By Daniel Ten Kate -
Myanmar is developing an $8.6 billion port and industrial complex in the nation’s south intended to feed Asian demand as the U.S. and Europelay out a path to ease sanctions in place for more than 20 years.
Italian-Thai Development Co. (ITD), the largest construction company in Thailand, completed an access road last year from the Thai border to Dawei, about 250 kilometers (155 miles) west of Bangkok. The company plans to complete financing this year for the harbor, which with the industrial zone will cover an area 16 times bigger than Thailand’s largest manufacturing park.
“What makes Dawei interesting is Myanmar itself,” said Thanet Sorat, who heads a trade facilitation body at the Federation of Thai Industries, the country’s biggest industry group. “It was closed for so long and now the government is more open. Thai companies see many opportunities there due to cheap labor costs and many natural resources.”
The Dawei initiative highlights Myanmar’s efforts to connect one of Asia’s poorest nations to a region driving global growth. Myanmar has freed political prisoners and signed a peace agreement with rebels, seeking to prompt the U.S. and the European Union to lift economicsanctions.
Italian-Thai shares, which fell 22 percent last year, are poised to recover as the Dawei project advances, Athaporn Arayasantiparb, an analyst with UOB-Kay Hian Securities (Thailand) Pcl, wrote in a report yesterday. PTT Pcl (PTT), PTT Exploration & Production Pcl, Hemaraj Land & Development Pcl and Ratchaburi Electricity Generating Holding Pcl (RATCH) are among other listed Thai companies set to benefit, he said.
‘Opening Up’
Siam Cement Pcl (SCC), Thailand’s fifth-biggest company by market value, also probably will gain assuming the project proceeds as planned, said Adithep Vanabriksha, who oversees about $4.5 billion of Thai assets for Aberdeen Asset Management.
“Myanmar’s on the verge of opening up and Thai companies are likely to benefit given our proximity,” said Bangkok-based Adithep. “They’re going to need a lot of construction materials, a lot of cement.”
Myanmar President Thein Sein discussed the Dawei project at a December meeting with Thai Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, who sent several cabinet ministers to inspect the site on Jan. 7. Bangkok-based Italian-Thai signed a 60-year concession to develop Dawei 14 months ago.
Industrial Hub?
Executives from Bangkok Bank Pcl (BBL), Krung Thai Bank Pcl (KTB) and Siam Commercial Bank Pcl (SCB) joined the ministers on the visit to Dawei this month, according to Somchet Thinaphong, managing director of the Dawei Development Co., an Italian-Thai unit. Among the potential investors he listed were Malaysia’s Petroliam Nasional Bhd. (PET), known as Petronas, and Japanese companies Mitsubishi Corp. (8058), Mitsui & Co. and Sumitomo Corp. (8053)
“All our experts and all the technical people from Thailand and Myanmar believe Dawei can be a new industrial hub,” Foreign Minister Surapong Tovichakchaikul, who was on the trip, told reporters on Dec. 21.
Japanese manufacturers are interested in using Dawei to make parts that can supply factories in Thailand, which automakers Toyota Motor Corp. (7203) and Honda Motor Co. (7267) use as a production base, said Somchet, who is overseeing the project.
Japan will try to help finance the Dawei port if it can reach a deal on the former military dictatorship’s “huge” outstanding debt, Kimihiro Ishikane, a foreign ministry official, told reporters in Bali on Nov. 16. Myanmar is a “crucially important” part of Japan’s plans to try and reduce costs for its companies operating in the region, he said.
ASEAN Landscape
“This is a project that will help change the ASEAN landscape,” Somchet said, referring to the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which has a market of almost 600 million people. “We are establishing an industrial hub where raw materials will flow” to China, India and Japan.
To be sure, Myanmar has recently put two electricity projects on hold due to opposition from environmentalists. One of them is a 4,000-megawatt coal-fired power project in Dawei that Italian-Thai agreed to build with Ratchaburi. In September, Thein Sein halted construction of a Chinese-backed $3.6 billion hydropower station.
The moves underscored the investment risks stemming from Myanmar’s 14-month-old transition toward democracy, a process on which the lifting of sanctions is conditioned. The country is viewed as the most corrupt after North Korea and Somalia in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index.
The Dawei project is “still far from reality,” DBS Vickers Securities (Thailand) Co. said in a Jan. 16 report. “Despite potential to bring economic prosperity to Burma, the project is still in its infancy and clouded with risks.”
Steel Mill
Italian-Thai is wooing banks to lend $12.5 billion for the development as well as to invest in an integrated steel mill, an oil, gas and petrochemical complex and fertilizer plants. It expects to gain income from selling land and acting as the main contractor on the project’s infrastructure, including a more than 100-kilometer road from Dawei to the Thai border.
Thein Sein took power last year after a general election in 2010 that ended half of a century of military rule. In addition to releasing hundreds of political prisoners and signing the cease-fire with the country’s largest armed rebel group, he has sought dialogue with democracy advocate Aung San Suu Kyi.
The U.S. and U.K. have pledged to ease sanctions if he takes additional steps to reduce political repression and demonstrates the changes will last. Standard Chartered Plc (STAN) andGeneral Electric Co. (GE) are among those seeking to invest in Myanmar after Secretary of State Hillary Clinton last month completed the highest-level U.S. visit to the nation in more than five decades.
‘Strategic Location’
China and India share more than 3,600 kilometers of border with Myanmar, whose 64 million people earn an average of just $2.25 per day, according to International Monetary Fundestimates. Both nations have sought increased access to the resource-rich nation’s reserves of natural gas.
“Myanmar can become a regional hub for some sectors,” Nay Zin Latt, an adviser to Thein Sein, said in an e-mail. “Our strategic location will attract investors. Goods and commodities will move in and out more conveniently with a lower cost, making us more competitive.”
Gas sales and better freight links with China, India and the rest of Southeast Asia may enable Myanmar to boost gross domestic product growth, which IMF data shows averaged 4.9 percent per year during 2008 through 2011.
Gas Rich
Natural gas production in Myanmar has almost quadrupled in the past decade to 12.1 billion cubic meters in 2010. That is equivalent to about one-eighth the output of China, Asia- Pacific’s biggest producer, according to the BP Statistical Review. Gas sales to neighboring Thailand have made it Myanmar’s top trading partner.
“The Dawei port will focus on petrochemicals, not containers,” said Ruth Banomyong, an assistant professor at Bangkok’s Thammasat University who has studied logistics in the region for the Asian Development Bank. “It will be more of an industrial port, with gas and petroleum products.”
Maersk Line Ltd. will look to do more business in Myanmar if the nation opens up to the international community, said Thomas Knudsen, chief executive officer of Asian operations at Maersk Line, a unit of Copenhagen-based A.P. Moeller-Maersk A/S (MAERSKB), the world’s biggest container shipper.
The deep-sea port will be able to handle more than 200 million tons of cargo when completed, according to Italian-Thai. That compares with 47 million tons of cargo that passed through Laem Chabang, Thailand’s biggest port, in 2009, Port Authority statistics show.
“Clearly the port could start to grow,” Maersk’s Knudsen said, referring to Dawei. “We’ve seen that in other parts of the world when you’ve got the combination of a deepwater port and zones for manufacturing.”
To contact the reporter on this story: Daniel Ten Kate in Bangkok at dtenkate@bloomberg.net
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Peter Hirschberg at phirschberg@bloomberg.net
source :bloomberg news
Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO) heartily welcomes the written Ministerial statement, dated 16 January 2012, of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, London, on the visit of Foreign Secretary William Hague to Burma on 5-6 January. “It was a historic visit; the first by a British Foreign Secretary since 1955”, the statement said.
The ARNO with the Rohingya people of Burma are overwhelmed with gratitude for the statement of the Foreign Secretary, “I raised with the Foreign Minister the discrimination suffered by the Rohingya community, who have been denied citizenship and access to basic services and rights. We will continue to press the Burmese government on this issue.”
During his visit the British Foreign Secretary met with President U Thein Sein , the Foreign Minister and Speaker of the Lower House and encouraged them for significant reforms. “I informed them of the allocation from the Department for International Development of £10 million of existing aid for microfinance for the Burmese people and announced an additional 2 million of humanitarian aid to benefit people in Kachin State... I also wanted to set out clearly to the government the changes that we would want to see before we could support lifting EU sanctions”, the statement revealed.
Mr. Hague held two meetings with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and assured her of UK‘s continued support to promote reform and democracy in Burma. He met representatives from other opposition groups, including 88 Generation leaders and former political prisoners.
Mr. Hague also met a range of representatives from ethnic communities, including the Kachin, Rohingya, Shan, Rakhine, Chin, Mon, Karen, Karenni to hear more about their concerns and aspirations. The statement quoted Mr Hague to have said, “We will continue to stay close to these and other ethnic groups to ensure we remain seized of the issues they face.” It revives hopes and confidence in the hearts and minds of the persecuted Rohingya and other ethnic peoples.
The Foreign Secretary said, “I am delighted to say that following my visit, there have been significant further developments on some of the issues I raised with the government”. He expressed that the ceasefire signed on 12 January, between the government and the KNU, after 63 years of conflict is a right step; and he warmly welcomed the release of a significant number of political prisoners on 13 January. “The British government will continue to follow developments in Burma closely. We will support progress, while remaining vigilant on human rights issues, especially in areas affected by ethnic conflicts”, Mr. Hague continued.
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ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္းေαΎαာα္းααြဲαိုα αျαားေαြးα
αာααွိαါαူးαိုα ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းα AFP ααα္းαာααဲα ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ αααၤာေααα ေαြααံုαာαွာ ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αါαα္။
RFAျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္း
ျαα္αာαာ α α ္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးႏိုα္αံαေα αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαီαို α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαေαΎαာα္း၊ αြα္αဲ့α‘αုα္ ααုα္ေααα့္ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္ααြဲαΏαီး αျαားαα္းααွိαူးαိုαာ α‘αိုα္α‘αာ ααွိα္ααုα္ αံုαΎαα္αားေαΎαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာျαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္ျαα ္αာαိုα α‘α်ိα္αα္ေαာα္αူαααဲαိုαာ α‘αိα‘α် ေျαာαိုααα္ေααα့္ αိαိαိုαေαွ်ာ္αွα္းα်α္αα္းαိုα္ေαြαီαို ျαα္ႏိုα္αေαာα္ ျαα္ျαα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘αα္ႏိုα္αံုး ααိဳးα ားαြားαွာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘αα္αားα‘α ိုးααိုα α‘αα္αံαားαဲ့ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααဲα α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲ ေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြα‘ေαα α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳ ααိဳαိုαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ ျαα္αာαီαိုαေαα ီေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ααα္း αα္αေαာ ျαα ္αα္αα ္ေαြαာ αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးαဲα α‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αΎαားေα ့ေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြα‘αြα္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αံ့ ျαα ္αိα့္αα္αိုα ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αα ္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီးαဲα ေαြααံုα α₯္αွာ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
αါေααα့္ αီα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαဲαေαာα္αွာ α α ္αα္α α‘αိုα္α‘αာαα္αα္ေαααားαိုαာေαာ့ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ αေျαာႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαး αုα္αα္းα α₯္ α‘ေαα ααα္αα်ႏို္α္αူေαြα α α ္α‘ာαာαိα္းαိα့္α¦းαα္αိုαဲ့ α‘αူα‘αေαြααα္း αွိေαေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘ဲαီαို ျαα ္ααာαါေα αဲααိုα αိαိαိုαေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ေα‘ာα္αႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းαေαာ့ α α ္αα္α α‘ာαာျαα္αိα္းαိα့္αα္αိုαဲ့ α‘αူα‘ααို ျαα္းαα္αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαိုျαα ္αာαိα့္αα္αိုα αိαိα‘ေααဲαααူαေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုα္းျαα္αဲααူα်ိဳးαဲα α‘ေαα‘αားαို αိαိαိုαေαာα္းေαာα္းαိαါေαΎαာα္း၊ α α ္αα္ααα္း αိုα္းျαα္αဲααူα်ိဳး α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αိုα αိုα္αာαဲ့αႏα΅αွိαါေαΎαာα္း α¦းေαႊαα္းα AFP ααα္းαာααို ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
RFAျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္း
ျαα္αာαာ α α ္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးႏိုα္αံαေα αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαီαို α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαေαΎαာα္း၊ αြα္αဲ့α‘αုα္ ααုα္ေααα့္ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္ααြဲαΏαီး αျαားαα္းααွိαူးαိုαာ α‘αိုα္α‘αာ ααွိα္ααုα္ αံုαΎαα္αားေαΎαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာျαα္ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္ျαα ္αာαိုα α‘α်ိα္αα္ေαာα္αူαααဲαိုαာ α‘αိα‘α် ေျαာαိုααα္ေααα့္ αိαိαိုαေαွ်ာ္αွα္းα်α္αα္းαိုα္ေαြαီαို ျαα္ႏိုα္αေαာα္ ျαα္ျαα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘αα္ႏိုα္αံုး ααိဳးα ားαြားαွာျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းα ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘αα္αားα‘α ိုးααိုα α‘αα္αံαားαဲ့ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααဲα α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲ ေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြα‘ေαα α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံေαြα α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳ ααိဳαိုαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ ျαα္αာαီαိုαေαα ီေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ααα္း αα္αေαာ ျαα ္αα္αα ္ေαြαာ αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးαဲα α‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αΎαားေα ့ေαးαုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြα‘αြα္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αံ့ ျαα ္αိα့္αα္αိုα ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αα ္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီးαဲα ေαြααံုα α₯္αွာ ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
αါေααα့္ αီα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြαဲαေαာα္αွာ α α ္αα္α α‘αိုα္α‘αာαα္αα္ေαααားαိုαာေαာ့ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ αေျαာႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαး αုα္αα္းα α₯္ α‘ေαα ααα္αα်ႏို္α္αူေαြα α α ္α‘ာαာαိα္းαိα့္α¦းαα္αိုαဲ့ α‘αူα‘αေαြααα္း αွိေαေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘ဲαီαို ျαα ္ααာαါေα αဲααိုα αိαိαိုαေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။ αါေααα့္ ေα‘ာα္αႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းαေαာ့ α α ္αα္α α‘ာαာျαα္αိα္းαိα့္αα္αိုαဲ့ α‘αူα‘ααို ျαα္းαα္αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαိုျαα ္αာαိα့္αα္αိုα αိαိα‘ေααဲαααူαေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုα္းျαα္αဲααူα်ိဳးαဲα α‘ေαα‘αားαို αိαိαိုαေαာα္းေαာα္းαိαါေαΎαာα္း၊ α α ္αα္ααα္း αိုα္းျαα္αဲααူα်ိဳး α‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αိုα αိုα္αာαဲ့αႏα΅αွိαါေαΎαာα္း α¦းေαႊαα္းα AFP ααα္းαာααို ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
Source :RFA Burmese
The quasi civilian administration of Burma, unveil a new technique when La Nan, the joint secretary of the KIO announced that “the KIO’s peace-building committee and the government peace-building committee agreed to meet in Ruili,” while at the same time the Burmese regime is launching an all out war of genocide against the ethnic Kachins, with airborne assault troops and chemical weapons and the fighting has reached the peak of human rights violations to the well known jade mining town of Hphakhant.
The fact that the peace parley was held in the Chinese town of Ruili also indicates that the warring parties of Burma cannot even agree to talk inside Burma because of the treacherous history of the Burmese Tatmadaw, paints a gloomy picture. What more proof is wanted when the Tatmadaw launched a new offensive on the day that President Thein Sein ordered to stop the hostilities? This clearly proves that the Tatmadaw controlled by the National Defence Security Council (NDSC), is against the very grain of Pyidoungsu , the Union of the country and Democracy is the real power behind the throne.
One can recollect that in the contemporary history of Burma several uprisings since the 70s was the people’s uprising from all works of life including the ethnic groups where they show their solidarity with the ethnic Myanmar. These clearly demonstrate that the ethnic nationalities are hands in glove with the ethnic Myanmar democracy groups. Demonstrations whether in 1988 or afterwards took place in the ethnic Myanmar dominated area as well as in all the seven ethnic nationalities states and divisions. The monks that were brutally suppressed in 2007 were not all Myanmar monks only. Many of them were non Myanmar such Arakanese, Karen, Mon, Shan and even Kachin. So it is clear that the democracy movement includes all the people of various ethnic backgrounds.
After more than half a century of civil war the international community and the world had recognized that the ethnic nationalities’ struggle for their rights is as legitimate as the struggle for democracy. It means that while the ethnic nationalities are part of the democracy movement, they also have a unique and different role to play in rebuilding Burma. This is not understood by many people both inside and outside the country. In the name of unity, the pro democracy Myanmar groups want the ethnic nationalities to have exactly the same position as the rest of the democracy movement. This is not unity but uniformity and seems to echo the Tatmadaw’s motto of ‘One blood, one voice, one command’. One cannot build unity with such a slogan especially when 40% of your population is different. It is very different from unity in diversity.
It must be remember that they regime uses Section 401 of the Criminal Procedure Code as the legal mechanism for those amnesties under which the President the power
to suspend a sentence, while these powers lie with the executive and not the judiciary .
This also means that the former political prisoners are constantly under watch by Military Affairs Security, generally known as Military Intelligence and their informers and can be arrested anytime, which I am quite positive that once the sanctions is lifted most of the leaders will be arrested again. This also means that the regime can use the release political prisoners and those ethnic political prisoners who are still in custody as a bargaining chip with the West. Hence Sanctions must not be lifted even though it can be softened as Australia has done.
In addition to sanctions, one needs to find a way to get Burma’s neighbours to commit themselves to help bring about change in Burma. The illogical Constructive Engagement Policy initiated by Mahathir Mohammad and Lee Kwan Yew has not worked and it was only now that Burma’s neighbours have awoken up to the fact that the military’s mismanagement is causing instability in the region. It is the duty of the pro democracy groups and the ethnic nationalities to convince the neighbouring countries that if they want stability and economic development, things have to change in Burma. Even though it will not be easy to convince China, Russia and India to help bring about change in using the language of democracy or human rights, than should try to convince them to support change now because of economic factors.
Ethnic nationalities have been working since the early 1990s to develop their ideas about a state structure based on the principles of equality, federalism, democracy and human rights. They look to the future when a real new constitution-making process, on the order of 1947, will emerge that will enable them to participate and engage in full and open discussion with the leaders of the military and the peoples of Burma. Together, they hope to see a new Burma, not dominated by the Myanmar ethnic race only making it possible for the peoples of Burma to live peacefully together and solve problems by parliamentary means.
In order to achieve this:-
(1) There must be an end to social and political disunity and the threat to the integrity of the state. The various military Juntas always to remind the people that its primary purpose in taking and holding power stemmed from the "Three Causes": prevention of the disintegration of the Union, prevention of the disintegration of national unity, and perpetuation of sovereignty. The Tatmadaw leaders speak frequently of the threats to Burma posed by the rebellions of the Burma Communist Party (BCP), the ethnic nationalities, the invasion of foreign forces, the breakdown in law and order in 1988, and the interference in internal affairs by foreign governments. With the demise of the BCP, the end of the threat of foreign invasion, the reestablishment of law and order in the heartland, and the ceasefires with most of the ethnic nationalities, the military do not seem to have any excuses left. Moreover it has implemented rigged elections with an unfair constitution.
(2) There must be recognition of the rights and interests of the several ethnic nationalities and they must approve of the constitution before it can be implemented. But as of now there is none of them. Under the two previous constitutions, the rights and interests of several ethnic nationalities, especially the smaller ones, were not clearly stated and this led to misunderstanding, discontent and revolt. In the past, the larger ethnic nationalities spoke for the smaller ones living amongst them, but for many, this was unsatisfactory. To avoid a repetition of the past, the military endeavoured to win some ethnic groups to support by granting of nominal control of local administration in their areas and allowing them to preserve their cultures and traditions.
(3) The current Nargis Constitution must be disbanded once and for all because in practice it has none of the democratic and federal attributes and makes no mention of a federal union. Thein Sein administration has created a directed state in which elected representatives to ratify the policies, legislation and actions of the leaders. It seems to look to the Tatmadaw -led polity of Soeharto's Indonesia as one model.
(4) The illogical phrase that the Tatmadaw must be given a lion’s share, if not a permanent role in governing the future state of Burma is the most stumbling blocks because the Tatmadaw itself is in the Generals’ pockets. If it is the Tatmadaw's real objective to create a multiparty democratic system, it is hard to see what powers and responsibilities remain for the people to exercise. If the adopted principles for the Nargis Constitution constitution are compared with the structure of the government and the powers of the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) under the 1974 constitution, it is clear that the current administration intends to recreate the earlier model. Only, this time it replaced the party with the military and has given it all powers necessary to overcome popular opposition wherever and whenever it occurs.
It is already more than six decades of struggles, the ethnic nationalities have been willing to sacrifice life and limb to achieve what they were promised in 1947. Long before the British arrived, the ethnic nationalities had lived peacefully under their own leaders, spoke their own languages, and developed and passed along their culture and traditions. Only in 1947 did the ethnic nationalities voluntarily accept the Burman/Myanmar invitation to join in forming an independent union. It was the promise of that union the ethnic nationalities sought to achieve and still desire. They stand ready today to form a union with the Myanmar/Burman provided that it is based on the principles they fought for and enunciated in the several Democratic Alliance of Burma constitutional proposals. They are ready to discuss their proposals alongside those offered from other quarters. They will accept refinement and further elaboration when they are discussed in a future constitutional assembly and will leave it to the elected representatives of the people to decide.
The United Nations General Assembly in 1994 adopted a resolution that called for a ‘Tripartite Dialogue’ to solve the problem and build a sustainable democracy. This means a dialogue among the military, democracy advocates, and the ethnic nationalities. To be candid the UNGA resolutions over sixty years of armed conflict has not brought about the desired results. It is, therefore, crucial in their view that dialogue with the Tatmadaw is achieved. But the ethnic nationalities are well aware that a dialogue in itself will not bring about change. Many ethnic armies entered into ceasefires with the military starting from 1989 in order to find a political solution. But the Tatmada w has not kept its promises up to this day as proven their all out war against the Kachins . To bring about the desired change, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the ethnic forces will have to skilfully use the economic and social concerns of the people. They will also need the full and coordinated support of the international community
The international community should fully support the United Nations and there should be no parallel processes to the UN effort. The UN Security Council should fully support the UN efforts and a consensus must be reached between US, Russia and China. There must be a multi-party talk along the lines of the Six Party Talks for North Korea but must include UN, India, China, Japan, EU, US, ASEAN, Russia (to ensure that it does not become a spoiler) and Burma is needed. We should note that ‘Friends of Burma’ or ‘Core Group’ to advise the UN representative and is not good enough as it excludes the current Burmese administration. Being extremely paranoid, they will see it as a conspiracy against them. They need to be included and also held accountable in an international forum.
Today, the basic problem is the same as the founding fathers of the nation faced about three quarter centuries ago: how to construct a political system wherein diverse peoples feel free and equal, able to govern themselves in their own areas, protect and preserve their languages, cultures and traditions, while at the same time give their political loyalty to the nation state.
The end game for the moment is that the regime will fight and talk simultaneously and will continue to release slowly the remaining ethnic political prisoners but once the Western Sanctions is lifted they will go back to their true colour again.
Foot Notes:
Article (1) of Section 401 grants
Article (3) gives power to cancel that suspension and order re-arrest of a person at any time without a warrant, requiring that he or she must serve the remainder of the original sentence. These powers lie with the executive and not the judiciary.
αီေαα αံαα္ αးαα αာαီα ααၤαာေαာα္αြα္ααΏαိဳααα္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲα αိုα္းαုα္αα္αြဲα‘αα္α‘αားαြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္၏ αΏαα္αူαူαုαိူα ေαΏαာαΎαားေαာ αိα္ααြα္း....
α‘αၤါေαα ααα္αိုα္းα ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα့္ αα္αုα္αုိα္း ααၤαာေαာα္αြα္ααΏαိဳααα္ NLD αါαီ αိုα္းαုα္αα္αြဲ α‘αα္းα‘αားαြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ α‘αွာα αားေျαာαΎαားα α₯္ αာေαာα္ αားေαာα္αΎαေαာ ααိαα္αဲαွ αိုα္αံု α်ိဳးα်αα္αို ျαα္၍ αုα္ααα္ ေျαာαိုαိုα္ေαာ α αားေαΎαာα့္ αူαုααိαα္ αα္αုα္αΎααာ ေαးαဲ့αΎααα္။
“αီေαာα္α‘α်ားααီး αီαုံေαးေαααွာ αα္ေααα္ ျαဳα္α်αွာေαါ့”αု ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αα္αႊα္း αွα္α်α္ ေαးαိုα္αα့္α‘αြα္ ααိαα္α ႏွα ္αα္ αေαာα်αြားျαα္း ျαα ္αα္။
α€αိုα ααိαα္αΎααာေαးαΎααα္αိုαα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α “α်α αိုးαိုးေျαာαာαါ။ ျαα္αူေαြα ……. α‘αα္းαာα္ေျαးαာαဲ” αု αα္αံαွα္α်α္ျαဳαိုα္ေαးαα္။
αံαα္ αα αာαီα ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα့္ αΏαိဳααα္ αိုα္းαုα္αα္αြဲαြα္ αါαီα₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αိαα ္ αα αα္ααΎαာ α‘αွာα αား ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αာ “αီαို αΏαိဳααα္αုံးαα္းေαြ αြα့္αာαာ ျαα္αူေαြαဲα αီးαီးα α္α α္ αα္αံႏိုα္αိုα αါαဲ” αု ေျαာαα္။
αီαေαα αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ႏွα့္ αာαα့္α§ျαီααွာ α်α္းααα့္ αΎαားျαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ ααၤαာေαာα္αြα္αျαိဳααα္ αဲαႏα΅αα္αွ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αα့္ αျαဴျαဴαα္းαိုαα‘ား ααၤαာေαာα္αြα္αျαိဳααα္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαိုαေαα
ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αုံးαြα့္αြဲα‘αα္းα‘αားαွာ ေαြααα
α₯္...။ ααၤαာေαာα္αႊα္αျαိဳααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α
ားαွα္ α‘ျαα
္ αΎαားျαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္ျαဳိα္αα့္ αျαဴျαဴαα္းα‘ား αဲαα့္αα္αα္း αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αွ ျαα္αူα်ားα‘ား αုိα္αြα္းαဲ့αα္။
αာα္αံု... αီαိုေααံ
αာα္αံု... αီαိုေααံ
Credit : Mizzima , Demowaiyan, Burma VJ
‘ႏုိα္αံα‘αာαα္α‘αြα္ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္ေαးαႈαာ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα α‘α်ဳိးαားျαα္αα္ αα့္ျαα္ေαး၊ αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္ျαα္ ααြားαူးαိုαာ ျαααဲ့ ေαာα္းαြα္αဲ့ ααα‘αာαα္αα ္αု ျαα ္αဲ့α‘αြα္ ααိဳαိုαါαα္။ α‘αုိα္α‘αံေαြ α‘ေααဲααα္း α‘α်ဳိးαား ျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαး၊ αα္αΏαိα္α ြာαဲα α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းႏုိα္ေαး α‘αြα္ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αα့္αဲ့ α‘αုိα္းေαြαွာ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ႏုိα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီေαး၊ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαိုαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαို ေαာ္ေαာα္ေααဲαွာαဲ αူαုααီးαါးα α္း αံα ားေαααဲ့ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူαႈေαးျαႆαာေαြαို ေျααွα္းαိုα αိုαါαα္။ α ီးαြားေαး αိα္αိုααႈေαြαို αုα္αိα္းαိုα αိα α₯αို αααα αုα္αဲ့α‘αိ αေα ာα္ႏုိα္ေαာ့ αါαူး။ αααα αွာ α‘α္α္αာ αာေαာ့αွာျαα ္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α ီးαြားေαးαိα္αိုααႈေαြ αုα္αိα္းေαးေαး αိα α₯ေαြαွာ αူαီαိုα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αိုα၊ αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္αိုααို αိုα္αြα္းαါαα္’
ေαါα္αာ αα္းαြα္ေα‘ာα္(CEO, Eleven Media Group)
‘α‘αုαို αိုαိုααီးαိုααို၊ αα္းαိုႏိုα္αိုααို ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္ေαးαိုα္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α္ααα္αိုαဲ αα္းαာαါαα္။ αီαα္းαာαႈα်ဳိးα ααα»ာေαααွာ αα္αူα်ဳိးαွαို αΎαံဳαူးαိα့္αα္αိုα ααα္αူး။ αာေαΎαာα့္αဲαိုေαာ့ ေαာα္ေαြေαွααွာ αူေαြ ေαာα္αဲαα်ီαΏαီး ေα်ာ္αႊα္ျαဴးαူးေααΎααဲ့ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳα်ဳိးα ααα»ာေααα αα္ႏိုα္αံαွ αိွαူးαွာααုα္αူး။ ျαα္္αာαα ္ႏိုα္αံαဲ αိွαိα္ααα္။ αα္αိုαွαို ေျαာαျααα္αဲ့ αα္းαာαႈα်ဳိးေαြ αα္းαာαα္။ ေαာα္αα္ αα္းαာα αာαα ္αု αိုαါေαးαα္။ ေαာα္ေααေααေαြα αိုα္αဲြαံေαြ αံုးααα္α ဲαΏαီးေαာ့ αα ္αိုα္းျαα္αံုး αΏαိα္းα်α္းαဲ့ α‘ျαα ္αို α‘ျαα္αံုးααα္ αိုαα္ေαာ့ α‘αုαα္ α‘αေαါα္းα်ားα ြာ αိုαΏαီးαα္းαာαိαွာαါαဲ။ α‘ဲαါေαးαိုαα္း ααာ αေααα္αွာ ျαα္ေαြααြားα်α္αါαα္’
αူαုα ိα္αα္း
‘NLD αါαီα‘ေααဲα ေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း၊ αα ္α¦းαα ္ေαာα္α‘ေααဲα ေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း ႏွα ္ေαါα္း αα ေα်ာ္αα ္ေαွ်ာα္αုံး ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္ေαးαိုα ေαာα္းαိုαာαဲ့αာ α‘αုႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္αာαဲ့α‘αါα်ေαာ့ αြα½α္ေαာ္αα္းαာαα္ေαါ့α်ာ။ αါααα ္α်α္။ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္αဲ့ေααာαွာ αုိးαိုးαα္းαα္း αႊα္αာαα္αααူး၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαား αα္α်ားα်ားေαါ့α်ာ။ ααα ေα်ာ္αိုαဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αြα္ αα္α်ားα်ားααီးαဲα αြα္αာαα္။ α‘ဲαီαိုαြα္αာျαα္းαာ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα ေαာα္းαိုေαααို α‘ားαုံးαႊα္ေαးαါαိုαဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ဳိးαဲα αα္ေαာα္αီးα α္αα္၊ ααီးα α္αα္αိုαာ αα ္αိုα္းေαါ့α်ာ။ αာαဲေျαာေျαာ ααα αိုαဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αြα္αာ α်ားျαားαα္။ αα ္α ုαα ္ေαးαα္းျαα ္αα္။ α‘α္αဲαα‘ားαဲα αုαဲααα္αဲα αြα္αာαာျαα ္αဲ့ α‘αြα္ αα္းαာαα္αိုα ေျαာα်α္αα္။ ေαာα္αα ္α်α္αေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαို ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္αာαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αြα္αာαဲ့ αူေαြαဲα α‘ေαα‘αားαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ α¦းαြα္αြα္းα¦းαို αုαၢိဳα္α်ဳိး၊ ေαာα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ αα္းαိုႏိုα္αို αုαၢိဳα္α်ဳိး၊ αံαာေαာ္ α¦းααα»ီααို αုαၢိဳα္α်ဳိးေαြ၊ ေα်ာα္းαားαူαα္ေαြ αါαα္αာαာေαြααေαာ့ αိုαΏαီးေαာ့ αα္းαာαါαα္’
α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ ααာααိα‘αြဲααα္ α¦းαα္းαα္
‘ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္ေαးαာαို ααိဳαိုαါαα္။ αα ္α်ိα္α ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားαွိ၊ ααွိαိုαာαို ျαႆαာαွိαဲ့ေααα့္ α‘αုαႊα္ေαးαိုα္αΏαီ αိုေαာ့ αီαိα α₯αဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαား αွိαα္αိုαာαို αα္αံေαးαဲ့αေαာαိုα αူααါαα္။ ေαာα္αα္း ႏိုα္αံေαး ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ αီαြားαဲ့α‘αါ α‘αြα္ααူαာေαးေαြ၊ α‘αူα‘α ααူαာေαးေαြ၊ αေαာαား αြဲαြဲαာေαးေαြαွိαα္ α‘α်ဳိးαား αα္αΎαားေα ့ေαးα‘αြα္ αားαα္αα္αံေαးႏိုα္αုိ့ ေαွ်ာ္αα္ααါαα္။ ေαွααα္αΏαီးေαာ့αα္း ျαα္αူαူαုαဲα ႏိုα္αံေαးေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ αိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ဳိးα ုေαြα‘α်α္းα်α္း ေျαေျααα္αα္αဲα ေαွααα္ႏိုα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ αီေααာαွာ αြα္αာαဲ့ αုαၢဳိα္ေαြαဲαα‘ားαဲα ျαα္αα္αα္ေαာα္ေαး αုα္αα္αိုαα္ α‘ားαံုးααိဳαိုααွာαါ။ αဲαဲαα္αα္ αုα္αိုα္αြα့္αα္း ေαးαိုααိုαါαα္။ αိုα္းျαα္ αα ္ျαα္αိုαာαα္း ႏိုα္αံေαးαုα္αဲ့ αုαၢဳိα္ေαြαွိαွျαα ္αွာαါ။ ေαာα္αα ္αုα ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαို α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αြဲααα္းαα္းαဲα αႊα္ေαးေα α်α္αါαα္။ αဲαဲαα္းαα္း αံုαံုαΎαα္αΎαα္ αႊα္ေαးαာ αိုေαာα္းαα္αိုα ျαα္αါαα္’
ေαါα္αာေα‘းေαာα္ (α₯αၠα၊ ααိုα္αိုα္းαα္းαားα်ားαိုးαα္ေαးαါαီ)
‘α‘αုေαာ့ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္ေαးαα္ αိုαာαို αΎαားααဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္းαာαါαα္။ α‘αုαို α‘αα္αα αုαၢဳိα္ေαြေαာα္ αႊα္ေαးαΏαီးαာαွ α်α္αာေαြ αႊα္αေαးႏိုα္α αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααွိαါαူး။ α‘αု αႊα္ေαးαိုα္αα္αိုαာα ααα αဲα αႊα္ေαးαိုα္αာαါ။ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαα αိုαΏαီးေαာα αေαာα်αα္။ ααα αွာ αံαα္αဲα αႊα္αာαွိαα္။ αံαα္ααါαဲαဲα αႊα္ေαးαိုα ααာαα္း αွိαα္။ αါα αူαိုαα‘ေαααွာαဲ αူαα္αါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘ααိုαα္ေαာ့ ααα (α)α αααΌα αα ္ေαာα္αα္းαဲα αααΌααα ္ေαာα္αα္း αုα္αိုα္αြα့္αဲα αႊα္ေαးαိုαααါαα္။ ααα (α)αေαာ့ αာαြα္ေαးαဲα αံုျαံဳေαးαိုα္αာαါαα္αဲ့ αα α¦းα‘αြဲααဲα αုα္αိုα္αြα့္αဲα αႊα္ေαးαာα်ဳိး αုα္αိုαααα္။ α‘αုαို ေαာα္α်αα္αိုေααα့္ αႊα္ေαးαိုα္αဲ့ α‘αြα္ αα္းαာαါαα္။ ေαွααα္ααα့္ αα္းေαΎαာα္းα‘αြα္αα္း α‘α်ားααီး ေαာα္းαြားαါαΏαီ။ International Image αα္း α‘α်ားααီး αα္αာႏိုα္αါαα္’
α¦းαα္းေαာα္(α α ္ေαြ)၊ ααားαႊα္ေαာ္α်ဳα္ေαွαေα
‘αိုαα္းαိုႏိုα္α‘αါα‘αα္ αံုαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်αံααူေαြαဲα ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္ေျαာα္αာαာαို ααိဳαိုαါαα္။ αΏαီးေαာ့ ေα်းαူးαα္αိုα္αူေαြ α‘ားαံုးαိုαα္း ေα်းαူးαα္αါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌαααီးαိုαα္း ေα်းαူးαα္αါαα္။ ေαာα္αα ္αုα αြα္ေျαာα္αာαာαဲα αα္းαာေααုံαဲα αα္းααΏαီးαူး။ ေαွααုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြα α‘ေαးααီးαါαα္။ αီေααာαွာ NLD αα္၊ αα αα္၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးαါαီေαြαα္ αြဲαေααဲ αိုα္းျαα္αိုးαα္α်α္αူေαြ αူးေαါα္းαΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းααိဳးα ားαα္ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα ႏိုα္αံαာ αျαားαိုα္းျαα္ေαြ α‘αီးαံုး α‘ာαီαံႏိုα္αံေαြαဲαေαာ့ αα္ေαါα္αα္းႏိုα္αွာαါ’
αိုαီαီ( αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαြးαွဴαα္းေαးα‘αြဲα)
‘ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္ေျαာα္αႈαဲααα္αα္αိုαေαာ့ αα္းαာαα္၊ αုα္αူαါαα္။ αီαူေαြα ႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ αုα္ႏုိα္αုိα္ႏုိα္αα့္αူေαြαါ။ ေαာα္ေαာ္ααီးေαြ၊ α်α ္αα္ေαးα ားααဲ့αူေαြ αီαိုαိုα‘α္ေααဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာ αြα္ေျαာα္αာαဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္းαာαα္။ αြα္ေျαာα္ αα့္αာαေαာ့ αΎαာαΏαီေαါ့။ α‘αုαα္း ေαာα္αα်ေαးαါαူး။ α‘ားαုံး αီαီαြα္αြα္αဲα α‘αုα္αုα္αΎααα္ ႏုိα္αံေαး၊ αူαႈေαး၊ α ီးαြားေαးαွာ αိုးαα္αႈေαြ ααာαα္αိုα ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αါαα္’
αိုေαာ္αီ(αααΊဴαိαီ Safety Net αααိααူαα္α‘αြဲα)
‘ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္αာαာ α‘αိုα္းαα္ α‘αြα္αα္းαာαါαα္။ αြα½α္ααိုααို αုα္α်α္αα္αα္း ααာေαးေαြαာေαြ αဲ့αြα္α¦းαွာေαါ့။ αူαိုααေαာ့ αာαုိαွααဲ့αဲ αုα္αဲ့αΎααာေα။ αုံαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘αုα္αုα္αဲ့αΎααာျαα ္αဲ့α‘αြα္ αုα္αူαါαα္။ ααα္ေαာ့ ႏုိα္αံေαးαိုαာ αီးျαားαွိေααာααုα္αူး။ αူαုိα္းαဲα αα္αိုα္ေααာ။ ααာαα္ေαြ ေαးαုαα္αိုαာαα္း ႏုိα္αံ ေαး αုα္αာαါαဲ။ αိုα္αα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေααာαေα αာαα္αူαာေαါ့။ α‘αုαိုႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ α‘αုα္αုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αူေαြ αြα္ေျαာα္αာαာ α‘αα္ααα္ α‘ားαွိαာαα္αိုα αံα ားααါαα္’
αူαα္ααာαα္αα ္α¦း(αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα)
‘ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα αီαိုαေαα ီ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αα ္αီαို αူααα္းေαΎαာα္းαဲααူ αြားေααα္။ ျαα္αူαူαုααα္း αုα္αွαုα္αါ့ααားαိုα ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္ေααΎααα္။ α‘ဲαီα‘α်ိα္αွာ αα ႏွα ္ ၊ αα ႏွα ္ေαာα္ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαိုαာ ျαα ္αြα္းαိုα α‘αα ္αာαံαႈα္αွားαဲ့αူေαြαို αူαိုα αိαားα ုαα္ေαြαာαα ျαα္αူαူαု αα ္αα္αံုးααါ α‘ျαα္αွာαွိေα α်α္αΎααα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံေαာ္αα ္ ေαာ္ေαာα္αာαွာ αါαα္ေα α်α္αΎααα္။ αံုαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်αံေαααူေαြαိုααဲ ေျαာေျαာ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားαိုααဲေျαာေျαာ၊ αူαိုαေαြαို αြα္ေျαာα္ေα α်α္αဲ့ α‘αဲαွာ αြα½α္ေαာ္αာαα ျαα္αူαα ္αα္αံုးαါαα္αါαα္။ α‘αု α‘ဲαီαူေαြα‘ားαံုးαို αႊα္ေαးαိုα္αာαာ α‘αα္းαα္းαာα αာ ေαာα္းαါαα္။ αုα္αα့္αုα္αိုα္αာαα ္αုαို αုα္αဲ့αဲ့α‘αြα္ ααΎαာေαာ့αဲ့ α‘α်ိα္α‘αြα္းαွာ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံေαာ္αα ္αို ေαာα္αာαα္αိုαဲ့ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αα္း αိုαိုαိုα္αာαာαါαα္’
αါαိုα္αာαα္းαα္αိုαိုααီး
‘ αီαေαααုα္αα္αာ ေαာα္းαြα္αဲ့αုα္αα္αα ္αုαါαဲ။ α‘αိုα္းααိ αα္းေျαာα္αုα္αူααါαα္။ αြα္ေျαာα္αာαဲ့ αူαဲေαာα္းေαြααα္း ႏိုα္αံα‘α်ဳိးα‘αြα္ ေαွααα္αΏαီးေαာ့ αါαα္ေαာα္αြα္αΎααိα့္ αα္αိုα αံုαΎαα္αားαါαα္’
αါαိုα္αာ αိုα္း
ႏုိα္αံααာ ေαါα္းေαာα္α်ား၏ αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္α‘ေααα‘ျαα္α်ား
α‘ေααိαα္αααΌα αာαα္α‘ိုαားαား
‘αံုαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်ေαααူ αာαဲαα်ီαႊα္ေαးαိုα αααΌαα¦းαိα္းα ိα္αဲα αံုးျαα္α်α္αာ αီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αိααΈာα္ျαα့္ααဲ့ ေαွααα္αα့္ ေျααွα္းαα ္αα္αါαဲ’
αုααααၢ α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးα်ဳα္၏ ေျαာαြα့္ααုαၢိဳα္ αာαα္αα္αာαီး
‘ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္း ျαα ္ေααေααဲ့ αြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္αႈေαြα‘ေαα αုံαျαα္αဲ့α‘ေααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αုα္αα္းα α₯္αို ေαာα္αံ့ေαးႏိုα္αဲ့ ျαα္αာျαα္αူေαြα‘αြα္ αိုေαာα္းေα ႏုိα္αဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေα ေαြ αα္ေαာα္αာαွာ αူαီေαးαΎααိုα ႏိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αုိα္းαို αုααααၢ α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးα်ဳα္ α ေαာα္းαုိαုိα္αါαα္။ αီαေαααွာ αာααွα္ေα ာα့္ ေαွ်ာ္ေααΎααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား αႊα္ေαးαႈαိုαα္း ααိဳαိုαုိα္αါαα္’
α₯ေαာααααၢ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαိုα္αာ α‘ααီးα‘αဲ αα္ααα္းα‘α္αွ္αα္
‘ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ αူαိုαေαြးα်α္αားαဲ့ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး αα္းေαΎαာα္းေαααွာ ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းေααα္αိုαဲ့ ေαာα္αα္ α‘αα္ျαဳα်α္αα ္αα္၊ αဲαα့္αဲ့ ေျααွα္း αα ္αα္αα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα αα္αံေαးαα ္ αα ္αα္αီαိုေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ ေαာα္αΎαα₯္းေαးαုိα္αာαါαဲ’
αΏαိαိα္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး αီα်ံαိα္
‘αα α်ဳိးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαြαဲα αုိα္းαα္းαား ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα αα္αွားαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα‘ေျαာα္α‘ျαားαို αႊα္ေαးαုိα္αα္αိုαဲ့ ααα္းα αားαို αΎαားααာ α‘αူးαဲ αα္းေျαာα္αိαါαα္။ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαို αႊα္ေαးαုိα αိုαာαာ ႏုိα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα αာααွα္ေαာα္းαိုေααဲ့ αိα α₯ျαα ္αာေαΎαာα့္ α‘αုαိုαႊα္ေαးαာαာ ျαα္αာα‘α ုိးααဲα ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ααိααα္αို ေαာα္αα္ေαာ္ျααိုα္αာαိုα αွα္αူαΏαီး αα္းေျαာα္αိαါαα္’
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ျαα္αာαုိα္αံαြα္ α‘α္αာαα္αုိα္းα်ား ေႏွးေαြးαျαα္းαို ျαα္α αုိα္αံ(α)αုα‘αူα‘αီျαα့္ α α ္αα္းေαာα္αူαား αΏαီး ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αာ့ αα္αြα္ေαးαုα္αα္းαွ α‘αΎαီးαα္းα‘αာαွိαα ္α¦းα α-α-αααααα္αြα္ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။
“α αာၤαူαဲα αုိα္းαုိα္αံαွ αα္းααာαα½ႊα္းα်α္αူေαြα Survey ေαာα္αူαႈαုိ α‘ာαီαံαα္αြα္ေαးα‘α ၊ α‘ααဲ့αူαီαုိαးαာေαးαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီαုိαုိα္းαာαဲ့α‘αါေαြααွိα်α္α internatipnal Bandwidth ျαα္ေαာα္ေααႈေαΎαာα့္ျαα ္ေαααုိ αα္αွိαွာ α‘α္αာαα္αုိα္းαα ္αုαα္း αα်ိα္αα္αုိα္ေαေαးαာေαΎαာα့္ ေႏွးေαြးေαျαα္းျαα ္αα္αုိα ေαာα္αူαႈα α ္αα္းα‘α ေαြαααါαα္။” αုα‘αာαွိαΎαီးααုိαα္။
αုိျαα္ αα္αွိα‘αုံးျαုေαေαာ SEA-ME-WEA 3 ေαေα‘ာα္ α‘α္αာαα္αုိα္းျαα္ေαာα္ျαα္း ααα္း၊ α‘ိႏိα΅ααုိα္αံαြα္း ျαα ္αြားေαျαα္း ျαα ္ αα္αု αိααα္။ “αုိα္းျαα္ေαာα္αႈျαα ္αြားαာααဲ ααα္αုိα္αံαြα္းαွာျαα ္ေααဲ့α‘αြα္ α ာαားျαα့္ျαုျαα္ေαးαα္ ျαဳαုα္αုိα္αါαα္။ αြားျαα္αုိαααဲ αααူး။ αါေαΎαာα့္α‘α်ိα္α α‘αα္းαΎαα့္αΎαာαြားαာαါ ။ αါေαΎαာα့္ ျαα္αြα္းαဲ့ α‘α္αာαα္ေαာα္းαြα္ေα αုိα αα္αံα်ိα္αα္αဲ့ α‘α္αာαα္αုိα္းαα ္αုαို China Unicom α‘αဲြαα α‘ာαီαံαα္αြα္ေαးαα္αΎαီးα်ား α‘α α္းα‘ေαးαွာေျαာ αΎαားျαီးျαα ္αါαα္” αု αα္းα ေျαာαါαα္။
SEA-ME-WE A-3α‘α္αာαα္αုိα္းαုိ ျαα္αာαုိα္αံαြα္ α်ာαုံျαိဳααွ α‘αြာα‘ေαး αααα αီαုိαီαာ (ααα)αုိα္ေα်ာ္αြα္ ေαေα‘ာα္ ေααα္α္ျαα့္ αα္αြα္αားαွိျαီး Channel ေαါα္း ႏွα ္ေαာα္းαα္αျαα့္ αုိα္αံေαါα္း αα αုိα္αံαုိαႏွα့္ αုိα္αုိα္αα္αြα္αားαွိေαΎαာα္းαိααα္။
Source: ေααာ (ျαα္ျαα္αာ α်ာαα္)
ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ αွα့္ α
α
္α‘α
ုိးαေαြααံုαွဳα‘ေαα αα်α္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား၏ αေαာαားαုα္ျαα္α်α္
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ႏိုαα္αာ αα၊ αααα α ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαႏွα့္ ေαα‘ိုα္α‘ိုαိုα္α
ားαွα္α်ားααုα္ႏိုα္αံ ေαႊαီαြα္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αα္။αα်α္ျαα္αα္ႏွα့္αွα္းျαα္ေျαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ ႏွα
္αα္αိုα္αြဲα်ားαွိေααဲαာα αα္းαူေαးႏွα့္ αိုα္αို္α္ျααာα္းαြα့္ α‘αြα္ ျαα္αာααိုα‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ႏိုα္αံေαးေαြးေႏြးαြားαα္αု αα်α္αြα္ေျαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲα KIO α αေαα αα္ααါαီα αα αα္αြα္ ေαΎααာαိုα္αα္။
ααα္ႏွα
္ αြα္ α αα္αα
αα္αα့္ ျαα္αာα‘α
ုိးααα္ႏွα့္ KIO αΎαားα
α
္αြဲα်ားαွာ αီαα္αာα αα αα္αြα္ αααΌαα¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α αိုးα
α
္αα္αံ့αားαα္ ၎၏αα္αိုαႊα္αΎαားαားေαာ္αα္း ααα္ေαααα‘αိ αိုα္αြဲေαါα္း ααα αα္ααိွαα္αု KIO α‘ေαြေαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး-α αာαα္ ေျαာαα္။
αα္αα္၍ “αုိα္αြဲျαα
္ေααိုα αေαြးေႏြးႏိုα္αာα်ိဳးααွိαူး။ αိုα္αြဲαွိαွိ ααွိαွိ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုα‘α
ိုးαα αႏα΅αွိαွိαဲαေαြးေႏြးαိုααိα္ေαααα္ αα္ေαာα္αိုαα‘αα္αα့္αဲ” αု α‘ေαြေαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး-α α αိုαα္။
KIO αα္ ၎αုိααႏα΅αေαာαားαါαα္ျαα္းααွိေαာ αααα αြဲαα
α္းαံုα‘ေျααံα₯αေααိုαα္αံျαα္းααွိαဲ UNFC (αီိαြα္ေαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ိဳးα်ား αα္ααα္ေαာα္α
ီ) α‘ားျαα့္ေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ားαံုးαါαα္ႏိုα္αα့္ α‘αα့္αိုαေαာα္αွိႏိုα္αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးαα္αွα္းα်α္αα္းαုိ္α္ αုα္αိုα္αားαα္αု αိုαα္။
ႏိုαα္αာα αα αα္ αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ ααုα္ႏိုα္αံ ေαႊαီαΏαိဳα၌ ႏွα
္αα္αိုα္α
ားαွα္α်ား ေαာα္αံုး α‘αΎαိα္ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αα
္α
ံုαα
္αာ αေαာαူαီα်α္ αုα္ျαα္ျαα္းααွိαါ။
ααုαα္αိုα္းα‘αြα္းα်α္းα‘α်ိဳးαားαα္α¦း(CNF)ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားα‘α
α္းα‘αံုး (KNU)၊ αွα္းျαα္αα္αေαာ္ေαာα္αိုα္း (SSA-South) αိုααα္ ျαα္αာα‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ α‘αα
္α‘αα္αα္α
ဲေαး αာαူαီαα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαΎααα္။
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Credit Jinghpaw Shiga
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KNU αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုα္α ားαွα္ α‘αဲြα αွα္းαα္းαဲြျαဳαုα္
αα္ααါαီα αααα္၊ αααα။ ေα ာαိα္းျαα့္ (ေαα‘ုိα္α ီ)
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KNU αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုα္α ားαွα္ α‘αဲြα αွα္းαα္းαဲြျαဳαုα္
αα္ααါαီα αααα္၊ αααα။ ေα ာαိα္းျαα့္ (ေαα‘ုိα္α ီ)
ျαα္αာα‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ ေαြααုံαဲ့αΏαီး ျαα္αα္ေαာα္αွိαာαα့္ ααα္α‘α်ဳိးαားα‘α
α္းα‘αုံး(KNU) ျαα္αြα္းαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုα္ α
ားαွα္α‘αဲြααα္ α‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ ေαြααုံ ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αα့္αိα
α₯αα္α်ားαို ααုိေαာ္ααီαα္α်ားαံαုိα ααα္ေααα αα္ျααွα္း αα္းαဲြ ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။
KNU α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးα်ဳα္ ေαာ္α
ီαုိးαာα
ိα္α “ααီးα
α₯္αα
္ေαွ်ာα္αုံးαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး EC αို ျαα္αα္ αα္ျααα္။ ေαာα္αΏαီး αα္αα္ ေαြးေႏြးေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αα
္α‘αα္αα္α
ဲေαး αα္αွα္ေαးαုိးαားαဲ့ αိα
α₯αိုαα္း ျαα္αα္α်ျααွα္းαα္းαႈေαြ αုα္αာαါ။”αု ေျαာαα္။
KNU α
α
္α¦းα
ီးα်ဳα္ αုိα္α်ဳα္ααီးαူαူးေα
းαုိး α¦းေαာα္αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαိုα္α
ားαွα္α်ား αါαα္αα့္ ααα¦းα‘αြဲααα္ αα္α αါαီα αααα္ေααα α
αα္αဲ့αα့္ α
αα္αΎαာ ααီးα
α₯္αြα္ ααားαα္ααီး α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္း၊ α
α္αႈαα္ααီး α¦းα
ုိးαိα္း၊ αူαα္αႈႏွα့္ ျαα္αူαα‘α္α‘ားαα္ααီး α¦းαα္αီ၊ ααα္ျαα္αα္ αα္ααီးα်ဳα္α¦းေαာ္αα္း၊ αြα္ျαα္αα္ αα္ααီးα်ဳα္ α¦းα‘ုα္းျαα့္၊ αααၤာαီαိုα္း၊ αဲαူးαိုα္း၊ ααα္ျαα္αα္၊ αြα္ျαα္αα္αိုααွ αα္α
α္αံုαΏαံဳေαးαα္ααီးα်ားα‘ျαα္ αုαααΌα α
ိုα္းေαာα္αα္းႏွα့္αα္း ေαြααံုαဲ့ αΏαီး αα္ααါαီα αα
αα္ေαααေααြα္ αုိα္း-ျαα္αာαα္α
α္αုိα ျαα္αα္ေαာα္αွိαာαဲ့αα္။
α‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ αြားေαာα္ေαြααုံαႈαြα္ ေαြးေႏြးαα္α‘αα့္αာ αြα့္ျαဳαားαΏαီး αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαα္ ααါαα္ေαာေαΎαာα့္ ααΎαာαီ ျαဳαုα္αα့္ α‘αΏαဲαα္းေαာ္ααီ α‘α
α္းα‘ေαးαြα္ KNU ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘αြα္း ေαြးေႏြးαြားαα္αု ေαာ္α
ီαုိးαာα
ိα္α αα္ေျαာαα္။
ααုα αααα္ေααα KNU αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαိုα္α
ားαွα္α‘αဲြαႏွα့္ α‘α
ုိးα၏ αီးααားαα္ααီး α¦းေαာα္αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုα္α
ားαွα္α‘αဲြααုိα ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαႈαြα္ α‘αα
္α‘αα္ αα္α
ဲαα္၊ αα္αံေαးαံုး αြα့္αွα
္αα္၊ αα္αα္ααါαဲ αႏုိα္αံ αံုး αြားαာαα္ႏွα့္ α်α္α‘αα့္α်ားαို αα္αα္ေαြးေႏြးαြားαα္ α
αα့္α‘α်α္α်ားျαα့္ ျαα္αα္α‘αα့္ ααာα αေαာαူαီαဲ့αΎααα္။
α‘αုိαါ αေαာαူαီα်α္α‘α α‘ေαးα
ိα္ α‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ားαို αα
αα္α‘ေαာα‘αြα္း αα္αα္ ေαြးေႏြးαα္αွိαΏαီး αာαα့္ ααုိေαာ္ααီ α‘α
α္းα‘ေαးαြα္ αုိαိα
α₯αα္α်ားαို ေαြးေႏြးαြားαα္αုαα္း KNU α ေျαာαα္။
α‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ KNU α‘αα
္αα္αα္α
ဲေαး αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαႈα‘ေαα ααာαိα္ႏွα့္ α‘ျαားαုိα္းαα္းαား α‘αဲြαα‘α
α္းα်ားαွ ေααα္αႈ α်ား ααွိေαာ္αα္း ျαα္αြα္းျαα္ααွိ ααα္αူαႈα‘αဲြαα‘α
α္းαα်ဳိαα ေαာα္ျαေααα္αႈα်ား ျαဳαုα္αာαဲ့αΎααα္။
ျαα္αာα‘α
ုိးα α‘αα္αα္αို αααααုႏွα
္αွα
၍ αုαံေαာ္αွα္αဲ့αα့္ KNU αα္ ျαα္αာα‘α
ုိးαႏွα့္ ααားαα္ αααိα္ ေαြααုံ αဲ့αΏαီးေαာα္ αααα¦းαုံးα‘ααိα္α‘ျαα
္ ααာα αေαာαူαီα်α္ αα္αွα္ေαးαုိးαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αိုαိα
α₯α‘ေαα ααα္αူαု α‘αြα္း ေααα္αႈα်ား α‘α်ဳိးα်ဳိး αြα္ေαααွ်α္αွိαα္
Source :KIC NEWS
αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαာαΎαာေααα αα္αွားαဲ့ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ α‘αါα‘αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαား α‘α်ားα‘ျαားαို ျαα္αႊα္ေαးαုိα္αဲ့α‘ေαα αုααααၢ α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးα်ဳα္αဲα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαိုα္αာ α
ံုα
α္းα
α
္ေαးေαးαွဴး ေαာαα္α
္α‘ုိေαး αα္αားαား α ααိဳαိုαုိα္ေααဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္း αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαဲααα္αα္αΏαီး α‘ေαးαူ αုα္ေαာα္α
αာေαြ α‘α်ားααီး α်α္ေαေαးααို α‘αα္α α‘αြα္α်α်αဲα α်α္α်α္ျαα္αျαα္α α်ိဳးေαာα္αဲ့αႈေαြ α‘αြα္ α‘αα
္αြဲααားαဲ့ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေαာ္ααွα္α αာαα္αူ α
ံုα
α္းαႈေαြ ααုα္αူးαိုαα္ ႏိုα္αံααာ α
ံုα
α္းေαးေαာ္ααွα္α‘αြဲαα α
ံုα
α္းαိုα α
α₯္းα
ားααွာျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αါαα္။ αီα‘ေαΎαာα္း α‘ျαα့္α
ံုαိုေαာ့ αα္αြα္ α
ံုα
α္းαားαဲ့ ေαααα္α်ိဳးαα္α α‘α
ီαα္αံαားαါαα္။
ေαာαΎαာေααα ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးα ျαα္αΏαီးαႊα္ေαးαဲ့αဲ့ α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြαဲαွာ αα္αွားαဲ့ ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ α‘αါα‘αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαား α‘α်ားα‘ျαား αါေααာαို αα
α₯αာ αα္αားαားα ααိဳαိုαုိα္ααို αါαာ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္း ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းαာαွာ α‘ေαးα‘ααီးαံုး αုα္αα္αα
္αုျαα
္αα္αိုα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္း ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းαာαွာ α‘αိα္α α်ဴးαြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαို αေα့αα့္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘αု α‘αα
္αြဲαα
α္းαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေαာ္ααွα္α αါေαြα αာαα္αူαΏαီး ေαာα္αြα္αိုα αိုα‘α္αα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
“α်ေαာ္ αα္αြα္းαဲ့αဲ့ α‘α
ီαα္αံα
ာαဲαွာ α‘αိα αα့္αြα္းαα္ျααဲ့αဲ့ α‘α်α္αေαာ့ ျαα္αာα‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြ α‘ေααဲα α‘αα္αုα္းα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္း α်α္α်α္ျαα္αျαα္ααဲα α‘αြα္α်α် α်ိဳးေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαို α
ံုα
α္းα
α
္ေαးေαးαိုα αာαα္αွိαα္ αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္αါ။ ααα္αိုα ျαα္αာα‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα ααုα္αူးαိုαα္ α
ံုα
α္းေαး ေαာ္ααွα္αα
္αα္ αြဲαα
α္းα
ံုα
α္းαိုα α်ေαာ္ α‘ααံေαးαဲ့αါαα္။
“α‘αုα‘α
ိုးααြဲαေαးαဲ့αဲ့ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေαာ္ααွα္α‘αα
္αဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αီးျαားαြα္αα္αႈ αွိααွိ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα αာαွ ααိαေαးαဲ့ α‘αြα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို α်ေαာ္ ေαေαααါαီααဲαွာ αြားαα္ αါαို α‘αိαေαြးေႏြးαွာျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αြဲααα္ေαြ α‘ေααဲα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αα္αို α
ံုα
α္းα
α
္ေαးαႈေαြ αုα္ေααα္ αိုαာ αိေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုα α်ေαာ့္αွာ αာαα္αွိααို αα့္ေαာ္αဲ့ α‘ααံေαးαိုααဲα ααα္αိုα ျαα္αာα‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြ αာαα္αူ ααုα္ႏိုα္αူးαိုαα္ ႏိုα္αံααာ α
ံုα
α္းေαး ေαာ္ααွα္αြဲααΏαီး α
ံုα
α္းαိုα αုα္ααα္αိုαာေαြ ααိေαးαိုα αွိαါαα္။”
αααα αုႏွα
္αα
αΏαီး ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαိုα္αာ α
ံုα
α္းα
α
္ေαးေαးαွဴးαာαα္αို αα္းေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα
α₯αာ αα္αားαားαာ αααα αα္ααဲαွာေαာ့ αုααααၢ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေαာα္α
ီ α‘α
α္းα‘ေαးαွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္း αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး ႏုိα္αံααာ α
ံုα
α္းေαး ေαာ္ααွα္αြဲααΏαီး α
ံုα
α္းαα့္αα္αိုα α‘ααံျαဳαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘αု αααα αုႏွα
္ αα္ααွာαα္αြα္းαα့္ α‘α
ီαα္αံα
ာα‘αြα္ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြ α‘α်ားααီး αုα္ေαာα္ေααဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို ေαေαာ္αါαီααဲαွာ αြားေαာα္αΏαီး α
α္းα
α
္ေα့αာαွာ ျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα αုα္ေαာα္ေααႈေαြαာ ေαာα္းαြα္αဲ့ αံုးျαα္α်α္ေαြ ျαα
္αα္αိုα αα
α₯αာ αα္αားαားα ααိဳαိုαိုα္αါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ αုα္α
αာေαြα α‘α်ားααီး α်α္ေαေαးαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
“α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္ α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေααဲα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αာαြα္ေα
ာα့္ေαွာα္ေαး αိုα္αာ αိုးαα္αႈေαြαွိαာαိုα αံုးျαα္α်α္ ေαာα္းေαာα္းေαြ α်αΏαီး αုα္ေααာ ေαြαααါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ αီႏိုα္αံေαး αံုးျαα္α်α္ေαြ α‘ျαα္ αြဲαΏαီးαုα္ααα့္ α‘αုα္ေαြ α‘α်ားααီး α်α္ေααါေαးαα္။ α₯ααာ ααိုα္၊ α်α္းαဲα αα္α
α္ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααေαြαွာ αိုးαိုးαြားαြား αြဲျαား αα္αံαံေαααႈေαြ αွိေααာα်ိဳးαါ။”
αီαို αြဲျαားαα္αံαံααႈေαြ၊ αိႏွိα္αႈေαြα‘αြα္ α‘α
ိုးααွာ αာαα္αွိααို α‘αိα္α αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈ α်ဴးαြα္αဲ့αူေαြ α‘αြα္ ααားα₯αေαα ေαးαဲ့αႊα္ေαးαာα်ိဳး ααွိαဲ αာαα္αူαႈ αွိαာေα
ေαးαာ ႏိုα္αံαားαိုα္းαွာ αာαα္αွိαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
“ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαွာ α‘α်ိဳးαားျαα္αα္ αα့္ျαα္ေαးαဲα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αီαိုαေαα
ီေαး ေαွ်ာα္αွα္းαာαွာ α‘α
ိုးααဲα ေျαာα္းαဲ αုα္ေαာα္ေααႈေαြαို α‘ားေαးေαααို α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္း α‘ားαံုးααα္း αα္αြဲ αါαα္ေα
α်α္αါαα္။ αီေααာαွာ α‘αိα္α α‘αြα္α်α် αူαα‘αြα့္ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαို ေα့αα
္αိုαααααို α်ဴးαြα္αူေαြ α‘ျαα
္ေαး ααံααဲ αြα္ေααာα်ိဳး αျαα
္αα့္αါαူး။ αါေαြαို α
ံုα
α္း α
α
္ေαးαိုα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαားေαြ αိုα္αိုα္ αုα္αΎαααွာαါ။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္း α‘ားαံုးα αါαα္ေαာα္αြα္ααွာαါ။”
ေαေαာ္αါαီα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαိုαြားαα္ αာαα့္ α§αΏαီααα္းαွာ α်α္းααα့္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ααားαွ်ααႈ αွိαိုααဲα αα္αာျαα္αာαွိαွိ α်α္းαေαးαိုα αိုα္αြα္းαိုα αွိαဲ့α‘ျαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αီαိုαေαα
ီαဲα αူαα‘αြα့္ေαး αိုα္αာေαြ αုိးαα္αႈ αွိαာေα
αိုα ျαα္αာ α‘α
ိုးααာαα္αွိαူေαြαဲα αα္αြα္ေαာα္αြα္ αြားႏိုα္αα္αိုααα္း ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αားေαΎαာα္းαα္း αα
α₯αာ αα္αားαားα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
Source : ေαααα္α်ိဳးαα္ VOA
Irrawaddy — αိုα္းႏိုα္αံα‘ေျαα ိုα္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα‘αြဲααα်ိဳαα ျαα္αာαံαံုးαိုα αြားေαာα္၍ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား αႊα္ေαးαႈα‘αြα္ ေα်းαူးαα္ေαΎαာα္း αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αံα‘ိα္αြα့္ေαးα ာ αြားေαာα္ေαးαိုααΎαေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαα္။
αေαααံαα္αိုα္းαြα္ α‘αြဲααα်ိဳααွ αာαα္αံα်ား၊ ααီးαုαၢα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαားα်ားα αα္ေαာα္αွိ ျαα္αာαံαံုးαိုα αြားေαာα္၍ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို αႊα္ေαးျαα္း၊ α‘ျαဳαေαာေαာα္ေαာ αုα္αα္α်ားαို αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ႏွα့္ αα္αြဲαာ αုα္ေαာα္ေαျαα္းα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αို ေα်းαူးαα္ေαΎαာα္း ေαးαားαα့္ α‘ိα္αြα့္ေαးα ာαို ေαးα‘α္αာ αံαံုးα‘αြဲααα္ αိုα္αႉး ႏိုα္αြα္းα αα္αံααူαα္။
ααိုα္αီαုိαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ (ျαα္α) αွ αုα₯αၠα αိုα α္းαြα္α “αα္αွိα‘α်ိα္αွာ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα ေαာα္းαာေαြ αုα္ေααာαို α်ေαာ္αိုαα ေαာα္းαα္ေαာα္းαα္αိုα ေျαာααα္။ αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ ႏွα ္α်ားα ြာα‘αြα္းαွာ αီαံαံုးေαွααွာ αိုα္းျαα္α‘αြα္ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြ αုα္ေαးαိုα၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αႊα္ေαးαိုα α‘ααိα္ααိα္ α်ေαာ္αိုα ေαာα္းαိုαဲ့αူးαΎααα္။ α‘ဲαါေαြαာ αုα‘α်ိα္αွာ ααα္ျαα ္αာαဲ့αα္” αု ေျαာαα္။
ေαးαိုααα့္ α‘ိα္αြα့္α ာαဲαြα္ ααα္α‘α ိုးα αα္αα္α်ားαွ ααု αα ααိα္ေျαာα္α‘αိ αွိαဲ့ေαာ αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္α်ားαြα္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αα္αα္ α αုαၳ α‘ααိα္ေျαာα္ αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္αα္ αြ်ႏ္ုα္αိုα ျαα္αာျαα္αူ ျαα္αားα်ားႏွα့္ααြ αααာα»αံုးαွ αူα‘ေαါα္းα‘αြα္ α‘αူးαα္းαာ αီαီျαα ္αေαΎαာα္း α αα္ျαα့္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
α‘ိα္αြα့္ေαးα ာ αာေαာα္ေαးαူα်ားαα္ ααα္α αံαံုးေαွααြα္ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္αα်α္ေαး αႏα΅ျααြဲေαါα္း α်ားα ြာαို α¦းေαာα္α်α္းααဲ့αΎαေαာ္αα္း αေαααြα္αူ αααΌαα¦းαိα္းα ိα္ႏွα့္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ α်α္းαာေα αα္၊ ျαα္αာျαα္αူα်ား αΏαိα္းα်α္းေα αα္ႏွα့္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ αာαာαေျαာေα αα္ ေαΎαြးေαΎαာ္αဲ့αΎααα္။
ျαα္αေαာα္ α‘α်ိဳးαား ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားα‘αြဲα – ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ (ONSOB) αွ α‘ေαြေαြ α‘αြα္းေαးαႉး αိုαα္းေαα “α်ေαာ္αိုα αုိα္းျαα္αွာ ႏွα ္ေαါα္း α α ေα်ာ္ αα ေαာα္ α‘α်α္းα်α္း αα္ျαα ္αΎα၊ α‘αΏαိဳးα‘ေαးေαြ αားαΎααα္း ျαႆαာαံααာαဲ ααဲαα္αα္ျαα ္ေααာ αΎαာαΏαီ။ αိုα္းျαα္αα္း αာαွαါαΏαီ။ α‘αုα‘α်ိα္αα αΏαီး α‘ျαဳαေαာေαာα္αဲ့ α‘αုα္ေαြαို αီαα္ αိုαိုαုα္αိုα္αΎαျαα္းျαα့္ αိုα္းαူျαα္αားေαြ α‘α်ိဳးαို αိုαို αα္αိုးααα့္ α‘α်ိα္ျαα ္αါαα္” αု ေျαာαα္။
Source : αေα ာαα္ Irrawaddy
ααα္αီ α‘α်ိဳးαား αုိးαα္ေαးαါαီ-KNPP α‘αါα‘αα္ αုိα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားα αိုα္α ားαွα္αα့်ဳိαဲα α‘ေααိαα္ႏုိα္αံαဲα ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαုိα္αာ α‘αူးαိုα္α ားαွα္αဲα αူαါααွိႏႈိα္းေαးαွဴး αα α₯αာ αဲαα္ αα ္α်α္α္αိုα αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αα္ααါαီα αα αα္ေααα αုိα္းႏုိα္αံ α်α္းαုိα္αΏαိဳααွာαွိαဲ့ α‘ေααိαα္ေαာα္α α ္αα္αံုးαွာ ေαြααံုαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီေαြααံုαႈαွာ KNPP/ KIO/ RCSS/PNLO αဲα KNU α αဲ့ αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားα ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ αဲα α‘ေααိαα္αဲ့ α‘αူးαိုα္α ားαွα္αိုαα‘αΎαား αα္αွိα‘α ိုးααဲα αα္αံေαးαွာ αိုးαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ αွိေααα္αိုαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း၊ α α ္αွα္αΏαီး ααα္α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲျαα ္ေαααာαိုαα‘αြα္ αα္αα္ααိဳးα ားαြား αα့္α‘ေαΎαာα္းေαြ ေαြးေႏြးျαα ္αΎααါαα္။
“αα္αွိα‘ေျαα‘ေα α‘αွα္α‘αα္ αာေαြျαα ္ေααဲαိα်α္αုိα αာေαြααာαါ” αုိα α‘ဲαီေαြααုံαႈαွာ αါαα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ ααα္αီα‘α်ိဳးαား αုိးαα္ ေαးαါαီ - KNPP αွ α‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး-α αူα¦းαα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
α α ္ေαးααိααα‘ေαြ αα္αα္ျαα ္ေααဲျαα ္αဲ့ αα်α္၊ ααα္αဲα αွα္း α αဲ့ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααေαြαွာ ေαααံα‘α်ိဳးααီးေαြαို α‘αααΌျαဳα်α့္αာ၊ ေαααာαြဲαာ၊ ေαα‘ိα္ေαြαို α‘αααΌ ေαႊαေျαာα္းαိုα္းαာေαြαဲα၊ ေျααာ αိα္းαူαာေαြαို ααာα α ္αα္αα္α α်ဴးαြα္ေαျαဲ၊ α်ဴးαြα္ေααဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αါ့α‘ျαα္ α‘ုိးα‘ိα္ေαြαို α ြα္ααြာαΏαီး ေαာαဲေαာα္αဲαို αြα္ေျαးαုα္းေαွာα္ေααΎαααဲ့ α α ္ေျαးαုαα‘αα္ေαြαα္း ေαာα္αဲαα်ီျαီး αွိေααဲျαα ္αါαα္။
αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα‘αီးαီးα αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြααα္း αိαိαိုαေαααွာ α‘αုαα္αွိ ျαα ္α်α္ေααဲျαα ္αဲ့ ျααာαာေαြαို αα္ျααΎααါαα္။ ααα္αီ ေαααွာေαာ့ αα္αွိျαα ္ေααေααဲ ျααာαာα်ားျαα ္αဲ့ αα္αာေျααိα္းαα္းαႈေαြ၊ ေααာαာ αα္ေαာα္αႈေαြ၊ ေαာαိαေαα‘ား αွ်α္α α ္ α α္αုံျαα္αα္αြα္းαံျαα္αα္ေαးαိα α₯၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα်ိဳးေαာα္αႈαဲα αα္αα္ျαα ္αြားေααဲျαα ္αဲ့ αုိα္αြဲα‘ေαΎαာα္းေαြαို αα္ျααြားαα္αုိα ေαα‘ဲα္αီαီα αိုαါαα္။
“αျαα္αံုး α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲ ျαα ္αုိαα‘αြα္αေαာ့ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα ααα္ααိုး αိုαΏαီးေαာ့ααα္αဲ α α ္α α ္αွα္αွα္ ႏုိα္αံေαး ေျαာα္းαဲαα္αီαို α¦းαα္ႏုိα္ေα‘ာα္ αူαုိα αံ့αိုးαူαီေαာα္αြα္ႏုိα္αိα့္αα္ αုိαေαာ့ αူααα္” αုိα αူα¦းαα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
αဲαα္ αα ္α်α္α္αာ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ αααα αုႏွα ္ α α္αα္αာαα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αြားေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ ααီးα α₯္αွာ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြ၊ α‘α ိုးαα‘αာαွိေαြ၊ αိုα္းαα္းαား ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားα αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြαဲα αူαႈαူαီေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα αာαα္αွိαုαိၢဳα္ေαြαဲα ေαြααံုαဲ့αါαα္။
Source :αႏၱာαααီαိုα္း(α္) ααα္း
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi met U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell
U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell, one of the toughest critics of Burma’s previous military government, says after a few more concrete moves toward democracy it’s right to consider removing U.S. sanctions, following a one-hour meeting with Aung San Suu Kyi on Monday.
U.S. Republican Minority Leader Mitch McConnell talks to the press at the home of Aung San Suu Kyi on Monday, January 16, 2012. He said the U.S. will respond in kind regarding sanctions if democracy reforms continue to occur in Burma. He meets with President Thein Sein on Tuesday. Photo: Mizzima
The U.S. senate will also consider the appointment of a full-time ambassador, he said, during a press conference at the home of Suu Kyi.
McConnell has talked to Suu Kyi multiple time on the telephone, but he said he was “delighted” to meet her fact-to-face.
“There is, however, as everyone knows, much left to be done,” he said. “I think the improved relations with the various ethnic minorities are the most important thing we want to focus on at this point.”
Last week’s cease-fire with the Karen was a significant step forward, and should be followed by “progress made with other ethnic groups,” McConnell said.
He said the U.S. also looked forward to free and fair by-elections on April 1.
McConnell said the release of all political prisoners, ethnic peace discussions on political issues and free and fair April 1 elections would merit consideration of removal of sanctions. The sanctions restrict U.S. trade, investment and foreign aid to Burma.
Suu Kyi said McConnell was a committed supporter of democracy. “That is why I trust his judgment and I know that he will be watching the situation closely to find out what needs to be done, and as a seasoned democratic politician, he'll be able to judge how far we are progressing along the road to democratization,” she said.
The Republican minority leader will also meet with President Thein Sein on Tuesday. He said the support of democracy in Burma is based on U.S. values, and is not a matter of politics. U.S. Senator John McCain, also a Republican, will visit Burma in the coming days.
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Press Releases
Jan 13 2012
Heading to Burma, McConnell Says Consideration of Formal Diplomatic Ties is ‘Entirely Appropriate’
Washington, DC — Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell, who is en route to Burma, noted Friday that the Burmese government has taken firm, decisive steps to meet the specific concerns of the United States and its allies, specifically the release of political prisoners, efforts to forge cease fire agreements and allowing Aung San Suu Kyi to run for parliament.
McConnell said: “While the Thein Sein government will need to do more to explain the military relationship with North Korea and hold free and fair elections, it appears entirely appropriate that the United States would consider restoration of more formal diplomatic ties.”
During his visit to Burma, McConnell will be meeting with Aung San Suu Kyi, Burmese government officials and U.S. Embassy personnel. The Senator plans to discuss political reform, bilateral relations and regional security issues with Suu Kyi and the Burmese leaders. Senator McConnell will arrive in Burma on Sunday, January 15, 2012 and return to the United States on Wednesday, January 18, 2012.
Sen. McConnell has and continues to be a strong advocate for political reform, reconciliation and democracy in Burma. Every year since 2003, Senator McConnell, along with Sen. Dianne Feinstein, has introduced and enacted legislation placing sanctions on the Burmese government. He also consistently called for the release of Suu Kyi and other political prisoners. Since her release, Senator McConnell has spoken with Suu Kyi several times on the phone. This will be the first face-to-face meeting between the two.
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αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα αိα္ျαဴαα္းαွာ αွိαဲ့ αုααα္αα္αီαα္း (α္) αုαားေα်ာα္းαွာ αီေαα ααα္α α်α္းααဲ့ αုααΆαာαာ၊ ααα ္αာα္၊ αိႏα΅ဴႏွα့္ α‘α α₯αာα္ αာαာααီးေαးαု α ုေαါα္းαΏαီး α်α ္αΎαα္ေαးႏွα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αုေαာα္းαြဲαါ။ αုေαာα္းαြဲαို αူα်ိဳးေαးα‘α၊ αာαာေαးα‘α αာαα α်α ္αΎαα္ေαးαဲα αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αိααား αုα္ေαာα္αာ ျαα ္αါαα္။ ေျαာα္းျαα‘α်α₯္းေαာα္αေα ααΎαာαီα αြα္ေျαာα္αာαဲ့ α‘αွα္ααα»ီα၊ ααၢα္ေα်ာα္းαိုα္αွ ေα်ာα္းαိုα္ααာေαာ္αဲα αျαား αူαႈေαးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαေαြ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။
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αံαုံေαြ ေα ်းေαာα္းαဲြαို αီαα္αာααုα္αုိα္းαα ျαီး ျαα္αα္ααာαါ ။ ျαိဳααα္α‘ာαာαုိα္α်ားαα္းျαα္ ေαααာေαါ့ ။ αα-αα-αααα αα္ေαααွာေαာ့ α်ာαုံျαိုααα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαုα¦းα ီးαွဴးα αိုαိα္းေαြαို αုα္းαဲαα‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားျαီး ျαိဳααα္αုံးαွာ ေααေαြααါαα္။ေα ်းေαာα္းαဲြေαာ္α‘αြα္ αိုα္αα္းေαြေαာα္ေαα်ိα္αါ။
αα-αα-αα ေαα ααα္α αာαီαွာ ααုိα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴး α¦းေα်ာ္α ိုးαα္းα ααုိα္α α္αα္αာαာေαးα‘αΎαီး α‘αဲ၊ ααုိα္αဲαွဴး ၊ααုိα္α₯αေαα‘αာαွိ ၊ ααုိα္ေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္ α₯αၠα၊ ααုိα္αီးαα္αα္αဲြα α‘αΎαီးα‘αဲ၊ ααိုα္ααာေαးαွဴး၊ ααုိα္α‘ာαာαွဴး α‘α αွိαဲ့ ααα¦းαα္ααဲαα‘αူ αိုαိα္းေαြαိုαα္း ေαααူေαြααုံျαα္αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαွာ α¦းေα်ာ္α ုိးαα္းα αိုαိα္းေαြαို ´´αႊα္αα္ေαးေαααွာ αုိα္αံေαးα‘ေαာα္α‘ေαြးေαြααါေα α်α္αါαူး။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲ့αုံα်ားαို αေαာα္းေα α်α္αါαူး။ αုα္ααα္းαါး၊ αα္αုα္ ေαာα္းα်α္ေαာα္းαါ´´αုိαေျαာαါαα္။
αုိαိα္းေαြα αားαα္αုိαα္း၊ αားαါ ၊ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိαααα္αုα္α့ါαα္။ α‘αα္၍ ααုိα္α‘ာαာαုိα္α်ားα αားαα္αုိαα္ α₯αေαေαΎαာα္းα‘α αα္αα္αုα္αါ။ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αုိααာ ααားαα္αုိα္αံေαးαါαီ αα ္αုျαα ္ျαီး၊ ααားαα္ αα α₯α္းေαြαုိေαာα္းαာျαα ္αα္။ αီαုိေαာα္းαာ ααားααα္αူးαား။ ေျααါαုိα ααုိα္α₯αေαα‘αာα‘αွိαို αုိαိα္းေαြα ေαးαါαα္။
ααုိα္α₯αေαα‘αာαွိα αာαွαေျαာαဲ ျαဳံးျαီး ေαါα္းαုံαြားαါαα္။ αုိαိα္းေαြα αα္αα္ျαီးေαာ့ αားα်α္αα္ ႏုα္αဲαααားαါαဲα ααားαα္α ာ αုα္ေαးαါ ။ ျαိဳααα္α‘ေααဲααားα်α္αα္ ျαိဳααα္α‘αα့္α α ာαုα္αါ။ ααုိα္α‘ေααဲααားα်α္αα္ ααုိα္α‘αα့္α α ာαုα္αါ ။ ေαာ္ααွα္α‘ေααဲα αားα်α္αα္ ေαာ္ααွα္α‘ေααဲα α ာαုα္ေαးαါ αုိαေျαာαါαα္။
α¦းေα်ာ္α ုိးαα္း(ααုိα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴး)α αါαုိေαာα္αွ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαါ့αα္αုိαုိα αိုαိα္းေαြ(α်ာαုံျαိဳααα္ NLD ေαါα္းေαာα္)
ျαα္αာαဲ့αါαα္။ α-α-αααα αα္ေαα α ααာαီαွာ ေα ်းေαာα္းαုိαα‘αြα္ α αα္αα္းα်α္းαါαα္။ α်α္α်α္းαဲ ျαိဳααα္αူαုα αΎαိα္αΎαိα္αုိးα‘ားေαးαΎααာ αααα‘αြα္းαွာ α်α္ေαြ ααိα္းေα်ာ္αုိးေαာα္းααါαα္။
α-α-αααα αα္ေαα ျαိဳααα္αူαုα α‘ုα္α‘ုα္α်α္α်α္ αာေαာα္α‘ားေαးαΎααါαα္။ေα်းαြာ α‘αီးαီးα α ိα္αါαα္α ားαူေαြ၊ α‘αဲြααα္αုိαူေαြα ေα ်းေαာα္းαဲြαုိαာေαာα္αာေαΎαာα့္၊αα္αြα္ေαး αα္းေαΎαာα္းαα္း၊ αြα့္ျαီးαားျαα ္αြားαါαα္။ αူαုိαα‘ေααဲα αူαုိα
ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေα ာα့္α ားေααဲ့ NLD αဲ့ αα္αွိ αႈα္αွားαႈα်ားαုိαာေαာα္ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αုိေαΎαာα္း ၊ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲ့ αα္αွိေαာα္αြα္αႈ
α်ားαုိαα္း α‘ားေαးေαာα္αံαါေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ေαြαာေαာα္ αြα့္α αΎααါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαုိ α‘ုα္α‘ုα္α်α္α်α္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ေαα်ိα္ αေαααာαီ αα αိαα ္αွာေαာ့ αα္αုိα္αာ α‘ာαာαုိα္α‘αဲြαα αိုαိα္းေαြαို αα္αΎαီးα်ဳα္၏αွα္α်α္ျαα့္ α ာေαာα္ေα၍ αာαူαုိα αုα္းαဲααွα္းα‘ေျαာα္း αΎαားαါαα္။ αိုαိα္းေαြα αါαုံးα်ိα္ααုα္ေαာ့αါေαΎαာα္း αာααူαုိα္αါေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αα္၍αα္းαီးα်α္αα္αုိαα္ ၊ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ေα ်းေαာα္းαဲြေαွ့αွာαွိေααါေαΎαာα္း၊ αာေαာα္ αα္းαီးαုိα္ αါေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαုိေαာ့… α‘ာαာαုိα္α‘αဲြαα αα္းαီးαုိαာααုα္ေαΎαာα္း α ာေαးα်α္αာ αါαာ ျαα ္αါေαΎαာα္း ၊αုိαိα္းေαြα
αα္α်ားαုိααα္α αα ္ေαာα္ေαာα္αိုαႊα္ေαးαုိα္းαါ ….αုိေαာ့ α‘ာαာαုိα္α‘αဲြα ျαိဳαα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴးαုံးαွ αုံးα‘ုα္ႏွα့္α‘αΎαီးαα္းα ာေαး(α)ေαာα္α α ာαုိ α ααာαီαα္ααွာ αာေαာα္ေαး α‘α္αြားαါαα္။
ေα ်းေαာα္းαဲြαေαာ့ ေα ာေα ာαα‘αုိα္းαဲ၊ ေα‘ာα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα္ျαα္ျαီးαုံးαြားαါαα္။ α-α-αα ေα ်းေαာα္းαဲြαုိαα္αα္ေαာα္းα်ေααါαα္။ α‘ဲαီေαααွာ αုိαိα္းေαြαံαို ျαိဳααα္α‘ာαာαုိα္α αုα္းαα္ျαီး.. ..αေααααုံးα‘ုα္αΎαီးαဲα α‘αΎαီးαα္းα ာေαးαα ္ေαာα္αုိα αာေαးαြားαဲ့α ာαုိ αူαုိααံျαα္ေαးαါαုိαေαာα္းαါαα္။
αုိαိα္းေαြα αုံးα်ဳα္αုိαုိααုိα္ျαီαုိα ေျαာαဲ့α‘αါαွာ ၊ α‘ဲαီα ာαုိ ααုိα္αα္ျαα္ေαာα္းေαးαါαုိα α‘αΎαိိိα္ αΎαိα္αုα္းαα္ျαီးေαာα္းαါαα္။ αိုαိα္းေαြααα္း αα္းα ာαုိ αုံးα်ဳα္αုိ α‘αွα္ααα္αုိααုိα္ျαီးျαα ္αာ αုိα ၊ ျαα္αေαးαုိα္ေαာ့αါαူး။ ေα ်းေαာαး္αဲြαာ α‘αားα‘αီး α‘ေႏွာα့္α‘αွα္ ααွိαဲ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္α ြာျαီးαုံးαြားαါαα္။ ေျαာα်α္αာα ααားαα္αုိα္αံေαးαါαီ α‘αဲြαα‘α α္းαα ္αုαဲ့ ααားα α္းαုံးαႈ၊ αႈα္αွားαႈ ၊αုα္αα္းα α₯္ေαြαာ ျααာα္းαားαဲ့ α‘ေျααံαဲြαα α္းα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αုံ α‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αုံျαဳံေα‘းα်α္းα ြာ α‘ေႏွာα့္α‘αွα္ α‘αα္ αα‘αား αα္းα ြာ αုα္ေαာα္αုိα္αြα့္αွိαါαα္။ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααို ျαα္αူေαြαα္α ေαးα ားαုိα္αာαΎααုိα αΎαိဳးαα္းေαα်ိα္αွာ၊ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααုိαα္းေαာα္း၊
αုိα္αံေαာ္αααΌααΎαီးαဲαα‘α ုိးαα‘αဲြααဲ့ αα္းα α₯္ေαြαုိαα္းေαာα္း၊ αေαးα ား ααုိα္αာαူေαြαာ αα္αူေαြαဲ α α₯္းα ားαΎααုိααါ။ ေαα္αိုα‘αွီ
αိုα္αΎααုိααါ။
ααα္းαိႈα္ (αီαိႈα္း α
ာေα
ာα္)
COX'S BAZAR, (IRIN): While the Myanmar government takes significant strides in political reform, Rohingya refugees in southern Bangladesh fear their condition may not change any time soon.
They are skeptical about a string of reform moves by the Burmese government, saying they are not aware of any real improvement in the conditions which forced them to flee their country.
"The situation has not improved," Mostak Ahmad, 35, an undocumented Rohingya refugee who fled 10 years ago, told IRIN. "We were hopeful during the 2010 election as we were given voting powers but now we are frustrated."
Since taking office in March 2011, President U Thein Sein, a former general, has released hundreds of political prisoners, legalized labour unions, eased censorship, held talks with Washington and London, and signed a ceasefire with ethnic Karen rebels - a major step towards ending one of the world's longest-running ethnic insurgencies.
But for Rohingya, an ethnic group who fled to Bangladesh en masse from neighbouring Myanmar years earlier, there is little optimism.
Fazal Karim, 40, who fled to avoid forced labour, had recently spoken with his relatives in Myanmar." They said that in some cases the situation had worsened," he said.
Rohingyas - an ethnic, linguistic and religious (Muslim) minority who fled persecution decades ago - are caught between a rock and a hard place, activists say.
Under Burmese law, the Rohingyas are de jure stateless, but they fare little better in Bangladesh.
Most Rohingyas in Bangladesh have no legal rights and few employment opportunities.
According to Refugees International, they live in squalor, receive limited aid and are vulnerable to arrest, extortion and even physical attack.
According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), there are some 200,000 Rohingyas in Bangladesh, of whom only 28,000 are documented and living in two government camps assisted by the agency. Close to 11,000 live at the Kutupalong camp, with another 17,000 farther south at Nayapara - both within 2km of Myanmar.
Rakhine State
Activists say Rohingyas in Myanmar's northern Rakhine State still have no freedom to travel or marry and remain subject to extortion, intimidation and abuse.
"While there are some improvements in the Burmese government's rhetoric, there is no change on the ground," said Lynn Yoshikawa, a campaigner with Washington-based Refugees International.
Following the 2010 elections, forced labour was as pervasive as ever and may have increased, with some labourers as young as 10, a 2011 report by the Arakan Project, a group campaigning for Rohingya rights, revealed.
Chris Lewa, the group's coordinator, said there had been no sign of improvement for Rohingyas in Myanmar, either in terms of policy towards them, or on the ground, "and little hope" that things could change in the near future.
The new Burmese government still considered Rohingyas "illegal immigrants from a neighbouring country" and has no intention of granting them citizenship or relaxing restrictions on them, she added.
Straws in the wind
However, during a December visit to Myanmar by Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, Burmese President U Thein Sein expressed his desire to cooperate with Bangladesh in resolving the Rohingya issue, and two days after the visit Bangladesh officials said Myanmar had agreed to take back documented Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh after verification by its authorities.
But the agreement will have no impact on the vast majority of Rohingyas who are unregistered, Yoshikawa said.
There is little chance that many registered refugees would agree to return under the present conditions in Myanmar, though if conditions were to improve significantly many would not hesitate, said Lewa.
"Who wants a refugee's life?" asked Faruque Ahmed, a documented Rohingya refugee at the Kutupalong refugee camp. "We are always prepared to go back to Myanmar but we demand the same rights as other citizens," he said.
Each year scores of Rohingyas - from Myanmar and Bangladesh - attempt to escape by boat, often turning up in Thailand, Malaysia or as far away as Indonesia.
In December, at least 23 Rohingyas are known to have died when the two boats carrying them and 200 others capsized in the Bay of Bengal, while on 2 January a number of Rohingyas reached the Australian coast after an arduous voyage from Malaysia, the Arakan Project reported.
"We know it is a risky journey, but we have no other option," said Hasan Ali, a documented Rohingya at Kutupalong camp.
Credit :
Suthep Kritsanavarin & I
rin Newsႏွα ္ေαါα္း αα ေα်ာ္ α‘αြα္း ααα္α‘α်ဳိးαား α‘α α္းα‘αုံး (KNU) ႏွα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αα္ေαာα္αα္ ααာα αေαာαူαီα်α္ αါးα်α္ αα္αွα္ေαးαိုး
Photo: Eleven
ႏွα ္ေαါα္း αα ေα်ာ္α‘αြα္း ααα္α‘α်ဳိးαား α‘α α္းα‘αုံး(KNU) ႏွα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αα္ေαာα္αα္ ααα္ျαα္αα္α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲααွ ျαα္αα္α‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးေαး α‘αြဲαႏွα့္ ααα္α‘α်ဳိးαား α‘α α္းα‘αုံး (KNU) αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲααိုα၏ ααာα αေαာαူαီα်α္ αါးα်α္αို αα္ααါαီα αα αα္ ေααα ααα္ျαα္αα္ αားα‘ံαΏαိဳα αြဲααα္αိုαα္၌ αα္αွα္ေαးαိုး αဲ့αΎααα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးαြဲαြα္ αα္αα္ ေαြးေႏြးαα္αူα‘ားျαα့္ αေαာαူ αီαα့္α‘α်α္ ααα်α္α‘ားαα္း αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαဲ့αΎααα္။
“αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα αီα‘α ္αိုေαြ αα ္αα္ႏွα့္αα ္αα္ αα္ျαα ္ေααဲ့αΎααာ αα ႏွα ္ေαာα္αွိαΏαီαိုα αααΌαααီးα ေျαာαါαα္။ KNU αိုα်α္αာ ေαးαိုα္αါαိုα αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααို αααΌαααီးα αြα½α္ေαာ္αုိααို ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္”αု ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီး α¦းαα္αီα α‘α α္းα‘ေαးααိုα္αီαြα္ ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္αု ေα‘α‘α္α္αီααα္းαြα္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
ααာαα‘αα့္ αေαာαူ αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαΏαီျαα ္၍ ႏွα ္αα္ αားαα္αႈ αα္ေαာα္ေαα်ိα္αြα္ αα္α α္α်α္αွိαα့္ αိαိαα္ α αα္းα်ားႏွα့္ αႈα္αွားα α ္ေαΎαာα္း α‘αီးαီးαိုα α‘ေαျαα့္ αα ္αα္αိုα္ αိုα္αႈα်ားαα္αိုα္းαားαα္
“αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααို αα္αα္α ြα္ααႊα္αိုα αီαα ္ααိα္αွာ αူαုိαα αေαာα္းαိုαါαူး။ αုိα္းαα္းαား αူα်ဳိးα ုေαြα‘αြα္ αα္းαူα‘αြα့္ α‘ေαးααွိαိုα αူαိုαေαာα္αြα္α်α္ αါαα္αိုα ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။ αီαα ္ααိα္ αွာ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုα αူαိုααိုαံုαΎαα္αါαα္”αု ေαြးေႏြးαႈႏွα့္ αα္αα္ αΏαီး KNU αိုα္αွဴးα်ဳα္ ေα ာေα်ာ္αီα α‘α α္းα‘ေαး ααိုα္αα္ ေျαာαΎαား αဲ့αα္αု ေα‘α‘α္α္αီααα္းαြα္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
ααာα αေαာαူαီα်α္αါးα်α္αွာ (α)ႏွα ္α¦းႏွα ္αα္ αα ္αα္αိုα္αိုα္αႈ αα္αိုα္းαα္αိα α₯။ (α)ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး ေαြးေႏြးေαးα‘αြဲαႏွα့္ ေαြးေႏြးαα္α‘αြα္ αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲα ααားαα္αြဲαα α္း ေαးαα္ႏွα့္ ေαြးေႏြးαα့္ေαααα္၊ α‘α်ိα္ ႏွα့္ ေααာαိုααို αိႇႏႈိα္းαα္αွα္ျαα္းα‘ား αα αα္α‘αြα္း α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαာ္ ေαာα္αြα္αα္။ (α) αα္αွα္ေααာαွα‘α α‘ျαားေαα αိုα αα္αα္ျαα့္ αြားαာျαα္းαျαဳ αα္αိα α₯။ (α)ႏွα ္αα္ αေαာαူαီαႈ αိႇႏႈိα္းααွိαားαα့္ αα္αွα္ေααာα်ားαြα္ ေααိုα္αα္αိα α₯။ (α)αα္αံေαးα αα္းαို ႏွα ္αα္αေαာαူ αα့္ αα့္ေαာ္αာေααာ၌ (αα္αα္ααါ)αားαွိαα္ αိα α₯αိုα ျαα ္αΎαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္း ေαးေαြးေႏြးαြဲαြα္ αα္αα္ေαြးေႏြးαα္ αူα‘ားျαα့္ αေαာαူαီαα့္ α‘α်α္ αα α်α္αွာ (α)αα ္ ျαα္αံုးα‘αိုα္းα‘αာα‘ားျαα့္ α‘ αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲααα္။ α‘αူးαျαα့္ αိုα္းαα္းαားေααα်ားαြα္ ျαα ္αြားေααα့္ α α ္αြဲα်ားα‘ား αα္α ဲေαးαα္။ (α) ေαΎαာα္αြံαျαα္း αα္းαα့္ ျαα္ αူျαα္αားα်ားα‘ျαα ္ αααα္αα္ႏိုα္ေαး α‘ာααံαα္။ (α) ျαα္αူျαα္αားα်ား α‘αြα္း αံုαΎαα္αႈ ααိွαα့္ α‘ေျαα‘ေααα္ေαာα္ αα္။ (α)α‘ေျααံ ျαα္αူααα္ေαာα္ αႈαုα္αα္းα်ားαို ေαာα္αြα္ေαးေαးႏွα့္ ေαααိုα္αာ αူαုႏွα့္α‘αိုα္αα္αံျαဳαα့္ αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαုα္αα္းα်ားα‘ား α‘ေαာα္α‘αူေαးαα္။ (α) ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားα‘ား αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαα္းα α₯္α်ားαြα္ αူးေαါα္း ေαာα္αြα္ေα αα္ႏွα့္ α‘ျαားααα္း αီαီαာα်ားα‘ား αိα်ေαာαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαိုα္αာ ααα္းα‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ား ααူαြα့္ျαဳαα္။ (α )α‘αα္း α‘αααΌαုα္α‘ားαိုα္းေα ျαα္း၊ αံုα ံ α်ဳိးα ုံျαα့္ ေαြေαΎαးေαာα္းαံျαα္း၊ ေαးαα္းαွဴαါα္းαိုα္းျαα္း၊ α‘ျαားေαာ αα္းαα္းျαα့္ ေαြေαΎαးαူαီေα ျαα္း α်ားαျαဳαုα္αα္။ (α)α‘α်α₯္းαား α်ားαႊα္ေαးαα္၊ ျαα္αူျαα္αားα်ားα‘ား ααျαα္αα္αူေαာα္ေαးႏွα့္ ျαα္αူျαα္αားα်ား၏ ေျααာαိα α₯α်ားα‘ား ေျααွα္းေαးαα္။ (α) ႏွα ္αα္α αံုး αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေျαာαိုαႈ α်ားႏွα့္ αα္းαα္းα်ားα‘ား α‘α်ဳိးေαာα္αံ့αိုးαΎααα္။ (α ်) ေα ့α α္αိႇႏိႈα္းαႈ α ားαြဲαိုα္းαြα္αါαα္αα့္αိုα္α ား αွα္α်ား ααားαα္αႈαိွေα αα္၊ αα္αိုα္αα့္ αα္ေျαα်ားαိွ ျαα္αူα်ားႏွα့္ αံုေαာα္αα့္ αိွႏႈိα္း αိုα္αα္αႈျαဳα်ိα္ααိွαα္ႏွα့္ ျαα ္α α₯္α‘ား ျαα္ααွαူαီαံ့αိုးαူα်ားα‘αΎαား αွα္း αα္းαα့္ α‘αα္းααα်ားαားαိွ αα္။ (α) αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးျαα ္α α₯္ α‘αြα္ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္α α ္ေαးျαα္း၊ α ိα α ္α‘αα္ျαဳျαα္းႏွα့္ αα့္αα္ αွα္αα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘α ီα‘α α₯္αုα္ေαာα္αႈα်ား α αα္αα္။ (α)ႏွα ္αα္αံုးαွ αα္ျαဲαα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαိုα ေαွးαႈαα့္ αုα္ေαာα္αႈα်ား αိုးαα္ျαα ္ေααေα ႏိုα္αα္ α‘ာααံαႈαိွ αα့္၊ ေα်ာ့ေျαာα္းαα္αာαα့္ αုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ားαားαိွαα္၊ ႏွα ္αα္ α αံုးα‘ေαα ααိαဲ့αြα့္ျαဳαိုα္ ေα်ာαα့္၊ αိုααိုα‘αα္α‘αိααΈာα္ ေαာα္αူႏိုα္ေαာ ေαါαာαα‘αံုးα‘ႏႈα္းα်ား ααါαိွေα ေαးαို αုα္αိုα္αα္αိုαျαα ္αΎαေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
α‘αိုαါ αေαာαူαီαႈ αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαြဲαိုα ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးေαးα‘αြဲααွ α αားαိုαေαာα္ေαးαα္ααီးαာα ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီးα¦းေα‘ာα္αα္း၊ α α္ αႈαα္ααီးαာαျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီး α¦းα ုိးαိα္းႏွα့္ αူαα္αႈααီးαΎαα္ေαး ႏွα့္ျαα္αူαα‘α္α‘ားαα္ααီးαာαျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီးα¦းαα္αီ၊ ααα္ျαα္ αα္αα္ααီးα်ဳα္α¦းေαာ္αα္း၊ αာαα္αွိ αူα်ား၊ ααα္α‘α်ဳိးαား α‘α α္းα‘αုံး (KNU) αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ ေαးα‘αြဲααွ αိုα္α်ဳα္ααီး ေα ာαူαူးေα းαိုး ႏွα့္ααိုေα ာေαးαα ္ေαာ၊ αိုα္αွဴးα်ဳα္ ေα ာေα်ာ္αီႏွα့္α‘αြဲααα္α်ား αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααါαα္။
α€αဲ့αိုα ααာαα‘αα့္ αေαာαူ αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαΏαီျαα ္၍ ႏွα ္αα္αားαα္αႈαα္ေαာα္ေα α်ိα္αြα္ αα္α α္α်α္αွိαα့္ αိαိ αα္α αα္းα်ားႏွα့္ αႈα္αွားα α ္ေαΎαာα္း α‘αီးαီးαိုαα‘ေαျαα့္ αα ္αα္αိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ား αα္αိုα္းαားαα္ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌα၏ αα္းαႊα္α်α္α‘ား ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌααုံးαွ αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီး α်ဳα္αုံး(αΎαα္း)αိုα αα္ααါαီα αα αα္ေαααα္α ြဲျαα့္ ေαးαိုααားေαΎαာα္း αα္ααါαီααααα္ေαααုα္ ႏိုα္αံαိုα္ ααα္းα ာα်ားαြα္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαား α‘α α္းα‘αံုး (KNU) ၏ ααိုα္းα‘α်α₯္း
- ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားα‘α α္းα‘αံုး (Karen National Union-KNU) ၏ αα္αα္αိုα္ αα္αွာ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαား αြα္ေျαာα္ေαး αα္αေαာ္ (KNLA) ျαα ္αα္။ KNLA αα္ ααα္α KNDO (Karen National Defense Organization) αို ေျαာα္းαဲαြဲαα α္းαဲα ျαα္းျαα ္αα္။
- ααα္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαာαံαြα္ ေαာα္းαိုαဲ့αα့္ α‘α်α္α်ားαို ေαါα္းαα္းαα္းαွ α‘ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္ျαα္း αျαဳαဲ့။ αိုα္းျαဳျαα္ျαဳ αႊα္ေαာ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို ααိα္ေαွာα္။ α‘αြဲαα‘αြα္း ေαြးေαာα္ αြဲαα္αိုαူႏွα့္ ααα္αိုαူα်ား αေαာαားαြဲαဲ့။
- αααααုႏွα ္ αူαိုα္α αααα္ေαααြα္ KNDO (ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားαာαြα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္) αို αြဲαα α္း။ α α ္α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္α‘ျαα ္ αα္းααံαွ αာαα္αူαဲ့။
- αααααုႏွα ္ αα္ααါαီα αααα္ေαααြα္ αα္αုα္ααဲျαံαွိ KNDO αα္α်ားαို ααααα‘α ိုးα ၏ αα္αα္αိုα္αα္ α α ္αဲαα္αα္း ααα αα္ေαာα္αိုα္αိုα္αာαွ ααααံုးαိုα္αြဲ α αα္αဲ့။
- αααααုႏွα ္αြα္ αα္αေαာ္αွ ျαα္ေαးျαα္ျαα္α ျαα ္ααြα½α္းေαααို့ α α ္αα္ေαးျαဳαုα္။ ေျαာα္းျαႏွα့္ αါးαα္ααα္αိုα ααα္αα္α်ားေျαာα္းေαႊα။ α‘ေαွααိုα္းαဲαူးαိုးααွိ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα ာαိုျα၊ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေαႊαိုα္း၊ αိုα္αွဴးαΎαီး αα α္αိုႏွα့္ ααိုαာျαα့္αိုα KNUP αွ αြဲαြα္။ KNUP α‘ား α‘αုα္ααားαါαီα‘ျαα ္ αူေαာα္αိုαူ αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα ာေα်ာ္ျααα္းႏွα့္ α‘α်ိဳးαားေαး αါαီα‘ျαα ္ αα္αα္αိုေαာ αα္းααံαိုα α‘αΎαား αေαာααားေαး ျαα္းαုα္αႈα်ား ျαα ္ေαα။ αα္းααံႏွα့္α‘ျαား ေαါα္းေαာα္α်ားα KNUP αွ αြဲαြα္αα္ ျαα ္ααဲ့αိုα αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα ာαိုျαααα္း αူα¦းေαာα္αြဲα α α္းαားαα့္ KNLC αို α်α္αိα္း။ αိုαေαာα္ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαြα္ေαးαα္α¦း KNUF αြဲαα α္းαα္αေαာαူαီαဲ့။ KNUP αိုαါ αα္αံα်α္αိα္းαဲ့ျαီး KNU ααα့္α‘α်ိဳးαား α‘α α္းα‘αံုးαု ေျαာα္းαဲαဲ့။
- αα္αေαာ္αွ ေαႊαα္းαုα္α α ္αα္ေαး၊ αိုးαိα္းα α ္αα္ေαးα်ား ျαဳαုα္αဲ့ျαီး ျαα ္ααြα½α္းေααေαα αိုα αိုးα α ္ျαဳαုα္αာαα့္α‘αြα္ KNU α‘αြဲα ျαα ္ααြα½α္းေααေαααွ αုα္αြာαα္αံုးျαα္αဲ့ျαီး αဲαူးαိုးααိုα ေျαာα္းေαႊα။
- αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ αဲαူးαိုးααွ αာαြα္ααိုα္αိုα KNU αα္α်ားαုα္αြာ။ αααααုႏွα ္αြα္ KNU ၏ αααΎαိα္ေျαာα္ αြα္ααα္αို αာαα္αေαာ၌ ျαဳαုα္αဲαျαီး αိုα္α်ဳα္ေα်ာ္ေαာα္းαို KNDO ၏ α α ္α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္α‘ျαα ္ αα္αα‘α္။
- αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ αα္းαα αα္းα်αံုးαဲ့ျαီး αူးααာαာααိုα္αိုα ေျαာα္းေαႊα။
- αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္αα္ KNU ၏ αာαα္αေαာ αာαα်ဳα္αို αα္αႊα္αဲ့αျαီးေαာα္ α‘α္α‘ား αα္းαာ။
- αααα αုႏွα ္ αα္ααါαီααြα္ αိုးαα္ေαာ αုααΆαာαာ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αြဲα (DKBA) α‘αြဲα α KNU αွ αြဲαြα္ျαီး αα္αေαာ္ႏွα့္ αူးေαါα္းαဲ့။
- αααααုႏွα ္ αα αα္ေαααြα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αΎαီး ေα ာαိုျα α¦းေαာα္ေαာ KNU α‘αြဲααα္ ααα¦း αα္αုα္ျαိဳααိုα ေαာα္αွိαဲ့။ αိုα α₯္α ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ αα္αΎαီးα်ဳα္ျαα ္ေαာ αိုα္α်ဳα္αΎαီးαα္αြα္αႏွα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးαဲ့။
- αααααုႏွα ္ αီαα္αာα αααα္ေαααြα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αΎαီး ေα ာαိုျααြα္αြα္။
- αααααုႏွα ္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αααα္ေαααြα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αိα္ေαာα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္αα့္α‘αြဲα KNU αα္ααာ ααွ αြဲαြα္αိုα္ျαီး αα္αα္ႏွα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးααူαဲ့၊ αိုေαာα္ KNU-KNLA ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာα္α ီαို αြဲαα α္း။
- αααααုႏွα ္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αααα္ေαααြα္ KNU ၏ α‘ေαြေαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴး ααိုαα္းαွာ αိုα္းႏိုα္αံ αဲေαာα္αွိ ေαα‘ိα္၌ ေααα္ျαα့္αုα္αΎαံαံα။
- αααααုႏွα ္ αြα္α αααα္ေαααြα္ KNU ၏α‘αိαα်ေαာ αα္ααာ ααို αα္αေαာ္ႏွα့္ αိုးαα္ေαာ αုααΆαာαာ ααα္α‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αြဲα (DKBA)αိုα၏ αူးေαါα္းαα္α်ားα αိα္းαူαဲ့။
Source : Eleven Media Group
KNU Statement on Initial Agreement
In its latest gesture of amnesties, the military-backed regime of Thein Sein in Myanmar has released many political prisoners. Those freed included veterans of the 1988 student protest movement, monks involved in the 2007 demonstrations and ethnic-minority activists like U Kyaw Min (a member of the Committee Representing the People’s Parliament led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi). Truly, the names of those released read like a who's who of Burma's most prominent political detainees. In a statement broadcast on the TV, President Thein Sein said those released were people who could "play a constructive role in the political process".
The releases came a day after the government had signed a landmark ceasefire with the rebel Karen National Union in Hpa-an, capital of eastern Karen state. The release of all political prisoners has been a long-standing demand of the international community. As a human rights activist who for years has demanded reform inside Burma, I warmly welcome these releases.
My hope is that the new regime is serious about a transformational change that would allow the released politicians and former prisoners of conscience to play a positive role to unite the otherwise fragmented country of many nations, races, ethnicities and religions under a federal formula. For too long, the former military regimes and their ultra-racist supporters have used one community against another, and created an atmosphere where bigotry, racism, xenophobia and hatred ruled supreme. Of special mention is the 1982 Burma Citizenship Law which ensured such state policies of exclusions that would rob millions of Rohingya and other religious and ethnic minorities of their citizenship rights. Forgotten there was the time honored realization that narrow ethno-centric nationalism in a country of diverse races and ethnicities is suicidal.
With the release of ethnic minority leaders like U Kyaw Min of Arakan (alias) Shamsul Anwarul Haque, my hope is that President Thein Sein and his new regime is serious about a genuine reform. Pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi has welcomed the move as a "positive sign" and so did many international leaders.
When Thein Sein’s Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), a military-backed civilian government, came to power in November 2010, after the country's first elections in 20 years [in which Daw Suu Kyi’s The National League for Democracy (NLD) did not participate], no one was sure which direction the new regime would follow. Many considered the regime change as a sham -- the same old stuff: serving new wine in an old bottle. But soon after coming to power, Thein Sein took reform steps that were meant to show the world that he was serious about a transformational change. He opened dialogue with Suu Kyi and her NLD. He released her from house arrest within a week of coming to power. Last May, the government released some 1500 prisoners, which did not, however, include any prominent politician. Last September, Thein Sein suspended construction of controversial Chinese-funded Myitsone hydroelectric dam, a move which was seen as showing greater openness to public opinion. Then in October, he freed more than 200 political prisoners as part of a general amnesty, and passed new labor laws allowing unions to function.
All such reforms were not lost in the minds of ASEAN leaders who met last November agreeing that Myanmar would chair the grouping in 2014. The award was meant to show that Burma was moving in the right direction with the steps taken thus far and also as a sign of encouragement to keep it up. The pro-democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi soon announced that she would stand for election to parliament, as her party rejoined the political process.
There has been such an unmistakable aura of change in Myanmar that the U.S. President Barack Obama called such the "flickers of progress." Before sending his top diplomat to Myanmar, Obama said, "We want to seize what could be a historic opportunity for progress, and to make it clear that if Burma continues to travel down the road of democratic reform, it can forge a new relationship with the United States of America."
The U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited the country in December and also met with Suu Kyi. This year the British Foreign Secretary William Hague visited the country in which he expressed his strong concern saying, “Minorities like the Rohingya in many cases lack basic civil and political rights.” These and other western leaders hinted that they would help to ease sanctions against the regime if it releases its political prisoners and is serious about reform that would resolve ethnic conflicts around the border regions.
Last month President Thein Sein signed a law allowing peaceful demonstrations for the first time. The NLD re-registered as a political party in advance of by-elections for parliament due to be held early in 2012. In recent weeks, the government has agreed a truce deal with rebels of Shan ethnic group and ordered the military to stop operations against ethnic Kachin rebels.
Now with the release of high ranking political prisoners there is little doubt that Thein Sein is serious about genuine reform in his country. Suu Kyi described the past 12 months as "eventful, energizing and to a certain extent encouraging". And she is right. Myanmar is seemingly taking irreversible baby steps for a viable democracy.
Never before in the last 50 years did we ever see such a ray of hope gleaming in the country that was once Burma. We can pray and hope that Thein Sein is no charlatan change agent but is as genuine as it comes. Sure, there are several steps that need to be taken before Myanmar becomes a country with a functioning democracy where its people would enjoy political and economic freedom like many other citizens of our planet -- the release of all remaining political prisoners; repealing the racist and xenophobic Burma Citizenship Law of 1982 which has resulted in unfathomed discrimination, violations of human rights and forced exodus of millions of its inhabitants to settle for a life of unwanted refugees in neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Thailand; addressing the rights of Burma’s ethnic and religious minorities (especially, the Rohingya, Karen and Shan peoples) and ensuring the fair and independent application of the rule of law for all its inhabitants.
Objective and unbiased researches have amply shown that the Rohingya people are an indigenous group whose ancestry and root to the soil of Arakan state of today’s Myanmar predates the British colonial era. [See, e.g., this author’s book -Muslim Identity and Demography in the Arakan State of Burma, available in the Amazon.com] Accordingly, they had exercised the right of franchise in all elections in the pre- and post-colonial periods, including the SPDC’s 2010 election. And yet, this unfortunate people have been denied citizenship and rendered stateless for a xenophobic law that violates every principle enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The sad plight of the Rohingya people was duly observed by Tomas Ojea Quintana, the U.N. Special Rapporteur, who said, “Despite being in this region for generations, this population is stateless. This population is not recognized by the Government as one of the ethnic groups of the Union of Myanmar and is subject to discrimination…. However the Government allowed them to participate in the referendum on the adoption of the new Constitution…. What is more significant than the possibility to vote for the Constitution of a nation to show that one belongs to the nation? If this population was considered apt to give its views on the adoption of the Constitution, then it should be granted all other privileges, including the citizenship, which recognized ethnic groups, citizens of Myanmar do enjoy in the Union.”
As Thien Sein reforms and changes the old orders yielding place to the new, I wish he is mindful of the views and concerns expressed by dignitaries like Tomas Quintana, and stops discriminatory practices against the Rohingya and other vulnerable minorities, plus restores dialogue with each of the ethnic and religious groups on the principle of unity in diversity.
Only the coming months will show how serious is the new government in Myanmar about its commitment to reform. Let’s hope that Thein Sein will not be like any of his hateful predecessors and will do all that is required to ensure human rights for all and bring glory to Myanmar.
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