Simon Roughneen

The Irrawaddy

June 25, 2013

RANGOON — Burma’s opposition leader and 1991 Nobel Peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi has come under fire in recent months for her apparent reluctance to condemn attacks on Muslims carried out by rioting Buddhists in various towns across the country.

The latest mini-furor kicked off last week with the publication by the Nobel Women’s Initiative (NWI) of a letter, signed by 12 Nobel Peace Prize winners, which called for an “immediate end to the violence against Muslims and other ethnic minorities in Burma.”

Among the international who’s who of peace promoters who put their names to the exhortation were Archbishop Desmond Tutu, former Timorese President Jose Ramos-Horta, microfinance mogul Mohamed Yunus and Iranian political exile Shirin Ebadi.

Absent from the list, however, was Burma’s own democracy icon and Nobel winner Suu Kyi, an omission that was quickly picked up on by high-profile human rights advocates and Burma watchers.

“Aung San Suu Kyi can’t get herself to join 12 Nobel Peace Laureates’ call for end to #Burma violence against Muslims,” tweeted Human Rights Watch Executive Director Kenneth Roth.

Asked by The Irrawaddy if Suu Kyi had been asked to sign or if she had snubbed the NWI, it turns out that as an elected parliamentarian, Suu Kyi is not part of the NWI.

“As per the by-laws of the organization, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, as a member of Parliament, is not a member of the Nobel Women’s Initiative,” said Rachel Vincent, the NWI media and communications director.

“As you will see from the list of signatories, we do sometimes go beyond the women laureates to extend an invitation to male laureates to sign on to statements. You will also note that none of these male laureates are sitting politicians, though some, like Oscar Arias, were in the past,” Vincent added.

Suu Kyi has previously said that she does not know if all the Rohingya, an oppressed Muslim minority living mostly in Burma’s west, are entitled to Burmese citizenship, sparking anger and disappointment among her erstwhile supporters outside of Burma.

In recent weeks, however, the opposition leader has been somewhat more forthright, criticizing a proposal to limit Rohingya women to two children as discriminatory, while opposing another suggestion, made by Buddhist monks, that Buddhist Burmese women should face restrictions in marrying Muslim men.

The NWI has in the past supported Suu Kyi and other politically active Burmese women. In 2010, the NWI helped kick-start the now-moribund campaign to look at the possibility of setting up a war crimes or crimes against humanity tribunal on Burma, arguing that long-standing and widely documented cases of sexual violence carried out by Burmese soldiers against ethnic minority women warranted further investigation.

June 25, 2013

Foreign Minister Bob Carr will travel to Myanmar next month for bilateral discussions with President Thein Sein and Foreign Minister Wunna including on human rights in Rakhine State. 

Senator Carr said recent ethnic and sectarian violence in Rakhine State had claimed 192 lives and left 140,000 people homeless.

Senator Carr plans to travel to Myanmar from July 10 to 12.

“Communal violence broke out in Rakhine State between Buddhists and the Muslim Rohingya in June last year,” Senator Carr said.

“Australia and Myanmar have worked closely on a range of issues including the need for further action on human rights in Rakhine State.

“Australia is encouraging all efforts to find a solution to the situation — one that respects the rights of all people.

“In previous discussions, I have stressed with President Thein Sein and Foreign Minister Wunna the importance of resolving ethnic and sectarian unrest and addressing issues of citizenship for stateless minorities.

“I welcome President Thein Sein’s statements condemning religious extremism and urging mutual respect amongst local communities. 

“Senator Carr said President Thein Sein's pledge to take all necessary action to stop the conflict and prosecute the perpetrators of violence was a step towards finding a lasting solution to the unrest.

Prime Minister Gillard had also raised Australia's concerns over ethnic conflicts directly with President Thein Sein, when President Thein Sein visited Australia in March earlier this year.

Australia has so far committed $5.8 million in humanitarian aid to assist displaced people in Rakhine State.

Australia’s assistance is providing:

• food to 100,000 displaced people (through the World Food Program)

• protection for 37,000 children who have been separated from their families (through Save the Children)

• tents and emergency shelter to 32,000 people who have fled or lost their homes (through UNHCR);

• blankets, clothes and mosquito nets for 14,000 people living in temporary shelters (through CARE); and

• safe drinking water and sanitation for 40,000 people (through UNICEF)

Australia is also providing $5 million to support peace-building in conflict affected regions including to the Myanmar Peace Centre.

This statement published here.

Kevin Douglas Grant

Huffington Post

June 24, 2013

Associated Press

June 24, 2013

JAKARTA, Indonesia—A rights group on Monday criticized Indonesia over its treatment of children who are migrants or seeking asylum, saying they are placed in abysmal conditions with no way of appealing their detention.

The New York-based Human Rights Watch said in a report that Indonesia has detained hundreds of migrant and asylum-seeking children each year without giving them a way to challenge their detention. The country lacks asylum laws and allows immigrants to be detained for up to 10 years.

“Hundreds are detained in sordid conditions, without access to lawyers, and sometimes beaten. Others are left to fend for themselves, without any assistance with food or shelter,” the report said.

The group said there are almost 2,000 asylum-seeking and refugee children in Indonesia as of March, and that more than 1,000 arrived in 2012. They are fleeing persecution, violence, and poverty in Somalia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Myanmar and elsewhere.

The report was based on interviews with more than 100 migrants, including children as young as 5, as well as Indonesian officials and staff members of non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations.

It said adults and children described abuse by guards or other detainees, including being kicked, punched, beaten with sticks, burned with cigarettes and subject to electric shocks.

Ida Bagus Adnyana, director of investigation and enforcement at the immigration office, denied the allegations.

“These are not true, that is made up. We regularly remind our officers about human rights,” Adnyana said. “I am the first official to be fired if these happened.”

He said migrant children are staying with their parents while those without parents are sheltered separately from adults.

“Even some of them are staying outside detention centers with adoptive parents,” he added.

Alice Farmer, the group’s children’s rights researcher, said migrant and asylum-seeking children risk life and limb to flee their countries.

“Migrant children in Indonesia are trapped in a prolonged waiting game with no certain outcome,” Farmer said. “Desperate children will keep coming to Indonesia, and the government should step up to give them decent care.”

Indonesia, the world’s largest archipelagic nation with thousands of islands and miles (kilometers) of unpatrolled coastline, is a key transit point for smuggling migrants.

Hundreds of asylum-seekers from war-ravaged countries have died in sea accidents on the hazardous sea journey from Indonesia to Australia.

BBC News

June 24, 2013

Burmese President Thein Sein has defended a Buddhist monk accused of fomenting a wave of anti-Muslim violence in the country.

US Time magazine currently has Ashin Wirathu on its front cover under the title "The face of Buddhist terror".

Thein Sein said the report undermined efforts to rebuild trust between faiths and that the monk's order was striving for peace and prosperity.

The monk has called Muslims a scourge threatening Burma's Buddhist character.

A statement on the president's website said the Time magazine report "creates a misunderstanding of Buddhism, which has existed for thousands of years and is the religion of the majority of our citizens".

"The government is currently striving with religious leaders, political parties, media and the people to rid Myanmar [Burma] of unwanted conflicts," it added.

The report was also condemned online, with a petition started over the weekend gaining close to 40,000 signatories on Monday.

Ashin Wirathu, 45, was jailed in 2003 for inciting anti-Muslim violence but was released last year as part of a prisoner amnesty.

He organised protests in support of Buddhists in Rakhine state, where violence broke out in 2012 and left at least 200 people dead and thousands displaced.

Earlier this year, central Burma saw violence between Buddhists and Muslims, which left more than 40 people dead, most of them Muslims, in March.

Ashin Wirathu's anti-Muslim sentiments are very widely shared by the Buddhist majority, and while the authorities have jailed hundreds of Muslims for involvement in the violence, very few Buddhists have been prosecuted, says the BBC's Jonathan Head in Bangkok.

Gary Feuerberg

Epoch Times

June 24, 2013

Religious violence between Buddhists and the Muslim ethnic group, the Rohingya, returned again in April to Burma (officially known as Myanmar) in its western state of Rakhine (also called Arakan). The discrimination and violence against the minority Rohingya Muslims is taking on an increasingly uglier tone.

Kira Kay, correspondent for PBS Newshour, reported on June 18 that in April, “Over the three days of violence, at least 50 people, mostly Muslims, were burned alive or hacked to death; 18,000 were displaced; 12 of the town’s 13 mosques were destroyed or badly damaged.”

Once people realized the police would not intervene, they were emboldened to murder Muslims, according to Burmese parliament member Win Htein, who witnessed it and said that the mob was cheering when someone was dragged away and killed.

The spark that ignited the initial violence last year was the news that an ethnic Rakhine Buddhist woman was allegedly raped and killed by three Rohingya men in late May 2012. On June 3, 2012 a group of Rakhine vigilantes attacked and killed 10 Rohingyas on a bus they believed were responsible for the woman’s death, according to Radio Free Asia (RFA).

The recent violence has a new ominous component. Buddhist monks openly speak of the “threat” that Muslims pose and how the Buddhist community needs to put down the Muslim minority.

A virulent anti-Muslim rhetoric is taking hold of the country.

Some prominent Buddhist monks are calling for harsh measures towards Muslims. Burma’s president Thein Sein is supportive of their attitude at least toward the Rohingya Muslims.

Thein Sein stated on a government website that the 800,000 Rohingyas population are not welcome in Burma on June 14, 2012, only a few days after the ethnic clash, according to RFA.

In July Thein Sein suggested that they be put in refugee camps under the control of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) or sent out of the country—a proposal instantly rejected by the UN, according to RFA and Human Rights Watch (HRW).

Nationalist Monk

A Buddhist monk, who Time Magazine called “Burma’s most-talked-about monk,” is unabashedly whipping up nationalist feelings against Muslims.

His name is Wirathu. In the June 18 PBS Newshour broadcast he said, “We must prevent our country from becoming an Islamic state.” He is one of the leaders of the 969 movement, a popular movement whose stickers “969” are visible at many Buddhist businesses. The numbers refer to the Buddha and being a monk, but are really a code for the boycott of Muslims, both economic and social.

In the Newshour segment, Wirathu said, “Muslims never sell their land or property to Buddhists and instead buy off Buddhists’ houses. In this way, they are expanding their control, and are dominating the economy of our major cities.”

He also said “Anywhere Muslims are a majority, there is violence, like what happened in Rakhine state. That is why our idea is to control the Muslim population.”

The government regards the Rohingya as illegal Bengali immigrants from Bangladesh who exploit the porous nearly 200 miles long border to steal scarce land, according to HRW.

During the months following the June 2012 Buddhist-Muslim violence, HRW alleged that Buddhist monks, political-party operatives and government officials conspired to rid Burma of all trace of the Rohingya.

Phil Robertson, deputy Asia director at HRW, accused the Burmese government of engaging “in a campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya that continues today through the denial of aid and restrictions on movement.”

Dr. Maung Zarni, a Burmese democracy activist, and research fellow at the London School of Economics, makes the case in an interview on March 28 in the Tricycle publication that the state is engaged in genocide but no one wants to call it that.

“After the military proxy party lost by a landslide in the most recent elections, they decided that the time was right to drive out the Rohingya in order to both curry Buddhist majority favor and demonstrate their relevance in reformed Burma. But you know, it’s not possible for any state in this day and age to destroy an entire population of 800,000 to one million. Not after Nazi Germany. Instead, the military has created a situation where there would be communal riots. In doing so, the military state has attempted to do what amounts to outsourcing genocide.”

Discriminatory Two-Child Policy

These sentiments didn’t begin overnight. There were signs that the country was moving in this direction. First there was a law in Rakhine State to restrict Rohingya families to two children. The policy only applies to Rohingya Muslims.

Last month, hundreds of ethnic Arakanese Buddhist protesters in the city of Sittwe, demanded that authorities enforce the discriminatory policy, according to Aruna Kashyap, reporting for HRW.

The policy was first introduced in 2005 in a couple of townships. After the sectarian violence last year, calls for its enforcement were made according to Kashyap.

President Thein Sein, who could order the state to revoke its policy, has been notably silent on the matter, while his Minister of Immigration and Population endorsed the policy.

The pretext given for the policy is that Rohingya women having more children will lead to a life of poverty and poor nutrition for the children, barely concealing their fear that the Rohingyas will alter the demographics of the state. Kashyap says the policy has caused enormous suffering and some deaths of Rohingya women as they cope with the oppressive law which is punishable by fines and imprisonment.

Restricting Marriage

Recently, a proposed law by the nationalist Buddhist monks would apply to the entire country. The new law would bar Muslim men and those from other faiths from marrying Buddhist women.

Wirathu is trying to collect signatures to pressure the parliament to adopt the law, according to RFA. “Muslim men marry Buddhist girls, but Muslim girls are taught not to marry anyone of a different religion,” Wirathu said on PBS Newshour.

Muslims make up four percent of Burma that consists of nearly 90 percent Buddhist. The country has an estimated population of 55 million.

Nobel Peace-Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, who has been criticized for her silence on the anti-Muslim violence last year, has spoken out against the proposed law calling it discriminatory against women and a violation of human rights, Burma’s laws, and Buddhism itself.

These discriminatory policies need to be seen in a wider context of state complicity in the ethnic fighting between Arakan Buddhists and the Rohingya Muslims that occurred in June 2012.

“State security forces failed to protect either community, resulting in some 100,000 displaced, and then increasingly targeted Rohingya in killings, beatings, and mass arrests while obstructing humanitarian access to Rohingya areas and to camps of displaced Rohingya around the Arakan State capital, Sittwe,” according to the HRW 2013 World Report.

Amnesty International reported, “Police and army have arbitrarily detained hundreds of men and boys, mostly from Muslim-dominated areas, and subjected many of them to torture and other ill-treatment.” The 2013 Amnesty International report said security forces and other state agents committed “unlawful killings, excessive use of force, arbitrary arrests, torture and other ill-treatment.”

In October, more of the same violence occurred in the townships that did not experience it in June last year, resulting in an unknown number of deaths, razed Muslim villages, and an additional 35,000 displaced persons, according to the HRW report.

In April this year, more flare-ups occurred. According to PBS newshour in one township a Muslim woman bumped into a Buddhist monk in the crowded marketplace, and an argument endued. “Within hours, angry Buddhists were attacking their Muslim neighbors and a mob marched on the small enclave.”

The Muslim village chief and residents hid in bushes, watching their houses burn and their treasured mosque badly damaged. The village chief said in dismay, “We had lived together peacefully. Muslims always participated in the activities of the Buddhist community.”

“People who are committing violence or instigating violence are not being held responsible. This needs to be addressed by the government. Otherwise, the larger reform process could be at risk,” Robertson said on PBS Newshour.

Rohingya Aye Myaing

RB Article

June 24, 2013

A certain cyclone is taking place against Rohingyas in Arakan in the form of forced transformation of their ethnic identity into ‘Bengali’. It happens to be much more violent than the actual Mahasen was expected to be. The cyclone is caused by none other than a group of NaSaKa (border security force) under the commandment of NaSaKa administrator, Colonel Aung Naing Oo, at the head quarter of the border immigration affairs in Kyi Kan Pyin (Khawar Bil), Maung Daw Township.

It began in Kyi Kan Pyin in the end of April 2013 and has been going on until today. The Forced Bengalization of Rohingyas spread to other parts of the township later. Forcing Rohingyas for bio-metric finger prints and subsequent registration of them as Bengalis without their consents are some significant attempts taken by Myanmar authority to get rid of both ethnic and national rights from millions of Rohingyas. In Maung Daw Township alone, NaSaKa is getting rid of Rohingyas’ rights through so means not only in Kyi Kan Pyin where NaSaKa Headquarter is located but also in the regions like Nagpura (Ngakura) of NaSaKa Commandment area 5, Merullah (Myint Hlut) of NaSaKa Commandment Area 8 and Haisshurata (Alay-Than Kyaw) of the commandment area 7. 

The brutal means that NaSaKas implement against Rohingyas during their forced Bengalization operation has been devastating the futures of thousands of Rohingyas. They are harassing and raping Rohingya women, beating and torturing Rohingya men, vandalizing household materials and looting valuable properties etc etc. In fact, it is an unimaginably horrible physical and mental storm against Rohingyas that one ever can imagine of. Despite most of the Rohingyas in the village of Kyi Kan Pyin are trying their best to avoid the inhumane operation, NaSaKa group appointed to Bengalize Rohingyas are implementing all their barbaric plans and brutal means for it.

Hearing the vulnerable news of Rohingyas, some of UN’s representatives in Maung Daw requested Colonel Aung Naing Oo to hold a tripartite meeting among Kyi Kan Pyin villagers, UN representatives and NaSaKas on June 19, 2013 to take consensus or whether Rohngyas are willing to participate in the forced Bengalization process. The villagers gathered at the appointed place at the right time (at 10AM). However, Colonel Aung Naing Oo, despite his earlier promise, blatantly rejected UN’s proposal for the meeting saying he was too busy to participate in it. Consequently, UN’s representatives had to give up their attempts to settle down the matter through peaceful means.

To Rohingyas’ dismay, getting the information of Rohingyas’ gathering for the meeting, NaSaKa chased, beat up and forced many Rohingyas to give bio-metric finger prints for Bengalization process. It is an instance how the pseudo civilian government led by U Thein Sein is fooling the world as well as Rohingyas. Do you still think justice and rightness will prevail to Myanmar? 

Please watch this space for more updates!! 

Rohingya Aye Myaing is a Rohingya living in Arakan and graduate in English from Sittwe University.

REPORT from Refugees International

Q: When RI visited Rohingya internally displaced people (IDPs) in 2012 and 2013, they were under a great amount of stress, with inadequate food, medical care, or shelter. Some had no shelter whatsoever. In December 2012, UN Under Secretary General Valerie Amos said that the camps as some of the worst she had ever seen. You visited the Rohingya people in November 2012 and February 2013. Can you describe the conditions you observed?

A: I've traveled to the IDP camps outside of Sittwe twice since the violence last year, in November 2012 and in February 2013. On both trips, I would say the camp conditions were dismal. The camps are isolated from the town of Sittwe, where many of the IDPs had lived and earned their incomes, and nearly all of the camps have been built in rice fields that will surely flood when the rainy season arrives. Rohingya are not permitted to come and go freely so they are literally segregated from the Rakhine community and contained to very specific areas. Structures built by the government last summer are now falling apart and many of the people I met with are unregistered, which means they are not able to receive the meager food rations that others get. Most of the unregistered IDPs are now living in primitive huts made of straw and hay that in no way protect them from the elements.

In terms of the IDP camps where structures have been built, they feel more like barracks in some kind of makeshift prison camp. Access to medical care is sparse and, at least in my own observations, humanitarian assistance in the camps doesn't even come close to meeting needs. Everyone knows the rainy season is just around the corner, but at least when I was there in February and early March, it felt like few proactive measures were being taken to prepare for what could (and probably will) be a significant humanitarian crisis.

To me, one of the most disturbing parts of all of this is that there’s a very strong sense of permanency in the IDP camps. Nothing feels temporary. There are absolutely no signs that anything is really being done to facilitate the return of these tens of thousands of people to their homes anytime soon. Across the border in Bangladesh, some 26,000 Rohingya refugees in two officially recognized camps have been living for 20 years in this kind of limbo. Their outlook for the future is very dim. Now, having spent time in the IDP camps in Rakhine, I got a sense that the outlook for the Rohingya IDPs could easily (and unfortunately) be quite similar if the Burmese government and the international community don't take action soon.

Q: Is Myanmar’s government rebuilding the homes of the Rohingya who were displaced during inter-communal violence in June and October 2012?

A: In Sittwe, there is no sign that the government is rebuilding the homes of the Rohingya. With the exception of one quarter in Sittwe, all of the Muslim quarters have been flattened. There is literally nothing left. Whatever was not razed in the initial outbreaks of violence has since been destroyed or looted. In November, and even as recently as this February, you visit the empty Muslim quarters of town and it’s common to see people from the Rakhine community (mostly older women and children) digging through what is left of the rubble, trying to find anything that can be recycled or sold as scrap.

Aside from the shells and facades of a few mosques here or there in the city, there is absolutely no Muslim presence in Sittwe today. It is like it has been totally erased. And for a city where Buddhists and Muslims have lived and co-existed side by side for generations, this erasure of the Muslim community is disturbing.

Q: Were you able to talk to Rohingya about their experiences during the violence? What did they say?

A: I had several conversations with Rohingya and people from the Kaman Muslim community who are now displaced. Many are still traumatized by the violence and many – especially the Kaman, who unlike the Rohingya are actually recognized as citizens of Burma – are still shell-shocked that this has actually happened and that they now have to live in such an undignified way. All the people I talked with spoke of violence being conducted not only by mobs of Rakhine Buddhists but also monks and various arms of the government (the police, the military, etc). It doesn't take much searching to find someone who saw someone die or knows someone who did.

Q: Were you able to speak to Rohingya about what they want to happen next?

A: Many of the Rohingya I've talked to want to just return to their homes. They want things to return to the way they were before the violence, yet many have no idea that there is nothing left of their homes, businesses, etc. Many want to receive recognition as citizens of Burma and feel that this will solve all of their problems, while others are much more skeptical of what the future holds for them.

Q: Thousands of Rohingya are making the decision to leave Myanmar on boats, making their way out of the Bay of Bengal to Thailand and beyond. Many of the boats, of course, are totally unsuited to this task. Were the Rohingya you met aware of how treacherous this journey is? Were you able to talk to them about why they were leaving Myanmar?

A: I met several Rohingya just hours before they were to get on a boat that would take them (hopefully) to Malaysia. All were aware of the risk involved, and all were leaving because life as an IDP had become so intolerable that leaving was the only option. Several had lost all of their property. All had lost someone in the violence last year. As IDPs, the men had no way to earn a living and all of them were scared of what would happen once the rainy season hit. Eight months had passed since they became displaced and all of them felt like their future in Burma was pretty grim.

In the past few months, the Burmese security force NaSaKa, which is notorious in the townships of North Rakhine for being the main perpetrators of human rights abuses against the Rohingya, have also started operating in Sittwe and Pauktaw. Many Rohingya I spoke with during my trip in February talked about how they were now having problems with NaSaKa. NaSaKa pretty much has free reign in North Rakhine and it appears that very little has and is being done by the central government to hold NaSaKa in check. That said, it is very troubling to see that NaSaKa is being permitted to operate in the IDP camps in Sittwe.

Even though all of the Rohingya I talked with felt like they had no choice but to leave, none of them really wanted to leave. Burma is their home.

Greg Constantine is a photojournalist who has documented the plight of Myanmar's Rohingya population. You can view Mr Constantine's photo essay "Exiled to Nowhere" here.

June 20, 2013 (Ottawa)—Twelve Nobel Peace laureates—including Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Shirin Ebadi, Muhammad Yunus, Tawakkol Karman and Jody Williams—today called for an immediate end to the violence against Muslims and other ethnic minorities in Burma.

The laureate’s statement comes on the heels of a warning by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights that the human rights violations being committed against Muslims in Rakhine state and beyond are “threatening the reform process and requires focused attention from the Government.” Navi Pillay wants the Burmese government to allow her office to have a “full mandate” in Burma to investigate human rights abuses.

The 12 laureates support Pillay’s call for a UN investigation into the deaths of Muslims in Burma, as well as to investigate on-going violence against the Kachin, the Shan and other ethnic minorities.

In their statement, the laureates note that “ …some within Burma are propagating a politics of division—and using violence as a tool to manipulate feelings of fear and insecurity.” They call on the government and other leaders in Burma to make achieving reconciliation “their top priority.”

This month marks one year since sectarian violence erupted in Burma’s western Rakhine state, and the UN estimates that some 140,000 people remain in camps with little hope of returning home. It has been two years since government forces broke the ceasefire agreement with Kachin forces in northern Burma.

Archbishop Tutu visited Burma earlier this year and was deeply troubled by high levels of violence against ethnic minorities. Additionally, recent political and economic reforms do not appear to benefit the poor and marginalized people of Burma.

“The statement issued by my fellow Nobel Peace Laureates today reflects what I saw when I visited Burma,” said Archbishop Desmond Tutu. “I left Burma with a heavy heart. “

Nobel Peace Laureates: A true democratic future in Burma will require reconciliation

June 20, 2013

Burma has taken important steps in the past two years to move from decades of repression toward a democratic future. Many, though not all, political prisoners have been conditionally released. Our fellow Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi was freed from house arrest, and the National League for Democracy now has seats in parliament after contesting last year’s by-elections. The government has also taken some positive steps toward economic reform.

However, political and economic reform still has a very long way to go in Burma. The benefits of economic reform do not extend to Burma’s poorest and marginalized groups. And in the atmosphere of uncertainty that accompanies the current changes, some within Burma are propagating a politics of division—and using violence as a tool to manipulate feelings of fear and insecurity.

Violence against ethnic minorities in Burma continues unabated in some parts of Burma and, sadly, is now moving to others that were previously untouched by such brutality.

Since June 2012, the politics of division has targeted the Muslim minority. Human rights groups allege that ‘ethnic cleansing’ is being perpetrated on the Rohingya people. The violence, however, against Burma’s Muslim population – including the Rohingya – continues, and indeed, has spread from western to central Burma. After hosting Burmese President Thein Sein at the White House last month, President Obama stated that violence against minority Muslims “needs to stop”.

Muslims are not alone in the struggle within Burma against brutality. This month marks the 2nd anniversary of renewed fighting between the Tatmadaw and the Kachin Independence Army in Kachin state, located in northern Burma. The Kachins had a 17-year cease fire agreement until June 2011 when the Burmese army launched a military offensive against them. High levels of sexual violence against Kachin women are one of many disturbing features of military offensives that are terrorizing civilian populations. In the north as well, there is violence in Shan state with civilians bearing the brunt of loss and suffering.

In a country as richly diverse as Burma, the well being of each community depends on an atmosphere of harmony, tolerance and compassion towards all communities. A prosperous and democratic future for Burma requires genuine national reconciliation. We implore political leaders and other influential voices – both in and out of government – to make achieving such reconciliation their top priority.

We deplore all violence and all expressions of intolerance directed against any individuals or communities because of their racial or religious identity. The violence against Muslims, as well as other ethnic groups, must stop immediately. Moreover, we must support and encourage those who speak out and act for peace and reconciliation.

There needs to be an international, independent investigation of the anti-Muslim violence in Burma. It is critically important that the Burmese government show leadership in implementing any recommendations from such an investigation to ensure accountability to end this cycle of violence. We urge President Thein Sein strongly to follow through on the commitment he made to allow the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights to open an office in Burma. Having an independent UN body present in Burma to monitor human rights violations is an important step towards realizing the fulfillment of those international human rights principles.

We also call upon the government and the Kachin leadership to take seriously their responsibility to provide the basis for a comprehensive political settlement that ends conflict and allows humanitarian assistance to reach Kachin’s 100,000 internally displaced population.

Recently, President Thein Sein said he would release political prisoners “with a view of fostering national reconciliation”. We agree that this would be an excellent step towards true reconciliation in Burma. However, we note that thousands of prisoners have been conditionally released. We call on President Thein Sein to drop all charges against political prisoners, in order to allow them to participate in Burma’s political reforms without fear of re-arrest.

In the past we were privileged to support Aung San Suu Kyi and countless other courageous Burmese in their struggle for democracy, freedom and human rights. That struggle has entered a new phase, but a struggle it undoubtedly remains. A Burma where all can enjoy the benefits of freedom is, for the first time in decades, a possibility. However, to attain this goal will require yet more courage and a steadfast commitment to tolerance—and an end to discrimination and violence.

Mairead Maguire, Nobel Peace Laureate (1976) — Ireland

Betty Williams, Nobel Peace Laureate (1976) – Ireland

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Nobel Peace Laureate (1980) — Argentina

Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Laureate (1984) — South Africa

Oscar Arias, Nobel Peace Laureate (1987) – Costa Rica

Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Nobel Peace Laureate (1992) — Guatemala

José Ramos Horta, Nobel Peace Laureate (1996) — East Timor

Jody Williams, Nobel Peace Laureate (1997) — USA

Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Peace Laureate (2003) — Iran

Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Peace Laureate (2006) – Bangladesh

Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Peace Laureate (2011) — Liberia

Tawakkol Karman, Nobel Peace Laureate (2011) – Yemen

Kyaw Zwa Moe

The Irrawaddy

June 22, 2013

MAWLAMYINE, Mon State — It’s around 8 pm on a recent evening in Mawlamyine, the capital of Mon State, and U Wimala Biwuntha, a Buddhist monk, is about to arrive to deliver a sermon at a temple in the city’s Aut Kyin Quarter. Despite his reputation as a charismatic speaker, however, there are barely a hundred people inside the main religious hall, and perhaps another hundred—mostly children—outside.

“Please go in,” some women tell me and a few others who are standing outside. “There are not so many people here tonight, so the Sayadaw might be upset.”

A few minutes later, U Wimala, who looks much younger than his 40 years, makes his appearance. After chanting a short Buddhist prayer, he begins his sermon with an ominous warning: “We Buddhists are like people in a boat that is sinking. If this does not change, our race and religion will soon vanish.”

“And so,” he adds, “tonight’s sermon will be about 969.”

He pauses briefly, then asks, “What is tonight’s sermon about?”

“969,” his audience replies.

“What is it about?” he repeats through his microphone, raising his voice.

“969!”

“Louder! You have to shout it louder. Even if you make this Dhamma Yone [religious assembly hall] collapse, we can rebuild it.”

It was a strange scene, more reminiscent of a political rally than a Buddhist sermon. But it didn’t come as a surprise: U Wimala was well known as a firebrand monk and a leading exponent of the 969 movement that has in recent months attracted a great deal of attention in the country and, indeed, around the world. Regarded as a brand of extreme Buddhist nationalism, it has been linked to recent outbreaks of anti-Muslim violence in central Myanmar that many worry could turn into a nationwide conflagration.

The women who had guided us into the building also handed us pamphlets spelling out what 969 stands for. “We Buddhists must protect our race and religion by worshiping and applying 969,” the tracts say. Meanwhile, loudspeakers blare out a song with a similar message: “We Buddhists shouldn’t stay calm. If we are calm, our race and religion will vanish.”

U Wimala explains in his sermon that the numbers in 969 refer to the nine special attributes of the Buddha, the six special attributes of his Dhamma, or teachings, and the nine special attributes of the Sangha, or community of monks. While most regard 969 as a relatively new movement, for U Wimala it is as old as Buddhism itself.

“You must remember,” he says in a booming voice, “that 969 has existed for 2,600 years. Christianity emerged 620 years after 969, and Islam more than a thousand years after 969.”

At the same time, however, he acknowledges the movement’s newfound notoriety.

“Some people ask, ‘Is it legal?’ I don’t even know how to answer that question. Isn’t the Buddha legal? We monks are legal, aren’t we?”

He also insists that the movement is non-violent, relying only on boycotts of Muslim-owned businesses bearing the number 786, which is used by Muslims in Myanmar to mark halal restaurants and shops, to achieve its goals.

“We have never spoken of beating or killing people of different religions,” he insists. “Our Buddha taught us never to kill any creature, let alone people or members of different religions.”

But if these words were intended to reassure Muslims, who make up roughly half the population of Mawlamyine’s Aut Kyin Quarter, they failed.

“It’s scary, the way he speaks,” U Tin Aung, a 68-year-old Muslim man, told me outside the temple after the sermon. It wasn’t so much the words, he said, but the intensity with which they were delivered.

Distorting the Dhamma

Muslims are not alone in feeling that there’s something distinctly unnerving about the way the 969 movement seeks to instill fear in the hearts of Buddhists about a supposed Muslim conspiracy to drive their faith out of Myanmar, where it has taken firm root over the past two millennia.

“This is the first and last time,” said one of the organizers of the evening’s sermon. “We intended this for young people and kids. We didn’t know he would talk about all this 969 stuff.”

Others I spoke to were also less than impressed by U Wimala’s fiery rhetoric.

“He sounds like Hitler,” U Htun Than, a 57-year-old Buddhist and former political candidate in Myanmar’s 1990 elections, told me bluntly after we sat through the sermon. “It will be a big problem if his group becomes stronger.”

U Kyaw Kyaw, another local politician from the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD), agreed. “You heard the song: ‘We shouldn’t stay calm. If we stay calm, our race and religion will vanish.’ What is that supposed to mean? They are just agitating people. It has to stop.”

During our conversation, U Kyaw Kyaw reminds me that the 969 movement has its roots in Mawlamyine, a city long known as a bastion of the Buddhist faith.

It was here, nearly two centuries ago, that local protests forced the closure of a missionary school after a Buddhist student converted to Christianity. Since that incident, which occurred just 12 years after the British assumed control of the southern part of Myanmar in 1824, Mawlamyine has had a well-earned reputation for being staunchly Buddhist, even as British rule brought with it an influx of mostly Muslim migrants from India, whose descendants now make up roughly a fifth of the city’s population.

The 969 movement itself goes back to 1997, when a 40-page booklet titled “969” first appeared in Mawlamyine. Published by Hna Phet Hla (literally, “the beauty of both sides”) and penned under the name U Kyaw Lwin, this short manifesto urged Buddhists to openly display the numbers 969 on their homes, businesses and vehicles. It didn’t, however, single out any other religion for criticism. Instead, it merely called on Buddhists to be good people and support each other.

A few years later, however, another booklet started circulating that carried an overtly anti-Islamic message. Called “Worrying about the Vanishing of the Race,” it also emphasized the need to behave properly, but among its 17 prescriptions for protecting the Buddhist religion were some that encouraged active discrimination against Muslims.

The book, which first appeared around 2000 and was never legally published (meaning that anyone found in possession of it faced a seven-year jail sentence under Section 5 (j) of the 1950 Emergency Act), said that Buddhists should employ a “three cuts” strategy against Muslims. This entailed cutting off all business ties; not allowing Buddhists to marry Muslims; and severing all social relations with Muslims, including even casual conversation. It stopped short, however, of advocating violence.

Even now, the 969 movement disavows violence, even as it is increasingly seen as playing a key role in stirring up anti-Muslim sentiment. Ostensibly, at least, its activities are peaceful. U Wimala, for instance, has instituted Sunday schools to teach Buddhist children the basics of the Buddha’s teachings and social ethics. Some parents have been wary of sending their children to these schools, however, fearing they will be exposed to hate speech. But some of these schools attract as many as a hundred students, attesting to their popularity in some communities.

Buddhist Backlash

Proponents of the 969 movement insist that their goal is merely to protect their own religion, not attack the beliefs of others. But when asked why they urge Buddhists to boycott Muslim businesses, U Yaywata, the vice abbot of Mawlamyine’s Mya Sadi Nan Oo Monastery, tells me that it is no more than a reaction to a Muslims’ discrimination against Buddhists.

“I want to ask, who started this practice? For years, Muslims have refused to buy anything from Buddhist shops, even from betel nut sellers. They use 786 to support each other, so we have to do the same thing.”

Sitting next to a bag full of 969 stickers—the most visible symbol of the movement, and an increasingly common sight in many parts of Myanmar—the 38-year-old monk continues: “Why doesn’t Islam allow Buddhists to keep their religion if they marry Muslims? Their kids also have to become Muslims. Their religion doesn’t allow freedom of belief and worship. They are violating basic human rights.”

By adopting methods that they accuse Muslims of using against Buddhists, the followers of 969 are indeed having an impact. U Tin Aung, the Muslim man who spoke to me after U Wimala’s sermon, said that his son’s motorcycle spare parts shop has lost almost half its business in recent months. However, because his son’s shop has a reputation for offering fair prices and good service, many customers are returning, he added.

Meanwhile, some Buddhists who pasted 969 stickers on their vehicles and houses have started taking them off. A motorcycle taxi driver said that after he put a 969 sticker on his bike, he started losing Muslim customers. So he removed it—not just because it was costing him money, he said, but also because he realized that the 969 movement was fundamentally racist.

U Tin Aung said he believed the worst of the 969 movement’s misguided campaign to vilify Muslims had passed. “You know, people are interested in new things. It’s just human nature, but it doesn’t last,” he said.

“The essence of any religion is peace, sympathy and beauty,” he added.

The Politics of Religion

The 969 movement may be a relatively recent phenomenon in Myanmar, but intolerance is, unfortunately, nothing new to the country. While religion is occasionally seen as contributing to this problem, many observers would point a finger elsewhere, at state policies that have long exploited religious and ethnic differences to cement the military’s hold on power.

“Ne Win is the real culprit, not 969,” said U Htun Than, the politician who ran for election in 1990. Recalling that Muslims enjoyed equal status in Myanmar until Gen Ne Win seized power in a bloody coup in 1962, paving the way for half a century of military rule, U Htun Aung blamed the policies of the former ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party for deepening mistrust among Myanmar’s different religious groups.

“The BSPP made religious discrimination official policy, forcing Muslims to increasingly rely on each other for support,” he said. This, he added, resulted in growing resentment among Buddhists, who came to see Muslims as a people apart.

Despite decades of being treated with disdain, however, Muslims say they don’t mind social attitudes toward them so much as the failure of the country’s leaders to treat them as full Myanmar citizens.

“We don’t care about being called dogs or kalar [a derogatory term for people of South Asian descent], we just want our basic human rights,” said U Myint Lwin, a teacher at the Moree Mosque in Mawlamyine’s Swan Gyi Quarter.

Although Myanmar has recently undertaken reforms and President U Thein Sein has promised to protect the rights of Muslims in the wake of the latest outbreak of anti-Muslim violence that began in Meikhtila in late March, U Myint Lwin said that it is still far from clear where the government stands on this issue.

“Look at how quick the authorities were to crack down on protests against the Letpadaung copper mine,” he said, referring to a controversial Chinese-backed project in Sagaing Region. “Why were they so slow to take action in Meikhtila and other cities? If they had done their job there, the casualties and the loss of property would not have been so bad.”

Asked if he felt disappointed that NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been more vocal about attacks on Muslims, he said it was probably for the best that she hasn’t spoken out on their behalf.

“We want her to be quiet on this issue. But we know that she feels sad for us,” he said, adding that he believed the situation would improve if Daw Aung San Suu Kyi became president.

A Community on High Alert

In the meantime, Myanmar’s Muslims are bracing for more attacks. Since the anti-Muslim riots in Meikhtila claimed 43 lives, there have been other attacks elsewhere in the country, most recently in Okkan Township, Bago Region, in early May.

“Since the Meikhtila riots, we haven’t been able to sleep well,” said U Zaw Naing, another Muslim man at the Moree Mosque.

In Swan Gyi Quarter, where the mosque is located, roughly 80 percent of the 1,400 or so households are Muslim, making it a likely target if the recent wave of violence spreads to the birthplace of the 969 movement.

There have been few incidents so far, but tensions are rising. A number of mosques, including Mawlamyine’s largest, have had stones thrown at them, and when strangers show up in Swan Gyi, local residents become nervous.

“I don’t want to blame anybody, because we don’t know who threw the stones, but these things only started after the 969 DVDs started circulating,” said U Myint Lwin.

“Actually, it doesn’t matter who threw the stones. What we care about is the instigators, the ones spreading hate speech,” he said. “And we know who they are: the 969 group.”

In the end, he added, if this conflict gets out of hand, it will hurt everybody. “Both the winners and the losers will suffer great losses,” he said.

This story appeared in the June 2013 print issue of The Irrawaddy magazine.

Emanuel Stoakes

Democratic Voice of Burma
June 21, 2013

Over the past twelve months, brutal attacks on Burma’s Muslim community have taken place across the country, spreading from Arakan state in the west to, most recently, Shan state in the east.

Serious atrocities have occurred, including acts that allegedly amount to crimes against humanity. Many of the worst offences are believed to have perpetrated with the aid of state agencies; in other incidents, the police stood by and did nothing to prevent loss of life.

Such extremely grave abuses have elicited widespread concern, but in an alarming number of cases, perhaps even the majority, impunity for the perpetrators has followed. By contrast, Muslims accused of crimes related to the same incidents have felt the full force of the law quickly, excessively and unmistakably.

These patterns are disturbingly instructive and hint at institutional prejudices that have survived Burma’s recent reforms; insufficient responses to Muslim persecution from the international community, on the other hand, are far harder to explain.

Such moral laxity has helped to condemn the Burmese Islamic community to ongoing suffering and vulnerability in the face of increasingly militant Buddhist-chauvinist hostility. In lieu of adequate foreign or internal pressure, it falls to journalists, rights campaigners and other interested groups both within and outside of Burma to step up and confront this plague of violence and bigotry. The best way that this can be done, in my view, is to expose those most responsible for its recrudescence.

I say this with a conviction that there is some level of organisation behind the recent attacks on the Muslim community, and that the simplistic narrative that such acts are merely the product of relaxed state authoritarianism is pernicious and unconvincing. In fact, I felt prompted to write this op-ed precisely because of information that I have received from reliable sources on the issue.

Their claims were made prior to an important piece featured in the Straits Times recently by Nirmal Ghosh. Many will have read Mr Ghosh’s article “Old Monsters Stirring Up Trouble”, in which he cites a military source within Naypyidaw who points the finger at a notorious paramilitary group linked to the former regime and a controversial ex-minister- namely, the Swan Arshin and Aung Thaung respectively.

Prior to reading Ghosh’s article, I was told by a separate figure in Naypyidaw that Aung Thaung was central to the violence, and yet another reliable source within the Sangha asserted that the infamous anti-Muslim 969 movement had deep links to the Swan Arshin.

Another, very solid source with access to privileged government information shared with me his awareness that Wirathu, the demagogic monk famously associated with the 969 group, had been present in Lashio the day before the attacks in the town began. It is a claim that seems plausible given that it was reported he was spotted in Shan state in late May.

It is worth noting that Wirathu was also recognised to have been preaching in Meikhtila not long before the atrocities that took place there occurred, and was present in the city on the day of the attacks. Links between Wirathu and Aung Thaung in themselves have been subjected to a great deal of speculation, in particular the Abbot’s meeting with the former minister immediately prior to the attacks in Arakan state in October.

According to my own interviews with eyewitnesses to the attacks throughout the country, conducted both while I have been in Burma and from abroad, there are appear to be common features to most of the major anti-Muslim incidents.

Witnesses in Sittwe with whom I met were very clear that many of the ‘attackers were strangers’; in Meikhtila, this was again a recurrent message from sources I contacted; finally in Lashio the presence of outsiders was confirmed by multiple sources.

Another witness to a separate act of violence, this time in Rangoon, told me that he saw groups of young men attack a mosque near Annawratha Road from their vehicles with projectiles in the middle of the night. In his words it was ‘definitely an organised attack’, in keeping with many other reported mosque assaults. The presence of men on motorbikes behaving similarly was confirmed by another source who saw events take place in Oakkan.

I mention the above allegations without endorsing them, but acknowledging that they certainly merit reporting- and further investigation. Aung Thaung for his part has unsurprisingly denied the claims reported by the Straits Times.

Regardless, urgent questions need to be asked: who are these people that my sources- and many others- have seen in vehicles, throwing projectiles and coming from out of town? Why was it consistently reported that the outsiders in Lashio were heard singing Burmese nationalist songs, and being of Burmese not Shan appearance? What was Wirathu doing so close to the action, before and during several incidents?

Why are the perpetrators, and in the indeed the whole 969 operation not adequately subjected to the censure of the law; and why have police and firefighters been to reluctant to intervene as Muslims are being assaulted and their homes burnt, as has been so often reported?

It is up to responsible journalists to aggressively dig out the answers to these questions and expose the agendas at work behind the terror campaign being conducted against Muslims in Burma. In my opinion, not doing so would be yet another gutless betrayal of the victims of these egregious crimes by those with the power to do something to help.

Emanuel Stoakes is a freelance journalist based in the United Kingdom and New Zealand

STATEMENT ON WORLD REFUGEE DAY

Date: 20 June 2013

Today is the day of World Refugee and it was established by the United Nations to honor the courage, strength determination of men, women and children who are forced to flee their homes under threat of persecution, conflict and violence. It also concerned the Rohingya Refugees around the world who are forcefully made stateless and displaced eventually in their homeland by the successive military regime and democratically elected government of President U Thein Sein.

The Rohingya are a Muslim minority group who live in the Northern Arakan State and most of them work as casual labourers, farmers and fishermen. The Burmese Junta has always viewed them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh, even though they had historically settled in Burma for centuries. The Burmese 1982 discriminatory citizenship law was enacted rendering them stateless. Since 1995, the authorities started issuing Rohingyas with a Temporary Registration Card (TRC), but these cards do not grant any right to citizenship. As a result of their lack of legal status, the Rohingyas thus have been subjected to many forms of discrimination and violations of their human rights. They are entitled to the restriction on their freedom of movement within their own village and must ask for travel permission and pay a fee to visit other villages. Their inability to conduct business or find outside their residing areas deprive them of economic means opportunities. It also effects their access to education and health care.

Rohingyas are forced to work as labor on numerous military projects and prawn bearing dams. Land used for agriculture by the Rohingyas is confiscated by the Burmese government for the expansion of military camps and given to the Buddhist new settlers brought in the area by the government. Establishment of Buddhist settlers model villages in the Rohingya areas exacerbated tension between the two sister communities. The Rohingya must apply to the NASAKA for permission in order to marry. This process can take up to two years or more and involve large bribes and the couple to be wed has to pledge that they will not have more than two children. And the Rohingyas are constantly subject to arbitrary taxations and various forms of extortions, systematic persecution, killing, arbitrary arrest and torture, raping Rohingya women and gross human rights violations on innocent Rohingyas. These, along with mistreatment and injustice by the Burmese government have caused Rohingya community to attempt to leave and migrate to the neighboring countries in fear for their life security and safety.

Moreover, the recent systematic and preplanned violence in the name of Rohingya Ethnic Cleansing that was caused by a rape and murder case of Ma Thida Htwe on 28 May 2012, a Rakhine Buddhist women in Kyauk Nimaw village, Rambri Township. The incident was allegedly committed by three local residents Htat Htat (a Rakhine), Rafik and Rashid (reportedly Rohingya) and police arrested them and later reported that Htat Htat was killed in the police custody. The remaining two are brought to the court and sentenced to death. These three men committed a crime found guilty in the court and punished them in accordance with law, this is publicly acceptable because this kind of crimes are frequently taking place around the world and the respective court pronounce verdicts how to punish them according to the law. But taking this opportunity three hundreds Arakanese Rakhine community surrounded a bus carrying 10 Muslim religious travelers at a government checkpoint in Taungup, Arakan State. Ten Muslims are forced off the bus and beaten to death mercilessly while nearby police and army soldiers look on but did not intervene to stop the violence, unfortunately, until now the government sponsored inquiry commission found no one guilty and establish any evidence of killing of these ten Muslims men in front of security forces.

The predominantly Rohingya area of Maung Daw Township, a group of people planned to say a prayer on 8 June Friday Jummah for those killed in Taungup, the local sister community collaborating with local security forces initiated riot killing unknown numbers of Rohingya people, burning homes, looting Rohingya property, raping Rohingya women. Thw violance spread to township in Arakan and the state security forces not only failed to stop violence but also participated in the violence against muslims in Arakan and Mettila. The Rakhine political parties, local monks associations and Rakhine civic groups made public statements and issued pamphlets that urged the ethnic cleansing of Rohingya from Arakan State. The participation of state security forces in the violence began a vigorous crackdown on Rohingya caused more lost of lives and dignity eventually displaced 140000 Rohingyas in their homeland Arakan. They conducted forcible mass arrests of Rohingya men and boys throughout the state.

Consequently, the perilous journey on boat, the route taken by the Rohingya is dangerous and risky: each journey is a gamble of life and death. Boats are generally in bad conditions, inexperience crews, most them have never sailed before and there are no guarantees that they would be reaching the shore. As a result unknowing number of Rohingyas are dying in the sea and though some managed to reach to the destined countries they are spending their horrible lives in the detention and facing life threat under the future of uncertainty and hopelessness in search of life security and safety.

Appeal and Recommendation to the concerned Authorities:

• UN, US, European Union and ASEAN must clear its position on the ongoing violence on Muslims around the country, exodus of Rohingya refugees in seeking protection and safe place in the region and review their diplomatic ties with Myanmar. 
• We are deeply concerned that the root cause of violence on Muslims of Myanmar and also concerned over the detention, torture and abuse of Rohingya refugees which is a clear violation of international principle of humanitarian law and human rights. 
• We condemn continued gross human rights violations taking place inside Myanmar and in particular the policies and practices which promotes discrimination, violence against Muslim community in Myanmar. 
• We earnestly urge all exiled Rohingya leaders to find a durable solution for your own community and their rights to be recognized as the citizen and gain due human rights.
• Rohingya around the world must ensure that disunity, dispute and conflict among us do not help solve our problems we are facing but it clearly notify and sent a supportive message to our transgressors to commit more human rights violations and get rid of Rohingya from Arakan soil. 
• Unity, respect, trust and recognize each other’s stance will explore a better way to come to the round table discussion and establish some effective measures to implement, it may save Rohingya rights and lives.

Executive Committee Members
Burmese Rohingya Association in Japan (BRAJ)