαီး ျαα္αာျαα္αိုျαα္αΎααိုα ααိဳးα ားααူေαြαါ။ α‘α်ိα္αြဲေααဲ့ α‘αါαွာ α‘αα္αΎαံဳαΏαီး αα္ေαာα္αα္αဲ αွα့္ျαα္αာαဲ့ααα္။ αီေαာ့ αိုα္းျαα္α αူαီαေαြαို αααိုα္αူးေαါ့။ αူျαα္αာျαα္ေαာα္αα္ αူαံုးαα္α ဲြαα္။ αါαို α ီးαြားေαးαိုααα္ααα္းα αိုးαα္ေα ႏိုα္αာαဲ ααုα္αား။
αူα αိုα္းαွာαဲ αံုးα ြဲαြားေαာ့ αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαဲα αα္ေαြαဲ αိုးαα္αြားαာေαါ့။
αα္αα္းαို္α္း αိုးေααα္αိုα α်ေαာ္ ααိုαိုαါαူး။ αါေααဲ့ α‘α်ားα ုαာ ျαα ားαႈေαြαဲα α်α္α ီးေααΎααါαα္။ αါေαြαို ျαဳျαα္αိုα α‘ေαးαူαိုα αိုαါαα္။
ေαာα္ααုα α်ေαာ္ αိα္ေαြျαα္αာႏွα ္α¦းαို ေαးαΎαα့္αα္။ ျαα္ααားေαါ့။ αူαိုαေျαာαာα ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αΎαα္ αားαα္းαဲα ααα္းα ားႏိုα္αိုα၊ αα္α ္ေαာ္αီ ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိုα ααြα္αူးαဲ့။ αျαα္αဲေαးαူးαဲ့။
αူαိုα αီαွာα‘αိုα္α‘ေα်ာα္ αုα္αိုα္α ားေαာα္αိုα αေαေααဲ့ ျαα္αာျαα္αဲ ျαα္αြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ α‘αုα္α‘αိုα္αဲα α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းေαြ αီαွာαို αႏိုα္ααားαိုαာ ေαးαြα္းαိွαါαα္။ αူαိုαα αီαိုα‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို α ြα္ααႊα္αΏαီး ျαα္α်α္ αΎαေααဲ့ α‘αြα္ေαာα္αိုα္းαာα်ဳိးေαြαုိ αိွေαေαာ့ ျαα္ႏိုα္αိုααα္αα္။
ေαာα္ααုα αိုα္းႏိုα္αံαွာ ααားααα္ေααိုα္ေαααဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ား ျαα ္αါαα္။αူαိုααွာ αာαွα‘ေαာα္ αားေαြ ααိွေαာ့αါαူး။
ေαာα္ααုα ေαα္ααီေαာ့αဲ့ αံαံုးα αီαာေαါα္αိα α₯။
αံαံုးα αီαာေαါα္αွာ ေαြα α₯္α်ဳိးαα္ α‘αုα္αံုးαဲαα‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြαို ျαα့္αိုα္းαာေαြ αိွေααα္။ α‘αြα္αα္αိုα ေαာα္းαါαα္။ α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြα‘αုα္αံုး ေαးေαးαိုα္αိုααဲ αြားေαာα္α α ္ေαးႏိုα္αဲ့ αႏၲαားααိွαူးαိုαာ α်ေαာ္αိုα αိေααါαα္။ αါα αα္ႏိုα္αံαို αီαာေα်ာα္ေα်ာα္ αါα်ဳိးαေαြααူးαူး။ ျαα္αာျαα္αားα‘α်α္းα‘α်α္းαဲ αီαိုα‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြ ျαα့္ေααာα ααα္αိုα‘α္ααား။ ေαα္αီေαးαားαိုαာ ျαα္αံုးαα္αΎααိုα αိုαα္။
ႏိုα္αံααာαေαာ့ αာαα္၊ αိα္α ာαဲα αα္ေαြαဲ αူαါαα္။ αူေαြα α‘αα္ေαြααီး ႏိုα္αံျαားαွာ αိုα့္α‘αုα္ αိုα္αႈα္αိုေαာ့ ေαြαုαα ္αα္ α်ဳိးαုαα ္αα္ α ာαα္းααီးαို αα္αူααွ ေαါα္းαဲαွာ αွα္ααားႏိုα္αူး။
ႏိုα္αံαားေαြαဲα α‘α်α္α‘αα္ေαြαိαားαိုα ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αံုျαံဳေαးαို ααα္ααာαြα္ႏိုα္αါαူး။
α₯ααာαိုαါα ိုα α်ေαာ္αိုαα္ α်ေαာ္α‘ေααွာ αီααေαာα္၊ α‘αိုαေαာα္αိွαα္။ α်ေαာ္ α‘ေαα α်ာαံု ααါ။ α‘ေαααာαα္ααြဲαိုα α¦းေαးαာαα္αိုေαာα္ α်ေαာ္ ααွα္αိေαာ့αူး။ αူαိုααားααီးေαြ αα္ႏွα ္ေαာα္αဲ αα္αူေαြαဲ α်ေαာ္ ααိေαာ့αူး။ α်ေαာ့္ αိαေαြα‘ိα္αာ α်α္αိα္းαဲ့αဲ αါαြားαα္။ αီα‘ိα္αွာ α်ေαာ္ ααီး ျαα္းαဲ့αα္။ α်ေαာ္ျαα္αြားαα္ α‘ိα္ααိွေαာ့αူး။ α‘α်α္αံααဲ့ေααာα ေျααြα္αα္ααီး ျαα ္ေααα္။ ααါαေα α်ေαာ္ αူαဲα္αေα α်ေαာ္αိုαα‘ိα္ ေျααြα္αα္ααီးαို αΎαα့္ျαα ္αါαα္။
α်ေαာ့္ α‘ေααဲ αိွေαာ့αα္။ α‘ေα့αိα္α ာαို α်ေαာ္ααိαူး။ ေαာα္αွα္းေαးαို ျαα္ေαးαααို ျαα ္ေααα္။ αာ ျαα ္αိုααဲαိုေαာ့ α်ေαာ့္ αူေαးαေαာα္αိွαα္။ α်ေαာ့္αုိαဲ ေα‘αီα‘α္α ္αီα‘α္α္αွာ α‘αႈαα္းαဲ့αα္။ ေαာ αဲαွာ αူαွα္α်ားαို ေαါα္းαဲαα္αΏαီး αူαာ αူးαြားαα္။ αα္ေαာα္αွာ ေαးαုေααံုး αိုα္α်ဳα္αα္αြα္α ေαာα္αွα္း ေαးေαြαဲαα‘αα္းαိုαံααα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αို ျαα္αိုααα္။ ႏွိα္α α္αႇα₯္းαα္းαΏαီး ေααါαီးαွာ α‘ေα ေαေααဲ့ α‘ိα္ေαွααွာ αာα်αြားαα္။ ααေαာα္α‘αΎαာαွာ αူαံုးαြားαα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္ေαာα္ααါ။
αီေαာ့ α်ေαာ့္ α‘ေααိα္α ာαα ္αို αူαိုα αိαα္။
Credit :naytthit
It is certainly the consequences of the actions of the military Junta and their effects on the people that matter. What successive military regimes have done in Burma are incipient great evils of inhumanity, barbarism, with gratuitous acts of murder, torture, rape of women and children. Those people who want to follow Daw Suu in her manifest outrageous betrayal of the people and the 8888 student groups who brought her into the leadership of the NLD are really being opportunistic. These people are suffering from self-deception because they do not have the mental toughness to confront reality particularly since it normally involves the truths they don't want to face. Without the military regime giving up power, foundations of democracy, freedom, a multiparty political process, sound economic policies, underpinned by the Rule of Law are impossible to establish. It is important for people to know that the Nazis evil mindset wrongly believed that their horrible brutal murderous actions against the innocent Jews were not only good but as providing a good foundation for what they saw, as an admirable society that could last a thousand years! This is what the military regime has been doing and trying to create by violence, murder, torture, imprisonment, humiliations in the name of order and building a society over which successive military Juntas and their kith and kin and collaborators will preside. The Junta's answer to these charges are evasion and denial. By evasion you play down your own part, saying you are only obeying orders or you are just a small person, the decision makers are others. In dictatorships, playing only a minor role is equated as playing no role at all. Burma's military dictatorship is one of the greatest evils of the 20th and 21st centuries.
The successive military regimes denial of brutality, violence against civilians is the raison detre of the dictatorship. By refusing to admit the full appalling brutal reality of the army of crimes against humanity, is a technique they use to distance themselves from their victims, by seeing them as a danger, dehumanise them and to see them as objects rather than people. Self-deception is the collective ruling principle of the military dictatorship, which Daw Suu has swallowed hook line and sinker and has become an accomplice to all the actions of the military dictatorship. She is a tainted politician and is a political harlot selling the people of Burma for the next hundreds of years to the rule of the children and descendants of the military regime, their collaborators, opportunists and foreign outside supporters.
General Aung San leader of our AFPFL (Anti-Fascist and People's Freedom League), and the PDP (Parliamentary Democracy Party) and the Hero of Burma, was right to warn that "a calamity was about to befall Burma". The people of Burma must pay heed to the Higher Angels warning s and pay reverence to the monks according to the Buddhist religious teaching. Moral evil is what the military Junta does and is doing to the people. Daw Suu's playing down of the evils of the military Junta, is a bizarre rationalisation – evils are evils there is no washing powder in the world that can clean off the blood, muffle the screams of those murdered in cold blood, those tortured to death, of those women and children screaming humiliated to submit to forcible rape, no, no, Daw Suu, you are wrong you have betrayed the people of Burma and those 8888 students who brought you to power. You are now the Champion of military kleptocracy, and the oppression of the people. Daw Suu's democracy deficit is a threat to the future of Burma. She has seamlessly morphed into a tyrant, the evil of dictatorship.
In the name of General Aung San, 'The Thirty Comrades', ex-Premier U Nu and the President and Ministers of his governments and the 8888 students groups and those who were murdered by military Junta, who courageously rose up against the dictatorship, we call upon the people of all the communities of Burma to totally reject Daw Suu's decision to recognise the fake 2008 Constitution and becoming an ally of the military Junta. We further call upon the people to work together to present a united formidable resistance force and political programme against the military Junta/Suu Kyi alliance of condemning Burma for next hundreds of years to the rule of the children and descendants of the military regime, their collaborators, opportunists and foreign outside supporters. Forward together, we will win and casting the military Junta and Suu Kyi to the dustbin of history. Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has said the Government (military Junta) is doing good things and improvements. Are these photographs the good things and improvements?
Central Committee
Parliamentary Democracy Party (Burma)
GHQ (Liberated Area)
Email: pdp-office@yahoo.com,
Web page: www.pdpburma.net,
By Kyi May Kaung
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| Dr.Sein Win |
Lately, there are endless reports of people going to Burma, so much so that as the saying goes – chaung pauk tawme, or a river will soon run through the worn footpath. It was therefore refreshing to note that the usually soft-spoken Dr Sein Win, elected Prime Minister of the US-based National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma, gave an interview to VOA, in which he calmly pointed out that we are still not at the end game with regards to democracy in Burma.
Sein Win was elected to his constituent state in the 1990 election, which Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy won. Power was not transferred. In danger of arrest, he and other MPs fled to the Burma-Thai border, where they formed the Exile Government in the Karen stronghold of Manerplaw, which fell to SLORC’s forces (the former name of the State Peace and Development Council – the Burmese junta).
Sein Win has a doctorate in mathematics from a German university, but has spent the last two decades as a political activist and advocate for Burmese democracy. In 2009, in Malahyde, Ireland, he was re-elected by secret ballot to the Prime Minister post . Here
Three prominent dissidents including the famous comedian Zarganar who was recently released and was at a National Endowment for Democracy event in DC a few days ago, reiterated points made by Sein Win.
I transcribed and informally translated this.
MC Thar Nyunt Oo’s intro: Even though it is said there are reforms in Burma, because there is still no political solution, there is still a need for overseas-based activist groups, according to Dr Sein Win, PM of the Exile Government or NCGUB. When VOA’s Khin Soe Win interviewed him, Sein Win explained –
“Yes, on our part, we do welcome the changes that show a positive sign. This is a hopeful trend. However, in some areas (change) is not consistent. For example, ceasefires with respect to various ethnic groups. In Kachin State, (the Burman army) is still waging a serious offensive. Besides heated battles, civilians are suffering all kinds of troubles. We do need to look at this, talk about this. The release of political prisoners is not yet complete.
“They let go of the leaders, but there are still many (about 1000) still in prison. So it’s not consistent. Also, in the nature of reforms, it’s not enough just with this one issue. From the background, (just) laws (which come from grass roots debate of the people’s legitimate representatives) must appear.
The 2010 election was rigged and the “constitution” written entirely by the SPDC.
Interviewer: “As they did not recognize the 1990 election, if she (Aung San Suu Kyi) should win the by-election . . . will government recognize the results?”
“I think, they will help organize it so that it’s free and fair. I assume they will accept the emerging results. By-elections are in only over 40 places. The total number is over 450.
“Even though they may do things equitably for these 48 places, when the general
election takes place, they need to be fair.
Q. I have heard that if the NLD registers as a political party, the Exile Government will dissolve itself. What is your opinion?
“Now they will enter (the by-election) and run – in April, the MPs will get into the parliament. Aung San Suu Kyi will get there too. When that happens, whether it will be an Exile Government, or a Parallel Coalition Government, will be something to think about. . . There is the main base which elected the NCGUB. We have something called the Members of Parliamentary Union (outside Burma), and it will be decided there by majority vote.
Q. What is the NCGUB’s future role? Will you go back? Some have been invited.
“Some people say go back, for this to happen, that to happen. That’s not the main point.
“The main point is – how much progress there is inside the country. How much real freedom do the people have? Is there a real political solution? Right now there is not. What Suu Kyi calls a breakthrough is a political solution. The main point is to give full democratic rights. It depends on the constitution”
Note – in the 1990s, Suu Kyi called the constitution “just something written on a slip of paper.”
“In the present SPDC’s constitution, there are points which are not democratic, which are opposed to democracy. Daw Suu has said this clearly too. There are some corrective changes, but they are not solutions. For instance – ceasefire. Ceasefire alone is not the ultimate solution. We’ve had ceasefire with the Kachin for 17 years already, now they’re shooting again. Because problems have not been solved. What we want is a real solution. Go on the right path for politics, economics, social welfare.
“The economy too must be the right system. Now there’s crony capitalism. This is not right for our country. Only when we have the solution can we say there’s democracy”.
In Jeffersonian democracy, it is still a continuous process, not a static situation.
Q. Will you go back to help?
“It’s not necessary to go to Burma to work on Burma issues. It can be done from outside too. OK, right now we have a bit more freedoms, we have more this and that. Ceasefires. But these have not reached the end of the process. What stage has freedom of news reached? Yes, when they invite you, you can go”
(Khin Soe Win was first journalist to go)
“When they talk to you and issue statements, you can listen and report it. But can you really write what you want? There is still censorship. We know that.
“These things must be pointed out. Constructive criticism exists even in a democracy. From the outside we can point these things out. That’s our job.”
Source here
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| Anegga (Rapper) |
But has the government actually followed through on their word, and have the changes made a real difference in the lives of Burmese citizens?
In this episode of The Stream, we speak to Myra Dahgaypaw (@myradah), a campaign coordinator at the US Campaign for Burma and Anegga Tweezy (@anegga), a Burmese hip-hop artist.
Source : Al Jazeera
αα္ααွα္းေαာ α‘α
ိုးα၊ေαာα္းαြα္ေαာ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး α‘αွα္ααα္ ျαα
္αာေα
αα္ ႏိုα္αံαα္αα္းα်ား၏ αုα္α၊ αα
ာα
αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαႇα့္ေαြα်ား αို αာαα့္ ααာေαး ႏွα
္α‘α
αြα္ αျαα
္αေα αိုးျαႇα့္ေαးေαး α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα αူαα¦း ေαႊαα္းαα္ျααα့္ α‘αိုαို ျαα္ ေαာα္α
ုαႊα္ေαာ္α α‘αα္ျαဳαဲ့ ေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαါαα္။
ေαေαာ္αါαီα ααα္ေαααျαဳ αုα္αဲ့ေαာ αααα‘αΎαိα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαႊα္ေαာ္ αααေααα‘α
α္း α‘ေαးαြα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαႊα္ေαာ္αိုα α‘αို αα္αြα္းαဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αာ ႏိုα္αံα‘α်ိဳး၊ ျαα္αူαα‘α်ိဳး αα္αα္း ေααိုႏွα့္ ေααွα္α‘α်ိဳး α်ားα‘αြα္ ျαα္αူααိုα္α
ားαွα္ αα
္α¦းα‘ေαျαα့္ αα္ျααဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααါαα္။
“α‘αွα္α‘αိုα္း αα္αံေျαာαိုα αα္αိုαွ်α္ αေαααာαα္αα္း ေαာα္ေααΎαေαာ ႏိုα္αံ့αα္αα္း α်ား၏αα္αွိααွိေαေαာ αုα္α၊ αα ာ၊α αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαႇα့္ေαြα်ားαα္ αေαα ေαα္αာαႏွα့္ αိုα္ေα်ာ αီေαြααွိαΎααါ။ α‘ေျααံ α ားαα္ ေαေαး၊ αူαႈေαးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αွ α ြာαααွိαါ။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αြα½α္ေαာ္၏ αα္ျαα်α္αα္ αေαααα္αα္း α်ား၏ αα၊ αα ာ၊ α αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαႇα့္ေαြα်ားα‘ား αိုα္αα့္ααို α‘αွ်α္α‘ျαα္αိုးေαးαα္αိုαα္ αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္αို αα္ျααျαα္းαဲျαα ္αါαα္”αု ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠααူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα α‘αိုျαဳα်α္ ၌ αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
“α‘ူαေαာα့္αွ αီαေα ာα့္ႏိုα္αွာျαα ္ααို α‘ူαေαာα့္αΏαီး αီα αေα ာα့္αွ်α္ေαာ့ αူααာαα္αဲ ျαα ္αΏαီးαူαိုα ααားαို αူαိုα α ီαα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။ αα ္αα္α α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးႏွα့္αα္αာေα်ာα္α်ိေαး၊ α‘ျαားαα ္αα္ α α္းαα္း ႏွα့္ α₯αေαα‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ αိα္းေα်ာα္းျαα္းျαα့္ Clean ျαα ္αာαွာျαα ္αါ αα္။ Clean ျαα ္αာαွ Good Governance αုα္αာႏိုα္αွာ ျαα ္αါαα္”αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
αα္းαဲ့αိုα αα ာαိုးျαႇα့္ေαးျαα္းα‘ားျαα့္ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းαΎαီးျαα့္ αာαα့္ α ိုးαိα္αႈα်ား αွိေαေαာ္αα္း αိုα ိုးαိα္αႈα်ားျαα့္ αα္αα္းα်ား၏ αိုေαြαို ααုα‘αိုα္း αα္αα္αားαွိαα္ αျαα ္αα့္ေαာ့ေαΎαာα္း αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
“αိုαိုα αα ာႏွα့္α αိα္α်ားαို αိုးေαးαွ်α္αα္း αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းααီးျαα့္ αာႏိုα္αα္αိုα αα ္α်ိဳα αေျαာαΎααါαα္။ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္း ααီးျαα့္αာαα္၊ ေαြေαΎαးေαာα္းαြႏႈα္းေαြ ျαα ္αာαွာα ိုးαိုα αိုα္αα့္ေαာ αုα္α၊ αα ာα်ီးျαႇα့္αႈႏွα့္ α αိα္α်ားαီαိုαဲ αα္αားေααွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံ့αα္αα္းα်ား၏ α ိα္αိုα္းαα၊ αုα္αိုα္းααα်ားα‘ား αိαိုα္αာ αα္းαိုα၏ αိုေαြαို αα္းαα္းα်ိဳးα ံုαံုးαΏαီးαွာαΎαααါαα္။ αိုα့္αုα္α‘ား αို α‘αα္းαα္αΏαီး ααာ၊ ααာαα်ားα α‘α်ိα္αိုα်ဴαွα္ျαααာ၊ ααာαα္၊ αူαာျαဳαျαα္αေαးαα္းαွာ αα₯့္αα္αα္းေαါα္α‘αိ ေαာα္ αြα္ေαααာ၊ αေαြ၊ αုα္α၊ αα ာ ααံုေαာα္αိုα ျαα္αႏိုα္αံα်ားαိုα αြα္αြာα‘αုα္αုα္ααာ၊ αိုαိုα αုα္αာαြα္αα္း αိαိααာႏွα့္ α‘αα့္α‘αα္းαို ႏွိα့္α်αΏαီးαုα္ေαααာေαြ αွိေαα¦းαွာျαα ္αါαα္။ αα္αα္းα်ား αုα္αα္းαြα္ေα်ာ္ေα ေαး ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား ေα်ာα္းေαေα်ာ္ေα ေαး၊ αα္αေαာ္αားα်ား αα္ေαေα်ာ္ေα ေαးαိုαα‘αြα္ αာαα္ ႏွα့္ αုα္αိုα္αြα့္α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး၊ αုα္α၊ αα ာ၊ α αိα္α်ီးျαႇα့္αႈα်ားαာ α‘αိααα္αိုα္αα္αိုαာ ααိျαဳα αွာျαα ္αါαα္”αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαါαα္။
αα္αွိα‘α်ိα္αြα္ αုα္α၊ αα ာαα္းျαα္းαို α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαဳျαီး αα္αα္းα်ားα‘ေαျαα့္ αာα္α ားေααΎααα္αို α ိα္αေαာα္းαြα္ αΎαားαိေααေαΎαာα္း αα္αα္ ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
“α‘ျαားα‘α်ိဳααာαα်ားαွ αာ αα္αα္းေαာα္ေααΎααဲ့ αα္αα္းα်ားααα္း αုα္α၊ αα ာ αα္း ျαα္းαို α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαဳαΏαီး αα္αα္αα္αိုး၊ α‘αွဴေαြ၊ α ာαြα္α ာ αα္းေαΎαးα်ား ေαာα္းαူျαα္းႏွα့္ α‘ျαားαေα်ာ္αα္ေαာ αာα္ေαး αာα္αူαα္αα့္ ျαဳαူေαာα္αြα္ျαα္းα်ားαို ေααာα‘ႏွံα၊ αာαα‘α်ားα ုαိုαိုαα္ αα ္αုααုα္αα ္αု αံုα ံ α‘α်ိဳးα်ိဳးျαα ္ေααေααာαို αα္းαα္းα ြာ αΎαားαိေαααါαα္” αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαါαα္။
“αီα‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αိαိαိုααα္αα္းα်ား α‘α်α့္α်α္αာαΎααα္။ α ာαိαၲေαြ α်α္αာαΎααα္။ α‘α်α့္α်α္၊ α ာαိαၲα်α္αဲ့ αα္αα္းα်ားαြα္αာ αာαα္αွိαာ ααုα္αဲ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္α‘αိုα္း၊ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ားα‘αိုα္းαွာαါ αာαα္αွိαα္αိုα αံαူα αွာျαα ္αါαα္။ αα္αα္းααုα္ေαာ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ားααα္း α‘α်α့္α်α္ေαာ α‘α်α့္αိုα်α္ေα ေαာ ျαဳαူေαာα္αြα္ေαးαႈ၊ αα္αီးαႈα်ား ααုα္αိုေαာ္αα္း αုα္αΎααျαα္αα္။ αူαိုαα α α္းαα္းα‘αိုα္း၊ α₯αေαα‘αိုα္း αုα္αα္αိုαα္αα္း ေαြေαးαΏαီး၊ αာα္αေαာေαးαΏαီး αုα္ααာαα္ αα္αဲαႈေαြ၊ α‘αုα္α‘α်αွိαႈေαြ α်ားαΏαီး α‘αα္αေျααႈေαြ αα္αိုα္ααံဳေαြααျαα္ေαာ့ ေαာα္αံုးα‘α်α့္α်α္၊ α ာαိαၱα်α္ αα္းေαΎαာα္းαα္း ေαာα္ေααΎαααါαα္αိုα αΎαားαိေαααါαα္” αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါ αα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္” α₯α α₯ာαααံုးαႈံးαွ်α္ αာαွααံုး αႈံးαုαွα္αါ။ (When Wealth Is Lost , Nothing Is Lost)၊ α်α္းαာ ေαးαံုးαံႈးαΏαီαို αွ်α္ αα ္α ံုαα ္αာ αံုးαႈံးαΏαီαု αွα္αါ (When Health is Lost, Something is Lost)၊ αိုα္α်α့္ααားαံုးαႈံးαΏαီαိုαွ်α္ α‘ားαံုး αံုးαႈံးαΏαီαု αွα္αါ(When Character is Lost, Everything is Lost)αိုαα့္ α‘αိုα္း αူαα ္ေαာα္α‘αြα္ေαာ္ αα္းေαာα္း၊ ႏိုα္αံαα ္ႏိုα္αံ α‘αြα္ ေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း၊ α‘α်α့္α ာαိαၱႏွα့္ α ိα္αာα္α်α္αြα္းαြားαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္α်ားα ြာေαာ αံုးαႈံးαႈα်ား αΎαံဳေαြαααွာျαα ္αိုα αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαျαα္αူααုိα္α ားαွα္α်ား αာαုα္αΎαααဲ၊ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααွာ αာαα္ααွိαူးαား၊ αာαα္αွိαွ်α္ αာαုα္αΎααွာαဲ α α₯္းα ားαုိα αိုα‘α္αာαါαα္”αု αα္αα္ေျαာ αΎαား αဲ့αါαα္။
“ααႊဲαေαွာα္αာ ααံဳေαြααာႏုိα္ααဲ့ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းααီးျαα့္αႈαဲα αေαα ေαာα္αူαα္ααားα်ား၊ ေαြးျαဴေαးααားα်ား၊ α‘ေျααံαုα္ αုα္αုα္αူα်ား ααံဳေαြαေαααဲ့ α αါးႏွα့္ αီးႏွံα်ားေα ်းႏႈα္းα်၍ α‘αႈံးေααေααႈ၊ αါးေαြးျαဴαုα္αုα္αူα်ား α‘αႈံးေαααႈα်ား αွိαါαα္။ αုα္αုα္αူα်ား α‘αႈံးေααေααႈαာ ႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ေαာα္းαဲ့ ααα‘αာααုα္αါ။ ေαာα္αူαα္ααား၊ α‘αုα္ααား၊ ႏုိα္αံ့αα္αα္းα်ားαုိ α်ားα ြာ αိαုိα္ေααါαα္။ αြဲαα α္းαုံ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααုိ ေαးα ားαုိα္αာαΏαီး αာαα္αွိαူα်ားα ေαာα္αြα္αေαးαာ αα္းေαာα္αါαα္။ αီα‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားαုိ αα္းαα္းα ိα္αေαာα္း α ြာျαα့္ αα္αံေαααα့္ α‘α်ိα္ααုα္ေαာ့αါ”αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားαါαα္။
ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းα‘ေαျαα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္αိုα αα္ျααဲ့αα့္ α‘αို ၌ ႏိုα္αံαα္αα္းα်ား၏ αုα္α၊ α α ာႏွα့္αα္αα္ေαာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာα်ားαို ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα့္ αα္းαူ α‘ေαာα္းαံုးႏွα့္ α ိα္α‘α်ααံုးျαα ္ေαာ αူαား α‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္α်ား αြံα ျαိဳးေαးα ီαံαိα္းα်ားαို αံုေαာα္ ေαာ αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံαႈα်ားျαα့္ ေαာα္αြα္ααα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ααာေαး ႏွα့္ α်α္းαာေαးα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ျαားေαာ αα္αΎαီးαာαႏွα့္ ေαါα္းα α္ျαီး α αα ္αα် αα ္αာαႈααွိαα္ ေαာα္αြα္ααα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံαႈ၊ α‘αုα္α‘α်αံαႈα်ားျαα့္ ေαာα္αြα္αွ αာαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံαားα‘ားαံုး α ိα္αာα္ႏွα့္ α α္းαα္းေαာα္း ျαီး αုα္αα္းα ြα္းေαာα္αα္ ျαα့္αားေαာ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား ျαα ္αာႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း α‘α αွိαα္αိုααိုαα္း αα့္αြα္းေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
αူαα¦းေαႊαα္း αα္αြα္းαဲ့ေαာ α‘αို၌ αိαံုးα်ဳα္α‘ေαျαα့္ α‘α်α္ ေျαာα္α်α္αို ေαာ္ျααဲ့ျαီး αိုα‘α်α္α်ားαွာ -
(α) αိုα့္αုα္၊ αိုα့္αိαα‘ာ ႏွα့္ α‘αီေααိုα္ α ားေαာα္ႏိုα္αိုα ႏွα့္ αα္ααွα္းေαာ α‘α ိုးα၊ ေαာα္း αြα္ေαာ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး α‘αွα္ααα္ ျαα ္αာαိုαႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၊ αα္ αα္းα်ား၏ αုα္α၊ αα ာα αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαα့္ေαြα်ားαို αာαα့္ αα္α်α္ ႏွα ္α‘α αြα္ αျαα ္αေααိုးျαွα့္ေαးေαး။
(α) ျαα္αူαααာေαြα်ားαို α‘αံုးျαဳ၍α‘αွα္ααα္ αα္ေαြαα်α် ႏိုα္αံ့α‘α်ိဳး ျαα္αူαူαု α‘α်ိဳး ျαα ္αြα္းေα αα့္ α ီαံαိα္း α်ားαိုαာ α₯αေαျαဳေαးေαးႏွα့္ αိုαိုα ααုα္ေαာ α ီαံαိα္းα်ားαို ျαα္းαα္ျαα္း၊ αိုα္းαံ့ျαα္း၊ ေα်ာ့၍ αြα့္ျαဳျαα္းα်ား ေαာα္αြα္ေαး။
(α) ႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၏ αα္αα္း၊ ေααိုႏွα့္ ေααွα္ α‘α်ိဳးျαα ္αြα္းေα ေαာ αာαα α₯္ αွα္αα္ေα αα့္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαြံαျαိဳး αိုးαα္ေαး α ီαံαိα္း (αိုαααုα္) αူαားα‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္α်ား αြံαျαိဳးေαးα ီαံαိα္းα‘αြα္ αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံαႈα်ားαို αα္ျα ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαိုα αα္αိုα္αာαိုα αိုα္αြα္းေαးေαး။
(α) αာαα္α‘α α₯αေαႏွα့္α‘αီ ေαာα္αြα္ေααΎααူα်ား၊ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားα‘ား αားαα္αα္αံျαီး ေαးα ားα်α ္αΎαα္α ြာျαα့္ α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ေαးေαး။
(α ) ႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၏ α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားα‘ား αားαီးαိα္αα္ေαာ၊ α်α္α ီးαုα္ေα်ာ့ေα ေαာ ျαα္αြα္း ျαα္ααွ αα္αα့္ αုαၢိဳα္၊ αα္αα့္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းαို ααို၊ αα္αα်α္αြားေαး။
(α) αα္αဲα₯αေαα်ားαို α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား α‘ေαျαα့္αα္းေαာα္း၊ ျαα္αူα်ားαဲαွ ျαα္αူαα ္α¦း α‘ေαျαα့္ αα္းေαာα္း၊ ျαα္αူαα ္αα္αံုးႏွα့္ α‘αူ αိုေαေαးα ား αိုα္αာαΎαေαး α αα္αိုα αါαα္αဲ့αါαα္။
αိုαဲ့αိုααα္αြα္းαဲ့ေαာ α‘αိုαို ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αေααΎαα္းေαာ္ααီ α‘ေαြေαြ α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး α¦းေα ာαွαြα္းႏွα့္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αေααΎαα္းေαာ္ααီ α‘αြဲααα္ ေαααα္းαါႏုαိုα ေαာα္αံαဲ့αΎαျαီး ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ α‘ားαံုးα αေαာαူαီαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ α‘αိုαို ျαα္ေαာα္α ု αႊα္ေαာ္α α‘αα္ျαဳေαΎαာα္း αံုးျαα္αဲ့ျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။
Shwe Mahn Parliament speech
Source :EMG & DVB news
ေαေαာ္αါαီα ααα္ေαααျαဳ αုα္αဲ့ေαာ αααα‘αΎαိα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαႊα္ေαာ္ αααေααα‘α
α္း α‘ေαးαြα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαႊα္ေαာ္αိုα α‘αို αα္αြα္းαဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αာ ႏိုα္αံα‘α်ိဳး၊ ျαα္αူαα‘α်ိဳး αα္αα္း ေααိုႏွα့္ ေααွα္α‘α်ိဳး α်ားα‘αြα္ ျαα္αူααိုα္α
ားαွα္ αα
္α¦းα‘ေαျαα့္ αα္ျααဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααါαα္။ “α‘αွα္α‘αိုα္း αα္αံေျαာαိုα αα္αိုαွ်α္ αေαααာαα္αα္း ေαာα္ေααΎαေαာ ႏိုα္αံ့αα္αα္း α်ား၏αα္αွိααွိေαေαာ αုα္α၊ αα ာ၊α αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαႇα့္ေαြα်ားαα္ αေαα ေαα္αာαႏွα့္ αိုα္ေα်ာ αီေαြααွိαΎααါ။ α‘ေျααံ α ားαα္ ေαေαး၊ αူαႈေαးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αွ α ြာαααွိαါ။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αြα½α္ေαာ္၏ αα္ျαα်α္αα္ αေαααα္αα္း α်ား၏ αα၊ αα ာ၊ α αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαႇα့္ေαြα်ားα‘ား αိုα္αα့္ααို α‘αွ်α္α‘ျαα္αိုးေαးαα္αိုαα္ αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္αို αα္ျααျαα္းαဲျαα ္αါαα္”αု ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠααူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα α‘αိုျαဳα်α္ ၌ αα့္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
“α‘ူαေαာα့္αွ αီαေα ာα့္ႏိုα္αွာျαα ္ααို α‘ူαေαာα့္αΏαီး αီα αေα ာα့္αွ်α္ေαာ့ αူααာαα္αဲ ျαα ္αΏαီးαူαိုα ααားαို αူαိုα α ီαα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။ αα ္αα္α α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးႏွα့္αα္αာေα်ာα္α်ိေαး၊ α‘ျαားαα ္αα္ α α္းαα္း ႏွα့္ α₯αေαα‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ αိα္းေα်ာα္းျαα္းျαα့္ Clean ျαα ္αာαွာျαα ္αါ αα္။ Clean ျαα ္αာαွ Good Governance αုα္αာႏိုα္αွာ ျαα ္αါαα္”αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
αα္းαဲ့αိုα αα ာαိုးျαႇα့္ေαးျαα္းα‘ားျαα့္ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းαΎαီးျαα့္ αာαα့္ α ိုးαိα္αႈα်ား αွိေαေαာ္αα္း αိုα ိုးαိα္αႈα်ားျαα့္ αα္αα္းα်ား၏ αိုေαြαို ααုα‘αိုα္း αα္αα္αားαွိαα္ αျαα ္αα့္ေαာ့ေαΎαာα္း αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
“αိုαိုα αα ာႏွα့္α αိα္α်ားαို αိုးေαးαွ်α္αα္း αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းααီးျαα့္ αာႏိုα္αα္αိုα αα ္α်ိဳα αေျαာαΎααါαα္။ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္း ααီးျαα့္αာαα္၊ ေαြေαΎαးေαာα္းαြႏႈα္းေαြ ျαα ္αာαွာα ိုးαိုα αိုα္αα့္ေαာ αုα္α၊ αα ာα်ီးျαႇα့္αႈႏွα့္ α αိα္α်ားαီαိုαဲ αα္αားေααွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံ့αα္αα္းα်ား၏ α ိα္αိုα္းαα၊ αုα္αိုα္းααα်ားα‘ား αိαိုα္αာ αα္းαိုα၏ αိုေαြαို αα္းαα္းα်ိဳးα ံုαံုးαΏαီးαွာαΎαααါαα္။ αိုα့္αုα္α‘ား αို α‘αα္းαα္αΏαီး ααာ၊ ααာαα်ားα α‘α်ိα္αိုα်ဴαွα္ျαααာ၊ ααာαα္၊ αူαာျαဳαျαα္αေαးαα္းαွာ αα₯့္αα္αα္းေαါα္α‘αိ ေαာα္ αြα္ေαααာ၊ αေαြ၊ αုα္α၊ αα ာ ααံုေαာα္αိုα ျαα္αႏိုα္αံα်ားαိုα αြα္αြာα‘αုα္αုα္ααာ၊ αိုαိုα αုα္αာαြα္αα္း αိαိααာႏွα့္ α‘αα့္α‘αα္းαို ႏွိα့္α်αΏαီးαုα္ေαααာေαြ αွိေαα¦းαွာျαα ္αါαα္။ αα္αα္းα်ား αုα္αα္းαြα္ေα်ာ္ေα ေαး ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား ေα်ာα္းေαေα်ာ္ေα ေαး၊ αα္αေαာ္αားα်ား αα္ေαေα်ာ္ေα ေαးαိုαα‘αြα္ αာαα္ ႏွα့္ αုα္αိုα္αြα့္α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး၊ αုα္α၊ αα ာ၊ α αိα္α်ီးျαႇα့္αႈα်ားαာ α‘αိααα္αိုα္αα္αိုαာ ααိျαဳα αွာျαα ္αါαα္”αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαါαα္။
αα္αွိα‘α်ိα္αြα္ αုα္α၊ αα ာαα္းျαα္းαို α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαဳျαီး αα္αα္းα်ားα‘ေαျαα့္ αာα္α ားေααΎααα္αို α ိα္αေαာα္းαြα္ αΎαားαိေααေαΎαာα္း αα္αα္ ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
“α‘ျαားα‘α်ိဳααာαα်ားαွ αာ αα္αα္းေαာα္ေααΎααဲ့ αα္αα္းα်ားααα္း αုα္α၊ αα ာ αα္း ျαα္းαို α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαဳαΏαီး αα္αα္αα္αိုး၊ α‘αွဴေαြ၊ α ာαြα္α ာ αα္းေαΎαးα်ား ေαာα္းαူျαα္းႏွα့္ α‘ျαားαေα်ာ္αα္ေαာ αာα္ေαး αာα္αူαα္αα့္ ျαဳαူေαာα္αြα္ျαα္းα်ားαို ေααာα‘ႏွံα၊ αာαα‘α်ားα ုαိုαိုαα္ αα ္αုααုα္αα ္αု αံုα ံ α‘α်ိဳးα်ိဳးျαα ္ေααေααာαို αα္းαα္းα ြာ αΎαားαိေαααါαα္” αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαါαα္။
“αီα‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αိαိαိုααα္αα္းα်ား α‘α်α့္α်α္αာαΎααα္။ α ာαိαၲေαြ α်α္αာαΎααα္။ α‘α်α့္α်α္၊ α ာαိαၲα်α္αဲ့ αα္αα္းα်ားαြα္αာ αာαα္αွိαာ ααုα္αဲ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္α‘αိုα္း၊ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ားα‘αိုα္းαွာαါ αာαα္αွိαα္αိုα αံαူα αွာျαα ္αါαα္။ αα္αα္းααုα္ေαာ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ားααα္း α‘α်α့္α်α္ေαာ α‘α်α့္αိုα်α္ေα ေαာ ျαဳαူေαာα္αြα္ေαးαႈ၊ αα္αီးαႈα်ား ααုα္αိုေαာ္αα္း αုα္αΎααျαα္αα္။ αူαိုαα α α္းαα္းα‘αိုα္း၊ α₯αေαα‘αိုα္း αုα္αα္αိုαα္αα္း ေαြေαးαΏαီး၊ αာα္αေαာေαးαΏαီး αုα္ααာαα္ αα္αဲαႈေαြ၊ α‘αုα္α‘α်αွိαႈေαြ α်ားαΏαီး α‘αα္αေျααႈေαြ αα္αိုα္ααံဳေαြααျαα္ေαာ့ ေαာα္αံုးα‘α်α့္α်α္၊ α ာαိαၱα်α္ αα္းေαΎαာα္းαα္း ေαာα္ေααΎαααါαα္αိုα αΎαားαိေαααါαα္” αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါ αα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္” α₯α α₯ာαααံုးαႈံးαွ်α္ αာαွααံုး αႈံးαုαွα္αါ။ (When Wealth Is Lost , Nothing Is Lost)၊ α်α္းαာ ေαးαံုးαံႈးαΏαီαို αွ်α္ αα ္α ံုαα ္αာ αံုးαႈံးαΏαီαု αွα္αါ (When Health is Lost, Something is Lost)၊ αိုα္α်α့္ααားαံုးαႈံးαΏαီαိုαွ်α္ α‘ားαံုး αံုးαႈံးαΏαီαု αွα္αါ(When Character is Lost, Everything is Lost)αိုαα့္ α‘αိုα္း αူαα ္ေαာα္α‘αြα္ေαာ္ αα္းေαာα္း၊ ႏိုα္αံαα ္ႏိုα္αံ α‘αြα္ ေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း၊ α‘α်α့္α ာαိαၱႏွα့္ α ိα္αာα္α်α္αြα္းαြားαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္α်ားα ြာေαာ αံုးαႈံးαႈα်ား αΎαံဳေαြαααွာျαα ္αိုα αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαျαα္αူααုိα္α ားαွα္α်ား αာαုα္αΎαααဲ၊ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααွာ αာαα္ααွိαူးαား၊ αာαα္αွိαွ်α္ αာαုα္αΎααွာαဲ α α₯္းα ားαုိα αိုα‘α္αာαါαα္”αု αα္αα္ေျαာ αΎαား αဲ့αါαα္။
“ααႊဲαေαွာα္αာ ααံဳေαြααာႏုိα္ααဲ့ αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းααီးျαα့္αႈαဲα αေαα ေαာα္αူαα္ααားα်ား၊ ေαြးျαဴေαးααားα်ား၊ α‘ေျααံαုα္ αုα္αုα္αူα်ား ααံဳေαြαေαααဲ့ α αါးႏွα့္ αီးႏွံα်ားေα ်းႏႈα္းα်၍ α‘αႈံးေααေααႈ၊ αါးေαြးျαဴαုα္αုα္αူα်ား α‘αႈံးေαααႈα်ား αွိαါαα္။ αုα္αုα္αူα်ား α‘αႈံးေααေααႈαာ ႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ေαာα္းαဲ့ ααα‘αာααုα္αါ။ ေαာα္αူαα္ααား၊ α‘αုα္ααား၊ ႏုိα္αံ့αα္αα္းα်ားαုိ α်ားα ြာ αိαုိα္ေααါαα္။ αြဲαα α္းαုံ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααုိ ေαးα ားαုိα္αာαΏαီး αာαα္αွိαူα်ားα ေαာα္αြα္αေαးαာ αα္းေαာα္αါαα္။ αီα‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားαုိ αα္းαα္းα ိα္αေαာα္း α ြာျαα့္ αα္αံေαααα့္ α‘α်ိα္ααုα္ေαာ့αါ”αု αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားαါαα္။
ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းα‘ေαျαα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္αိုα αα္ျααဲ့αα့္ α‘αို ၌ ႏိုα္αံαα္αα္းα်ား၏ αုα္α၊ α α ာႏွα့္αα္αα္ေαာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာα်ားαို ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα့္ αα္းαူ α‘ေαာα္းαံုးႏွα့္ α ိα္α‘α်ααံုးျαα ္ေαာ αူαား α‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္α်ား αြံα ျαိဳးေαးα ီαံαိα္းα်ားαို αံုေαာα္ ေαာ αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံαႈα်ားျαα့္ ေαာα္αြα္ααα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ααာေαး ႏွα့္ α်α္းαာေαးα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ျαားေαာ αα္αΎαီးαာαႏွα့္ ေαါα္းα α္ျαီး α αα ္αα် αα ္αာαႈααွိαα္ ေαာα္αြα္ααα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံαႈ၊ α‘αုα္α‘α်αံαႈα်ားျαα့္ ေαာα္αြα္αွ αာαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံαားα‘ားαံုး α ိα္αာα္ႏွα့္ α α္းαα္းေαာα္း ျαီး αုα္αα္းα ြα္းေαာα္αα္ ျαα့္αားေαာ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား ျαα ္αာႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း α‘α αွိαα္αိုααိုαα္း αα့္αြα္းေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
αူαα¦းေαႊαα္း αα္αြα္းαဲ့ေαာ α‘αို၌ αိαံုးα်ဳα္α‘ေαျαα့္ α‘α်α္ ေျαာα္α်α္αို ေαာ္ျααဲ့ျαီး αိုα‘α်α္α်ားαွာ -
(α) αိုα့္αုα္၊ αိုα့္αိαα‘ာ ႏွα့္ α‘αီေααိုα္ α ားေαာα္ႏိုα္αိုα ႏွα့္ αα္ααွα္းေαာ α‘α ိုးα၊ ေαာα္း αြα္ေαာ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαး α‘αွα္ααα္ ျαα ္αာαိုαႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၊ αα္ αα္းα်ား၏ αုα္α၊ αα ာα αိα္ႏွα့္ α်ီးျαα့္ေαြα်ားαို αာαα့္ αα္α်α္ ႏွα ္α‘α αြα္ αျαα ္αေααိုးျαွα့္ေαးေαး။
(α) ျαα္αူαααာေαြα်ားαို α‘αံုးျαဳ၍α‘αွα္ααα္ αα္ေαြαα်α် ႏိုα္αံ့α‘α်ိဳး ျαα္αူαူαု α‘α်ိဳး ျαα ္αြα္းေα αα့္ α ီαံαိα္း α်ားαိုαာ α₯αေαျαဳေαးေαးႏွα့္ αိုαိုα ααုα္ေαာ α ီαံαိα္းα်ားαို ျαα္းαα္ျαα္း၊ αိုα္းαံ့ျαα္း၊ ေα်ာ့၍ αြα့္ျαဳျαα္းα်ား ေαာα္αြα္ေαး။
(α) ႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၏ αα္αα္း၊ ေααိုႏွα့္ ေααွα္ α‘α်ိဳးျαα ္αြα္းေα ေαာ αာαα α₯္ αွα္αα္ေα αα့္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαြံαျαိဳး αိုးαα္ေαး α ီαံαိα္း (αိုαααုα္) αူαားα‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္α်ား αြံαျαိဳးေαးα ီαံαိα္းα‘αြα္ αα္းႏွီးျαဳα္ႏွံαႈα်ားαို αα္ျα ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαိုα αα္αိုα္αာαိုα αိုα္αြα္းေαးေαး။
(α) αာαα္α‘α α₯αေαႏွα့္α‘αီ ေαာα္αြα္ေααΎααူα်ား၊ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားα‘ား αားαα္αα္αံျαီး ေαးα ားα်α ္αΎαα္α ြာျαα့္ α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ေαးေαး။
(α ) ႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၏ α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားα‘ား αားαီးαိα္αα္ေαာ၊ α်α္α ီးαုα္ေα်ာ့ေα ေαာ ျαα္αြα္း ျαα္ααွ αα္αα့္ αုαၢိဳα္၊ αα္αα့္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းαို ααို၊ αα္αα်α္αြားေαး။
(α) αα္αဲα₯αေαα်ားαို α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား α‘ေαျαα့္αα္းေαာα္း၊ ျαα္αူα်ားαဲαွ ျαα္αူαα ္α¦း α‘ေαျαα့္ αα္းေαာα္း၊ ျαα္αူαα ္αα္αံုးႏွα့္ α‘αူ αိုေαေαးα ား αိုα္αာαΎαေαး α αα္αိုα αါαα္αဲ့αါαα္။
αိုαဲ့αိုααα္αြα္းαဲ့ေαာ α‘αိုαို ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αေααΎαα္းေαာ္ααီ α‘ေαြေαြ α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး α¦းေα ာαွαြα္းႏွα့္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αေααΎαα္းေαာ္ααီ α‘αြဲααα္ ေαααα္းαါႏုαိုα ေαာα္αံαဲ့αΎαျαီး ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ α‘ားαံုးα αေαာαူαီαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ α‘αိုαို ျαα္ေαာα္α ု αႊα္ေαာ္α α‘αα္ျαဳေαΎαာα္း αံုးျαα္αဲ့ျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။
Shwe Mahn Parliament speech
Source :EMG & DVB news
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ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αဲြ့αွα့္ KNU / KNLA α‘αဲြ့αို့ ααာαα‘αα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး αေαာαူαီα်α္ α- α်α္ αိုαα္αွα္ ေαးαိုးαိုα္ျαီ ျαα ္ေျαာα္းαိααα္။
ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုα‘αα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αဲြ့αွα့္ KNU / KNLA α‘αဲြ့αို့ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေαြးαဲြျαα္αြα္းααာαα‘αα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαေαာαူαီα်α္ α- α်α္
(α) αα္αေαာ္αွα့္ KNU/KNLAျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီαို့α‘ျαား αα္αိွαα္αိွေαေαာ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαို αα္αα္αိα္းαိα္းαα္။
(α) KNU/KNLAျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီ αα္α်ားαို αဲα၊ αို့ေαာ္αိုး ေααာαြα္ α‘ေျαျαုေααိုα္αα္ αေαာαူαα္။
(α) αွα ္αα္α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ေျαာαိုαα္αံ ေαြးေαြးαႈα်ား ျαုαုα္αα္ α‘αြα္ αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီေαာ ေααာα်ားαြα္ αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီေαာ αုαၢိဳα္α်ားျαα့္ αα္αံေαးαာα α αα္းα်ားαို αူေαာα္αα္။
αုααΈαီ၏ α ီးαြားေαးαα္αံေαး αံုးα်ားαို αားα‘ံ၊ျαααီ၊αုαားαံုးαူ ၊ေαာေαာα္ ေαာ့ေαာα္း αို့αြα္ αားαိွαα္။
(α)αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီαားေαာ αα္ေျαα်ားαွα‘α αα္ေျαေα်ာ္αြα္ αα္αα္αိုα္ေαာα္ αြားαာαႈα်ားαို αွα ္αα္ျαိုαα္ αိွαိွုα္းျαီး ေαာα္αြα္αα္။
(α)ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေαြးေαးα‘αဲြ့ αွα့္ KNU/KNLAျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီ αွ α‘αα့္ျαα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေαြးေαး α‘αဲြ့αို့αα္αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီေαာ ေααာ α‘αိ်α္αာααြα္ ေαြ့αံု၍ αα္ေျα αα္ျαိα္ ေα‘းα်α္းေαး ၊ αံြျαိုးαိုးαα္ေαး αα္αဲြ့αα္α်ား α‘ေျαα်ေααိုα္ αုα္αိုα္α ားေαာα္αိုα္ေαးαွα့္ αာααျαိα္းα်α္းေαးααα္ α‘αိ αα္αα္ ေαြးေαြးαα္ αေαာαူαα္။
(α )ααာα ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္αြα္ ျαီးαα့္ေαာα္αြα္ αα ္αα္αိုα္αံ၌ ေαာα္αိွေαေαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားαို့၏ ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ α‘ေျαα်ေααိုα္αα့္ ေααာαြα္ αα္းαို့၏ α ားαα္ေαေαး α်α္းαာေαး αα္းαα္း αα္αြα္ေαး၊ ေα၊ αီး α‘α αိွ αα့္ αံြ့ျαိုးေαး αုα္αα္းα်ား α‘αြα္ α‘α်α္α‘ျαα္ α‘ေαာα္αα္ေαာ္ ေαာα္αြα္αိုα္ေαး α‘αြα္ αိုα္αံေαာ္αွ αြα့္ျαု၍ αိုα္αူαိုα္α αုα္ေαာα္αြα့္αို αံ့αိုး αြား αα္။
(α) KNU/KNLA ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီ αွαα္ျααားေαာ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး α‘αိααΈါα္αြα့္αိုα်α္ α‘ေαα αူα‘ားျαα့္ αေαာαူαီ၍ αွα ္α¦းαွα ္αα္αွ ျαိုးαα္း αြားαα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Source : αα္αုα္αိုα္းα္
(α) αα္αေαာ္αွα့္ KNU/KNLAျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီαို့α‘ျαား αα္αိွαα္αိွေαေαာ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαို αα္αα္αိα္းαိα္းαα္။
(α) KNU/KNLAျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီ αα္α်ားαို αဲα၊ αို့ေαာ္αိုး ေααာαြα္ α‘ေျαျαုေααိုα္αα္ αေαာαူαα္။
(α) αွα ္αα္α‘ျαα္α‘αွα္ေျαာαိုαα္αံ ေαြးေαြးαႈα်ား ျαုαုα္αα္ α‘αြα္ αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီေαာ ေααာα်ားαြα္ αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီေαာ αုαၢိဳα္α်ားျαα့္ αα္αံေαးαာα α αα္းα်ားαို αူေαာα္αα္။
αုααΈαီ၏ α ီးαြားေαးαα္αံေαး αံုးα်ားαို αားα‘ံ၊ျαααီ၊αုαားαံုးαူ ၊ေαာေαာα္ ေαာ့ေαာα္း αို့αြα္ αားαိွαα္။
(α)αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီαားေαာ αα္ေျαα်ားαွα‘α αα္ေျαေα်ာ္αြα္ αα္αα္αိုα္ေαာα္ αြားαာαႈα်ားαို αွα ္αα္ျαိုαα္ αိွαိွုα္းျαီး ေαာα္αြα္αα္။
(α)ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေαြးေαးα‘αဲြ့ αွα့္ KNU/KNLAျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီ αွ α‘αα့္ျαα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေαြးေαး α‘αဲြ့αို့αα္αွα ္αα္αေαာαူαီေαာ ေααာ α‘αိ်α္αာααြα္ ေαြ့αံု၍ αα္ေျα αα္ျαိα္ ေα‘းα်α္းေαး ၊ αံြျαိုးαိုးαα္ေαး αα္αဲြ့αα္α်ား α‘ေျαα်ေααိုα္ αုα္αိုα္α ားေαာα္αိုα္ေαးαွα့္ αာααျαိα္းα်α္းေαးααα္ α‘αိ αα္αα္ ေαြးေαြးαα္ αေαာαူαα္။
(α )ααာα ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္αြα္ ျαီးαα့္ေαာα္αြα္ αα ္αα္αိုα္αံ၌ ေαာα္αိွေαေαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားαို့၏ ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ α‘ေျαα်ေααိုα္αα့္ ေααာαြα္ αα္းαို့၏ α ားαα္ေαေαး α်α္းαာေαး αα္းαα္း αα္αြα္ေαး၊ ေα၊ αီး α‘α αိွ αα့္ αံြ့ျαိုးေαး αုα္αα္းα်ား α‘αြα္ α‘α်α္α‘ျαα္ α‘ေαာα္αα္ေαာ္ ေαာα္αြα္αိုα္ေαး α‘αြα္ αိုα္αံေαာ္αွ αြα့္ျαု၍ αိုα္αူαိုα္α αုα္ေαာα္αြα့္αို αံ့αိုး αြား αα္။
(α) KNU/KNLA ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီ αွαα္ျααားေαာ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး α‘αိααΈါα္αြα့္αိုα်α္ α‘ေαα αူα‘ားျαα့္ αေαာαူαီ၍ αွα ္α¦းαွα ္αα္αွ ျαိုးαα္း αြားαα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Source : αα္αုα္αိုα္းα္
Engaging with the Burmese Government
Foreign Office Minister Jeremy Browne met with Burmese Ambassador to the UK, His Excellency U Kyaw Myo Htut on 6 February.
It was the first time that Mr U Kyaw Myo Htut had called on a British Government minister.
Following their meeting Mr Browne said:
"My meeting with Mr U Kyaw Myo Htut is a mark of the UK’s willingness to engage with the Burmese government in light of the reforms that they have recently undertaken. I encouraged the Ambassador and his government to maintain the momentum for change. I reiterated that the UK government stood ready to respond to future positive actions, and that the world would be watching the upcoming by-elections, expecting them to be free and fair."
The meeting follows the Foreign Secretary's visit to Burma in January, when he met representatives of the Burmese Government, as well as Aung San Suu Kyi and members of her party.
Source Here
By THOMAS FULLER
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (Photo- Wikipedia)
BANGKOK — The director of the Central Intelligence Agency, David H. Petraeus, may visit Myanmar later this year, officials said on Tuesday, in what would be the latest signal of warming relations with the United States as Myanmar emerges from years of military rule and diplomatic isolation.
Mr. Petraeus discussed the possibility of a visit to Myanmar, also known as Burma, during a meeting in Bangkok on Monday with the Thai foreign minister, Surapong Tovichakchaikul. Mr. Surapong told Thai news media that Mr. Petraeus said he would “definitely” go to Myanmar.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton traveled to Myanmar in December in what was widely seen as an effort by the United States to check the rising power of China — for years Myanmar’s main benefactor — and to encourage political change in Myanmar.
An American official in Bangkok, who requested anonymity while discussing intelligence matters, confirmed on Tuesday that Mr. Petraeus had told Thai officials that “Secretary Clinton asked him to travel to Burma later this year.”
At least three separate delegations of American officials have visited Myanmar during the past two months, but a trip by Mr. Petraeus would allow for more detailed discussions and deeper cooperation between the two countries, said Robert Fitts, director of the American studies program at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. “They can set up channels that wouldn’t have been possible for Secretary Clinton,” he said.
The United States and Myanmar had relatively close military and intelligence cooperation until the late 1980s, when the Burmese military crushed a popular uprising, leading to two decades of degraded relations between Myanmar and Western countries.
Washington announced last month that it would upgrade diplomatic ties and appoint an ambassador to Myanmar after more than a decade without one.
“What the U.S. is trying to do,” Mr. Fitts said, “is send every signal of support to the forces pushing for liberalization in Burma.”
Source : New York Times
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CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး ျαα္αာျαα္αိုα αာေαာα္αြα္αွိ
α‘ေααိαα္ ααုိေαာα္αွα္းေαးေα‘α်α္α ီ (CIA) αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး Mr. David H. Petraeus αα္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαိုα αြားေαာα္αြα္αွိေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαα္။
ααုႏွα ္α‘αြα္း ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα αြားေαာα္αα္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး αီαာαီ ααα္αα္α αα α₯αာ Petraeus αို ေျαာαိုαဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိုα္းႏိုα္αံ αα္ေαာα္αွ α‘αα္αေαာ္αိုαα့္ α‘ေααိαα္α‘αာαွိαα¦းαို αိုးαား၍ ααူးေαာα္αိုα္းα္ ααα္းα ာαြα္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αုိα္း ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး αူαာေαါα္ααα္း αα α₯αာ Petraeus ႏွα့္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα α αα္ေααα αα္ေαာα္αြα္ ေαြααံုαႈα‘αΏαီး ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ၌ αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα αြားαိα့္αα္αု ααα္းေαာα္α်ားαို ေျαာαိုαဲ့αα္။
ααα္ႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာαα αါαွα္αα္αွိ αααΌα α‘ိα္ျαဴေαာ္αြα္ CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉးα‘ျαα ္ α်α္းα်ိα္αΏαီးေαာα္ αိα္ααြα္းေျαာေαα α₯္ (αာα္αံု - Getty Images)
ျαα္αာ့ αα္αေαာ္αွ α α ္α‘αာαွိα်ားαိုαα္း α‘ေααိαα္ α α ္ααၠαိုα္α်ားαိုα ααα္α ααာαα္ေα αႊα္αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္ααီးα်ဳα္ α¦းႏုαα္αα္αွα ၍ α¦းေααα္းေαα္α‘αိ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαα္ α‘ေααိαα္၊ ααုα္၊ αုαွား α‘α္α‘ားααီးႏိုα္αံα်ားα‘αΎαား αα္ααုိα္ αα္α်α္αီ αα္αα္αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုိα္α်α္ေαးαွα‘α α α ္ေαး၊ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘αံုး ျαα္αာ-α‘ေααိαα္ αα္αံေαး α်α္ျαα္ααဲ့αα္αု ααα္α်α္αြα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္α α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘ααီးα‘αဲ αိုα္α်ဳα္ααီးαα္αႊα္αႏွα့္ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα်ား αα္αွား αံααΏαီးေαာα္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏုိα္αံαြα္ ႏုိα္αံေαးαုိαႈံαဲ့αα့္ αα္ျαα္α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘αာαွိေαာα္း αိုα္αႉး ေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္ ααα္း αααα αုႏွα ္ ααုိα္αီα‘αိ ျαα္αာα α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαးႏွα့္ α‘ေααိαα္ ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘αီးαα္αွိαဲ့αΏαီး α‘αူးαျαα့္ αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုိα္α်α္ေαးαိα α₯α်ားαြα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ αα္းαြာαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαုိαဲ့αူးαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ CIA α α‘αုိαွိေαာ αိα္းαုαα္ α¦းαြα္αာαို ျαα္αာα α ္α‘α ုိးα ေαါα္းေαာα္ αုိα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး αα္းေαႊα ေαα‘ိα္α‘α်α္α်ဳα္ α်αားαဲ့αΏαီး α¦းαြα္αာ αြα္αြα္α်ိα္α‘αိ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαဲ့αα္။
α α ္αα္ αα ႏွα ္αွိ αုိ္α္α်ဳα္ααီးေαာα္း αα α₯αာ Petraeus αို αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာααြα္ α‘ေααိαα္ αααΌα α‘ုိαားαားα CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး αα္αα‘α္αဲ့αα္။
αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ α‘ီαα္α α ္αြဲαြα္ αံαα္ααီး α‘αွα္ ααα ေαေαΎαာα္းα်ီ αα္ααာ၏ αြα္αဲေαးαႉး ျαα ္αဲ့αΏαီး αααα αုႏွα ္ α‘ီαα္α α ္ေျαျαα္αြα္ α‘αα္αွားαံုး α α ္αα္ေαး αြα္αဲေαးαႉးျαα ္αဲ့αα္။ α‘ာααα္αα α₯αα္ α α ္αα္ေαးαြα္αα္း αိα္αα္း α α ္αα္ေαးαြα္αဲαႈ αာαα္αူαဲ့αူ ျαα ္αα္။
α‘ေααိαα္αြα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာ αα αα္ေαα α‘αΎαα္းαα္ αိုα္αိုα္αႈααီး ျαα ္αြားαΏαီးေαာα္ αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ားααွိαα္ αူαွ်ိဳα α ္αα္ေαးα်ားαို ေαာ္αီα‘ာေαα်၊ ေα်ာ္αα္၊ α‘ီαα္ႏွα့္ α‘ျαားႏုိα္αံα်ားαြα္ αွ်ိဳααွα္ α ီα α₯္αဲ့αူαα္းျαα ္αα္။
αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ ႏုိα္αံααာ αα္αံေαး α‘αူးျαဳαာαာαα္ျαα့္ αါααူαြဲα ααွိαားαα္။
Source :α§αာααီ
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (Photo- Wikipedia)
BANGKOK — The director of the Central Intelligence Agency, David H. Petraeus, may visit Myanmar later this year, officials said on Tuesday, in what would be the latest signal of warming relations with the United States as Myanmar emerges from years of military rule and diplomatic isolation.
Mr. Petraeus discussed the possibility of a visit to Myanmar, also known as Burma, during a meeting in Bangkok on Monday with the Thai foreign minister, Surapong Tovichakchaikul. Mr. Surapong told Thai news media that Mr. Petraeus said he would “definitely” go to Myanmar.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton traveled to Myanmar in December in what was widely seen as an effort by the United States to check the rising power of China — for years Myanmar’s main benefactor — and to encourage political change in Myanmar.
An American official in Bangkok, who requested anonymity while discussing intelligence matters, confirmed on Tuesday that Mr. Petraeus had told Thai officials that “Secretary Clinton asked him to travel to Burma later this year.”
At least three separate delegations of American officials have visited Myanmar during the past two months, but a trip by Mr. Petraeus would allow for more detailed discussions and deeper cooperation between the two countries, said Robert Fitts, director of the American studies program at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. “They can set up channels that wouldn’t have been possible for Secretary Clinton,” he said.
The United States and Myanmar had relatively close military and intelligence cooperation until the late 1980s, when the Burmese military crushed a popular uprising, leading to two decades of degraded relations between Myanmar and Western countries.
Washington announced last month that it would upgrade diplomatic ties and appoint an ambassador to Myanmar after more than a decade without one.
“What the U.S. is trying to do,” Mr. Fitts said, “is send every signal of support to the forces pushing for liberalization in Burma.”
Source : New York Times
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CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး ျαα္αာျαα္αိုα αာေαာα္αြα္αွိ
α‘ေααိαα္ ααုိေαာα္αွα္းေαးေα‘α်α္α ီ (CIA) αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး Mr. David H. Petraeus αα္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαိုα αြားေαာα္αြα္αွိေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαα္။
ααုႏွα ္α‘αြα္း ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα αြားေαာα္αα္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး αီαာαီ ααα္αα္α αα α₯αာ Petraeus αို ေျαာαိုαဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိုα္းႏိုα္αံ αα္ေαာα္αွ α‘αα္αေαာ္αိုαα့္ α‘ေααိαα္α‘αာαွိαα¦းαို αိုးαား၍ ααူးေαာα္αိုα္းα္ ααα္းα ာαြα္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αုိα္း ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး αူαာေαါα္ααα္း αα α₯αာ Petraeus ႏွα့္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα α αα္ေααα αα္ေαာα္αြα္ ေαြααံုαႈα‘αΏαီး ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ၌ αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုα αြားαိα့္αα္αု ααα္းေαာα္α်ားαို ေျαာαိုαဲ့αα္။
ααα္ႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာαα αါαွα္αα္αွိ αααΌα α‘ိα္ျαဴေαာ္αြα္ CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉးα‘ျαα ္ α်α္းα်ိα္αΏαီးေαာα္ αိα္ααြα္းေျαာေαα α₯္ (αာα္αံု - Getty Images)
ααုαဲ့αိုα CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉးαα¦းα‘ေαျαα့္ ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαိုααာေαာα္αα္αွိျαα္းαα္ α‘ေααိαα္-ျαα္αာ ႏွα
္ႏိုα္αံαα္αံေαး αိုαို αုိးျαွα့္αာαြα္αွိαΏαီး α‘ေααိαα္α αံααα္αα္αံေαး αံုαွα္ျαα္αားαα့္αိα
α₯ႏွα့္αα္း αα္α
α္ႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း αံα‘αα္ααီးေαာα္း၊ αါαα့္ႏုိα္αံေαးααားααီး ααα္α်α္αြα္းα α§αာααီαုိα ေျαာαα္။
“α‘ေααိαα္ CIA αဲα ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီး αααα ေαα္ααα္းα α
α
္ေαး ႏုိ္α္αံေαး α‘α
ံုေαါ့၊ αူαိုααဲα αα္αံေαးαွိαဲ့αာ။ ေαာα္ α¦းေααα္း ေαα္α‘αိေαါ့။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα ααုα္αုိα၊ α‘ေααိαα္αုိαα‘αြα္ ααာα်ဴαာ α်αα္” αု ααα္α်α္αြα္းα αုိαα္။
ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαြα္ CIA αα္ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αုα္αြα္ေαး၊ α α ္ေαး၊ ႏိုα္αံေαး၊ αူαႈေαး α αα့္ α‘αα္αα္α ααα္းα်ားαို αိαွိေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေα့αွိေαΎαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာα ααုα္ႏွα့္ αီးαီးαα္αα္αွိαα္αို α်ိα္αြα္αွာαွိαα္αα္း ααုαဲ့αိုα αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉးα‘αα့္ αာျαα္းျαα ္ႏို္α္ေαΎαာα္း ααα္ α်α္αြα္းα αံုးαα္αα္။
ျαα္αာႏို္α္αံαြα္ CIA αα္ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αုα္αြα္ေαး၊ α α ္ေαး၊ ႏိုα္αံေαး၊ αူαႈေαး α αα့္ α‘αα္αα္α ααα္းα်ားαို αိαွိေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေα့αွိေαΎαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာα ααုα္ႏွα့္ αီးαီးαα္αα္αွိαα္αို α်ိα္αြα္αွာαွိαα္αα္း ααုαဲ့αိုα αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉးα‘αα့္ αာျαα္းျαα ္ႏို္α္ေαΎαာα္း ααα္ α်α္αြα္းα αံုးαα္αα္။
ျαα္αာ့ αα္αေαာ္αွ α α ္α‘αာαွိα်ားαိုαα္း α‘ေααိαα္ α α ္ααၠαိုα္α်ားαိုα ααα္α ααာαα္ေα αႊα္αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္ααီးα်ဳα္ α¦းႏုαα္αα္αွα ၍ α¦းေααα္းေαα္α‘αိ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαα္ α‘ေααိαα္၊ ααုα္၊ αုαွား α‘α္α‘ားααီးႏိုα္αံα်ားα‘αΎαား αα္ααုိα္ αα္α်α္αီ αα္αα္αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုိα္α်α္ေαးαွα‘α α α ္ေαး၊ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘αံုး ျαα္αာ-α‘ေααိαα္ αα္αံေαး α်α္ျαα္ααဲ့αα္αု ααα္α်α္αြα္းα αα္αα္ေျαာαα္။
αααα αုႏွα ္α α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘ααီးα‘αဲ αိုα္α်ဳα္ααီးαα္αႊα္αႏွα့္ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα်ား αα္αွား αံααΏαီးေαာα္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏုိα္αံαြα္ ႏုိα္αံေαးαုိαႈံαဲ့αα့္ αα္ျαα္α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘αာαွိေαာα္း αိုα္αႉး ေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္ ααα္း αααα αုႏွα ္ ααုိα္αီα‘αိ ျαα္αာα α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαးႏွα့္ α‘ေααိαα္ ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘αီးαα္αွိαဲ့αΏαီး α‘αူးαျαα့္ αူးαα ္ေαးαါး αုိα္α်α္ေαးαိα α₯α်ားαြα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ αα္းαြာαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαုိαဲ့αူးαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ CIA α α‘αုိαွိေαာ αိα္းαုαα္ α¦းαြα္αာαို ျαα္αာα α ္α‘α ုိးα ေαါα္းေαာα္ αုိα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး αα္းေαႊα ေαα‘ိα္α‘α်α္α်ဳα္ α်αားαဲ့αΏαီး α¦းαြα္αာ αြα္αြα္α်ိα္α‘αိ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαဲ့αα္။
α α ္αα္ αα ႏွα ္αွိ αုိ္α္α်ဳα္ααီးေαာα္း αα α₯αာ Petraeus αို αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာααြα္ α‘ေααိαα္ αααΌα α‘ုိαားαားα CIA αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႉး αα္αα‘α္αဲ့αα္။
αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ α‘ီαα္α α ္αြဲαြα္ αံαα္ααီး α‘αွα္ ααα ေαေαΎαာα္းα်ီ αα္ααာ၏ αြα္αဲေαးαႉး ျαα ္αဲ့αΏαီး αααα αုႏွα ္ α‘ီαα္α α ္ေျαျαα္αြα္ α‘αα္αွားαံုး α α ္αα္ေαး αြα္αဲေαးαႉးျαα ္αဲ့αα္။ α‘ာααα္αα α₯αα္ α α ္αα္ေαးαြα္αα္း αိα္αα္း α α ္αα္ေαးαြα္αဲαႈ αာαα္αူαဲ့αူ ျαα ္αα္။
α‘ေααိαα္αြα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာ αα αα္ေαα α‘αΎαα္းαα္ αိုα္αိုα္αႈααီး ျαα ္αြားαΏαီးေαာα္ αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ားααွိαα္ αူαွ်ိဳα α ္αα္ေαးα်ားαို ေαာ္αီα‘ာေαα်၊ ေα်ာ္αα္၊ α‘ီαα္ႏွα့္ α‘ျαားႏုိα္αံα်ားαြα္ αွ်ိဳααွα္ α ီα α₯္αဲ့αူαα္းျαα ္αα္။
αα α₯αာ Petraeus αα္ ႏုိα္αံααာ αα္αံေαး α‘αူးျαဳαာαာαα္ျαα့္ αါααူαြဲα ααွိαားαα္။
Source :α§αာααီ
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