αααα ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα αα္ The Nation ααα္းα ာαြα္ ေαာ္ျααဲ့αα့္ αာα္αံု (αဲαွαာ - αိုေα်ာ္ႏိုα္α¦း၊ ααα္းေα‘ာα္ေαြးαΎαα္၊ αိုႏိုα္αα္းေα‘ာα္၊ αိုαီαီ၊ αိုαိုးαΎαα္)
ABSDF αဲα αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ ျαα ္αြားα့ဲα့ဲ ျαα ္αα္α်ားα‘ေαΎαာα္းαုိ
ေαါα္αာႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္α αီαေαα αα္α ဲြαဲα αုα္ျαα္ ေαΎααာαုိ္α္αာαုိ αူးαူ ေαာ္ျααါαα္။
ABSDF ေျαာα္αိုα္းαိα α₯α‘ေαα α₯αၠαေαာα္း ေαါα္αာႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္၏ αွα္းαα္းα်α္
ေျαာα္αိုα္းαူα်ဳိα်ားα‘ား αα္းαီးα‘ေαးαူαα္ααိα α₯αα္αြα္ αွားαြα္းα ြာ αα္းαီးႏွိα္α α္αံαဲ့αေαာ αဲေαာ္၊ αဲေαα်ား α‘ားαံုးαုိ αααα α₯αၠα ေαာα္း αα ္ေαာα္α‘ေαျαα္α α‘ႏူးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္းαα္α‘α္αါαα္။ α‘ျαα ္αွα္ေαααုα္ေαးαိα α₯ ေαာα္αြα္αΎααွ်α္ αိαိαိαα်ွ၊ αါαα္αဲααααွ်αို αိα္α်α္ααားαဲ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ေαးαါαα္။ αွα္αα္ျαα ္ေα ၊ αွားαα္ျαα ္ေα α‘αွα္ααα္ αူα်ဳိျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္ေα ၊ αျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္ေα ၊ α‘αα္αံုးαံႈးαြားαူα်ား၏ αိαေαြα်ဳိးα‘ားαံုးαုိαα္း αျαα ္αα့္αျαα ္αုိα္αα့္ αံုးαံႈးαႈျαα ္αα့္α‘αြα္ αုိα္α်α္းα ာα ႈα‘ေျααံျαα့္ ေαးαα္α ြာ ေαာα္းαα္α‘α္αါαα္။
αိαိေαာα္αြα္ေαးႏုိα္αα္α်ားαုိαα္း ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαြားαါαα္။
αα္αေαာαာαα‘αြα္း αααα αုႏွα ္၊ αααα αုႏွα ္α်ား၌ αααα ေျαာα္αုိα္း၌ ျαα ္αြားαဲ့ေαာ αα္းαီး α‘ေαးαူαႈα်ားႏွα့္ αါα္αα္၍ ေျαာαုိေαးαားαႈα်ားαုိ αΎαားαိေαြαျαα္ေαααါαα္။ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ αα္αိွαာααြα္`αααα´α‘αြα္ ေျαာေαးαုိαြα့္αွိαူαေαာα္ ααုα္ေαာ္αα္း αိုα‘α်ိα္αာαα‘αြα္း αာαα္αွိαဲ့αူ αα¦းα‘ေαျαα့္ αာααံαွα္α်ား ႏွα့္ α ိα္αα္α ားαူα်ား αိαိွ αားαα္ေα αα္α‘αြα္ α‘α်α္α‘αα္αွα္α်ားαုိ αွα္းαα္းαα္ျα α‘α္αါαα္။ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ α ိα္αα္α ားαူα‘ားαံုး αားαα္αေαာေαါα္ေα αα္ αိαိ αα္αိုα္ααံဳေαြ.ျαα္αα္းαဲ့αေαာ α‘ျαα ္αွα္ α်ားαို αျαြα္းαα်α္ αα္ျαျαα္းαာျαα ္၍ αα္αူαα ္α¦းαေαာα္၊ ααα္းααြဲ.αိုαွ် αα ္αာေα ာ္αားαိုေαာ α ိα္αႏα΅ααိွαါေαΎαာα္း αိုးαားα ြာျαα့္ ααα¦း ေααၱာαα္αံ αα္ျααိုαါαα္။
၎α‘α်ိα္၌ αွိေαေαာ αααα၏ ေαာα္αံα‘ေျαα‘ေα
(α) `αααα´ ααုိႏွα့္ α αα္းα်ားα‘ေျαα‘ေα
`αααα´ αြα္ ျαα္αα္းαာαူα်ား α‘ားαံုး `αααα´α‘ား αα္αုိα αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααα္αုိ α‘ားαံုး ααံဳαူးαဲ့αΎααα္ ျαα ္αα္။ αα္ေျα α‘αီးαီးαွေαာα္αွိαာေαာ αွα ္ေαးαံုး ααိα္αုိα္αဲြαα္ ေα်ာα္းαား၊ αူαα္၊ αူααီး α‘ေαါα္းျαα့္ αα္αုိα္αာ αုိα္းαα္းαားαα္ေျαα်ားαြα္ α αα္းα်ားαုိ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎαျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ α€αုိα αα္ေျαα‘αုိα္ α ုα α္းαားေαာα αα္းα်ားαုိ α‘ေျααံ၍ α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαုိαေαα ီαα္ေαါα္းα ု (NDF) ၏ ααααျαဳαႈျαα့္ αααα αုိ αααα αုႏွα ္ ႏုိαα္αာα (α)αα္ေαααြα္ αဲြαα α္းαဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္αါαα္။ αုိαြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္αွာ ααααံုးα₯αၠαα‘ျαα ္ α‘ေαြးα်α္αံαဲ့ααါαα္။ αα ေα်ာα္းαားαႈα္αွားαႈ α‘αြα္းαα္αွိαဲ့ေαာ ေα်ာα္းαားα‘ုα္α ုα‘αီးαီး၏ α‘ျαα္၊ α‘α ြဲႏွα့္ ေααေαာα္αံ ααူαီαႈα်ားα‘ေαααြα္ ျαα ္αα္αဲααΎαေαာ ααိααα‘αα်ိဳ.αို `αααα´ ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘αြα္း ေျααွα္း αႏိုα္ျαα ္αဲ့αျαα့္ αုိေαာα္းαွေαာαα္αα္းα‘αြα္း α‘ေαးေαααီαာαံ ααα္αို ေαααူα်α္းααာ ααိုေαာ္ααီαိုျαα္αα္αဲြαα α္းαဲ့αΎαααါαα္။ α αα္းα‘α်ားα ုαွာ αုိα္αူαုိα္α αα္αα္ေαျαα္း၊ ααုိα‘ေαααြα္ αံုαΎαα္ေαးα ားαႈ ααွိျαα္းαုိαေαΎαာα့္ αααα‘ααိα္ αီαာαံ αα္αα္း ααုိေαာ္ααီαွာ αΎααာαα္ေαာα္αႈ ααွိαွαါ။ α€αာαα‘αြα္း ေα်ာα္းαားαα္αေαာ္αူ၍ α αα္αဲြαα α္းαဲ့ααုိ ေα်ာα္းαားα‘ေျαာα္α‘α်ား ျαα္αာျαα္αုိαျαα္ျαα္း၊ αုိα္းႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္းαုိα αα္ေαာα္αြားျαα္းα်ား ျαα ္ေαααဲ့αါαα္။
αိုα‘α်ိα္αာααြα္ αုိαုိးαီးαြα္αα္αα္း αြα္ေျαာα္αα္ေျααုိα ေαာα္αွိαာαဲ့αΏαီး αα္αα္း၊ α αα္း၊ α‘αဲြα‘αΏαဲ α်ားαα္း α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘α်ိဳးα်ိဳးျαα္α α αα္ေααေαါα္αဲ့αါαα္။ `αααα´ αုိ ααα့္ αုိαုိα်α ္αα ္αုိα္αာေα ေαာ αုαိαα‘ααိα္αီαာαံαုိ αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ αα္းααီးα αα္း၌ α်α္းααဲ့αါαα္။ αိုαီαာαံαြα္ αုိαုိးαီးαြα္α α₯αၠα၊ αိαိα αု-α₯αၠα(α ီαံ)၊ αုိေα်ာ္ေα်ာ္α α‘ေαြေαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးα‘ျαα ္ αာαα္ေαးα‘α္αံαဲ့ααါαα္။ ααα္ αααα‘ααိα္αီαာαံαα္αα္း ααုိေαာ္ααီαα္α‘α်ားα ုαွာ ျαα္αα္ ေαြးα်α္ααံαေαာ့αါ။ αα ္α်ဳိα αα္ေαာα္αို. ေαာα္αိွαြားααααုိ၊ αα်ဳိααα္း αိαα္α αα္းα်ားαုိα ျαα္αα္ေαာα္αွိαြားαဲ့αααါαα္။ α€αာαα‘αြα္း ααုိႏွα့္α αα္း α်ား၏ α‘ာαာαဲြေααႈ၊ ေα်ာα္းαားαα္αေαာ္α‘αြα္း ααုိα¦းα ီးα‘αိα္α ααွိႏုိα္αα္ ααိဳးαα္းαα္ေαာα္ေααေαာ αာαျαα ္αΏαီး α αα္းα်ားα‘ေαျαα့္ ααုိေαာ္ααီαို ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α αα ံုααာ α‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳαာေαာ αာααα္းျαα ္αါαα္။
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αဲြ၊ αုαားαံုးαူ၊ αα္αေαါαုိးα α ္ႏွα့္ ααα αွ αα္းαွα္းαာေαာ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαးαိα α₯α်ားႏွα့္ ααံဳေαြααဲ့αေαာ αာαျαα ္αΏαီး၊ `αααα´αဲေαာ္α်ားα‘ေαျαα့္αα္း ααာαိα္α်ားႏွα့္ αူးαဲြ၍ ေαွ.αα္းα α ္ေျαျαα္ ျαα္αာျαα္ ႏုိα္αံေαးαα္αံုႏွα့္ ႏုိα္αံααာα α္ျαα့္α်ားαြα္ ေαααြα္αα္αွားα ြာ αႈα္αွားႏုိα္αဲ့ေαာ αာααα္းျαα ္αါαα္။ αα်ိα္αα္းαွာαα္ `αααα´α‘αြα္းαြα္αα္း α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααုိα္αဲြααα္ျαα့္ αံုေαααာေαာ ေαါα္းေαာα္αႈ αုိα္αဲြα်ားαα္း αα္αွားαာαဲ့αါαα္။ αααα ααုိေαာ္ααီ αာαα်ဳα္αုိ “αာαီေαာ္αွα္ေαာ္ααီ” αူေαာ αုိα္းαဲြα‘ုα္α ုαွ αα္αα္ႏွα့္αုိα္းαဲ့αα့္ျαα ္αα္α်ိဳးα‘αိ ေααေαါα္αဲ့ααါαα္။ α€αီαာαံ αα္αα္းαာαα‘αြα္း αိαိαွ αααα ေαြး ေαာα္αဲြαာα α α ္ေαးαႈα္αွားαႈα်ားαြα္ αဲαံုα်ားα‘ား α α ္ေαးα‘α ααုိα္αုိα္ααု ေျαာαိုαဲ့ αα္.α‘ေαα αိαိα‘ား ေα ့α α္ေαΎαေα‘းေαးα‘ေαြးα‘ေαααွိαူαု α‘ုα္α ုαြဲ.α ြα္α ြဲαိုα္αိုα္αႈα်ား ေααေαါα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘αဲြα‘αΏαဲ αျαα ္ေα αုိ၍ αာαα္αွ ႏႈα္αြα္ေαးαဲ့αΏαီး αိαα္αα္αα္းα‘ေျαျαဳαာ αုαားαုံးαူα αα္းαုိα ျαα္αဲ့αါαα္။
(α) αααα ααိα α‘ααိα္αီαာαံ
αုိα္းαα္းαား ααာαိα္α‘αြဲ.α‘α α္းα်ား αααα α ္α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ α‘αα ္α‘αα္ αα္α ဲေαး ေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ား ျαဳαုα္ေααα့္α‘ေျαα‘ေα၊ NLD ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ႏုိα္αြားαα့္α‘ေျαα‘ေα၊ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα ααα္αα္ေျαααုαα္းαုိα αုိးα α ္ααီးα်ား α‘ααီးα‘α်α္ αα္ႏြဲေαေαာ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေα‘ာα္αြα္၊ ααိαα‘ααိα္αီαာαံαုိ α်α္းααဲ့αျαα္းျαα ္αါαα္။
αα်ိα္αα္းαွာαα္ `αααα´ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘αြα္း၌ ေα ့α α္ေαΎαေα‘းေαး α‘ေαြးα‘ေααααားα်ား αႊα္းαုိးေααα္ αူေαာ α ြα္α ဲြαုိα္αုိα္αႈျαα့္ αာαီေαာ္αွα္ေαာ္ααီ αိုαα္α ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘ား αα္α α်α္αα့္ α α္ျαိဳα္αႈα္αွားαႈα်ားαα္း αွိေαααဲ့αုိα ၎ေαာ္ααီαွ αααα ααုိαာαα်ဳα္αုိ αα္αα္ႏွα့္αုိα္းαဲ့αα့္αိα α₯ αုိαα္း αီαာαံαြα္ ေျααွα္းα‘ေαးαူαα္ α်α္α αα္းα်ားαွ ေαာα္းαိုαားαα့္α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားαα္း αွိေααါαα္။ α€αာαီေαာ္αွα္ေαာ္ααီαုိ αα္αα္း ααα αα္αα္းαွဴး αုိα်ဳိးαα္αႏွα့္ αုိေαာ္αြα္း (α ေαာα္α αံုး ေα်ာα္αံုး) αိုαα α¦းေαာα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αံαြα္α αα္းαြα္ α αα္α်α္းαျαဳαုα္αဲ့ေαာ αααα ααိαα‘ααိα္αီαာαံ၏ (αα၊ α၊ αααα) ααိαေျαာα္ေαα (ေαααα္αိုα္း) α‘α α္း α‘ေαးαြα္ αα္αα္း(ααα) αာαီေαာ္αွα္ေαာ္ααီ၏ α‘αူαံαြာαိα α₯αို α αα္ေαြးေႏြးαာ αα္αα္းαွဴးαိုα်ိဳးαα္.α αာαီေαာ္αွα္ေαာ္ααီ၏ေαာα္αြα္αြα္ α₯αၠαျαα ္αူ αိုαိုးαီးαြα္αိုα္αိုα္ αါαα္αα္αα္αွုαိွαဲ့ေααာα္း၊ αုα္ေααေျαာαိုαြား αဲ့αါαα္။
α€α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားေα‘ာα္αြα္ α်α္းα αဲ့αေαာ αိုαီαာαံ၌ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ αα္αα္း(ααα)αွ αာαα္ αီαာαံ αုိα္α ားαွα္ αα ္α¦း α‘ေαျαα့္αာ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့ျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ ေαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ αα္းαီး αိα္းαိα္းαံαဲ့ααα္. αိုေααα္းေα‘ာα္ (αံαြα္α αα္းαိုα္α ားαွα္)ႏွα့္ αိုα ိုးαα္း(ေျαာα္αိုα္းေαာ္ααီαိုα္α ားαွα္) αို.αα္း αα္းαီαာαံαိုα αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αααါαα္။ αααα၏ αြဲ.α α္းαံု α‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αီαာαံαြα္ α‘αα ္ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαာα္αံααα္α ααိုေαာ္ααီαα ္αွ α်α္းαα α₯ာα်ိα္αိုαΏαီး ααားαα္ α‘ာαာ αြဲေျαာα္းααူαα္.α‘α်ိα္α‘αိ ααα္ααိုေαာ္ααီေαာα္းαြα္ αာαα္ႏွα့္αုα္αိုα္αြα့္ α‘ျαα္.α‘α αိွαါαα္။
ေျαာα္αုိα္းαိα α₯ႏွα့္ααိαα‘ααိα္αီαာαံ(αΎααုα္α αα αα္ေαα αွ ေα‘ာα္αိုαာα αα αα္ေαα αααααုαွα ္) αံαြα္α αα္းαီαာαံα‘αြα္း αα္းαာαွဳα်ားေααေαါα္ေαα α₯္ ααα္၌ α₯αၠα αိုαိုးαီးαြα္α ေျαာα္αိုα္းααို၌ αα္αူ αူαွ်ိဳα်ားαို ေαααုα္αα္းαီးααိαားေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုαူα်ားαဲαြα္ ααိုေαာ္ααီαα္α်ားαα္း αါαα္αα္αု ေαΎαးαα္းααိွေαΎαာα္း αီαာαံαα္းαα‘αြα္း၌ αုα္ေααေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုαိုးαီးαြα္၏ αိုေျαာαုိα်α္α‘ေαα ေျαာα္αိုα္း αိုα္α ားαွα္αα ္α¦းျαα ္αα့္ αိုα ိုးαα္း α‘αါα‘αα္ αိုα္α ားαွα္αα်ိဳ.α α‘ျαα္းα‘αα္ αα္.αြα္ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎααါαα္၊ αီαာαံα‘αြα္း αα္းαာαူα်ားαα္း αိုαိုααီးαြားαာαဲ့αါαα္။ αααα၏ αြဲ.α α္းαံုα‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αီαာαံαြα္ α‘αα ္ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαာα္αံααα္ ααိုေαာ္ααီαα ္αွα်α္းαα α₯ာ α်ိα္αိုαΏαီး ααားαα္ α‘ာαာαြဲေျαာα္းααူαα္.α‘α်ိα္α‘αိ ααα္ααိုေαာ္ααီေαာα္းαြα္ αာαα္ႏွα့္αုα္αိုα္αြα့္α‘ျαα့္α‘α αိွαါαα္။ αို.ျαα ္၍ ေျαာα္αိုα္းααို၏ αိုေαΎαးαα္းα‘ေαα αိုαိုးαီးαြα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္ေαာ ααိုေαာ္ααီေαာα္း α‘ေαျαα့္ αα္αဲ့αို. ျαα္αα္ၫြα္αΎαားαဲ့ေαΎαာα္းαို αိုα‘α်ိα္α αာαα္ αီαာαံ αိုα္α ားαွα္αα¦းαာ ျαα ္αα့္ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ α‘αိα‘α် ααိαိွαဲ့αါ။ αိုαိα α₯ႏွα့္αα္αα္αΏαီး αိုαိုးαီးαြα္α ေျαာα္αိုα္းααိုαို ေαΎαးαα္းαေα ာα္ ျαα္αΎαားαဲ့αα္αုαာ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ ေαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ ျαα္αα္ αΎαားαိαဲ့ααါαα္။
α α္αα္αာα αα αα္ေαααြα္ αြဲ.α α္းαံုေαးαြဲေαးα‘αြဲα၊ ေαွααုα္αα္းα α₯္ ေαးαြဲေαးα‘αြဲαႏွα့္ α α ္ေαးαα္းα α₯္ေαးαြဲ ေαးα‘αြဲ.αိုαα္. α‘αုα္α‘αြဲ.(α)αြဲ.αို αြဲ.α α္းေαးαΏαီး αီαာαံαို ေααၱαα္αားαဲ့αါαα္။ αံုျαံဳေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαα‘α (αα)αα္ေαααြα္ ααာαိα္ ေαα‘α္α္αူႏွα့္ αီαာαံေαာα္ααွα္αို.၏ αိွαႈိ္α္းαႈျαα္α αာαာαေαာαို α αα္ေျαာα္းေαြααဲααΏαီး (αα)αα္ αြα္αာαာαေαာ၌ αီαာαံαို αα္αα္α်α္းααဲ့αါαα္။ αာαာαေαာαြα္αα္း αီαာαံα‘αြα္း၌ αα္းαာαွုα်ား αα္αα္ေααေαါα္αဲ့αျαα့္ αီαာαံαို ααΎαာαα αα္αားαိုα္ ျαα္α αိုα္ျαα့္ α αα္းαြားαဲ့ααါαα္။ ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαွာα္αြဲျαဳαုα္αα္.္ α α္ααၤာ(αα)αα္ေα.αြα္ αိုαိုးαီးαြα္αို.αα္α α‘α်ားα ု၏ α်ိဳ.αွα္αႏα΅αဲျαα့္ ေαြးα်α္αα္.α‘α ီα‘α α₯္αို αα္ααံႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα္းαိုαဲ့αာαွ α‘ေျαα‘ေα α‘αα္းαာαံုးαို ေαာα္αိွαဲ့ααΏαီး αီαာαံαို ααα္ αα္αားαဲ့αျαα္αါαα္။ ေေαα‘α္α္αူ α‘αါα‘αα္ αီေα‘αီαα္ေαါα္းα ု ေαါα္းေαာα္α်ား၏ αΎαားαα္ေαးαွုျαα့္ α αα္းα‘αီးαီးαွ αိုα္α ားαွα္ αα¦းα ီαါαα္ေαာα‘αြဲ.α ၫိွႏိွုα္းαွုα်ား αα္αα္ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αΎααါαα္။ αီαာαံαို ေα‘ာα္αုိαာα α αα္ေαααြα္ျαα္αα္α်α္းααΏαီး α αα္α‘αΎαာ ေα‘ာα္αိုαာα αα αα္ေαααြα္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွ α αိုα္αုα ြα္α ြဲαα္းαီးαံααΏαီး αြα္ေျαး αြα္ေျαာα္αာαူ α α¦းαွα္α ျαဳαုα္ေαာ ααα၏ ααα္းα ာ αွα္းαα္းαြဲαို αΎαားαိααါαα္။ αααα(ေျαာα္αိုα္း)αြα္ α αိုα္αု α ြα္α ြဲαΏαီး αα္းαီးαားαူ(αα)ေα်ာ္αိွေαΎαာα္း၊ α₯αၠα αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္ α‘αါα‘αα္ ααိုေαာ္ααီαα္(α )α¦း αါαα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္αα္α α္α α္ ႏွိα္α α္α α ္ေαးαံααဲ့α‘αြα္ ααုα‘αါ (α )α¦း αα္α ေααုံးαြားαΏαီျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αိုαါαြα္ေျαးαာαူ(α)α¦းα ေျαာαိုαဲ့αα္αို α α ္α‘α ိုးေααီαိုαွααα့္ αီαာαံαိုα္α ားαွα္αα်ိဳ. αΎαားαိαဲ့ααါαα္။
ααာαိα္α်ားαွαα္း αိαိαိုα၏α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αွိαႈိα္းေαးαα္း αα္αα္းαΎααာαΏαီး αံαြα္α αα္းαြα္ ျαα္αα္ျαဳαုα္αΎααα္ ေျαာαျαα္α ေα‘ာα္αိုαာα αα αα္ေαααြα္αိαိαိုα ေα်ာα္းαားα αα္း၌ αα္αα္ α်α္းααဲαဲαΎααါαα္။ `αααα´ααိαα‘ααိα္ αီαာαံααီးα‘ေαျαα့္ ျαႆαာα်ားေျααွα္းαα္းႏွα့္ α‘αဲြα‘αΏαဲျαα ္αα္α‘αိ ေαာα္αွိαြား ေαာေαΎαာα့္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαိα α₯αို α‘ေαးα‘αα္ αေαြးေႏြးႏုိα္αဲααါ။ ေαြးေႏြးαα္αα္း αိုα‘α်ိα္α αာαα္αိွαူα်ားα‘ေαျαα့္ αီαာαံαို. αα္ျααဲ့ျαα္း ααွိαါ။
αိαိαုိα α‘ေαျαα့္ αီαာαံ αα္αα္α်α္းααΏαီး ααိုေαာ္ααီαα ္αို αီαုိαေαα ီαα္းα် ေαြးα်α္ αα္ေျαႇာα္αα္αု αံုးျαα္ေαα်ိα္αြα္ αုိαုိးαီးαြα္αုိα α¦းေαာα္ေαာα‘αဲြαွα αီαာαံαုိ αံုးα ααα္ေαာα္ေαာ့αါ။ αုαားαုံးαူα αα္းαွ αဲြαြα္αြားေαာα‘αဲြαα်ား၊ αာαီေαာ္αွα္ေαာ္ααီα‘αဲြαα်ားႏွα့္ αααα‘ααိα္αီαာαံαα္αα္းαွ ααုိေαာ္ααီαα္ေαာα္းαα်ိဳα αိုαိုးαီးαြα္αα္αိုα αိုα္αါαြားαΎααΏαီး ၎αုိααာαာ αီးαα္ααီαာαံ ααုαို α α္αΏαိဳα္α်α္းαျαဳ αုα္αဲ့αါαα္။αိαိαုိαααα္း α်α္αွိေαေαာ αီαာαံαုိα္α ားαွα္α‘α်ားα ုႏွα့္ αီαာαံαုိ αα္αα္α်α္းααΏαီး ααိαα‘ααိα္ αီαာαံαα္αα္း ααုိေαာ္ααီαုိ αဲြαα α္းαဲααΎααါαα္။ ေα‘ာα္αိုαာ αα αα္ေαααြα္ αီαာαံ αΏαီးαံုးαဲααါαα္။
α€ααုိေαာ္ααီαုိ`αααα´ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွ ေαာα္αံαဲ့αΏαီး αဲြαα α္းαႈαဲαြα္ αါαα္αာαဲααါαα္။ αီαာαံαΏαီးαွ်α္αΏαီးα်α္း `ααα´αုိးα α ္α်ားေαΎαာα့္ αာαα္αေαာαα ္αုိα္αွိα αα္းα်ား αုိα္းαα္αα္းαုိα ေαႊαေျαာα္းေαααΏαီး၊ αေαα DKBA αု ျαα ္αာαα့္ ျαႆαာα‘α αုိ ααာαိα္α်ားႏွα့္ αုိα္းαα္းαူαီေျααွα္းေαα်ိα္αွာαα္ αိαိαုိα ααုိေαာ္ααီαွ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαုိα္α ားαွα္αα ္α¦းျαα ္ေαာ ေα်ာ္ေα်ာ္(αα်α္)αုိ αααα αုႏွα ္ αႏα·αါαီααြα္ `αααα´ေျαာα္αုိα္းαုိα ျαα္αα္ေα αႊα္αုိα္αါαα္။ ၎ႏွα့္α‘αူ αိαိαုိααံαုိα α α ္ေαးေαြααွိα်α္α်ား α‘ျαα္αံုးေαးαုိααါαα္ႏွα့္ αိαိαိုα ααိုေαာ္ααီ၏ ααုိαံုးျαα္α်α္ααါαဲ αα္αα့္α‘ေαးαူαႈαိုαွ် ααုα္αα္၊ ααုိαွα့္ αα္αြα္ေαးα αα ္αုိ αုိα္αုိα္αူေαာα္αα္ ၫႊα္αΎαားα်α္α်ား ေαးαုိα္αါαα္။
αααα αုαွα ္ ေαေαααါαီα αα αα္ေαααုα္ The Nation ααα္းα ာαြα္ ααααေျαာα္αုိα္း၌ α αုိα္α်ားαုိ αα္ျαα္ α‘ေαးαူαုိα္αα္ αိုေαာαိα α₯ αါαာေαΎαာα္း αိαိαိုα αα္ေαာα္αံုးαွ ေαးαိုααα္αေαΎαးαα္း αိαိαုိα ေαာαြα္းαာαα်ဳα္αုိα ေαာα္αွိαာα်ိα္αွ α€αိα α₯αုိ αိαိαိုα αိαွိαျαα္းျαα ္αα္။ αိုαိα α₯ႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αααααုႏွα ္ αα္α α αα္ေαα αα္α ြဲျαα္α αα္ေαာα္αိုα္αံျαားေαးαံုးαွ ေαΎαျαာα်α္αα ္ေα ာα္ αုα္ျαα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αိαိαိုααα္း ေျαာα္αိုα္းαိုα ααာαိα္ KIO αံαွααα့္ ေαΎαးαα္းျαα္α αα္αံေαးျαα္းαΏαီး αα္α(αα)αα္ေαααြα္ ေαΎαျαာα်α္αα ္ေα ာα္ αα္αံαုα္ျαα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αိαိαိုα ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိα‘ေααွα္α α€αိုα α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္αိုα္ျαα္းαို αံုးα ααိαွိαေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္αြα္αႈαွာαα္း α‘αွα္းေαးေαΎαာα္းαွα့္ α€αိα α₯αို ေျααွα္းαာ၌αα္း αိုα္αံααာαွ αိုα္းαα္းαူαီ ေျααွα္းေαးαΎααါαα္ ေαာα္းαံ αွα္းαα္းαဲααါαα္။
၎ေαာα္αြα္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွ ၎αုိαေαααုα္ေαြ.αိွα်α္α်ားα‘α ေαာα္αုိα္းαြα္αα္း αα္αူααူα်ား α ိα့္αα္ေαေαΎαာα္း၊`αααα´αုိ αΏαိဳαဲြαα္α‘αြα္ α ီαံα်α္ျαα့္ αႈα္αွားေαေαΎαာα္း၊ ααုိေαာ္ααီααုαံုးα‘ား αံုαΎαα္αα္αα္αဲေαျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ ၎αုိα၏αုα္ေαာ္ααွိαႈα်ားαို αေαးαုိαႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ၎αုိα ေျαာα္αုိα္း၌ α α ္ေαးေαြααွိα်α္α်ားα‘α ααααေျαာα္αုိα္း αုိα္α ားαွα္ αုိα ုိးαα္းαုိ αိα္းαိα္းαားαα္ ααΏαိဳα္αα္αα္း α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαဲ့αျαα့္ αိα္းαိα္းေαးαဲ့αα္။ ေျαာα္αုိα္း၏ α€α‘ေαးαူαႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ `αααα´ α‘ေαα ျαα္αြα္းျαα္ααွ αုိα္αα္ αα္ေαာα္αႈα်ား αွိေαေαΎαာα္း၊ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွαα္αံႏုိα္αα့္ αုိα္α ားαွα္αα ္α¦းαုိ αိαိαုိαααိုαွ ေα αႊα္ေαးαα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αိုαာαα‘αြα္း αα္αα့္α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္αႈαုိαွ αံုးα (αံုးα) αα္αံααုα္αα္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αိαိαိုα ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘ေαျαα္α ေျαာα္αိုα္း၌ αα္းαားαူα်ားαွာ αα္αူαα αိုα္ αုα္၊ααုα္ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ ααိαေαးေαာ္αα္း αααα α‘αြဲα‘ျαဲ αွα္α αα္αူααူα်ဳိαုα္αα္αု αα္α α္αားေαာေαΎαာα္α α‘αြα္ααိαΎαီးα ြာျαα့္αိုα္αြα္αဲ့ααါαα္။ αိαိα‘ေαျαα္ααα္း ေα ့α α္ေαΎαေα‘းေαးααားαု αα်ိα္αံုး α ြα္α ဲြαိုα္αိုα္αံေαααျαα့္ αုိαုိααိαားααါαα္။ ααုိα¦းေαာα္ေαာ္ααီ၏ αံုးျαα္α်α္α‘α α‘αα္းαံေαααူα်ားαα္ αα္αူαα္ျαα ္ေα ေααα္ေαးျαα္းα်ဳိး ααုα္αα့္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αα္αူααူαွ်ဳိျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္ေα ၊ αျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္ေα ၊ `αααα´α‘αြα္းαြα္ ေααုိα္αα္ αα္αဲαြားαΏαီျαα ္αျαα့္ αံုαΏαံဳα ြာ α‘ိα္ျαα္ႏုိα္ေαးα‘αြα္ α ီα α₯္αα္ႏွα့္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαုိα αြားေαာα္αα္ αိαိα‘ား αာαα္ေαးαဲ့αါαα္။
αုိα္αုိα္αုိα္αုိα္αα္ αိαိαုိα`αααα´α‘ား α ိα္αါα္ αα္αα္α ြာ αူαီေααα့္ USB αွ α¦းα ုိα္းαြα္းα ေျαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ αူααူαျαα ္αူ αα ္α¦း (ααု αΎαα ေαΎαးα်αြα္ေαာα္αွိေαေαာ αα္းေα‘ာα္ေαြးαΎαα္)αါ α‘αα္းαံေααေαΎαာα္း၊ αူαα‘ေαျαα့္ α‘ာααံျαα့္ ေαααုα္αုိေαΎαာα္း၊ αုα္α်αႈα်ားα‘αြα္ αာαα္αူေαးαα္αု ေျαာαΎαားαα္းαွα္းαာေαာေαΎαာα့္ αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ αူႏွα့္α‘αူ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαို.αြားေαာα္αα္ α ီα α₯္αဲ့αါαα္။ α€αာαααုိα္αီ α‘ျαα္ျαα္αုိα္αာαΎαα္ေျααီေαာ္ααီ၊α‘ျαα္ αံαံုးαα်ဳိαႏွα့္αါ ေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαဲ့ αΏαီး α α ္αံုααα္း (αုိαααုα္) α‘ျαားαα့္ေαာ္αာαံုα ံααုျαα့္αα္αံαΏαီး ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαုိα ျαα္αα္αုိαေαာα္ေαးႏုိα္ေαးα‘αြα္ ေαးျαα္း α‘αူα‘αီ ေαာα္းαံαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း α‘ိα္αွα္ααုα္ႏုိα္αံ၏ αေαာαႏα΅ααါαဲ αေαာα္αြα္ႏုိα္ ေαΎαာα္း၊ α α ္αံုααα္းα်ား ααုα္၍ αိုα္αြα္ေαာα္αြα္αα္ αα္αဲေαΎαာα္း αံုαျαα္αဲ့αΎααါαα္။ αိုα္αံααာα‘ေαျαα့္ ααုα္ျαα္αိုျαα္αΏ၍ αΎαားαα္ ေαာα္αြα္αα္ αျαα ္αိုα္ေαΎαာα္းαိαိွαဲ့ααΏαီးေαာα္ ααααα‘ေαျαα္ααာ αာαα္αံ ေျααွα္းαေαာααα္αူေαာα‘αိျαα့္ αိαိαα္ α¦းα ုိα္းαြα္း၊ αုိα္αွဴααီးα ုိα္းαိα္(SSPP α₯αၠαေαာα္း-α်αံုး) αုိαႏွα့္α‘αူ ααုα္ျαα္αုိα αြားေαာα္αဲ့αာ αααα ုႏွα ္ α§αΏαီα αααα္ေαααြα္ αါေα်ာα္αိုα ေαာα္αွိαဲααါαα္။
αα်α္၊ αါေα်ာα္ေαα၌ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαိα α₯αုိ ေျααွα္းျαα္း
KIO ႏွα့္ `αααα´(αα)αွိαာေαααုိα α¦းα ုိα္းαြα္းႏွα့္α‘αူ αααα αုႏွα ္၊ α§αΏαီα αα αα္ေααα ေαာα္αွိαဲ့αါαα္။αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ `αααα´(ေျαာα္αုိα္း) ααုိေαာ္ααီαα္α်ား၊ αα္αွဴးα်ား (ေαွααα္းေαာα္ေαေαာ αုိα်ဳိးαα္းႏွα့္ αα္αွဴး α‘α်ဳိαααါ)ႏွα့္ ေαာα္ေαွ်ာα္ေαြးေႏြးαα္း αံုαΎαα္αႈ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့ααါαα္။ αααα ေျαာα္αိုα္း၌ ေααα္ေαးα‘ေαးαူαႈေαΎαာα့္ `αααα´(ααုိ) α‘ေαααုိα αα္ေαာα္αာαα့္α‘αဲြααြα္း၊ႏွα့္ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္ααွ αုိα္αα္αα္ေαာα္αႈα်ား၊ ေαာα္αုိα္း ααုိေαာ္ααီ၏ α‘ေျαα‘ေαႏွα့္ αα္ေαာα္αႈα်ား၊ α‘αα္α‘αဲα်ား αုိ αားαα္αα္αံαာေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္αဲαဲ αွα္းαα္းေαြးေႏြးျααဲ့ααါαα္။ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွαα္း αိαိαုိα၏α‘αα္α‘αဲα်ား α‘ေαα αားαα္αႈαွိαာαα္ႏွα့္α‘αူ α α ္ေαးα်α္α်ား၊ αα္ေααံαα α₯α္းα်ား αုα္ျααဲ့αါαα္။
αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ αα္းαီးαံေαααူα်ားα‘αα္ αα္းေα‘ာα္ေαြးαΎαα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαွ αဲေαာ္αα်ိဳ.ႏွα့္ေျαာα္αိုα္းα α ္ေαααြα္ αα္αα္းαα ္α်ား αြဲ.α α္းαူေαာα္αα္ αααα ေαာα္αိုα္း(ααို)αွ αာαα္ေαးေα αြα္αဲ့ေαာαဲေαာ္α်ားα‘αα္ αα္းαီးαံααူαα်ိဳ.αိုαို ေျαာα္αိုα္းαာαα္αံ αဲေαာ္αα်ိဳαေαွαေαွာα္αြα္ ေαးျαα္းαြα့္ααိွαဲ့αါαα္။ αုိαေαာα္ αိαိαွ ေျαာα္αုိα္းααုိေαာ္ααီႏွα့္ α‘ေျαα‘ေααα ္αုαံုးα‘ေαα αံုးαα္ ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αါαα္။
- αααα(ေျαာα္αိုα္း)၏ ေαααုα္ေαြααွိα်α္α်ားα‘α αα္αူααူα်ား αုိးေαါα္αα္ေαာα္αΏαီး αΏαိဳαဲြαα္ ααိဳးα ားαα္αုိαα္αွာ ျαα ္ႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း၊
- αုိαေαာ္αα္း α€αွ် α်ားျαားαα္αα‘ေαα‘αြα္ျαα့္ αုိးေαါα္αα္ေαာα္αα္αိုαα္.α‘α်α္αွာαα္း ေαာα်α ္α‘α αျαα ္ႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္း၊
- αα္αူ၏α ီαံα်α္α်ားαို αိαα့္αေαာα္αα္း αိαΏαီးျαα ္၍ `αααα´α‘αြα္ α‘ေαာα္းαံုး αα္းαα္းαွာ αα္းαီးαံαားααူα်ားα‘ား ေαးαα္းαာေααာααုαို. αို.ေαာα္ေေαးေαးαα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေαြးေႏြးαα္ျααဲ့αါαα္။
ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွ αံုαΏαံဳေαးα‘ေαα‘αားα‘α α်α္ျαα္းαႊα္ေαးαα္ αျαα ္ႏုိα္ေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ αႏွα ္ျαα့္αွ်α္ αိαα်ားαံျαα္αα္ α‘α္ႏံွေαးαα္ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αေαာαူαီαႈααိွαဲ့αါαα္။ αုိαျαα ္၍ ααာαိα္ KIO ေαါα္းေαာα္α်ားႏွα့္αα္း ααααα‘ေαα αားαα္αႈααဲြေα αα္ αα္αα္ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αါαα္။ αα္းαီးαံαဲေαာ္α်ားα‘ား αံေျαα်α္းα်ား ααα္αα္ α ားေαာα္αႈႏွα့္ α်α္းαာေαးေα ာα့္ေαွာα္αႈα်ားαုိ α‘ျαားαဲေαာ္α်ားαα္းαူ αံα ားαြα့္αွိေα αα္ αိႇႏႈိα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ α¦းα ိုα္းαြα္း၏ ေααၱာαα္αံα်α္α‘α αα္း၏αူαျαα ္αူ αα္းေα‘ာα္ ေαြးαΎαα္αို ျαα္αြα္ေαးαΏαီး αα္းႏွα့္α‘αူ ααါαα္း αα့္ေαးαိုα္αα္ ေျαာα္αိုα္းααိုေαာ္ααီႏွα့္ αိွႏိႉα္းေαးαဲ့αါαα္။
αိαိαα္း `αααα´(ααုိ)ႏွα့္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းα‘αΎαား αံုα ံαα် αα္αံαႈαွိေαး၊ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαြα္ ႏုိα္αံေαး αα္αα္းα်ားαုိαα်ေαးေαး၊ αိုα္αိုα္ αα္αြα္ေαးαα္းေαΎαာα္း αူေαာα္αα္αိα α₯α်ားαို ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αါαα္။ ၎ေαာα္ αိαိαα္း ααုိαွ αာαα္αွိαူα်ားα‘ား ααိုေαာ္ααီαို α‘α်ိα္αီွαα္ျααα္ႏွα့္ αုိα‘α္αα္α်ား αα္αα္ ေαာα္αြα္ႏုိα္αα္α‘αြα္ αααα αုႏွα ္ေαα αα αα္αα္ααြα္ ျαα္αα္αြα္αြာαာαဲ့αာ ေαα αα αα္ေαααြα္ αုိα္း ႏုိα္αံαုိ္α ေαာα္αွိαဲααါαα္။
αိαိျαα္αα္αြα္αြာαΏαီး(α/α)αα္α‘αΎαာေαααααα္ေαααြα္ αα္းαီးαံေαααူα‘ားαံုး αြα္ေျαးαြα္ေျαာα္αြားαΏαီျαα ္ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαိααါαα္။ αုိαျαα ္၍ αုိα္းႏုိα္αံαုိα ေαာα္αွ်α္ေαာα္α်α္း αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαα αα αα္ ေααα ဲြျαα့္ αိαိααံဳေαြααဲ့αေαာ α‘ေျαα‘ေααုိ αေαာαားαုα္ျαα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αုိαေαာα္ ααုိα‘αုα္α‘αႈေαာα္ေαာ္ααီαုိα α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားαုိ αα္αα္αα္ျαα‘α ီαα္αံαဲ့αါαα္။ ေျαာα္αုိα္းေαာ္ααီαွ αα္αူ၏ αုိးေαါα္αΏαိဳαဲြေαးα ီαံα်α္ျαα ္αα့္ ေααိႈα္းα ီαံα်α္ αုိ α α ္ေαးေαာ္αုα္αဲ့ေαΎαာα္း၊ ၎αုိα၏ေαြααွိα်α္α်ားαုိ α‘ေျααံ၍ ၎αို.αုα္ျαα္αားαα္. αα္αဲα₯αေαα‘α αိαိαုိα ααုိေαာ္ααီ၏αေαာαားααါαဲ α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္αဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္ေαာ္αα္း αိαိαို.ααုိေαာ္ααီα‘ေαျαα့္ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘ααာαα္αံαΏαီး α¦းေαာα္αုိα္αြα္ေျααွα္းαြားαα္၊ ေαာα္αုိα္းαြα္αα္း αα္αα္α ံုα α္းα α ္ေαး ေαααုα္αα္၊ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαိα α₯αုိα‘ေαြαα‘ααံဳαူ၍ `αααα´α‘αြα္း αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα်ားα‘ေαα ျαα့္α ံုα ြာ αားαα္ႏုိα္ေαးα‘αြα္ αဲေαာ္α်ားα‘ား α‘αိααာေαးαူα်ားေαာα္αြα္αα္၊ ျαα ္αႈျαα ္αα္၊ α₯αေα၊ αုα္αံုးαုα္αα္း ႏွα့္ αီးαα္ααα္းαြα္ေαာ ααားα ီαα္ေαးα ံαα ္αα ္αα္ ေαာ္αုα္ α်α့္αံုးαα္αို.αို αံုးျαα္αဲ့αΎααါαα္။
αိαိαွα္αိαေαာα္αုိαွ်α္ αုိαα္ေαာα္αα္း၊ αုိαα္းαα္း αုိαႏွα့္αααိα္၊ αုိαα္ေαာα္αα္း၊ αုိေα‘ာα္αူαΏαိα္း αုိαႏွα့္αααိα္။ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαိုα ႏိုα္αံေαးႏွα့္ αူ.α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး၊ αုိα္αံေαးα‘ံαုαႈαα္αα္းα်ား αြားေαာα္αုိαα်ေαးႏိုα္αဲ့αါαα္။ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαွ αဲေαာ္α်ား αုိαα္း ေαာα္αုိα္းαြα္αြα့္αွα ္ေαာ ေααါ αα္αα္းα်ားႏွα့္ α‘ျαားαα္αα္းα်ားαြα္ αါαα္αα္ေαာα္ေα αဲ့αါαα္။ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαိα α₯αွα့္αα္ႏြα္၍ αုိα ုိးαα္းαွαα ္αα့္ αုိေααα္းေα‘ာα္αုိ αα္းαီးαိα္းαိα္းαဲ့αα္။ ၎αုိαα α¦းαွ αα္αြဲ.αα္α‘α်ားα‘ျαား '2Eα .α္αံα‘αα္းαံαေα αα္ αုα္ααံαြα္αိုα်α္α်ား αို α‘ေαα‘α်ာ ααိαားα ီα α ္αဲ့αΏαီး ၎αိုα αα¦းα‘ေαα αွα္αα္αွ်αေαာ ααားα ီαα္αႈႏွα့္ α‘α်α₯္းαားα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα်ားαုိ ေαးαဲ့αါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံααာα‘αြဲ.α‘α α္းα်ားႏွα့္ αြα္αα္α ြာေααြ αုံαြα့္ေαးαဲααါαα္။
α်α္αွိေαေαာ ေαးαြα္းα်ား
α။ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαြα္ αα္αူαူαွ်ဳိα်ား αα္ေαာα္αုိးေαါα္αႈαွိααွိ၊ ေျαာα္αုိα္းေαာ္ααီ၏ ေαြααွိα်α္α်ားαို αွα္αα္αႈ αွိααွိ၊ α α ္ေαးႏုိα္αα္ α‘ေျαα‘ေα၊ α‘α်ိα္α‘αါႏွα့္ αႏၱαား αိαိαုိα ααုိေαာ္ααီαြα္ ααွိαါ။ αုိαေαာ္αα္း ၎αုိα ျαααားေαာ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားα်ား (α₯ααာ - αα္αူα α α ္αα္αြα္αာ α‘αံုးျαဳေαာαα္αα္၊ αα္αြα္ေαးαိαိαာα်ားαွα္α αα္αြα္ေαးαွα္α ာα်ား)αွာ αα ္ေαာα္α်α္းαဲြျαား α α ္ေαးαားျαα္းျαα ္ေαာ္αα္း α‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ား αူαီေααα္αို α‘ံ့αΎααြα္ ေαြ.αိွαဲ့ααါαα္။ α€αိα α₯ α αα္ ေααေαါα္αျαα္းαွာαα္း ααααေျαာα္αိုα္းαα္αွ αြα္ေျαးေαာ αα္ေျαးαα ္ေαာα္αုိ ေျαာα္αိုα္းေαာ္ααီα ျαα္αα္αα္းαိαာαွ α‘α ျαဳေαααာျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။ αα်ိဳαေαးαား ေျαာαိုေααΎαααဲ့αိုα ေျαာα္αိုα္းေαာ္ααီα‘αြα္း α‘ာαာαုαα္း ျαဳα္၊ αုα္၊ αα္ αုα္ျαα္းေαာ့ααုα္αါ။ αα္αူα ေαာα္αွα္းေαးα‘αြဲα α‘αီးαီးαွ ေα αြα္αားေαာ ေαာα္αွα္းေαးααားα်ားαို α‘α်α္းα်α္းα်ိα္αα္ေαးααα့္ αိαိαာαα္ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αΏαီးαံုးαΏαီျαα ္αျαα့္ ျαα္αြα္းαိုα ျαα္αα္αα္ αြα္ေျαးαာαွ α‘αα္းαံαျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αα္ေျαးαဲေαာ္ααα္αံαြα္αိုαာαွ αα္αα္ ေαααုα္α‘ေαးαူαူα်ား ေααေαါα္αဲ့αျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္းေαြα αိွαဲ့ααါαα္။
α€αုိα α‘ေျαာα္α‘α်ား αုိးေαါα္αα္ေαာα္ျαα္းαွာαα္း αျαα ္ႏုိα္αု αူααိုα္ααဲ့αုိα αα္αူα α‘αံုးα် αုိးေαါα္αα္ ေαာα္ ျαα္း ααွိႏုိα္αူးαားαုေαးαွ်α္ ျαα ္ႏုိα္αွα္း αူαုိα္းαားαα္αုိα္αါαα္။ α€αုိα α‘ေျαာα္α‘α်ား αိုးေαါα္αα္ေαာα္ျαα္းαွာ αျαα ္ႏိုα္αု αူαႏိုα္ααဲ့αို. ေαာ္αွα္ေαးα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ား၊ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားαို αΏαိဳαြဲαα္၊ αα္αူα ေα့α်α့္αα္αα္း ေαးαားαူα်ားαို αာαα္ေαးေα αြα္ျαα္းα်ားαα္း ααိွႏိုα္αူးαားαု ေαးျαα္းαာαွ်α္ αိွႏိုα္αွα္း α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္ေα‘ာα္ αြα္ αွα္αα္αα္αα္αဲ့αΎααေαာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαားαိုα္း αားαα္αေαာေαါα္αΎααါαိα့္αα္။ αွα ္ေαးαံုး αူαုα‘ေαးေαာ္αံု αာαα‘αြα္း ေαာα္αွα္းေαးα်ားႏွα့္ ααα္းေαးα်ားαα္ αူαုαူαα္းα ား α‘αြာα‘αီးαီးα‘αြα္းαို. α‘αြα္ααα္α်ိဳးα ံ ု ျαα့္ αိုးေαါα္αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αΎααΏαီး α‘α်α္α‘ေαွာα့္αုα္αα္းα်ားαို ေα‘ာα္ျαα္α ြာ ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αΎααα္. αာααα်ားαα္း α‘α်ားα‘ျαား αိွαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ ααα α α ္α‘α ိုးαေαα္ααα္းα ေα်ာα္းαားαုα‘αြα္း ေαာα္αွα္းေαးα်ားႏွα့္ ααα္းေαးα်ားαို α αα ္ αα် ေαြးျαဴျαွα္ႏွံαားαဲ့αျαα့္ αα္းαို.αို αြဲျαားαိαိွႏိုα္αα္ α‘αြα္αα္αဲαα္αို ေαြးေαာ αα္α်α္αΎαα္.ႏိုα္αါαα္၊ (αွα္α်α္ ။ ။ ေျαာα္αုိα္းေαာ္ααီαွ ေαးαုိαေαာ α α ္α်α္α်ား၊ αုိေααα္းေα‘ာα္ႏွα့္ αုိα ုိးαα္းαုိα၏ αြα္αို α်α္α်ားαုိ αα့္ေαာ္ေαာ α‘ေျαα‘ေααြα္ α‘α်ားျαα္αူ αိαွိေα‘ာα္αုα္ျααုိα္αα္α‘αြα္ αံုαΏαံဳα ြာ αိα္းαα္းαားαါαα္။ ၎αုိα αုα္ေααေျαာαိုαဲ့ေαာ αာαα္α်ားαα္ αေαααိုα္ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αα့္α်α္ေαးαႈα္αွားαႈα်ားαြα္ αα္αΎαြα ြာαါαα္ ေααဲျαα ္ေαာေαΎαာα့္ ααα့္ေαာ္αု αူααျαα့္ ααုα္ျαα္ေαးျαα္း ျαα ္αါαα္။)
α။ ေျαာα္αုိα္း ေαာ္ααီαွ α α ္ေαးေαာα‘αါ αႇα္းαα္းႏွိα္α α္αα္α်ားαုိ ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိαွ ααိαူးαား၊ ေαါα္းျαα္ αα္αုိα္αα္α်ားαုိ α‘ေαးααူαူးαား၊
ေျαာα္αုိα္းαုိα္α ားαွα္α်ား၊ ααုိαုိαေαာα္αာျαα္းα်ားαွိαဲααΎαေαာ္αα္း αိαိαုိαေαာα္αိုα္းααုိαွ ၎αိုααံ ေαာα္αွိαဲ့ျαα္း ααွိαါ။ αေαာα္ေαα αြα္ `αααα´αα္αα္း (ααα) αဲြαα α္းαα္ ေα αြα္αုိα္ေαာ αုိαုိα္αြα္းα¦းαုိαα‘αဲြααာαα္းေα်ာ္၍ ေαာα္αြားαဲ့ျαα္း αွိαဲ့αူးαါαα္။ ααိαα‘ααိα္αီαာαံα‘αိ ေျαာα္αုိα္းαα္ `αααα´αာαα္αို αံαူαားေαာ္αα္း αီးျαားαဲြαα α္းαံုα₯αေαႏွα့္ αြα္αα္ေαာα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αံုျαα ္αΏαီး ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိ၏ α‘αိα္αေαးαႈ၊ႏွα့္ α ီαံαα္ααဲြαႈေα‘ာα္αြα္ ααွိαါ။ ၎αိုα၏ α α္းα်α₯္းα₯αေααွα့္ α‘ုα္α်ုဳα္ေαျαα္းျαα ္αါαα္။ ေျαာα္αိုα္းαိုα္α ားαွα္α်ား ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိαိုα ေαာα္αွိαာျαα္းα်ားαွိေαာ္αα္း ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိေαာ္ααီαα္αြα္αါαα္ျαα္းααွိαါ။ `αααα´ေျαာα္αုိα္းαα္ ααာαိα္ KIO αံαြα္ α α ္ααာα်ားαုိ αα္αΎαားαဲ့αΎααΏαီး ααာαိα္αα္αဲ့αုိα α α ္αα္αံုα ံျαα့္ α α္းαα္းαα္းαΎαα္α ြာ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ αဲ့αါαα္။ α‘αα္α‘αိα္αα်ားαုိαα္း α¦းαα္းααံု αံαူααα္αု αα္αံαားေαာ α αα္းျαα ္αါαα္။ αα္αူαုိαα္း αူးαူး αα½ြα္αα½ြα္ αဲαဲαံ့αံ့ αုိα္αုိα္αဲ့αူα်ား ျαα ္αါαα္။ αိαိ α§αΏαီα ααααံုးα‘ααိα္ ေαာα္αွိα α₯္α αα္းαီးαံαားααူα်ားေαာ၊ α်α္αဲေαာ္α်ားαါ αα္αα့္ ႏွိα္α α္αႈαုိαွ αုα္ေαααေျαာαဲ့αΎααါ။
αိαိα‘ေαျαα္α ααα ααα္းα ာ αွα္းαα္းαဲြαွ αΎαားαိααႈα်ားαုိ αံုαα်α္၊ ααုံαα်α္ျαα ္ααါαα္။ ေαာα္αုိα္းαြα္αွ αα α ျαα့္ α ိα္αေαာα္းαြα္αာα်ား αိαာαΎααျαα္းျαα ္αါαα္။
αိαိα‘ေαျαα့္ αွα္းျααုိαα္αွာ α‘αα္းျαα ္αြားα်ိα္α α€αွ်α‘αိ ျαα ္ျαα္းαုိ ααိαဲ့αΎααါ။ ၎α‘ျαα္ αိαိαုိα ααုိα‘ေαျαα့္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းေαာ္ααီαွ αုα္ေααေαြα αွိαႈα်ား αွα္ ααွα္၊ ၎αုိα αုα္αα္း αွα္ ααွα္ αုိαα္αုိ α α ္ေαးႏုိα္αα့္ α‘ေαα‘αားααွိαဲααဲ၊ ျαα ္αΏαီးαဲααα္α်ားαိုαာ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α αα္ေαာα္ αာαα္αူαိα္းαိα္း αဲ့αျαα္းျαα ္αα္။ αိαိαုိαα‘ေαာα္းαံုး αုα္ႏုိα္αα္ααိဳးα ားαα္αွာ αα္းαီးαံα်ား αα္αံ α‘αα္ααံαေαး၊ αα္းαီးαႈα်ား αα္αα္αေαး၊ αα္းαီးαံαားααူα်ား αႊα္ေαးေαးႏွα့္`αααα´ေျαာα္αုိα္းαုိ ေαာα္αိုα္းααုိေα‘ာα္αြα္αါαα္၍ ααုိ၏ αα္းၫႊα္αႈαုိ αံαူႏုိα္ေαးαုိαာ α‘αိα ααိဳးα ားαဲ့αါαα္။ α€αဲ့αုိα αα္ေαာα္ေαာα္αြα္αဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ αα္αာျαα္αာေαာα္αြα္ႏုိα္ေαာ α‘ေျαα‘ေα α‘α်ိα္α‘αါαြα္ α€αိα α₯α်ား ျαα္αα္ေျααွα္းαΎαααα္αု αိαိαုိα ααုိေαာ္ααီႏွα့္ ေျαာα္αုိα္းေαာ္ααီ αို.α‘ေαျαα့္ αိαွိαံαူαားαΏαီး ျαα ္αါαα္။
α။ αααားαα ္αာαဲ့αူေαြα‘αြα္ αα္αုိα αုα္ေαာα္ေαးαα္αα္း။
αααα ေျαာα္αုိα္းαိα α₯αြα္ αα္ေαာα္ေαြးαဲြαα့္ αုα္αα္α်ားαုိ αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αူα်ား αွိααဲ့αုိα ααုα္ααွα္ α ြα္α ဲြαံα၍ αα ္αာαဲ့ααူα်ားαα္း αွိႏုိα္αါαα္။ αα္αူα αုိα္ျαα ္ေα αာαူ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαα ααူαူαာျαα ္၍ αႏαΆာαုိα္ αာα်α္ေα αα့္αα္းျαα့္ ေျααွα္းα‘αံုးαα္ααα္αု αိαိαα ္ေαာα္αα္းα‘ေαျαα့္ ααံုαΎαα္αါ။ αုိαေαာ္αα္း α‘αွားα်ားαုိαံုေαααα္း α‘αွα္αုိေα့αြား αုံးαြα္αြားαα္α်ားαα္း αျαα ္αα့္αါ။ αံုαΎαα္αႈျαα္α α‘αα္α ြα္ααြွα္၍ αိုα္αဲြαα္αဲααΎαေαာ αααα αွα္α ေα်ာα္းαားαα္αေαာ္αူေαာ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား၏ αုα္αိαα‘ာαွα္α α ြα္းေαာα္αႈαို ေαွးαွိα္αေα်ာα္αα္α‘αိ ααိုα္αုိα္αα္ααါ။ αိαိαုိαα‘ားαံုးαα္ ေαးαα္ααံုျαα္း ααူေαာ္αα္း α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ α ံαα ္၏ αားေαာα္α်ားျαα ္ေααါαα္။ αိαိαုိα α‘αိႏွိα္αံျαα္αူα်ားα‘α်α္းα်α္း αα္αα်α္αα္αံုα ံျαα္α ျαဳαူαα္αံေααΎαααွ်၊ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α ံαα ္၏ α‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားα‘αြα္ α‘αΏαဲျαα ္ေααါ αိα့္αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα္α
(α) `αααα´αဲαြα္ α α ္α‘α ုိးααွ α αုိα္α်ား αα့္၍ αΏαိဳαဲြαα္ ααံα α္ျαα္း αွိ ααွိ α ံုα α္း α α ္ေαးαα့္αါαα္။
(α) `αααα´αဲαြα္ αα္းαီးα α ္ေαးαံααႈα်ား၌ αူαားαα္αႈ αα္းαဲ့ေα αα့္ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ဳိးေαါα္αႈα်ား αွိααွိ၊ αီးျαား αြα္αα္αူα်ားျαα္α αဲြαα α္း α α ္ေαးαα့္αါαα္။
(α) αံုးαံႈးαα ္αာαႈα်ားေαြααွိαါα αာαα္αွိαူα်ားαုိ αα ္αာαူα်ား၏αႏα΅α‘αေαာ္၎၊ α₯αေαα‘αေαာ္၎ α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္αႈα်ား ျαဳαုα္αα့္αါαα္။
ေျαာα္αိုα္းαူα်ဳိα်ားα‘ား αα္းαီးα‘ေαးαူαα္ααိα α₯αα္αြα္ αွားαြα္းα ြာ αα္းαီး ႏွိα္α α္αံαဲ့αေαာ αဲေαာ္၊ αဲေαα်ား α‘ားαံုးαုိ αααα α₯αၠαေαာα္း αα ္ေαာα္ α‘ေαျαα္α α‘ႏူးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္းαα္α‘α္αါαα္။ α‘ျαα ္αွα္ေαααုα္ေαးαိα α₯ ေαာα္αြα္αΎααွ်α္ αိαိαိαα်ွ၊ αါαα္αဲααααွ်αို αိα္α်α္ααားαဲ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ေαးαါαα္။ αွα္αα္ျαα ္ေα ၊ αွားαα္ျαα ္ေα α‘αွα္ααα္ αူα်ဳိျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္ေα ၊ αျαα ္αα္ ျαα ္ေα ၊ α‘αα္αံုးαံႈးαြားαူα်ား၏ αိαေαြα်ဳိးα‘ားαံုးαုိαα္း αျαα ္αα့္αျαα ္αုိα္αα့္ αံုးαံႈးαႈျαα ္αα့္α‘αြα္ αုိα္α်α္းα ာα ႈα‘ေျααံျαα့္ ေαးαα္α ြာ ေαာα္းαα္α‘α္αါαα္။
αိαိ ေαာα္αြα္ေαးႏုိα္αα္α်ားαုိαα္း ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαြားαါαα္။
ေαးα ားα ြာျαα္α
αိုα္ေα‘ာα္
αα္α αα αα္ေαα၊ αααα αုႏွα ္__
By ααα္းαီαိ
αီαိုαေαα ီ αြα္းαားαွ α‘αြα့္αူးαံ αူαα္းα ားေαြ αေα်ာα္ေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေαာα္ႏုိα္αွာ ျαα ္αΏαီး αူαိုα္း αα္းαူαီαွ်αႈ ααွာ ျαα ္αα္αိုα αီαေαα αΏαိα္αΏαိဳα αဲαြα္α α္းαံုးေαး ေαာေျαာαြဲαွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα ္α ေျαာαိုαါαα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ α်α္းαာေαး αေαာα္းαာေαΎαာα့္ αီαေαα αΏαိα္αΏαိဳαα ေα်းαြာေαြαို αြားαα့္ ααီးေαြαိုαα္း α်α္αိုα္αါαα္။ α‘ျαα့္α‘α ံုαို ααိαႌαိုα္α αα္αြα္ ေαးျαα္းαားαါαα္။
α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αီαေαα αΏαိα္αΏαိဳααွာ αုαိαေαα α‘ျαα ္αဲα αဲαြα္α α္းαံုးေαး ေαာေျαာαါαα္။
“αααၤာαီα αα ္ေααာαဲ αα ္αα္αုိα α‘ဲαီαα ္ေααာαိုαဲ α်α α‘αိα αားαΏαီးေαာ့ α α္းαံုးေαးααီး αα္းααာαါ။ αါေααဲ့ ေαာα္α်αိုααွိαα္ေαာ့ α်α αααၤာαီαိုα္းαို α‘ႏွံαα‘ျαား αြားα်α္αဲ့α ိα္ αွိαါαα္။ αာျαα ္αိုααဲαိုေαာ့ αααα-αα αုႏွα ္၊ α‘ဲαီαုα္းα α်ααြားαဲ့αဲ့ αိုα္းေαြ၊ ျαα္αα္ေαြαဲαွာαုိαα္ αααၤာαီα α‘αα္αΎαြαံုး α်ααိုααို ေαာα္αံαႈ ေαးαဲ့αိုααဲ ျαα ္αါαα္။ αီေα်းαူးေαြαို α်ααုိαα αေα့αဲαဲα ျαα္αα္αိုαα‘αြα္ αααၤာαီ ျαα္αူျαα္αားေαြαဲα αုိးαα္ αြံααΏαိဳးေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αα္ႏိုα္αံုး ααိဳးα ားαါαα္αိုα ေျαာαါαေα ။ αα္αိုαဲျαα ္ျαα ္ α်ααိုααာ αααၤာαီ ျαα္αူαူαုαဲα α‘ေαးေαြαို αေα့αဲαဲα ေαါα္းαဲαွာေαာ ႏွαံုးαားαဲαွာေαာ αားαΏαီးေαာ့ αα္ႏိုα္ααွ် α‘αα္ေျαေα‘ာα္ ျαα္αူαူαုαဲα ααေαြαို αိုαΏαီးေαာ့ ေαာα္းαြα္αာေα‘ာα္ ααိဳးα ားαြားαါαα္αိုαေαာ့ α်α ေျαာႏိုα္αါαα္။”
αααၤာαီ αုိα္းαွာ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘αα္αΎαြαံုး ျαα ္αα္αိုα αဲαြα္αြဲαွာ αိုα္αါαြားαဲ့ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα αံုးα‘αြဲααα္ α¦းαြα္αာျαα့္α ေျαာαါαα္။
“αီေαααေαာ့ ααα္ααုα္းα αΏαိα္αားα αα½ြα္းα ုαΏαိဳααို αြားαα့္α‘α ီα‘α α₯္αိုေαာ့ α်α္αိုα္αါαα္။ α်α္းαာေαးေαΎαာα့္αါ။ ေαααα္ေαာ့ αေααα ααြားျαα ္αဲ့ေααာေαါ့ αα္ေαα αိုαဲ့ေααာαို αူေαြαို αြားေαααာαာ။ α‘ဲαီေααာααူေαြαဲα α αား αα္းαα္း ေျαာαါαα္။ α‘ဲαီαူေαြαို α αားေျαာαα္။ αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαားααွိαဲ့ ေျαာα္αΏαိဳααα္α αူေαြαဲα α αားေျαာαါαα္၊ αα္းαိုαဲ့α‘ိα္αွာαါαဲ။ α‘ဲαါαΏαီးေαာ့ α αာαီαွာ α်ေαာ္αုိα α‘ိα္α αြα္αါαα္။ α αာαီ αα αိαα ္ေαာα္αွာ αΏαိα္αူαုαို α αားေျαာαါαα္။ αူα‘α္α‘ားα‘ေααဲααေαာ့ α‘α်ားααီး ααုα္ေααဲ့ αα္αΎαြαဲ့ေααာαွာေαာ့ αိα္αံုးαဲα αါαါαα္။”
αΏαိα္αΏαိဳααွာ αွα္ေျαး ေααာα₯္αို αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαြα ααွားαΎααဲ့α‘αြα္ α α္ေαွေαြαဲα αΏαိα္αΏαိဳα αα½ြα္းα ု αΏαိဳααα္ေαြαီαို αဲαြα္αြဲαြားαဲ့ααဲ့ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα α‘αြဲααာ α αα αာαီေα်ာ္ α‘αိ ေαာα္αα္ေααဲ့αာαါ။ ေαα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα αိα‘ားေαးαာေαΎαာα့္ α ီးαြားေαးααားေαြα ααွားαဲαΎααာ ျαα ္αα္αိုα NLD αα္α ေျαာαိုαိုα္αΏαီးαဲ့ေαာα္ αီαေαα αΏαိα္αΏαိဳα αဲαြα္αြဲαွာေαာ့ αီαိုαေαα ီ αြα္းαားαွ α‘αြα့္αူးαံ α ီးαြားေαး ααားေαြ αေα်ာα္αြားαွာ ျαα ္αΏαီး αူαိုα္း αα္းαူ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ααွာ ျαα ္αα္αိုα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္α αူαုαို ေျαာαါαα္။
“ααီးα α ီα α₯္αဲ့α‘αိုα္း αျαα ္αါαူး။ α်ေαာ္αုိα α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္ α‘α်ားααီးျαα ္αါαα္။ ျαα ္ေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαို ေαααိုα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαြαဲα α‘αြα့္αူးαံ α ီးαြားေαး αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαြαဲαေαΎαာα့္ αီαာαα္း ျαα ္αြားαာေαါ့။ ျαα ္αြားေαာ့ ေαာα္αိုαိုααွိαα္ေαာ့ αီαိုαေαα ီαေα‘ာα္αိုα αုα္αွ αီαိုαာα်ိဳးေαြ αေα်ာα္αα္αိုαာαိုေαာ့ α‘αူးαျαα့္ αα့္ေျαာαြားαါαα္။”
α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ α₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα αΏαိα္αΏαိဳα αဲαြα္ααီးα α₯္αွာ ေαααိုα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα αံုαΏαံဳေαး α‘αူα‘αီαေαးαူးαိုααα္း NLD αα္α ေျαာαါαα္။ αႏိုα္αံαံုး NLD αဲαြα္α α္းαံုးေαး ေαြαွာ αΏαိα္αΏαိဳαα ေαααိုα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြα αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈα α‘αံ့αံုး ျαα ္αα္αိုαΏαီးαα္း α¦းαြα္αာျαα့္α ေျαာαါαα္။ ααီးαα္းαΎαα္းαာα‘ျαα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα α်α္းαာေαး ααα္း αေαာα္းαာေαΎαာα့္ αီαေαα αြားေαာα္αိုα α ီα α₯္αားαဲ့ αΏαိα္αΏαိဳαα ေα်းαြာ α αုαို ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ααြားႏုိα္αဲ့αါαူး။
“α်ေαာ္αိုαα αွα္း αုα္းαα္αα္။ α‘ဲαီααα့္ ααα့္ αွα္းαα္αΏαီးေαာ့ α‘ေαααုိ αα္αုိα္αα္။ α‘ေαααေα ေα‘ာα္ ျαα္ေျαာαα္။ ေαααုိα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္α α်ေαာ္αုိα αာαွ αုα္ααားαါαူး αာαာ ေျαာαΎαေααဲ့ αိαာαါαα္။ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈαα္း ααွိαါαူး။ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈ ααွိαံုαα္αααါαူး၊ α်ေαာ္αုိα ျαα ္αα့္ျαα ္αုိα္αဲ့αာ αူααာαူျαα ္αα့္αာαိုαါ α်ေαာ္αုိα α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္ေαး αံααါαα္။ αံုαΏαံဳေαးααα္း αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈα αိα္ααွိαါαူး။ ααွိαိုααဲ α်ေαာ္αုိα αေααααို ααα္ααီး αα္αα္αဲαွာ ေαာα္αα္ေααဲ့αာαို αုα္α်α္αုα္α်α္αဲα ေα ာα့္ေαααာ။ αါα်ိဳးေαြα αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈ αွိαα္ေαာ့ αါေαြα α‘α်ားααီး α‘αα္ေျαႏိုα္αါαα္။”
α αα္αΎαာ αΏαိα္αΏαိဳα ααီးα α₯္α‘αြα္းαွာ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ α်α္းαာေαး α်ိဳααြα္းαာαဲ့α‘αြα္ αာαα့္ αα αα္ေαααွာ αြားေαာα္αိုα α ီα α₯္αားαဲ့ αေαြးαိုα္း α αΏαိဳααα္ ααီးα α₯္αိုαα္း α်α္αိα္းαိုα္αΏαီαိုα NLD αါαီαα္α ေျαာαိုαါαα္။
Source : Burma VJ & VOA
(The Financial Times αွ 23 March 2012 αα္α ြဲαါ Gwen Robinson ေαးαားေαာ West points to flawed monitoring in Myanmar αို αာαာ ျαα္αိုαα္)
"α‘αု αိα္αΎαားαာα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္ ေα့αာαိုα ααုα္αါαူး။ ေα့αာေαးααီး αြα္αာαဲα αိုαူေααါαα္။ αံုαွα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααားαွ်αေα‘ာα္ ျαα္αာαα္αာ αွိေα‘ာα္ αုα္αဲ့ ααိဳးα ားαႈေαြαို ααိဳαုိααါαα္" (α‘ီးαူ၏ ျαα္αာαိုα္αာ αံα‘αα္ ေαးαα ္ αα ္αα္း)
α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံ α‘α ိုးαα်ားα ျαα္αာ့ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αါαα္αံုαွ်ျαα့္ ျαα့္α ံုαံုေαာα္αႈ αွိαα္ααိုႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း α‘ေαာα္ αံααα္α်ားα αိုαα္။ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααα့္ေαααြα္ ααα္αွα္αα္α်ား ျαα ္α်α္αα္αႈႏွα့္ αααာαႈα်ား ααွိျαα္းαိုα ျαα ္ေαααဲ့αα့္αိုα္ αံααα္α်ားႏွα့္ ေα့αာαူα်ားαα္ ααိဳαα္αဲα αα ္αဲ့αိုαေαာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာα်ားαို α α ္ေαးαα္ αျαα ္ႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎααα္။
ααုေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ ႏိုα္αံα်ား ေαြးα်α္၍ αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ား αိα္αΎαားျαα္းαα္ αα္αူααိုαွ် ααိα္αΎαားျαα္း αα္α ာαွ်α္αူ αိုေαာα္းαα္αု αα္αုα္α‘ေျαα ိုα္ αံααα္αα ္α¦းα ေျαာαα္။ α‘αα္၍ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ αα ္α ံုαα ္αာ αွားαြα္းαဲ့αါα α‘α်ိဳαα‘α ိုးαα်ားα‘αြα္ ေျαာααိုα αα္αα့္ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို αα္αိုα္αႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္းαα္း αα္းα ααိေαးαဲ့αα္။
α‘ေαာα္ႏို္α္αံ αံααα္α်ားα‘αΎαားαြα္ α ိုးαိα္ေαေαာ αိα α₯αွာ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαဲ့αိုα ααα္αွα္αα္α်ား αα္αံျαα ္αြားαြားαα္αို ျαα ္αα္။ αာαα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ αα ္αα္α‘αα္ေααာ αα ေααာα αံုး αါαα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ NLD αါαီαα္ α α္းαံုးေαး αα္းေααα္αွာ αα္ααၱαα္ α‘ေαာ္α‘αα္ αΎαာαဲ့αΏαီ ျαα ္αΏαီး αα္းαိုαα αံုαွα္ααုα္ေαာ αိα α₯α်ားα‘αြα္ αိုα္αΎαားαႈα်ားαα္း ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။ NLD αα္ αဲαႏα΅αွα္ α ာαα္း ျαဳα ုαႈαို ေαးαြα္းαုα္αဲ့αΏαီး ေαααိုα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္α်ား၏ α ိα္α‘ေႏွာα့္α‘αွα္ျαα ္ေα‘ာα္ျαဳαုα္αႈႏွα့္ αားαီးαႈα်ားαိုαα္း ေαာ္αုα္αဲ့αα္။ ααΎαာေαးαီα NLD α α္းαံုးေαးααားα်ားαို α‘αα္ααိαူα်ားα αိုα္αိုα္ျαα္းα်ိဳး ျαα ္αြားαဲ့ေαးαα္။
α‘ီးαူႏွα့္ α‘ေααိαα္αိုαα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αα္ααွα္းαွ်ααႈαα္ α ီးαြားေαးαိα္αိုααႈα်ား αုα္αိα္းေαးα‘αြα္ α‘ေαးαါေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαား αားαα္။ αα္းαိုα၏ α ံα်ားαွα့္ αီαြα္ေα αα္ α‘α ိုးααα္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα α ိုးαိα္αα့္ αိα α₯α်ားαို ααိဳးα ားαိုα္αြα္α်α္ αွိαာ α‘α်ိဳααိα α₯α်ားαြα္ α‘ာαာαိုα္α်ားα‘ား α α္းαα္းα‘α α‘ေαးαူαႈα်ားαို αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αα္။
ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို ေα့αာαα္ αိα္αΎαားျαα္းαα္ ααိဳαိုααα့္ αိုးαα္αႈαα ္αု ျαα ္ေαာ္αα္း αွα္αα္ေαာ α‘αိααΈာα္ ေαာα္αူαႈ αွိαα့္ေαΎαာα္း αα္ေαာα္α‘ေျαα ိုα္ α‘ီးαူ၏ ျαα္αာαိုα္αာ αံα‘αα္ ေαးαα ္ αα ္αα္းα ေျαာαα္။ "α‘αု αိα္αΎαားαာα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္ ေα့αာαိုα ααုα္αါαူး။ ေα့αာေαးααီး αြα္αာαဲα αိုαူေααါαα္။ αံုαွα္αိုαα္ေαာ့ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααားαွ်αေα‘ာα္ ျαα္αာαα္αာ αွိေα‘ာα္ αုα္αဲ့ ααိဳးα ားαႈေαြαို ααိဳαုိααါαα္" αု αိုαα္။
α‘ီးαူα‘ေαျαα့္ αΎαားျαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို α α္းα်α₯္းα α္းαα္းα‘ေαျαα့္ αΎαα့္αႈαα္ ααုα္ေαΎαာα္း α‘ျαား α‘ီးαူαံααα္αα ္α¦းα ေျαာαα္။ ျαα္αာ့ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို α ြα္းα‘ားျαα့္ ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αိုαါα αႏα΅αဲျαားα်ား αုိα္ႏွိα္ ျαα္αေαျαα္းα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘α αွα ၍ α‘ားαံုးαို αΎαα့္αႈαွ ααိα့္αα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαα္။ α‘α ိုးαααူ α‘ေααိαα္ႏွα့္ α‘ီးαူα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ာαီαံ ေαြးေႏြးαα္ႏိုα္αံα်ား ျαα ္ေαာ α©α ေαΎαးα်၊ ααုα္၊ α်αα္ႏွα့္ αေααါαိုααိုαα္း ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေα့αာαူα်ား ေα αႊα္αα္ αိα္αΎαားေαΎαာα္း αΎαာααေαးေααα αိုαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ααα္း ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αα့္ α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းαို α‘ααူαα္ ျαα ္ေαာ္αα္း αုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ား၏ αြα့္αα္း ျαα္αာαႈႏွα့္ αα္αα္၍ α ိုးαိα္αႈα်ား αွိေαΎαာα္း αူαိαွα္αΎαား ေျαာαဲ့αα္။ "ααααံုး ေျααွα္းေαာα္းαα ္αα္αါαဲ။ α‘αα္ααို ႏိုα္αံααာα ေα့αာαူေαြαို ααိα္αူးေα။ αါေααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံααာ αြα့္αα္းαႈေαြαိုေαာ့ α ံααွီေαးαါαူး" αု ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαာα ေျαာαြα့္α α‘α်ိဳးααီး αα ္αိုးαီးαား ႏူαα္းα ေျαာαα္။
Credit : Dawnmanhon
αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαီးαာαဲαα‘αွ်၊ αူαုαီαိုαေαα ီ ေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αဲαြα္ α α္းαံုးေαးααီးα α₯္αေαွ်ာα္αံုးαွာ ျαα္αူαူαုေαြ α‘α္αဲαα‘ားαဲα αα္ေαာα္α‘ားေαး ေαာα္αံαာαာαဲαα‘αွ်၊ α‘ာαာα αΎαံ့αြံαα‘α ိုးα αΎαံ့αြံααါαီα αα္αိုα္αုα္ေαြ၊ α‘αိုေαာ္αိေαြ၊ α‘ာαာαါးαြα္αားေαြαဲα αဲαα့္αိုαျαα္ေα αΎααဲ့ ျαα္αူαူαုαို αΏαိα္းေျαာα္αာေαြ၊ αααာαဲ့αα္းαဲα ေαြးေαာα္α်ားေαာα္းαာေαြ၊ αα္αံုးေαးα α္းαံုး αာေαြ၊ α‘ာαာαဲααုα္αိုα္αြα့္ေαြαို α‘αြဲαံုးα ားαုα္αΏαီး αူαုαိုαα္းα‘α်ဳိးα်ဳိးαဲα ေႏွာα္αွα္αα္ααားαာေαြ αိုαိုα αိုαိုα αΎαားαျαα္α ျαα ္αာαါαΏαီ။
α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αိုα္α αွα္αို αဲαေαးαဲေα‘ာα္၊ αဲေαးαα္ αြဲαွားαΏαီး αα္αဲျαα ္αြားေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေααာ ေαြ၊ αဲα ာαα္းေαြ αွားαြα္းေα‘ာα္ α‘αα္ျαα့္αူေαြααα့္။ ေααာααွα္αဲ့αူေαြαα့္၊ αွα္αဲ့αူေαြαိုαα္း αိုေααာαါ αီေααာαါျαα ္ေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေααာ၊ ေααΏαီးαူေαြαို αဲα ာαα္းαဲ αα့္ေαးαားαာေαြ αα္ေαြααα္αိုα္ေα ααဲ့ α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြ၊ αဲα‘ႏိုα္αေαး ေαာα္αြα္αူေαြαဲα αျαားαါαီαα္ေαြ၊ ααီး αုαၢαိα αိုα္α αွα္ေαာα္းေαြα αေα်ααα္ αိုα္αα္းေျαာαိုαΎααာေαြ ααα္းαီαီαာေαြαို αြα့္α်αာαΎααာ ေαြαိုαα္း αိုαိုααΎαားαာ၊ ေαြααာααါαα္။
αါေαြαာ ေα‘ာα္ေျαα αα္αိုα္αုα္ေαြ α‘αိုေαာ္αိေαြαဲα α‘ာαာαွိαူ αာαα္αွိαုαၢိဳα္ေαြα αူαိုαα ိα္ αူαိုα αိုα္αဲα αုα္ေααΎααာαုα္αဲααားαိုα α α₯္းα ားαα့္αΎααα္αα္αါαα္။ αာျαα ္αိုααိုေαာ့ αု α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္ αဲ့ α‘ေααြံαဲ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲααဲα αိုα္α်ဳα္αျαα ္αဲ αα္ααီးေαြαဲα α‘ာαာαါαါေαြα‘ေαΎαာα္း ေαာα္းေαာα္းαိαဲ့αΎα αဲ့ αူေαြ ျαα ္ေααိုααါαဲ။ αူαိုαα α‘αိα္ααေαး ααိုα္းေα αဲ αုαို α₯αေααဲ့ ေႏွာα္αွα္ αα္ααားαာေαြ၊ α‘ာαာα‘ αြဲαံုးα ားαုα္αာေαြαို αα္αံုးααွ ααုα္αဲαဲ့αူးαါαူး။ α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္ α‘αα္αα္ αα္ေαြαျαα္αα္းαာαဲ့αΏαီး αါးေျαာα္αို αုα္αΏαီးαား αုα္αဲ့αΎαααဲ့ αူေαြျαα ္αါαα္။ αိုα္းαိုα္αဲ့α‘αိုα္း αုα္ေα ်းႏႈα္းα်αα္းေαး αႈα္αွားαူ ေαြαို α်ားα αေαြး αားေαာα္αို ေαြးα‘ေαြαိုα္းαြဲααို αုα္αဲ့αΎααာαိုေαာ့ αေα့αα့္αΎααါαူး။
ေျαာαိုαα္းαေαာ့ αီαေααα‘ေααြံαဲ α α ္α‘α ိုးααာ ႏိုα္αံααာα ေα်αα္αα္αံေα‘ာα္ ααα္α αα္αံုးααွ ααိုα္ေαွ်ာ αြα့္αျαဳαူးαဲ့ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြαို ေαးေαααို ေα‘ာα္ေျαα αူαိုααဲααα္αိုα္αုα္ေαြ၊ α‘αိုေαာ္αိ ေαြαဲα α‘ာαာααာαα္αွိ αα္αα္းေαြαဲααααားα‘ႏိုα္α်α့္αႈ၊ α‘ာαာα‘αြဲαံုးα ား αုα္αႈေαြαိုαα္း ααိα်α္ေαာα္ ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ α်ေαာ္ α‘αα္αွာαα္ျααဲ့ααို ေα‘ာα္ေျααွာ αုα္ေααဲ့αူေαြαာ α‘αိα္ααα ံုααာ ααွိ αဲ၊ αႊα္αΎαားα်α္αα ံုααာ αααားαဲ ααုα္αဲαဲ့αူေαြαိုαာ αွα္းαါαα္။ α‘αိα္ααိုαာ α‘ျαဲα ားαံုးαဲ့αဲ့αူေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘αိα္ααααα္ αာαွααုα္αဲααို α‘αိα္αααα္αα္း αာαွαိုαုα္αဲαူေαြ ျαα ္αΎααါαα္။
αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα αဲαြα္α α္းαံုးေαးααီးα α₯္ေαြαွာ ααားေαာαိုαေααာαို αြα့္αျαဳαာ ေαြ αုα္αာαဲ့αΏαိဳααြာေαြ α်ားαာေααာ ေαြαααါαα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αြဲαα်ဳα္α αါαီαိုα αွα္ေαာα္းေαြαဲα αာα္αံုေαြαို αုα္ျαဲα်α္αီးαေαြαိုαα္း αုα္αာαΎααာေαြαို αα္αိုα္αို ααို αΎαားαာေαααါαΏαီ။ αΎαံ့αြံαေα‘ာα္ေျααါαီαα္ေαြα αူαိုααေαာ αူαိုααႏα΅αဲα αီαိုα်α္αီးေαးေαြ αုα္ေααΎα αာ αိုαာαေαာ့ αျαα ္ႏိုα္αေαာα္αါαဲ။
ေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ αဲαြα္α α္းαံုးေαးααားαြဲαဲα αိုα္αΏαီး ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαα်ဳိααွာ α ာေαးαြဲα်α္းααာ၊ αံုးαα္αα္းေαြ၊ αα္αေαာ္αားေαြαုိ αံုးျαα္၊ ေα်ာα္းျαα္ ααြα္ααိုα αားျαα ္αာေαြαာ α‘ဲαီေα်ာα္းαဲα ေα်ာα္း α‘ုα္ααီးေαြ၊ αာααိုα္αာα‘ααီးα‘αဲေαြ၊ αα္αွဴးေαြα αူαိုααံုးျαα္α်α္αဲα αူαိုαေαာ့ α‘ဲαီαိုα‘αိα္αα်ဳိးေαြ α αုα္αဲေαာα္αါαူး။ ေαα်ာαါαα္။ ေαာα္ααုα αူαုαΎαα္αိဳေαးα ားαဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္ αα္းα ုαΎαα္αို αုαၢိဳα္ေαးαိαα‘ာα်αဲ့ α ာαြα္α ာαα္းေαြαို αူαုαΎαားαွာျαα္ααာ၊ αα္αာေαြα‘αိαုα္αာαာ ေαြαေαααါαΏαီ။ αါαာαα္း αα၊ αα αုႏွα ္ေαာα္ααα္းα α α ္α‘α ိုးαα αုα္ေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့αုα္αα္αိုαာ αိαီαူေαြ αိαဲ့αΎααΏαီ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ααα αိုα္αိုα္α αီαိုαေαα ီ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαးေαြ αုα္ေαးαါαα္။ ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αα္ေαာα္ေαးαွာ α‘ α ိုးααဲα αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αါ။ αိαျαα္αူေαြαဲααႏα΅αေαာαားαို ေαးα ားαိုα္αာαါαα္αိုα ααြαြေျαာေααဲ့ α‘ α်ိα္။ αူαုေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα α‘α်ဳိးαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္αို ααားαα္αါαီα‘ျαα ္ ျαα္αα္αွα္ αံုαα္αြα့္ျαဳ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာေαာα္ျαα္αΏαီး αါαα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αြα့္ ျαဳαားαိုα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာ αုαို αိα္αα္αα္ααားαဲαာ၊ ေႏွာα္αွα္αဲαာေαြαေαာ့ αူαိုααဲαα ိα္αႏα΅ αေαာαားαဲα αိုα္αိုα္αံုးျαα္α်α္αဲααုα္αာ αα္αိုαα္းαဲα αျαα ္ ႏိုα္αူးαိုαာαေαာ့ α α₯္းα ားေαြးေαာαα္αူαိုα္း α‘ေαြααΎαံဳαွိαူαိုα္း αိαΎααΏαီး ျαα ္αါαα္။
ေαာα္α်α္αြဲααα္ေαာ့ α‘ေααြံαဲα α ္α‘α ိုးααာ α်α္ႏွာႏွα ္αα္αား αΏαီးαူαိုααိုαားα်α္ေαြαို ျαα့္ααေα‘ာα္ αုα္ေααα္αိုα ေျαာαα္ααွားေαာα္αါαူး။ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαဲα αိုα္α αွα္ေααာ αα ေααာαာ αႊα္ေαာ္ αွာ αူαိုαα‘αာα ီးαူαားαဲ့ αိုα္α αွα္ေααာေαြα‘ားαံုးαဲα αွα₯္αိုα္αα္ αာαွαျαα ္ေαာα္ေααα့္ α‘ဲαီ αα ေααာ αံုးႏိုα္αြားαွာαိုေαာα္ ααိုαားαါαူး။ αါေαΎαာα့္ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα‘αα္αα္ ေαြးαာαဲ့αဲ့ αα္αိုα္αုα္ α‘αိုေαာ္αိ ျαα္αူααα α₯ာေαာα္ေαြαို α်ိα္αΏαီး ααိα္α်αိုα ေႏွာα္αွα္α်α္α ီးαိုα္းαိုα αီαူးα်α္ႏွာ ααα္αားαΏαီး၊ αူαိုααဲα αိုα္ αိုα္αႈ ေαြေαΎαး α α္းα ိα္α₯α α₯ာေαြαို ααားαα္ျαα္αα္αံုးα ြဲαြα့္ αုα္αိုα္ေαာα္αြα္αြα့္ေαးႏိုα္αဲ့ αူေαြαို၊ αူαိုααို ႏိုα္αံααာ αာααα္αံုαံုးေαာα္αြားေα‘ာα္ αုα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αူေαြαိုေαာ့ααα္αွာ αα္းαားα်α္ႏွာျααားαာျαα ္αα္ αိုα ေျαာα်α္αာαါ။
αီαေαα αုα္ေααဲ့ α‘ေႏွာα္α‘αွα္α‘αα္αα‘αားေαြ၊ αααားαႈေαြ၊ αဲαႏα΅αွα္ေαြαဲααဲေαြαို αိα္αα္ααူαိုα ααိဳးα ားေααာαာ αျαားαူေαြααုα္αဲ α‘ေααြံαဲ α α ္α‘α ိုးααာျαα ္αα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြ ႏိုα္αံေαး αα္ႂαြαႈα္αွားαူေαြαဲα ျαα္αူαူαုααα္αံုး ααိααီးααီးαားαΎααိုα αိုαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း ααိေαး αα္ျααိုα္αာ αါ။
ျαα္αူαူαုααα္αံုးαဲαα‘α္α‘ားαဲα αိုα္းαα္းαα္αα်α္αΎααိုααာ ααိဳးα ားαΎαααါαိα့္αα္။ ။
α ိုးေααα္း
Source :ေαααα ္
By: αα္α်α္αိα္αိα္း
αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αားαα္α αုိးေαာα္း αα္းေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုိ αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαဲ့α‘αြα္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααα္ α‘ေျαα‘ေαααွိαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α ျαံဳးα ား ေαΎααာαုိα္αα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αα ္αα္αဲ့ α‘αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαာ α်α္ေαာ့αα္။ ααα္းေျαာααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αွာ αΎαားျαα္α‘αြα္ ေααာ αα αα ္αα္ေααာαေα αု αα ေααာαာ α်α္ေαာ့αα္αုိαဲ့ αေαာျαα ္αα္။
αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαူးαုိα α‘α ိုးααေျαာေααဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αေαာ့ αα်α္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αα္αွာ αာαွαုံျαံဳေαးျαႆαာααွိαူးαိုαေျαာαα္။ αα္αူေαြαα္αိုေျαာေျαာ αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαူးαုိαာαုိ ေαာα္းαါαα္ေျαာαိုα αα္ေαျααိုα ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αဲ ααα္ႏုိα္αါ။ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘α αုုံျαံဳေαးေαာα္းαα္αုိαα္ αုα်α္ျαα္း α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα αုံးေαါα္ျαႏုိα္αာαုိα ααုα္αွα္းαိαိαဲα αံαΎαααွာျαα ္αα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးα αာေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္αΎαံααဲ αα္းα α ္αΎαα့္αα့္αα္။
αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြαို ေα့αာαΎαα့္αα္ αα ္αα္ေααာα‘ားαုံး ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αွာαာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ႏုိα္αံေαးαွဳေαာα့္ααΎαα့္αα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္αာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္ ေαာေαာαα္ αူးေαာα့္ျαα ္ေααါαα္။ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ α‘α ိုးααုိα်α္ααုိ αုံαြα္းαΎαိဳးαုိα္αုိα αααဲ့α‘αြα္ αာαုံျαံဳေαးျαႆαာαွ ααွိαဲ့ αα်α္αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုိ αΎαားျαα္ေαြေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααြα့္αိα္ျαီး ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ αα္αα္αုိα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα αြα္α်α္ αုံးျαα္αဲ့αာျαα ္αုံααါαα္။
ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ αα ္αွα္αားျαီ
ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာα αုိးေαာα္းαေα ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα ္ αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။ ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာαာ αာαာαα္αဲα αါαီαြဲααြဲα α α္α α ္ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αဲα αα္α α္αα္αုိαာ α‘α်ားα‘αိျαα ္αα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ αα္αα္αုိααုိαα္ αႊα္ေαာ္ႏုိα္αံေαးαုိ α‘ာαာαα္းαα္း αα္α်α္ေααဲ့ ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααα္ႏုိα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္αွျαα ္αα္။ ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααα္ႏုိα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္αုိαα‘αြα္ αူျαိဳα္αဲ့ αုိးေαာα္းαဲαႏα΅αα္αုိ αိα္ႏုိα္αုိα α‘α ိုးαα α‘ေαာα္αΎαံααွာျαα ္αα္။
αီေααာαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α αူးα်ာαုိ ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္း αα္αြα့္αေαးαα္ αျαα ္αူးαားαုိα ေαးα αာαွိαါαα္။αααα ααုိα္αုံးα ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαα α α ္α‘α ိုးαα ိα္αΎαိဳα္ αုα္α်α္ααုိ αုα္αြα့္ααားαာαုိα αူးα်ာαုိααါαီαုိ αα္ျαားေα ာα့္αα္αဲα α‘αဲα‘αွα္αုα္αααဲ့α‘αုံး αုိα္αာαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္ααွိαဲ αါαီေαာα္αြα့္ αိα္αဲ့αα္။ ααါ ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္းေαွ်ာα္ေαာ့αဲ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္ααွိαဲ αူးα်ာαုိ αα္αဲ့ျαီးျαα ္αα္။ α‘ဲαီαုံးααဲ ေα‘ာα္ေαာα္းα¦းα ီးျαီး α‘ေαာα္αΎαံαဲ့αာ ျαα ္αα္။
αုα်ေαာ့ ႏုိα္αံααာ α‘αူးαျαα့္ α‘ေααိαα္α αα်α္α‘ေαα α‘ာαုံα ုိα္ေαα်ိα္ျαα ္αα္။ ေααα ုေαΎαာα့္ α‘α ိုးααွာ αဲα်ီၤαီေαα ီ αေαα်ိα္ျαα ္αα္။ α‘ာαီαံα₯αၠαα‘αြα္ αိαα‘ာαα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္းα်ိဳးα ုံαဲα αΎαိဳးαα္းေαα်ိα္ျαα ္αα္။ αα်α္ျαα္αြα္းα α ္ α‘ေαးα‘αα္းααဲ ႏုိα္αံααာαိျαα ္ေααα္။
αါေαΎαာα့္ αူးα်ာαုိ ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္း ေαွ်ာα္αာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α αα္α်αα္ ေαααα္ျαα ္ေααα္။ αα္α ားေα်αα္αုိαာ αိα္αုိαα္αွားျαီး α‘α်ားα‘ာαုံα ုိα္α αာျαα ္αα္။ αီαွာαα္ αုိးေαာα္းαဲαႏα΅αα္αုိ αုံျαဳံေαးα‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္αဲα αΎαားျαα္αα်α္းαျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေαΎαျαာαα္ αူးα်ာαါ α‘αုိαုိ αα္ျαီးျαα ္αα္။ ႏုိα္αံေαးαဲ αိα္αα္α်α္ေααဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαုိ ႏုိα္αံေαးα ααုα္ျαီး ααံα်α္ေα‘ာα္αုα္αဲ့αေαာαဲ။
αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αားαα္α αုိးေαာα္း αα္းေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုိ αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαဲ့α‘αြα္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααα္ α‘ေျαα‘ေαααွိαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α ျαံဳးα ား ေαΎααာαုိα္αα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αα ္αα္αဲ့ α‘αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαာ α်α္ေαာ့αα္။ ααα္းေျαာααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αွာ αΎαားျαα္α‘αြα္ ေααာ αα αα ္αα္ေααာαေα αု αα ေααာαာ α်α္ေαာ့αα္αုိαဲ့ αေαာျαα ္αα္။
αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαူးαုိα α‘α ိုးααေျαာေααဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αေαာ့ αα်α္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αα္αွာ αာαွαုံျαံဳေαးျαႆαာααွိαူးαိုαေျαာαα္။ αα္αူေαြαα္αိုေျαာေျαာ αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαူးαုိαာαုိ ေαာα္းαါαα္ေျαာαိုα αα္ေαျααိုα ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αဲ ααα္ႏုိα္αါ။ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘α αုုံျαံဳေαးေαာα္းαα္αုိαα္ αုα်α္ျαα္း α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα αုံးေαါα္ျαႏုိα္αာαုိα ααုα္αွα္းαိαိαဲα αံαΎαααွာျαα ္αα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးα αာေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္αΎαံααဲ αα္းα α ္αΎαα့္αα့္αα္။
αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြαို ေα့αာαΎαα့္αα္ αα ္αα္ေααာα‘ားαုံး ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αွာαာ ျαα ္αါαα္။
ႏုိα္αံေαးαွဳေαာα့္ααΎαα့္αα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္αာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္ ေαာေαာαα္ αူးေαာα့္ျαα ္ေααါαα္။ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ α‘α ိုးααုိα်α္ααုိ αုံαြα္းαΎαိဳးαုိα္αုိα αααဲ့α‘αြα္ αာαုံျαံဳေαးျαႆαာαွ ααွိαဲ့ αα်α္αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုိ αΎαားျαα္ေαြေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααြα့္αိα္ျαီး ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ αα္αα္αုိα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα αြα္α်α္ αုံးျαα္αဲ့αာျαα ္αုံααါαα္။
ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ αα ္αွα္αားျαီ
ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာα αုိးေαာα္းαေα ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα ္ αွα₯္ျαိဳα္αွာျαα ္αါαα္။ ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာαာ αာαာαα္αဲα αါαီαြဲααြဲα α α္α α ္ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αဲα αα္α α္αα္αုိαာ α‘α်ားα‘αိျαα ္αα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ αα္αα္αုိααုိαα္ αႊα္ေαာ္ႏုိα္αံေαးαုိ α‘ာαာαα္းαα္း αα္α်α္ေααဲ့ ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααα္ႏုိα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္αွျαα ္αα္။ ေαါα္αာαူးα်ာαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααα္ႏုိα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္αုိαα‘αြα္ αူျαိဳα္αဲ့ αုိးေαာα္းαဲαႏα΅αα္αုိ αိα္ႏုိα္αုိα α‘α ိုးαα α‘ေαာα္αΎαံααွာျαα ္αα္။
αီေααာαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α αူးα်ာαုိ ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္း αα္αြα့္αေαးαα္ αျαα ္αူးαားαုိα ေαးα αာαွိαါαα္။αααα ααုိα္αုံးα ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαα α α ္α‘α ိုးαα ိα္αΎαိဳα္ αုα္α်α္ααုိ αုα္αြα့္ααားαာαုိα αူးα်ာαုိααါαီαုိ αα္ျαားေα ာα့္αα္αဲα α‘αဲα‘αွα္αုα္αααဲ့α‘αုံး αုိα္αာαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္ααွိαဲ αါαီေαာα္αြα့္ αိα္αဲ့αα္။ ααါ ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္းေαွ်ာα္ေαာ့αဲ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္ααွိαဲ αူးα်ာαုိ αα္αဲ့ျαီးျαα ္αα္။ α‘ဲαီαုံးααဲ ေα‘ာα္ေαာα္းα¦းα ီးျαီး α‘ေαာα္αΎαံαဲ့αာ ျαα ္αα္။
αုα်ေαာ့ ႏုိα္αံααာ α‘αူးαျαα့္ α‘ေααိαα္α αα်α္α‘ေαα α‘ာαုံα ုိα္ေαα်ိα္ျαα ္αα္။ ေααα ုေαΎαာα့္ α‘α ိုးααွာ αဲα်ီၤαီေαα ီ αေαα်ိα္ျαα ္αα္။ α‘ာαီαံα₯αၠαα‘αြα္ αိαα‘ာαα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္းα်ိဳးα ုံαဲα αΎαိဳးαα္းေαα်ိα္ျαα ္αα္။ αα်α္ျαα္αြα္းα α ္ α‘ေαးα‘αα္းααဲ ႏုိα္αံααာαိျαα ္ေααα္။
αါေαΎαာα့္ αူးα်ာαုိ ααီးαုαၢαα‘αα္ေαာα္း ေαွ်ာα္αာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α αα္α်αα္ ေαααα္ျαα ္ေααα္။ αα္α ားေα်αα္αုိαာ αိα္αုိαα္αွားျαီး α‘α်ားα‘ာαုံα ုိα္α αာျαα ္αα္။ αီαွာαα္ αုိးေαာα္းαဲαႏα΅αα္αုိ αုံျαဳံေαးα‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္αဲα αΎαားျαα္αα်α္းαျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေαΎαျαာαα္ αူးα်ာαါ α‘αုိαုိ αα္ျαီးျαα ္αα္။ ႏုိα္αံေαးαဲ αိα္αα္α်α္ေααဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαုိ ႏုိα္αံေαးα ααုα္ျαီး ααံα်α္ေα‘ာα္αုα္αဲ့αေαာαဲ။
α‘α္α‘α္αီαါ αα္αα္ျαီ
αုိးေαာα္းααုαဲαြα္αီး αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္αα္ α‘ျαα္ααွαဲ့α‘αြα္ αားαα္ααဲα αα္းေαာ္αါαဲ့αွ αα်α္ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘ေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္ααိုαို α‘ျαα ္αα္αိုα α‘αြα္ααα္။ αၤီαွာαα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαုိ αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαုိαဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္αဲα α‘α ိုးαα α်α္αုိ္α္αာျαα ္αα္။
αီေααာαွာ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαွာ αΎαံ့αြံααါαီα α‘αα္ေαာα္း α α¦းαါ αါေααဲ့α‘αြα္ αုိα့္αα္α αα္ေαာα္α‘αိαာααဲαါ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαααြα္αွာျαα ္αα္။ ααα္ေαာ့ αα ္αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαုံးαျαိဳα္αဲ αΎαံ့αြံα αႊα္ေαာ္αွာ α‘αာα ီးαေααွာျαα ္αα္။ αုα္ိα α ႏွα ္αα္αα္းα‘αြα္ αα္α ူးαုိααာ ႏုိα္αားαဲ့ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြ αα္ααြα္ေα‘ာα္ αုαို αူαα‘αα္ေαာα္းေαြ ျαိဳα္αုိα္းαာျαα ္αα္။
αူးα်ာαဲα ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ ααာေαးαိုαα‘αြα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံး αα်α္းααဲ့α‘αြα္ αြα္းαံαα္း αွα္αα့္αာ α‘α္α‘α္αီျαα ္αα္။ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαွာ α‘α္α‘α္αီα αα္ျαိဳα္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘αα္ေαာα္း α α¦း αျαိဳα္ααဲ αုံးαွုံးαြားαα္။ α‘ေααိαα္αွာ αြားαီးα‘ာေα်ာα္αဲ့ NDF αါαီ ေααေαာα္α်ာαုိαါ α‘α ိုးαα αΎαိဳα္αုံαααဲ့α‘αြα္ αူααုိαါ α‘αုိαုိ ႏုိα္αံေαးαα္ျαီးαားျαα ္αြားαα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α ိုးαျαα ္ေα α်α္αာေαြ αα်α္αုα္ α α်α္ျαα္ αိα α₯ျαီၤးαြားαα္αုိα αုိႏုိα္αα္။
α‘α္α‘α္αီαα္αြα္αα္ αα်α္ α ေααာ αα္αႊα္ααဲ့ျαα္ α α ္αုိα္း (α) α α¦းေα ာαႈိα္αုိαါ ေαာ္ααွα္α αုα္αားαဲ့α‘αြα္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ α‘α္α‘α္αီα α αာαီ αြα္αြားαα္။ ααα္းေျαာααα္ α ုα ုေαါα္း αα ္αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαဲα α% αုိ αျαိဳα္ααဲ αα္αြα္αုံးαွုံးαြားαဲ့αေαာျαα ္αα္။ αါေααဲ့ α‘αα္ျαα ္ျαီးαား ျαα္α₯ာαα ိုးαုိ α‘ေα်ာα္ααဲ့α‘αြα္ αေααာαာ αုံးαွဳံးαα္αုိα αΎαံαα္ေျαာαα္αဲααα္။
α်α္αါαီေαြαုိα‘αိαာ
αα ္αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαုံး αα္ျαိဳα္ႏုိα္αာ αΎαံ့αြံαဲαα‘α္α‘α္αီαာαွိαာαုိα αာαုိα္ႏႈα္းαဲααြα္αα္ α‘αα္ေααာαα္းαα္းαာျαိဳα္αုိα္αဲ့αါαီေαြ α₯ααာ NDF αုိα NUP αα ααုိααုိ αါαီေαြα‘αုိα αα်α္αွာ αုံးαွုံဴးαႈ αုိαΎαီးαားαာ ေαα်ာေααα္။
αါαΎαံ့αြံαါαီαα္α αα ္αြα္ααုαာျαα ္αα္။ ေαာα္αα္αာα αာေαြ α‘α်ားαΎαီး αွα္းαားαα့္αα္။ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းαႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ αα α‘ုα္α ုαွိαα္။ αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုα ာαα္းαုိေαာ့ ေαာ္ααွα္α αုαိ ααုα္ျαα္ေαးαါ။
αΎαားျαα္αα်α္းαႏုိα္αဲ့ αျαားαα္ေျαေαြ
αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αုံျαံဳေαးေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααုိα္αဲ့ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြ αွိαα္αုိα ေαΎαျαာααာαုိα α‘α ိုးαα‘αုိα ႏုိα္αံေαး ααα္းαွုံဳးαα္။ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးα αား αα္ေαာα္αΎαီးေျαာေαေα ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αွိေααα္αုိαာ αα္αံαာေαာα္αα္။ ααဲ့ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲα α‘αွα္းေαးေααဲျαα ္αα္αုိαာ ျαααာေαာα္αα္။
αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αုံျαံဳေαးေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααုိα္αဲ့ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြαေαာ့-
-αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ α‘α္α်α္းαα္ α αဲα αြα္ααာαြα္ α αုိαျαα ္αα္။
-αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ αုိα္းαား၊ αားαα္၊ αα္αုိα္၊ αုိα္းေαာ၊ αα္αα္း α ျαို့αα္ျαα ္αα္။ αူးျαားα်α္α αုိα္းαားαွာ αႊα္ေαာ္αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα ္ αα္αြα္းαူααွိαူးαိုα αိααα္။
αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αုံျαံဳေαးေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααုိα္αဲ့ αုိα္းေαααΎαီးαႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြαေαာ့
-αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ αα ျαို့αα္αွိαါαα္။
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αဲ့ αုံျαံဳေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေα
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုံးααဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααုိ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαααွိαဲ့ ျαα္αα္ေαြα αα်α္ ααား αွα္း αြα္αဲ့ ααα္ျαα္αα္ေαြ ျαα ္αα္။ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ျαို့αα္ေαြα αွα္းျαα္ ααα္αွာ ေαးျαို့αα္αွိαါαα္။ αα္αα္း αားαα္း αα္αုိα္ αုိα္းေαာ ေαးျαိူαα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αုိုαိုαဲ့αေαာα αဲαႏα΅αα္ααုαုံး ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αာαုိαုိ့ α ေαးျαို့αα္αာ αွိαα္αုိαဲ့ α‘αိααΈါα္ ျαα ္αα္။
ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္αဲ့α ာαα္းα‘ααုိαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္းα αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ αα၊ ααားαွာ α α‘ုα္α ု αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ α α α‘ုα္α ု αြα္ျαα္αα္αွာ α α‘ုα္α ုαဲ့ ααα္ျαα္αα္αွာ αα α α‘ုα္α ုαွိαါαα္ α ုα ုေαါα္း ျαα္αα္ α αုαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ု ααα αွိαါαα္။
αα်α္ျαα္αα္αုိေα့αာαΎαα့္αဲ့α‘αါ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း αα α‘ုα္α ုαွိαါαα္ αုိα္းေαာ္ α‘α္α်α္းαα္ ေαာ့ေαာ္ α်ေαြ αႏုိα္း αြα္ααာαြα္ αα္α ီ αုိးေαာα္αဲ့ ေαႊαူ α ျαို့αα္αဲα ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαါ αါαα္αα္။
αီ α ျαို့αα္αာ α‘αူုးαျαα့္ αα်α္α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαး αα္αα္αုိα္α‘αြဲ့ျαα ္αဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေααဲ့ေααေαြျαα ္αာαုိ့ αုαို ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αာαုိ့ αူααဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း αα်α္ α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαးα‘αြဲ့ααုျαα ္αဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီαα ္αα္αေαာ္-αα်α္ NDAK α₯αၠα α¦းααုα္αိα့္αိα္းα αူααα္။
α α ္α‘α ိုးα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α ေαΎαျαာαားαဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαာ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ αိα္းα်ဳα္αဲ့αα္ေျαေαြαို့ α¦းααုα္αိα့္αိα္းေျαာαဲ့α‘αြα္ α α ္α‘α ိုးα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαြαုိ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαα္ေျαေαြαွာ αα္ααံαူးαုိαဲ့ αေαာαားαုိαာ ေαးαြα္းαုα္α αာ ျαα ္ေααါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαေαာ့ αα်α္ျαα္αူေαြαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα‘αြα္ αဲေαးαါαုိ့ αုိα္αြα္းαာααွိααုိ αα့္αြα္αါαုိ့αဲ αုိα္αြα္းααားαါαုူးαုိ့ ေαα‘ုိα္ αု ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαာαα္αံ αိုα္αွဴးαΎαီးαြα္းေαါα္းα ေαာα္ျααဲ့αα္။
ααα္ျαα္αα္αုိαΎαα့္αα္αုိαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း αα α αုαွိαါαα္။
α‘αိαျαို့αα္ေαြα αားα‘ံ αွိဳα္းαြဲ့ αံေαာα္αΎαီး ျαααီ ေαာ့ααိα္ αΎαာα‘α္းαိα္αΎαီး α ျαိုαα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αီျαို့αα္ေαြα ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαာ ေαα‘α္αူ α္ိα္းα်ဳα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြျαα ္αို့ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္α ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္αုိ့ ေαွာα္ααား ααိαေααဲ့ ေαα‘α္αူαေαာ့ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုိ αα့္α်α္αα္αုိ့ α‘αα္αေαာ္αုိαဲ့ ေαα‘α္αူ αα္αႉးαα¦းα ေျαာαα္။
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းαျαα ္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြ
αα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုိ ျαα္αΎαα့္αα္ αွα္းျαα္αα္ α ျαို့αα္ျαα ္αဲ့ αုα္းαΎαα္း။ αားαα္ αα္αုိα္ αα္αα္း αုိα္းေαာαဲ့ αα့္αα္ ျαို့αα္ေαြαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αါαူး- αေαာαေαာ့ ααိα္းα်ဳα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αာျαα ္αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီα‘α်ိα္ျαα္αΎαα့္αα္ αααα αွာ ααα ျαိဳဲαြဲαီး ααဲ့αုိးαα့္α αဲ့ αα္αα္αုိα္ေαြ αြဲαြα္αီး αα α္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αα်α္ျαα္αα္ α‘α္α်α္းαα္ျαို့αα္αွာαဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αာ ေαြ့ααါαα္။
αါေααဲ့ α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲαီး α‘ႏွα ္ ααေα်ာ္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာαဲ ααα္α ေαးျαို့αα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္ျαα ္ျαα္αါαα္။ αီαဲαွာ αားαα္း αα္αုိα္ αုိα္းေαာ္ α ျαို့αα္αာ αα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုံးααဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြ ျαα ္ေααာ ေαြ့ααါαα္။
α‘α ိုးαα်α္ႏွာα်α္αျαီ
α်ဳα္αΎαα့္αα္αုိαα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း ααα αုိαာ αα္းαဲ့ αိα္းααα္းααုα္αဲ့α‘αြα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာα္αြα္αွာ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္α ႏုိα္αံေαးေျααα္ေα‘ာα္ ααုိα္ႏုိα္αာαုိ αီးေαာα္းαုိးျαေαααို ျαα ္ေααα္။ ααα္းေျαာααα္ αα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αုα္αီး α‘ႏွα ္ ααေα်ာ္αΎαာαဲ့ α‘α်ိα္ ေαာα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း ααα αုိးαာαဲ့αေαာ ျαα ္ေααါαα္။
αα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αဲ့ ေαးျαို့αα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αုိ့ αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေα်ာ့αြားαုံαα αုိα္းေαααΎαီးαဲαႏα΅αα္ α‘ေαα‘αြα္αါ ေα်ာ့αြားαာαုိ့ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα‘αုိ့ α်α္ႏွာα်α္α αာ ျαα ္αြားαာ αျαα္းႏုိα္αဲ့α‘α်α္αါ။
αုိαုိးαဲ့α‘α်α္α αြဲ့α α္းαုံα‘ေျααံα₯αေααဲαွာ αα့္αြα္းျααာα္းαားαဲ့ ααုိα္αုိα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αြα့္αေαα α ျαုိ့αα္αဲα ေαးျαိုαα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αုံαα α်α္ α ျαို့αα္αွာαဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαွိαါαα္αုိ့ αα္αံေαΎαျαာααဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α ုိးαα‘αုိα α်α္ႏွာα်α္α αာျαα ္αဲ့αα္။
Source : Swe Swe Kyi Facebook
αုိးေαာα္းααုαဲαြα္αီး αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္αα္ α‘ျαα္ααွαဲ့α‘αြα္ αားαα္ααဲα αα္းေαာ္αါαဲ့αွ αα်α္ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘ေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္ααိုαို α‘ျαα ္αα္αိုα α‘αြα္ααα္။ αၤီαွာαα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαုိ αုံျαံဳေαးαေαာα္းαုိαဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းျαα်α္αဲα α‘α ိုးαα α်α္αုိ္α္αာျαα ္αα္။
αီေααာαွာ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαွာ αΎαံ့αြံααါαီα α‘αα္ေαာα္း α α¦းαါ αါေααဲ့α‘αြα္ αုိα့္αα္α αα္ေαာα္α‘αိαာααဲαါ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαααြα္αွာျαα ္αα္။ ααα္ေαာ့ αα ္αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαုံးαျαိဳα္αဲ αΎαံ့αြံα αႊα္ေαာ္αွာ α‘αာα ီးαေααွာျαα ္αα္။ αုα္ိα α ႏွα ္αα္αα္းα‘αြα္ αα္α ူးαုိααာ ႏုိα္αားαဲ့ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြ αα္ααြα္ေα‘ာα္ αုαို αူαα‘αα္ေαာα္းေαြ ျαိဳα္αုိα္းαာျαα ္αα္။
αူးα်ာαဲα ေαα‘ုိα္ေα‘αုိ ααာေαးαိုαα‘αြα္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံး αα်α္းααဲ့α‘αြα္ αြα္းαံαα္း αွα္αα့္αာ α‘α္α‘α္αီျαα ္αα္။ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαွာ α‘α္α‘α္αီα αα္ျαိဳα္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘αα္ေαာα္း α α¦း αျαိဳα္ααဲ αုံးαွုံးαြားαα္။ α‘ေααိαα္αွာ αြားαီးα‘ာေα်ာα္αဲ့ NDF αါαီ ေααေαာα္α်ာαုိαါ α‘α ိုးαα αΎαိဳα္αုံαααဲ့α‘αြα္ αူααုိαါ α‘αုိαုိ ႏုိα္αံေαးαα္ျαီးαားျαα ္αြားαα္။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α αဲαႏα΅αα္ α αုαုံးαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α ိုးαျαα ္ေα α်α္αာေαြ αα်α္αုα္ α α်α္ျαα္ αိα α₯ျαီၤးαြားαα္αုိα αုိႏုိα္αα္။
α‘α္α‘α္αီαα္αြα္αα္ αα်α္ α ေααာ αα္αႊα္ααဲ့ျαα္ α α ္αုိα္း (α) α α¦းေα ာαႈိα္αုိαါ ေαာ္ααွα္α αုα္αားαဲ့α‘αြα္ αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ α‘α္α‘α္αီα α αာαီ αြα္αြားαα္။ ααα္းေျαာααα္ α ုα ုေαါα္း αα ္αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαဲα α% αုိ αျαိဳα္ααဲ αα္αြα္αုံးαွုံးαြားαဲ့αေαာျαα ္αα္။ αါေααဲ့ α‘αα္ျαα ္ျαီးαား ျαα္α₯ာαα ိုးαုိ α‘ေα်ာα္ααဲ့α‘αြα္ αေααာαာ αုံးαွဳံးαα္αုိα αΎαံαα္ေျαာαα္αဲααα္။
α်α္αါαီေαြαုိα‘αိαာ
αα ္αα္ေααာ αα ေααာαုံး αα္ျαိဳα္ႏုိα္αာ αΎαံ့αြံαဲαα‘α္α‘α္αီαာαွိαာαုိα αာαုိα္ႏႈα္းαဲααြα္αα္ α‘αα္ေααာαα္းαα္းαာျαိဳα္αုိα္αဲ့αါαီေαြ α₯ααာ NDF αုိα NUP αα ααုိααုိ αါαီေαြα‘αုိα αα်α္αွာ αုံးαွုံဴးαႈ αုိαΎαီးαားαာ ေαα်ာေααα္။
αါαΎαံ့αြံαါαီαα္α αα ္αြα္ααုαာျαα ္αα္။ ေαာα္αα္αာα αာေαြ α‘α်ားαΎαီး αွα္းαားαα့္αα္။ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းαႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ αα α‘ုα္α ုαွိαα္။ αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုα ာαα္းαုိေαာ့ ေαာ္ααွα္α αုαိ ααုα္ျαα္ေαးαါ။
αΎαားျαα္αα်α္းαႏုိα္αဲ့ αျαားαα္ေျαေαြ
αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αုံျαံဳေαးေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααုိα္αဲ့ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြ αွိαα္αုိα ေαΎαျαာααာαုိα α‘α ိုးαα‘αုိα ႏုိα္αံေαး ααα္းαွုံဳးαα္။ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးα αား αα္ေαာα္αΎαီးေျαာေαေα ျαα္αြα္းα α ္αွိေααα္αုိαာ αα္αံαာေαာα္αα္။ ααဲ့ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲα α‘αွα္းေαးေααဲျαα ္αα္αုိαာ ျαααာေαာα္αα္။
αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αုံျαံဳေαးေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααုိα္αဲ့ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြαေαာ့-
-αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ α‘α္α်α္းαα္ α αဲα αြα္ααာαြα္ α αုိαျαα ္αα္။
-αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ αုိα္းαား၊ αားαα္၊ αα္αုိα္၊ αုိα္းေαာ၊ αα္αα္း α ျαို့αα္ျαα ္αα္။ αူးျαားα်α္α αုိα္းαားαွာ αႊα္ေαာ္αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα ္ αα္αြα္းαူααွိαူးαိုα αိααα္။
αααα αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ αုံျαံဳေαးေαΎαာα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းααုိα္αဲ့ αုိα္းေαααΎαီးαႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေαြαေαာ့
-αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ αα ျαို့αα္αွိαါαα္။
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αဲ့ αုံျαံဳေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေα
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုံးααဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ α်α္းααုိ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαααွိαဲ့ ျαα္αα္ေαြα αα်α္ ααား αွα္း αြα္αဲ့ ααα္ျαα္αα္ေαြ ျαα ္αα္။ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ျαို့αα္ေαြα αွα္းျαα္ ααα္αွာ ေαးျαို့αα္αွိαါαα္။ αα္αα္း αားαα္း αα္αုိα္ αုိα္းေαာ ေαးျαိူαα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αုိုαိုαဲ့αေαာα αဲαႏα΅αα္ααုαုံး ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αာαုိαုိ့ α ေαးျαို့αα္αာ αွိαα္αုိαဲ့ α‘αိααΈါα္ ျαα ္αα္။
ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္αဲ့α ာαα္းα‘ααုိαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္းα αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ αα၊ ααားαွာ α α‘ုα္α ု αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ α α α‘ုα္α ု αြα္ျαα္αα္αွာ α α‘ုα္α ုαဲ့ ααα္ျαα္αα္αွာ αα α α‘ုα္α ုαွိαါαα္ α ုα ုေαါα္း ျαα္αα္ α αုαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ု ααα αွိαါαα္။
αα်α္ျαα္αα္αုိေα့αာαΎαα့္αဲ့α‘αါ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း αα α‘ုα္α ုαွိαါαα္ αုိα္းေαာ္ α‘α္α်α္းαα္ ေαာ့ေαာ္ α်ေαြ αႏုိα္း αြα္ααာαြα္ αα္α ီ αုိးေαာα္αဲ့ ေαႊαူ α ျαို့αα္αဲα ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαါ αါαα္αα္။
αီ α ျαို့αα္αာ α‘αူုးαျαα့္ αα်α္α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαး αα္αα္αုိα္α‘αြဲ့ျαα ္αဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေααဲ့ေααေαြျαα ္αာαုိ့ αုαို ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αာαုိ့ αူααဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း αα်α္ α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαးα‘αြဲ့ααုျαα ္αဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီαα ္αα္αေαာ္-αα်α္ NDAK α₯αၠα α¦းααုα္αိα့္αိα္းα αူααα္။
α α ္α‘α ိုးα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္α ေαΎαျαာαားαဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαာ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ αိα္းα်ဳα္αဲ့αα္ေျαေαြαို့ α¦းααုα္αိα့္αိα္းေျαာαဲ့α‘αြα္ α α ္α‘α ိုးα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαြαုိ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαα္ေျαေαြαွာ αα္ααံαူးαုိαဲ့ αေαာαားαုိαာ ေαးαြα္းαုα္α αာ ျαα ္ေααါαα္။ αါေααဲ့ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαေαာ့ αα်α္ျαα္αူေαြαုိ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα‘αြα္ αဲေαးαါαုိ့ αုိα္αြα္းαာααွိααုိ αα့္αြα္αါαုိ့αဲ αုိα္αြα္းααားαါαုူးαုိ့ ေαα‘ုိα္ αု ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαာαα္αံ αိုα္αွဴးαΎαီးαြα္းေαါα္းα ေαာα္ျααဲ့αα္။
ααα္ျαα္αα္αုိαΎαα့္αα္αုိαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း αα α αုαွိαါαα္။
α‘αိαျαို့αα္ေαြα αားα‘ံ αွိဳα္းαြဲ့ αံေαာα္αΎαီး ျαααီ ေαာ့ααိα္ αΎαာα‘α္းαိα္αΎαီး α ျαိုαα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αီျαို့αα္ေαြα ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαာ ေαα‘α္αူ α္ိα္းα်ဳα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြျαα ္αို့ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္α ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္αုိ့ ေαွာα္ααား ααိαေααဲ့ ေαα‘α္αူαေαာ့ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုိ αα့္α်α္αα္αုိ့ α‘αα္αေαာ္αုိαဲ့ ေαα‘α္αူ αα္αႉးαα¦းα ေျαာαα္။
αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα်α္းαျαα ္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြ
αα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုိ ျαα္αΎαα့္αα္ αွα္းျαα္αα္ α ျαို့αα္ျαα ္αဲ့ αုα္းαΎαα္း။ αားαα္ αα္αုိα္ αα္αα္း αုိα္းေαာαဲ့ αα့္αα္ ျαို့αα္ေαြαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αါαူး- αေαာαေαာ့ ααိα္းα်ဳα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αာျαα ္αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီα‘α်ိα္ျαα္αΎαα့္αα္ αααα αွာ ααα ျαိဳဲαြဲαီး ααဲ့αုိးαα့္α αဲ့ αα္αα္αုိα္ေαြ αြဲαြα္αီး αα α္ေαာα္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္ျαα ္αါαα္။ αα်α္ျαα္αα္ α‘α္α်α္းαα္ျαို့αα္αွာαဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αာ ေαြ့ααါαα္။
αါေααဲ့ α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲαီး α‘ႏွα ္ ααေα်ာ္αဲ့α‘α်ိα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာαဲ ααα္α ေαးျαို့αα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္ျαα ္ျαα္αါαα္။ αီαဲαွာ αားαα္း αα္αုိα္ αုိα္းေαာ္ α ျαို့αα္αာ αα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုံးααဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ αα္ေျαေαြ ျαα ္ေααာ ေαြ့ααါαα္။
α‘α ိုးαα်α္ႏွာα်α္αျαီ
α်ဳα္αΎαα့္αα္αုိαα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း ααα αုိαာ αα္းαဲ့ αိα္းααα္းααုα္αဲ့α‘αြα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာα္αြα္αွာ α α ္α‘α ိုးααα္α ႏုိα္αံေαးေျααα္ေα‘ာα္ ααုိα္ႏုိα္αာαုိ αီးေαာα္းαုိးျαေαααို ျαα ္ေααα္။ ααα္းေျαာααα္ αα αုႏွα ္ ေαြးေαာα္αုα္αီး α‘ႏွα ္ ααေα်ာ္αΎαာαဲ့ α‘α်ိα္ ေαာα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαါα္း ααα αုိးαာαဲ့αေαာ ျαα ္ေααါαα္။
αα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αဲ့ ေαးျαို့αα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αုိ့ αွα္းျαα္αα္αွာ αဲαႏα΅αα္ေα်ာ့αြားαုံαα αုိα္းေαααΎαီးαဲαႏα΅αα္ α‘ေαα‘αြα္αါ ေα်ာ့αြားαာαုိ့ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα‘αုိ့ α်α္ႏွာα်α္α αာ ျαα ္αြားαာ αျαα္းႏုိα္αဲ့α‘α်α္αါ။
αုိαုိးαဲ့α‘α်α္α αြဲ့α α္းαုံα‘ေျααံα₯αေααဲαွာ αα့္αြα္းျααာα္းαားαဲ့ ααုိα္αုိα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αြα့္αေαα α ျαုိ့αα္αဲα ေαးျαိုαα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αုံαα α်α္ α ျαို့αα္αွာαဲ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲααုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုေαြαွိαါαα္αုိ့ αα္αံေαΎαျαာααဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α ုိးαα‘αုိα α်α္ႏွာα်α္α αာျαα ္αဲ့αα္။
Source : Swe Swe Kyi Facebook
αာαα့္αီαα္း αα္α‘αြα္းαွာ ျαα္္αာαိုα္αံαို αြား ေαာα္αွာျαα ္αΏαီး ααα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲ့αα္ေαြαဲ့ ေαြααံုαွာျαα ္αα္αို့ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့αα္αိုα္းα αြာαာαα္αူαΏαို့αွာ ျαုαုα္αဲ့αဲ့ ααα္းα ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ αေαးαွားαα္ααီးα်ုα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုး ααာ αာαα့္ α§αΏαီ α αα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αို့ αေαးαွားαိုα္αံ α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘ာαီαံαိုα္αံေαြαို αိα္αΎαားαားαာαွာ αေαးαွားαိုα္αံααα္း αိုα္αံααာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေα ာα့္αΎαα့္α‘αြဲ့ေαြαဲ့ αူးေαါα္းαါαα္αို့ αိုα္α ားαွα္ ေα αႊα္αို့ α‘αα့္ျαα ္ေααΏαီαို့ αိုαါαα္။
αေαးαွား αα္ααီးα်ုα္αေαာ့ αိုα္αံααာαို ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေα ာα့္αΎαα့္αို့ αိα္ေαααႈ α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αီαိုαေαα ီေαးαဲ့ α‘α်ိဳးαား ျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαး ျαα ္α α္αို α‘ားေαးαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းαဲ့ ျαα္αာေαြးေαာα္αြဲαာ α‘α်ားαံုαΎαα္ αα္αံαိုα္αΏαီး ေαးαြα္းαုα္α αာααိုαဲ့ αုα္αိαα‘ာαွိαဲ့ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ျαα ္αိα္αα္αို့ ေα်ွာ္αα့္ေαΎαာα္း ααα္းေαာα္ ေαြαို ေျαာαΎαားαားαါαα္။
αီαေα့ αုα္ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααိုα္ ααα္းα ာေαြαွာ αေαးαွားαα္ααီးα်ုα္αဲ့ ααီးျαα ္αူαို့αာ ααΎαာαီαာαα‘αြα္း α်α ္αΎαα္ေαးααီး αာေαာα္αα္αို့ ေαΎααာαားαါαα္။ αါေααα့္ αီααီးα α္αဲ့ αα္αα္αΏαီး α‘ေαးα ိα္ ေαာ္ျαျαα္း ααွိαါαူး။
αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ααα္းααα္ေα်ာ္ေαာα္αေαာ့ αေαးαွားαိုα္αံျαားေαးαα္ααီး αါαြα္ ααီ α‘αီαာα‘ာαα္αာ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαို α αα္ααီး αာေαာα္αΏαီးေαာα္ αုαို αေαးαွားαα္ααီးα်ုα္αဲ့ ααီးα α္ αα္αΏαီးေααေαါα္αာαာαါ။
αေαးαွား αα္ααီးα်ုα္ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαာေαာα္αα့္ α‘α်ိα္ေαာα္αွာαဲ αေαးαွားαို့αုα္αုα္αα္းαွα္ αα ေαာα္αါαဲ့ α ီးαြားေαးα‘αြဲ့ααုαာ αα္αုα္αွာ ျαα္αာα ီးαြားေαး αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαြαဲ့ ေαြααံုαΏαီး ႏွα ္αိုα္αံ α ီးαြားေαးα‘αြα့္α‘αα္းေαြαဲ့ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈေαြ α‘αြα္ ေαြးαြးααွα္αႈေαြ ျαုαုα္αို့ αွိေααါαα္။
ျαα္αာαဲ့ αေαးαွားαိုα္αံαို့αာ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αုα္αြα္ေαး၊ αα္းႏွီးျαုα္ႏွံαႈ၊ αα္းααာ ααီးαြားαုα္αα္း၊ α ိုα္α်ိဳးေαးαဲ့ αူαားα‘αα္းα‘ျαα ္ αြံ့αΏαိုးေαးααေαြαွာ ႏွα ္αိုα္αံ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ေααာαါ။
ႏွα ္αိုα္αံ αုα္αြα္αႈαα္αိုးαေαာ့ αααα αွာ αααα αုႏွα ္ααα္ αα αာαိုα္αႈα္းေαာα္ αိုαိုးαာαΏαီး αေαးαွားαα္းαα ္ α ααα αα αီα်ံေαာα္ α‘αိαွိαα္αို့ αေαးαွား αီαီαာေαြα ေαးαားαါαα္။
ျαα္αာα αေαးαွားαို α‘αα္α‘αα္၊ αα ္ေαာαြα္αα α₯α္း၊ αာαာαဲ့ αα္းαီးαα္းαြα္ေαြ αα္αို့αΏαီး αေαးαွားαီα αံ၊ αံααိαြα္αုα္ေαြ၊ α်ွα္α α ္αα α₯α္း α ားေαာα္αုα္ေαြ ျαα္αα္αြα္းαါαα္။
αေαးαွား αိုα္αံα ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ αိုα္αံျαား αα္းႏွီးျαုα္ႏွံαႈေαြ αြα့္ေαးαိုα္αဲ့ αααα ေαာα္αိုα္းααα္းα αုႏွα ္αα္းαိုα္းαိ α ီαံαိα္း αα ေαာα္αွာ α‘ေααိαα္ေαααာ ααα αα္း αြဲေαာα္ αα္းႏွီးျαႈα္ႏွံαားαါαα္။
by αီαာေα‘ာα္
Source :DVB News
By KYAW HLA
Thirty year-old Ahmed (not his real name), is a Rohingya refugee. He and other refugees fled to Malaysia by the dangerous sea route frequented by Rohingya boatpeople, leaving from Bangladesh. They sought a better life after more than 20 years living in squalid conditions in small sheds in Bangladesh refugee camps, with no official status with the UNHCR and Bangladesh authorities,
Ahmed was interviewed by Kaladanpress over the telephone from Malaysia.
“I lived with my parents and wife in a small shed at Nayapara, an official Refugee Camp under the supervision of the UNHCR and the Bangladesh authorities,” he said.
“I got married at Nayapara camp on the first week of November 2010. I left for Malaysia leaving my wife with my parents in the camp. I have no children.”
He said he and sixty- five boatpeople from Nayapara and Kutupalong camps left for Malaysia from Chittagong in the third week of October 2011 at about 11: pm.
“I gave 40,000 taka to a broker (agent) in Bangladesh to send me to Malaysia or the Thailand border.”
Amhed managed to raise this money by selling his wife’s jewelry.
He had been hopeful for a good life abroad for he and other refugees when the resettlement program was started by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2006. Unfortunately, the resettlement program was halted by the Bangladeshi authorities in 2010 for unknown reasons.
On the perilous journey out of Bangladesh they spent two days and two nights drifting in the Bay of Bengal, in Bangladesh territorial waters, because the boat engine gave them trouble.
The engine was finally repaired by a boatman who was one of the leaders among the boatpeople, Ahmed said.
“We cooked rice ourselves in the boat, but we could not take a bath because of the salt water.”
They took rations for 7 days, such as rice, Sura (flatted rice), molasses, biscuits, dried fish, potato and water.
Unfortunately, they ran out of food after being buffeted by strong winds off the coast of Thailand and floated around for an extra 2 days.
After nine days, they reached the coast of Thailand at night. They stayed one night in the jungle but didn’t know the name of place. They didn’t have any food, Ahmed said.
“However, the next morning we were apprehended by Thai authorities and sent to a police station for questioning. Thai police gave us food at noon. We were kept one night in police custody,” another boatman said.
“Police asked many questions, especially why we left from Burma and Bangladesh.
We replied that the situation in Arakan State is not good. The Rohingya people can’t move from one place to another without travel passes, restrictions on movement, marriage restrictions, forced labor, arbitrary arrest, extortion and being denied citizenship rights by the military and government. The situation is also not suitable for us in the Bangladesh refugee camps. The official refugee can’t go outside of the camp without permission. We faced arbitrary arrest, and were harassed by the camp authorities. So, we fled abroad for a better life.”
The next day they were handed over to Thai immigration which sent them back to Burma by boat, according to the boatman.
However, they were rescued by a fishing boat from Burma, which brought them to the Malaysia-Thailand border, at Badam Musa, a main border crossing into Malaysia, Ahmed said.
He and others crossed into Malaysia from the border after giving Taka 90,000 to a broker.
Ahmed’s troubles are not over, however. He can’t work openly for fear of arrest by the Malaysian government, because he is an illegal immigrant. He applied to the UN office at Kula Lumpur for refugee status, recently.
According to sources, many unofficial refugees from Leda (Tal) and Kutupalong makeshift camps also went to Malaysia.
A village elder from Arakan State said many Rohingya youths, between 13 and 20, went to Malaysia from the villages of Myint Hlut and Aley Than Kyaw of Maungdaw Township, as well as other villages, by boat and many boatpeople died in the Bay of Bengal on the way.
The village elder also said the Rohingya people hoped the situation in Burma’s northern Arakan State would be changed after the 2010 elections. However, human rights abuses and discrimination are going on against the Rohingya people, so the situation is actually becoming worse day-by-day there. As result, Rohingya people continue to leave their motherland.
According to different sources, many Rohingya boatpeople were arrested by Thai authorities since August 2011. Mostly, they were released.
In 2007 and 2008, almost 5000 men and boys from Burma’s Rohingya Muslim minority landed on Thailand’s shores, prompting a change in policy to try to prevent such a large influx from occurring again. Revelation of the push-back policy, in which Thai authorities apprehended Rohingya boatpeople, then towed them back out on the open sea in secrecy, shocked observers. That inhumane treatment was brought to a swift end after journalists, working with the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post newspaper, exposed what was happening.
Ahmed would like to urge the Malaysian government not to arrest oppressed Rohingya people and other ethnic minorities who left their motherland because of discrimination and human rights abuses against them by the military-controlled government in Burma. He also urges the UN to provide refugee status in Malaysia to illegal Rohingya people as early as possible, to guarantee their safety.
Source : KPN
Rohingya often destroy their boats to avoid being ‘pushed back’ out to sea. This boat, transporting 95 Rohingya, broke up before landing at Nai Harn Beach in February. Photo: Mark Dee
Maj Gen Manas Khongpanin, director of ISOC Region 4, said the goal when dealing with Rohingya boat people is to provide humane assistance, not sanctuary. Photo: Phuket Gazette file.
PHUKET: Region 4 of the Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC) has formulated a “Protecting the Andaman” strategy to prevent Rohingya boat people from illegally entering Thailand in Ranong, Phuket and other Andaman Coastal provinces.
Maj Gen Manas Khongpanin, director of the ISOC region, revealed that the security plan is to stop the Rohingya from entering Thailand, especially along the coastline of Ranong province.
ISOC region 4, together with at least 17 other government and private sector organizations in Ranong, collaborated on the plan.
The strategy is aimed at preventing the stateless Rohingya people from entering Thai territory, and helping those who are able to enter to get back into international waters in a humane way.
"This has been happening for more than 10 years. Since November last year, 2,522 Rohingya illegally entered Thailand, arriving in Ranong by boat,” he said.
"Rohingya always sneak into our country by sea along the Andaman coast. The first time was in 1998, when we caught 104 Rohingya who illegally crossed our border. After that there were a lot more Rohingya arriving every year, especially from November to April,” said Gen Manas.
November to April typically sees a weakening of the monsoon over the Andaman Sea, making sea conditions calmer offshore – although heavy seas are a possibility year-round due to storm activity.
"The Rohingya usually travel by old fishing boats from Rakhine State, on the western coast of Myanmar, or the southern part of Bangladesh. It is a journey of about 780 miles to reach the Thai border, and typically takes them about 15 days,” he said.
"In 2006, a reported 1,225 Rohingya entered our country. In 2007, the figure more than doubled to 2,763. In 2008 it reached a high of 4,886 people. In 2009, the number fell to 1,477 people, then dropped again in 2010 to just 93," he said.
"Last year 351 Rohingya arrived on our shores,” he added.
"I believe there will be more Rohingya coming this year. They are trying the find safe places to land, especially in Ranong and nearby provinces. Their main motive for leaving their country is the poverty and difficulty of life there. The Rohingya people are not considered citizens of Myanmar,” he noted.
In recent years the Rohingya had improved their tactics, making them more difficult to track, he said.
"Before, Rohingya typically came in large groups, choosing the mainland as their initial landing point. Now they have changed their tactics. They travel in smaller groups and land on islands first, then plan the trip to the mainland from there,” said Gen Manas.
"Normally they are assisted by human smugglers in Thailand, so we have to try to intercept them both at sea and on land,” he added.
Thailand's National Security Council tasked ISOC, a military unit dedicated to national security issues, with the difficult job of developing an integrated and humane solution to the Rohingya problem.
"We call our two-part plan ‘Protecting the Andaman’. The first part involves educating government officers likely to be involved on how to react when they encounter people who illegally enter Thailand by sea. In this way they can apply that knowledge as events are happening,” said Gen Manas.
The effort also involves preparedness by the public-at-large, he said.
"We will educate people in areas where Rohingya are known to land, asking for their help in the monitoring effort. If they see Rohingya approaching, they will know to report directly to us. We have already trained 400 people living in coastal areas and the islands off the Ranong mainland,” he said.
"We will also coordinate with fishing vessels working further out to sea to receive early warning of Rohingya as they approach our territorial waters. We plan to install radios on every island so islanders can inform us if they see any Rohingya approaching,” he said.
The second part of the plan is the reaction effort. Those who have been trained can be deployed to use "appropriate means" to stop Rohingya from entering Thailand.
"Locations where we expect to intercept Rohingya are Takrut Island, Sinhai Island, Chang Island, Phayam Island and Kangkow Island,” he said.
"Any of the trainees who see Rohingya attempting to land must first try to persuade them not to come ashore. They must provide them with enough food, water, medication, fuel, and other necessary supplies so that they may continue their journey for another 15-20 days to their desired destination,” he said.
In 2009, Thailand faced harsh international criticism when authorities arrested Rohingya refugees and sent them back out to sea with limited provisions. In February of that year the Lawyers' Council of Thailand (LCT) released a statement demanding the government “tackle Rohingya trafficking organizations”.
The statement followed a series of conflicting reports of transfers and possible human rights abuses by the Thai authorities on a group of 226 Rohingya migrants.
In February 2011, following appeals from the international community and local organizations, the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) visited 33 Rohingya men in custody at Phuket Immigration who had come ashore at Rawai the previous month. The UN team then went to Phang Nga to check on the well-being of another group held there.
Efforts to "repatriate" migrants is always difficult, but even more so when they are stateless. Burmese caught working illegally in Thailand are typically repatriated at Kawthaung, across the strait west of Ranong Town.
This is not an option for the stateless Rohingya.
On November 24, 2011, when a boat full of Rohingya were detained on an island off the Phang Nga coast, all 95 were transported to the 2nd Infantry Battalion, 25th Military unit, at Rattanarangson Camp in the Ratchakud District of Ranong province.
On that occasion, the Gazette, which has been monitoring and reporting on Rohingya developments closely for many years, was informed by an official from the camp that the Rohingya had been provided with a new boat, engine, fuel and enough food and water to take them on to their unspecified destination. Military personnel even went so far as to give the Rohingya 20 baht each from their own pockets before escorting them back out to international waters, the official said.
In one of the latest incident reported by the Gazette, Chalong Police rounded up 90 starving Rohingya who came ashore at Nai Harn Beach. The Rohingya, all males, were on their way to Malaysia when they ran out of food and their wooden boat began to fall apart at sea, forcing them to come ashore, they said.
However, not all of the refugees were accounted for. One member of the group said that more than 100 Rohingya were aboard when the vessel beached.
Despite media reports that Muslim Rohingya invariably try to make it to Malaysia, there is a small Rohingya community living in Phuket, the head of the Police Special Branch told the Gazette several years ago.
Many make a living selling roti, the Indian-style crepe popular across the South of Thailand.
Source here
By Alan Morison and Chutima Sidasathian
PHUKET: Public exposure of the large number of Rohingya boatpeople being apprehended or ''helped on'' in Thai waters has been welcomed by a key non-government agency.
Colonel Manat Kongpan, head of Thailand's Internal Security Operations Command, Fourth Region, based in Ranong, said this week that the Muslim minority Rohingya were now coming from Burma in larger groups, with totals similar lately to the record ''sailing season'' of 2008-2009 when almost 5000 boatpeople came ashore north and south of Phuket.
This sailing season, because of a change in tactics, about 2500 boatpeople had been arrested while a similar number have been apprehended at sea and ''helped on'' - given food and water and told to keep going, past Thailand.
Colonel Manat Kongpan, head of Thailand's Internal Security Operations Command, Fourth Region, based in Ranong, said this week that the Muslim minority Rohingya were now coming from Burma in larger groups, with totals similar lately to the record ''sailing season'' of 2008-2009 when almost 5000 boatpeople came ashore north and south of Phuket.
This sailing season, because of a change in tactics, about 2500 boatpeople had been arrested while a similar number have been apprehended at sea and ''helped on'' - given food and water and told to keep going, past Thailand.
Chris Lewa, of the Arakan Project, said Colonel Manat's figures were similar to the estimates by the NGO based on information from Rohingya sources.
From 1225 in 2006, the figure of arrested boatpeople in Thailand rose to 2763 in 2007 then 4886 in 2008, and 1477 in 2009, falling to 93 in 2010 and 351 in 2011, Colonel Manat's figures show.
The fall-off in 2010 and 2011 is generally attributed to the Rohingya waiting in hope to see whether the new ''democratic'' government in Burma would grant them citizenship and end persecution.
With clear messages sent that the persecution will continue, the Rohingya have returned in large numbers this sailing season to making risky voyages south towards Muslim-majority Malaysia in barely seaworthy vessels.
Efforts to stem the numbers of boats sailing from Burma and Bangladesh, where many Rohingya live as refugees, have failed. Punishment also does not seem to be a deterrent.
Ms Lewa said that it appeared the most recent boatpeople arrested in Malaysia had been sentenced to five months in jail where the previous sentences had been two or three months.
Desperation was growing and more boatpeople were also leaving from departure points further to the south in Burma, she said. It's believed that Thai people-smugglers have also recently become involved in the trafficking process.
Colonel Manat said Isoc had been working with as many as 17 different agencies to apprehend or ''help on'' Rohingya boatpeople. Local village networks had been established along the Andaman coast to look out for boats and alert authorities.
The Rohingya sailings, first detected in 1998, were a threat to Thailand's security and every effort would be made to stop them, he said. The Royal Thai Navy and Marine Police assist with arrests and in ''helping on'' boats.
With the safe sailing season between November and April now drawing to a close, governments around the region are expected to again discuss political solutions to the Rohingya sailings.
Even in the new ''democratic'' Burma, acceptance of the Rohingya as citizens seems unlikely. If no solution can be found, more boats than ever can be expected next sailing season
Source here
From 1225 in 2006, the figure of arrested boatpeople in Thailand rose to 2763 in 2007 then 4886 in 2008, and 1477 in 2009, falling to 93 in 2010 and 351 in 2011, Colonel Manat's figures show.
The fall-off in 2010 and 2011 is generally attributed to the Rohingya waiting in hope to see whether the new ''democratic'' government in Burma would grant them citizenship and end persecution.
With clear messages sent that the persecution will continue, the Rohingya have returned in large numbers this sailing season to making risky voyages south towards Muslim-majority Malaysia in barely seaworthy vessels.
Efforts to stem the numbers of boats sailing from Burma and Bangladesh, where many Rohingya live as refugees, have failed. Punishment also does not seem to be a deterrent.
Ms Lewa said that it appeared the most recent boatpeople arrested in Malaysia had been sentenced to five months in jail where the previous sentences had been two or three months.
Desperation was growing and more boatpeople were also leaving from departure points further to the south in Burma, she said. It's believed that Thai people-smugglers have also recently become involved in the trafficking process.
Colonel Manat said Isoc had been working with as many as 17 different agencies to apprehend or ''help on'' Rohingya boatpeople. Local village networks had been established along the Andaman coast to look out for boats and alert authorities.
The Rohingya sailings, first detected in 1998, were a threat to Thailand's security and every effort would be made to stop them, he said. The Royal Thai Navy and Marine Police assist with arrests and in ''helping on'' boats.
With the safe sailing season between November and April now drawing to a close, governments around the region are expected to again discuss political solutions to the Rohingya sailings.
Even in the new ''democratic'' Burma, acceptance of the Rohingya as citizens seems unlikely. If no solution can be found, more boats than ever can be expected next sailing season
Source here
This article is part of our March theme, which focuses on an ongoing challenge to Australian society: Race & Discrimination. Read our Editorial for more on this theme.
The trafficking of human beings has existed throughout the ages; in recent times transforming into an issue of global importance, touching the Asia-Pacific and indeed Australia directly. Despite widespread media coverage as well as research into this phenomenon, there are conflicting views regarding which factors contribute to the vulnerability of trafficked people. The Strategic Information Response Network notes that while some reports cite poverty and a lack of education as common factors, other reports assert that in different locales, different factors increase the susceptibility of victims being trafficked. There is a clear link in some countries between ethnic minorities and trafficking victims.
Policy of Discrimination
The United Nations observes that inter-ethnic and inter-racial tensions and conflict are erupting in nearly every region of the world today, with the severity of conflicts involving minorities often ending in tragic consequences. A case in point is Burma’s ethnic conflict in which the Burmese government has committed mass atrocities through explicitly targeting its ethnic minority populations. The scale and extent of forced displacement, rape and sexual violence, torture and extrajudicial killings, all of which constitute crimes against humanity and war crimes, have been reported extensively by successive United Nations Special Rapporteurs on the situation of human rights in Myanmar. Victims of the Burmese government’s discriminatory policies are subsequent targeted by traffickers.
In its military campaigns against armed ethnic opposition groups, the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) implements its notorious ‘Four Cuts’ Policy aimed at cutting off four crucial links between insurgents and the civilian population: food, finance, intelligence and recruits. In addition, this policy is accompanied by a notorious ‘shoot on sight’ policy in ethnic minority areas which results in individuals who are found outside their villages being shot.
Stripped off their Burmese citizenship in 1982, the case of the Rohingya ethnic minority illustrates the extent to which ethnic minority populations in Burma have been discriminated against. Most experts agree that conditions in North Rakhine State where the Rohingya reside are among the worst in Burma if not globally, with government-sanctioned discriminatory policies directed specifically at them. This was evident in comments made by the Myanmar Consulate in Hong Kong in 2009. Mr Ye Myint Aung sparked a public outcry when he commented that the Rohingya “are neither ‘Myanmar People’ nor Myanmar’s ethnic group” and while “their complexion is ‘dark brown’ … the complexion of Myanmar people is fair and soft, good looking”. In fact, the Rohingya face abuses that have increasingly worsened. The Irish Centre for Human Rights were provided with accounts which revealed agencies of the Burmese government’s State Peace and Development Council were responsible for the discriminate killing of the Rohingya, from deaths resulting from the use of live ammunition to torture and accounts of individuals being beaten to death while performing forced labour.
Discrimination and Trafficking
It is not surprising then that Burma has become a major source country for the trafficking of women, children and men in the Asia-Pacific Region. Although victims of trafficking are most often migrants, there is a distinction between migrants who flee due to threats to their life, as opposed to migrants who merely choose to seek better economic opportunities. The Advisory Council of Jurists observes how the former will go to great lengths, such as attempting to circumvent legal restrictions, as they have more to lose if deported back to their country of origin. For these reasons, that they end up becoming more vulnerable to the deceptive and coercive practices of traffickers.
Ethnic minorities in Burma represent the most glaring example of migrants who flee due to direct threats to their lives. In fact, the Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children observes how women and girls from ethnic minorities who live in fear of sexual violence in Burma are later preyed upon by traffickers and exploitative employers upon fleeing the country. They are particularly vulnerable in camp situations as illustrated by the UNCHR, where it uncovered a trafficking ring operating from a refugee camp in Thailand targeting refugee children.
Similarly, corrupt public officials specifically prey on ethnic minority refugees. Regardless of whether they possess UNHCR identification, a US government report notes how Malaysian government officials transport these refugees to the Malaysia-Thailand border for deportation regularly where human traffickers take possession of them and issue ransom demands. Freedom is only possible once these money demands are met, if not they are turned over to human peddlers in Thailand. Women are trafficked as prostitutes, child beggars, and domestic servants while men end up working in substandard and dangerous labour conditions in textile factories, fishing or other industrial settings around the region.
The numerous bilateral, regional as well as international initiatives and mechanisms to stem human trafficking have failed to address the link between this phenomenon and ethnic minorities fleeing from discriminatory practices. This is through reasserting the notion of state sovereignty and the safeguarding of national borders against non-citizens.Article 12 of the Bangkok Declaration on Irregular Migration allows a great degree of flexibility for countries to implement their own laws regarding migration and immigration, increasing the likelihood that international laws preventing the discrimination of ethnic minorities will unlikely be translated into domestic laws.
Human trafficking initiatives have also failed to ensure that protection mechanisms are in place to address the needs of ethnic minorities who have been trafficked. At the heart of this is the principle of non-refoulement, which prevents governments from returning refugees to a State where their freedom or lives may be compromised. There remains a strong emphasis on the repatriation, reintegration and sometimes deportation of trafficked victims regardless of whether they are refugees needing protection from refoulement. Unfortunately, these decisions are rarely challenged and sometimes even supported by governments and international agencies.
UNREGISTERED ROHINGYA REFUGEES - JONATHAN SARUK
Australia as a Destination Country
As Australia has become a popular destination country for traffickers, the Australian government has initiated bilateral agreements with Burma as well as Thailand to prevent trafficking. Nevertheless, domestic legislation addressing the needs of trafficked victims has a strong focus on the repatriation and reintegration of victims in their country of origin. The Parliamentary Committee into the Trafficking of Women for Sexual Servitude recommended that the government ensure no women accepted into the victim support program be forced to return to their country and that arrangements be made to enable witnesses on Criminal Justice Stay (CJS) visas to return to their country of origin for short periods. Janet Phillips notes that the Government responded by accepting some of the Committee’s recommendations while rejecting the recommendation that trafficked women be accepted into the victim support program. The Government also rejected the recommendation that those who were granted a CJS visa be exempt from compulsory return to their country of origin.
This outcome is particularly disheartening given that Australia is party to theInternational Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It is clear that in the Burmese context, there is a strong connection between trafficked victims and discriminated ethnic minorities. Yet in denying these trafficked victims adequate protection, the Australian government is potentially reaffirming the discrimination faced by these minorities.
Ultimately, initiatives and mechanisms to combat trafficking conveniently ignore the underlying causes – whether economic or political – that motivate people to migrate. In doing so, they neglect the underlying fact that ethnic minorities flee Burma because they have been discriminated against, and this makes them increasingly vulnerable to traffickers. A sustainable solution to human trafficking should address the reasons for their predicament and subsequent flight, and in doing so rectify the long-standing injustice that ethnic minorities have had to endure.
ASEAN Chair as an Opportunity?
Given that Burma will chair the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2014, it is essential that the connection between human trafficking and mass atrocities committed against ethnic minorities in Burma is addressed. Burma’s decision to accept the role of ASEAN chair this time around, having previously declined the opportunity in 2005, is a positive sign. While there may be numerous reasons for Burma accepting the role, it suggests that the government intends on improving relations with its regional neighbours and in doing so, improve its reputation as well.
Countries within the region, including Australia, now have greater leverage to put pressure on Burma to improve its human rights record. Member countries in ASEAN will no doubt want to ensure that Burma is qualified to chair the regional organisation, especially as Burma will be representing it at an international level. Failing to do so may tarnish the reputation of ASEAN as an organisation as well as causing embarrassment to countries associated with it. As 2014 approaches, Burma’s action on preventing and redressing discrimination against ethnic minorities, and Australia’s own response to regional issues of racial discrimination, will come into sharper focus. In the mean time there is much to be done to right the track record of wrongs committed against ethnic minorities in Burma and around our region.
Marie Ngiam is an Asia-Pacific Studies (Honours) and Law undergraduate at the Australian National University. This article was adapted from her research conducted at the University of Queensland’s Centre for the Responsibility to Protect where she was a summer research scholar.
Source here
Agartala, March 24 (IANS) Two poverty-stricken Myanmar nationals were Saturday sentenced to two years in jail by a local court here for illegally entering India, a police official said.
A sub-divisional magistrate's court here sentenced the two Myanmarese to two years' imprisonment and a fine of Rs.10,000 for violation of the Passport Act and the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973.
Police had arrested the Myanmarese from the Agartala railway station in August 2010 while they were trying to go to Assam by train in search of jobs. They had entered Tripura via Bangladesh.
Since mid-2011, 95 Myanmarese, comprising Rohingya Muslims and Buddhist tribals, have crossed over to Tripura from Bangladesh, seeking jobs in India.
A police official told reporters: "The Myanmarese told the court that authorities in Myanmar were indifferent to the difficulties and issues of the people living in the mountainous regions bordering India and Bangladesh."
"Intermittently, the Myanmarese Army has unleashed atrocities on a section of nationals, especially Rohingya Muslims and Buddhist communities," the official said after interrogating the Myanmarese nationals.
Over 50,000 Myanmarese have been living in different parts of neighbouring Mizoram, bordering Myanmar and Bangladesh, and working at various shops and factories after obtaining work permits.
Since the mid-1990s, over 225,000 Myanmar nationals, mostly Rohingya Muslims, have been sheltering in the Teknaf region in Cox's Bazar district of southeastern Bangladesh.
Four Indian northeastern states of Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Assam share a 1,880-km border with Bangladesh, while Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh share a 1,640-km unfenced border with Myanmar.
The mountainous terrain, dense forests and other hindrances make the unfenced borders porous and vulnerable, enabling illegal immigrants and intruders to cross over without any hurdle.
Source here
(YPI) ေα်ာ္α ိုးαα္း
ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္αΎαီး α¦ျαα့္αႈိα္α‘ေαျαα့္ HOT NEWS α်ာαα္αါ α‘α္αာα်ဴးαြα္ αႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ားα‘ား αုα္αα္ေျαာαΎαားျαα္းႏွα့္္αα္αα္αΏαီး αူαိαွα္αΎαားαα္α်ေαာα္းαα္αα္α‘αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ားα ααα္ေααα ေαΎααΏαာα်α္αα ္ေαာα္αုα္ျαα္αာ αα္αွα္ေαးαိုး ေαာα္းαိုαိုα္αα္။
αိုေαΎαျαာα်α္αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္ႏွα့္ααြ αႊα္ေαာ္α‘ားαံုးαို α‘αေα α်α္ αုα္αိαα‘ာα်α္α ီးေα‘ာα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္αΎαီးαα ္ေαာα္α αုိα္ႏႈα္ေα ာα့္α α္းျαα္ααွိαဲ ေျαာαိုαႈα်ားα‘ား ျαα္αα္α ြာ αံႈαα်ေαΎαာα္းႏွα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαႊα္ေαာ္ႏွα့္ααြ αႊα္ေαာ္αုိα္α ားαွα္α်ားα‘ားαံုးαို ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αိုα္ ααα္းα ာႏွα့္ αုα္ျαα္αံαΎαားαိုααွ ααားαα္ αα္αံျαα္း၊ αα္α်ေαာα္းαα္ျαα္းα်ား ျαဳαုα္αα္ေαာα္းαိုေαΎαာα္း αါαွိαα္။
αိုαိုα ျαဳαုα္ေαးျαα္းααွိαါα αααα αြဲαα α္းαံုα‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘ား ေαာα္α်α္αΏαီးေα ာ္αားα်ဴးαြα္αႈαို ααားα₯αေαα‘α α‘ေαးαူေαာα္αြα္αြားαα္ျαα ္αု α‘αိေαးေαΎαျαာေαΎαာα္း αα့္αြα္းေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αα္ αα αα္αုα္ HOT NEWS α်ာαα္αါ α‘α္αာα်ဴးαြα္ αα္αာα ိိုα္α်ိဳးေαးႏွα့္αα္ေျαာα္းαα္αΎαီးαာα၊ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္αΎαီး α¦းျαα့္αႈိα္α αα္ေျαα်ားαိုαေααြα္္းαာαြα္ αုα္α်α αိိα္αို αြα္α်α္ျαα္းαွာ α¦းေႏွာα္ααွိျαα္းျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္α်ားαα္ ααာαα္αူα်ားααုα္αဲ α‘ျαားαူ၏ αိုα္းေα αႈαို αုိα္αါေαာα္αြα္္ေαးေααူα်ားျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαဲ့αα္။
αုိαိα α₯ႏွα့္αα္္αα္αΏαီး ေျααံုαΏαိဳααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္ α¦းေααα္းα “ αါαိုα္αိုα္ααီးα ြα္α ြဲαာαဲ။ αႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαြα ျαα္αူααα္ေျαႇာα္αားαာαိုေαာ့ α‘α ိုးαα‘ေααဲα α‘ေαးαားαိုααုိα‘α္αα္ ” αုေျαာαα္။
ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္αΎαီးα αႊα္ေαာ္α‘ားααုαဲ့αိုα αုα္αα္ေျαာαိုျαα္းαွာ αα္္းαα္αΎαီးαာααα္ျααα့္္ α‘αံုးα
αိα္αို ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαႊα္ေαာ္αွ ေαွ်ာ့α်αဲ့ျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α
ားαွα္α်ားα αံုးαα္αα္။
၎αိα α₯ႏွα့္ α α္α်α₯္း၍ α‘α်ိဳးαားαႊα္ေαာ္αိိုα္α ားαွα္ ေαါα္αာေα‘းေαာα္α “ ႏိုα္αံααာαိုαာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αိုα္αံαα္းααုα္αူး။ αိုα္α်ဳα္ျαα့္αႈိိα္္αိုα္αံαα္းααုα္αူး။ ျαα္αူααိုα္αံαဲ။ ျαα္αူααိုα္αံαို α‘α ိုးαα αေαာα္αα ααုα္ေα‘ာα္αိα္းαိုα αႊα္ေαာ္ေαြαွာ αာαα္αွိαα္။ αုα္αိုα္αြα့္αွိαα္ ”αုေျαာαα္။ ။
၎αိα α₯ႏွα့္ α α္α်α₯္း၍ α‘α်ိဳးαားαႊα္ေαာ္αိိုα္α ားαွα္ ေαါα္αာေα‘းေαာα္α “ ႏိုα္αံααာαိုαာ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αိုα္αံαα္းααုα္αူး။ αိုα္α်ဳα္ျαα့္αႈိိα္္αိုα္αံαα္းααုα္αူး။ ျαα္αူααိုα္αံαဲ။ ျαα္αူααိုα္αံαို α‘α ိုးαα αေαာα္αα ααုα္ေα‘ာα္αိα္းαိုα αႊα္ေαာ္ေαြαွာ αာαα္αွိαα္။ αုα္αိုα္αြα့္αွိαα္ ”αုေျαာαα္။ ။
Source : Yangon Press International
Written by αာαာαူαီ αာαူαါ
α်αα္ααα္းေαာα္αα¦း၏ αွα္α ုα်ား- α‘αုိα္း (α)
ααΎαာαα္αုα္းααဲ ျαα္αာျαα္ α‘ေαွαေျαာα္ေααα ႏုိα္αံααာ αုα္αြα္ေαးαα္ေျαျαα ္αဲ့ αားαွဳိးαΏαိဳαα α‘αα ္αြα့္αားαဲ့ ααုα္α ားေαာα္αိုα္ααုိα္αို αြားαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုးαα္αုα္αုိ္α္း α ဲαါα αဲ αွိαါေαးαα္။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္αဲα αုαိααα္αို αα္αြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αူαြα္ αα ေαာα္ေα်ာ္ေα်ာ္၊ α ာαြဲααံုးαွာ αုိ္α္းαုိα္ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αိုးαြာေααဲ့ α‘αံαို αံုးႏိုα္αိုα αα္αါαဲα αူαိုαေαြ α‘αံα်α္α်α္αဲα α αားေျαာေααΎααါαα္။
ααုα္α αားေαြ ααα α္ေျαာေααဲ့αΎαားαွာ αဲα်α္ေαြαဲα ျαα္αာေαြα αၠဴေαြα ααူα်ံေαααား ေα‘ာα္ေα့ααါαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္αာαို αα္းαα္းα်α္α်α္ αိα္αα္αားေααα့္ αီαူαြα္αα‘ုα္αို αΎαα့္ααာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြαို α‘ာαံαΏαီး α‘αα့္αဲαဲ၊ ေျαာα္α်α်αဲ α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္ေααΎααါαα္။
α်ေαာ္αဲα αါαာαဲ့ α§α့္αα္းαြα္α ေα‘ာα္αα္ျαα္αα္းαိုα α်α္αိα္ျαေααα့္ ααα္းေαးαဲ αီαူေαြαဲα ေαာα္αံα‘ေαΎαာα္းαို α‘ေαα‘α်ာ αိαေα‘ာα္ αα္ေααိုα္αါαα္။
αားαွဳိးαΏαိဳαα αုိα္ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ ααုα္-ျαα္αာႏွα ္αာαာαဲα αုိα္းαုα္ေαြαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αိုαα္αွာ ααုα္ႏြα္αြား ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαားαေαာα္ αြα့္αားαဲ့ ααားααα္ေαြαဲေαာα္αာαေα ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαံုး αြα္ ေαြ αα်ဳိααα္း αားαါαα္။ ေααာျαα္ေα ်းαွာ αα္းေαးαα ္αီးαα္ေαးαို
ααုα္αြα္းေαြαဲα ေαးαα္αုိα္ေαာ့ ေα ်းαα္ေαးα ျαα္αာေαြαα်ဳိα ျαα္α‘α္αုိα္αါαα္၊ αါαူαα‘αြα္ αုα္αိုးαုα္α α₯္αါαဲ။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္αွာ α ားေαာα္ေααူေαြα αီαြီαေα ααုα္ααα္αာαားαို α ိα္αါαα္αါ αΎαα့္ေααΎααါαα္။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္α α ာေαးαα “αီαွာ ααုα္α αားααα္αα္ ေαႏုိα္αွာααုα္αူး”αိုα αΏαဳံးαα္ ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္αဲα αုαိαα‘ααီးαံုး αႏၱေαးαΏαိဳααေα ααုα္ျαα္αူαα္ျαα္αα္α αူαα္αို αα္αြα္αဲ့ αα္းေαΎαာα္းαာ αားαွဳိးαΏαိဳααို ျαα္αြားαါαα္၊ α‘αြα္α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ αုα္αြα္ေαး αα္းααΎαီးαါ၊ ααုα္ျαα္αဲα α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αာ ျαα္αာျαα္αα္αို ျαα္းျαα္းαဲα αွα္αွα္α်ဲααြα္ေααါαα္၊ ျαα္αာျαα္α‘αα္ααိုα αႏၱေαးαΏαိဳαααီးေαာα္ α်ဳိα္းαားေαာα္း (ααုα္αΏαိဳα) ျαα ္ေααါαΏαီ။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္α α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုိα္း αΏαီးαြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ α်ေαာ့္αဲα α§α့္αα္းαြα္α αူαα္αေαာα္αားαို αြားαΏαီး ααာαိုေျαာαါαα္၊ αါေααα့္ αူαြα္α α‘αα္ေαာα္ ααုα္αါαူး။ α်ေαာ္αုိαα္း ααုေαာα္ αα ိုα္αါαူး၊ αီαိုαဲ αျαားαူေαြααα္း α်ေαာ့္αုိααို αွိαα္αိုαေαာα္ αေα‘ာα္ေα့αΎααါαူး။
αူαိုα αြα္αြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ ααာα αားေျαာαဲ့ α ာေαးαααဲ “αီαူေαြα αီαွာ αာျαီးα‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္ေααΎααာ α ႏွα ္αွိေααΏαီ” αိုαေျαာျααါαα္၊ ααာααာα္ေαြα α ီးαံαိα္းαဲα αα္αα္αဲ့ ααုα္αူα်ဳိးေαြျαα ္αα္။ αီα‘αားα αိုαα္αွာ ေααΎααာαိုα ေျαာျααါαα္။ αီα ားေαာα္αုိα္αဲα αိုα္αွα္ααα္း ααုα္ႏြα္αြားျαα ္ျαီး α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုိα္းαွာ αူαα္း αါαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ αူααို ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြαဲα α‘ေαα‘αြα္α ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αူα¦းေααဲα α αာαုိα္ႏွႈα္းေαာα္αွိαα္αိုα αိααါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αααα ျαα့္αြα္ႏွα ္ေαြα α αုိα ααာααာα္ေαြαေαြαြα္αာαΏαီး၊ αာα္ေαြα αα္αိုααႈαာ αုိα္းျαα္αဲα α‘αိα ေαြαα္ေαါα္ျαα ္αာαါαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αာ ααာααံαံαာαေαြαဲα αΎαြα္ααိုα αααα»ာαံုးα α ိα္αα္α ားေαααိုαဲ αααα αြα္ααွာ ααုα္ျαα္α ααြားαဲ့ αာα္ေαြααိုα္αုိα္းα ီαံαိα္းααα္း α‘αုαα္αွိ ေαာα္αα္α αါαဲ။
αားαွဳိးαို αြားαဲ့ αα္းαေαွ်ာα္ αα္းαααီးေαးα ေααာα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ αာα္ေαြααိုα္αုိα္းေαြαို α‘αံုαုိα္ ေαြαααါαα္။ ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαုα္ αိုα္ေαြαို αα္αားαဲ့ ေαာα္αြဲαာα₯္αို αြဲαာαဲ့ αုα္αα္αားαΎαီးေαြαို ျαα္αြားαာαိုαα္း ေαြααဲ့ααါαα္။
ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαို αα္αြα္αα့္ αာα္ေαြααိုα္αုိα္းαဲα α‘ျαိဳα္ ေααံα ိα္းαုိα္αုိ္α္းαΎαီးαα္း ေαာα္αα္α αါαဲ။
α‘αုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαာ ေααံα ိα္းေαြαို α‘ာααိααဲα α‘ေαွαα‘αα္αိုα္းαေα αα္αိုααါαα္၊ αααၠာ ေααα္αΎαားαို ျαα္ααါαα္၊ α‘αု αိုα္αုိα္းαေαာ့ α‘ဲαီေααံα ိα္းေαြαို ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ α်ျαီး၊ αိုα္αုိ္α္းαေα ααα့္αα္αိုαႏုိα္αိုααါ၊ αီαိုαα္αိုαႏုိα္ αα္αုိαα္ αα္αူαိုαေαာα္ααα္း α‘αုα္α‘α်αα္းျαီး၊ αံုျαံဳေαးα‘ααα္း αိုျαီး α ိα္α်ααွာျαα ္αါαα္။
“αိုα္αုိα္းေαြ ေαာα္ျαီးαြားαα္ ျαα္αာျαα္α αာαွ ααုα္ααဲαဲα ႏုိα္αံျαားေαြေαြ ααေαာ αα္αာαွာ” - αိုα αံααα္αေαာα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္αααΌα αားαα္α‘ုိαားαားα ျαα္αာျαα္αုိα္αာ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαူαါααို ေျαာα္းαဲαုိα္αါαα္။ αူαα‘αα္ ααα ေα်ာ့ ααα်ဴαုαွ္αေαာ့ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααို αိႏွိα္αဲ့ α‘α ိုးααုိαΏαီး αα္းαα္းαာαာαဲ αα္αα္αα္αံαဲ့αါαα္။ αံααα္αေαာ့ α‘ုိαားαား αα္αα္αွာ α‘αုαို αူαါαေျαာα္းαြားααဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα ျαα္αာျαα္αို α‘ေααိαα္αဲα α‘ီးαူαိုαα α ီးαြားေαးαα္αα္αိα္αုိααားαဲ့ေαααα ီ ααိαေαာα္ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α‘α်ိα္၊ ααုα္α αႊα္းαိုးαာαာαို α်α ္α်ဴαူααားαိုα αျαα ္ႏုိ္α္ေαာ့αာေαΎαာα့္αိုα αုိαါαα္။
αီေαာα္αုိαα္ αာαွဳိးα α ားေαာα္αုိα္αွာ ααုα္αူαα္ေαြ αာျαα ္αိုα ေျαာα္α်α်αဲ ေαာα္းαα ား αုα္ေααΎαααဲαုိαာαို αာα္αα္αα္αြားαါαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αို αံုαΏαံဳေαးα‘α α‘αြα္α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့ ေααာαွာ αွိေααဲ့ ႏုိα္αံ၊ ႏွα ္ႏိုα္αံ α‘α ိုးαေαြαဲα α‘ေαးαΎαီးαဲ့ ေαααα ီေαြαဲα αα္αα္ေααဲ့ α ီαံαိα္းα αူေαြα α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္αံုေαာα္αဲα ျαα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြαို αာα‘ေαးα ိုα္α αာαိုေαာ့ααဲေα။ α ိα္α်αα္α် αα ားႏုိα္αΎααΏαီေαါ့။
αါေααα့္ ααုα္ႏုိα္αံ၊ ααုα္ျαα္αူေαြ၊ ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြα‘ေαααွာ ျαα္αာ αုိα္းαα္းαားေαြα α‘ျαα္αΎαα္αွαာေαာ့ ααုα္αါαူး။
ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ ααုα္αα α₯α္းေαြαို αံုးေααာα ေαာα္ααုိα္းαါ၊ α‘ααီးαံုးαΏαိဳαျαα ္αဲ့ αα္αုα္αွာ αΏαိဳααံေαြα ေα ်းα်ဳိαဲ့ ααုα္αုα္ ေαာ္ေαာ္αုိα္αα္ေαြαို α ီးαΎααါαα္၊ ေα ်းαုိα္ေαြ၊ ေααာျαα္ေα ်းေαြαွာ αα္ေαာα္းေααΎααာαα္း ααုα္ျαα္αုα္ α‘αα္α‘α ားေαြαဲα ေααα α₯္αံုးαα α₯α္းေαြα်α္းαါαဲ။
“ααုα္αα α₯α္းေαြေαΎαာα့္ (ααုα္ေα်းαူးေαΎαာα့္) ျαα္αာျαα္α αူေαြαဲα α‘ေျαα‘ေα αုိးαα္αာαΏαီး၊ ေααα α₯္ααေαြαွာαα္း α‘αα္ေျααွႈ αွိαာαာαေαာ့ α‘αွα္αါαဲ” αိုα α§α့္αα္းαြα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
αူα α αားα ααံုးေαးαါαူး၊ “ αါေααα့္ ααုα္ေαြαို ျαα္αာေαြα α-αုα္ αိုα ေαααΎααα္၊ α‘α္ααα္ αုိးαုα္αဲ့ αူေαြαုိαဲ့ α‘αိααΈါα္ေαါ့” - αိုα αα္ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္α αူαုα္αံေαြ ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားα ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြ ျαα ္ေααါαα္၊ αူαိုα α‘α်α္းα်α္း αြα္αုိα္၊ αေαာα္αို αေαာα္ αူαီαα္း ေαွာα္αုိ α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းα α‘α α ီးαြားေαး αုα္αα္းα်ဳိးα ံု αြြα္αα္ααီး αူေαာα္αΏαီး ααီးαြားα်α္းαာေααΎααါαα္၊ ျαα္αာျαα္α αျαား αုိα္းαα္းαားေαြα ααာαိုျαα ္αα္αုိαα္း ျαα ္ေαာα္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးαααα္းα ααာαူα်ဳိးေαြ ေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့ α‘α ိုးαα ျαα္αာျαα္α ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြαဲα α ီးαြားေαးα‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားေαးαို α‘αွိα္αα္αိုα α‘α α₯္αα ုိα္ α α₯္းα ားαဲ့αာ αွိαါαα္။
αααα ျαα့္αြα္ႏွα ္ေαြαွာေαာ့ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα α α ္αα္αα္αα α₯α္းေαြ αြဲα ားαုα္ေαးαဲ့ α‘ုα္α ုေαြαို α‘αူးα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြ၊ α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αိုα္αြα့္ေαြ αိုးေαးαိုα္αာေαΎαာα့္ αူαိုααဲα α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းေαြαα္း αΎαီးααα္ ααီးαားαာαဲ့αါαα္၊ αီαုα္αα္αို α α ္α‘α ိုးαα α‘ာαာ αα္ျαဲေαးα‘αြα္ αုα္αာαိုα ေααα္αာαα္း αံααါαα္။
αα္αုα္α α‘ုိα္αီαုααΌαီα α₯αၠααေαာ့ “αါα ျαα္αာျαα္္αွာ ေααာα ံုαွာ α‘αြα့္αူးαေααဲ့ ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္αိုα α‘α ိုးαα ေαွαααွα္း αိုးαုိα္αဲ့ αα္းααိαာα္ααုαါαဲ”αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ ျαα္αာျαα္αဲα ααုα္ေαြαိုαာαα αα္α α္α်α₯္းαိုαα္α ααုα္ျαα္αဲα ααုα္ေαြေαΎαာα့္αα္း α ိα္α‘ေႏွာα့္α‘αွα္ျαα ္αဲ့ααါαα္။ αααα αွာ α်α္αိα္းαံαားααဲ့ ααာျαα္αြα္ျαဴαα ္ αါαီαို ျαα္αာျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးαျαီးေαာα္αိုα္း αα္αα္ α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ေαးαဲ့αာα ααုα္α‘α ိုးααါαဲ။
“ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα ααုα္αို α‘ေαΎαာα္αံုးαဲ၊ ျαα္αာျαα္αဲα α‘α်ဳိးαားα‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားα‘αြα္αုိαα္ α‘ေααိαα္၊ α₯ေαာααိုαα‘αါα‘αα္ αα္ေαါα္းα ံု αံααα္αα္αံေαးαို ျαွα့္αα္αူေαာα္ႏုိα္αွ ααုα္αို αိα္းαားႏို္α္αα္αိုα αုံαΎαα္ေααα္”αိုα αံααα္αα¦းα ေျαာαါαα္။
αြαံျαိဳးαဲႏုိα္αံα်ားေα့αာေαး Institute of Developing Economies α‘αြဲαα αိုαွိαီαို αူαိုα ααုα္ျαα္α ျαα္αာျαα္α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာα့္αα္αာαွိαဲ့ αိα္αα္αိုα αူαျαα္αါαα္၊ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαေαာ့ ααုα္α‘α ုိးααာ α‘ေααိαα္၊ α₯αေαာ ႏုိα္αံေαြαို ျαα္αြα္းေαး αိα α₯ေαြαွာ αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ေα့ααွိαာေαΎαာα့္၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲα αီαုိαေαα ီ α‘ေαးαို ေαးα ားαိုα ေαာα္းαုိαာαွာαို ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္ αူα αာααိုαူးαိုα αုိαါαα္။
α ီးαြားေαးαုိးαα္αႈαို αα္αိα္းαားႏိုα္αုိααေαာ့ ျαα္αာျαα္α‘αြα္ ααုα္ျαα္α αα္းႏွီးျαွဳα္ႏွံαွႈေαြ α‘αံုးα‘αα္းαဲα αိုα‘α္αါαα္၊ αါေααα့္ αီαို αα္ေαာα့္αα္αာ ααာαိα္ comfortable partner ααα္း α‘ႏၱαာα္ေαးαα္αα္αုိαာαို ျαα္αာျαα္αူေαြα ေႏွာေα်ေα‘ာα္ αိαားαΎααါαα္။
(Mainichi Japan) January 25, 2012
ေααြα္
Credit : Maukkha Education Magazine
α်αα္ααα္းေαာα္αα¦း၏ αွα္α ုα်ား- α‘αုိα္း (α)
ααΎαာαα္αုα္းααဲ ျαα္αာျαα္ α‘ေαွαေျαာα္ေααα ႏုိα္αံααာ αုα္αြα္ေαးαα္ေျαျαα ္αဲ့ αားαွဳိးαΏαိဳαα α‘αα ္αြα့္αားαဲ့ ααုα္α ားေαာα္αိုα္ααုိα္αို αြားαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုးαα္αုα္αုိ္α္း α ဲαါα αဲ αွိαါေαးαα္။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္αဲα αုαိααα္αို αα္αြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αူαြα္ αα ေαာα္ေα်ာ္ေα်ာ္၊ α ာαြဲααံုးαွာ αုိ္α္းαုိα္ေααာαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αိုးαြာေααဲ့ α‘αံαို αံုးႏိုα္αိုα αα္αါαဲα αူαိုαေαြ α‘αံα်α္α်α္αဲα α αားေျαာေααΎααါαα္။
ααုα္α αားေαြ ααα α္ေျαာေααဲ့αΎαားαွာ αဲα်α္ေαြαဲα ျαα္αာေαြα αၠဴေαြα ααူα်ံေαααား ေα‘ာα္ေα့ααါαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္αာαို αα္းαα္းα်α္α်α္ αိα္αα္αားေααα့္ αီαူαြα္αα‘ုα္αို αΎαα့္ααာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြαို α‘ာαံαΏαီး α‘αα့္αဲαဲ၊ ေျαာα္α်α်αဲ α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္ေααΎααါαα္။
α်ေαာ္αဲα αါαာαဲ့ α§α့္αα္းαြα္α ေα‘ာα္αα္ျαα္αα္းαိုα α်α္αိα္ျαေααα့္ ααα္းေαးαဲ αီαူေαြαဲα ေαာα္αံα‘ေαΎαာα္းαို α‘ေαα‘α်ာ αိαေα‘ာα္ αα္ေααိုα္αါαα္။
αားαွဳိးαΏαိဳαα αုိα္ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ ααုα္-ျαα္αာႏွα ္αာαာαဲα αုိα္းαုα္ေαြαို ေαြαααါαα္။ αိုαα္αွာ ααုα္ႏြα္αြား ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαားαေαာα္ αြα့္αားαဲ့ ααားααα္ေαြαဲေαာα္αာαေα ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαံုး αြα္ ေαြ αα်ဳိααα္း αားαါαα္။ ေααာျαα္ေα ်းαွာ αα္းေαးαα ္αီးαα္ေαးαို
ααုα္αြα္းေαြαဲα ေαးαα္αုိα္ေαာ့ ေα ်းαα္ေαးα ျαα္αာေαြαα်ဳိα ျαα္α‘α္αုိα္αါαα္၊ αါαူαα‘αြα္ αုα္αိုးαုα္α α₯္αါαဲ။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္αွာ α ားေαာα္ေααူေαြα αီαြီαေα ααုα္ααα္αာαားαို α ိα္αါαα္αါ αΎαα့္ေααΎααါαα္။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္α α ာေαးαα “αီαွာ ααုα္α αားααα္αα္ ေαႏုိα္αွာααုα္αူး”αိုα αΏαဳံးαα္ ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္αဲα αုαိαα‘ααီးαံုး αႏၱေαးαΏαိဳααေα ααုα္ျαα္αူαα္ျαα္αα္α αူαα္αို αα္αြα္αဲ့ αα္းေαΎαာα္းαာ αားαွဳိးαΏαိဳααို ျαα္αြားαါαα္၊ α‘αြα္α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ αုα္αြα္ေαး αα္းααΎαီးαါ၊ ααုα္ျαα္αဲα α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αာ ျαα္αာျαα္αα္αို ျαα္းျαα္းαဲα αွα္αွα္α်ဲααြα္ေααါαα္၊ ျαα္αာျαα္α‘αα္ααိုα αႏၱေαးαΏαိဳαααီးေαာα္ α်ဳိα္းαားေαာα္း (ααုα္αΏαိဳα) ျαα ္ေααါαΏαီ။
α ားေαာα္αုိα္α α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုိα္း αΏαီးαြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ α်ေαာ့္αဲα α§α့္αα္းαြα္α αူαα္αေαာα္αားαို αြားαΏαီး ααာαိုေျαာαါαα္၊ αါေααα့္ αူαြα္α α‘αα္ေαာα္ ααုα္αါαူး။ α်ေαာ္αုိαα္း ααုေαာα္ αα ိုα္αါαူး၊ αီαိုαဲ αျαားαူေαြααα္း α်ေαာ့္αုိααို αွိαα္αိုαေαာα္ αေα‘ာα္ေα့αΎααါαူး။
αူαိုα αြα္αြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာ ααာα αားေျαာαဲ့ α ာေαးαααဲ “αီαူေαြα αီαွာ αာျαီးα‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္ေααΎααာ α ႏွα ္αွိေααΏαီ” αိုαေျαာျααါαα္၊ ααာααာα္ေαြα α ီးαံαိα္းαဲα αα္αα္αဲ့ ααုα္αူα်ဳိးေαြျαα ္αα္။ αီα‘αားα αိုαα္αွာ ေααΎααာαိုα ေျαာျααါαα္။ αီα ားေαာα္αုိα္αဲα αိုα္αွα္ααα္း ααုα္ႏြα္αြားျαα ္ျαီး α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုိα္းαွာ αူαα္း αါαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ αူααို ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြαဲα α‘ေαα‘αြα္α ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αူα¦းေααဲα α αာαုိα္ႏွႈα္းေαာα္αွိαα္αိုα αိααါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ αααα ျαα့္αြα္ႏွα ္ေαြα α αုိα ααာααာα္ေαြαေαြαြα္αာαΏαီး၊ αာα္ေαြα αα္αိုααႈαာ αုိα္းျαα္αဲα α‘αိα ေαြαα္ေαါα္ျαα ္αာαါαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αာ ααာααံαံαာαေαြαဲα αΎαြα္ααိုα αααα»ာαံုးα α ိα္αα္α ားေαααိုαဲ αααα αြα္ααွာ ααုα္ျαα္α ααြားαဲ့ αာα္ေαြααိုα္αုိα္းα ီαံαိα္းααα္း α‘αုαα္αွိ ေαာα္αα္α αါαဲ။
αားαွဳိးαို αြားαဲ့ αα္းαေαွ်ာα္ αα္းαααီးေαးα ေααာα‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ αာα္ေαြααိုα္αုိα္းေαြαို α‘αံုαုိα္ ေαြαααါαα္။ ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαုα္ αိုα္ေαြαို αα္αားαဲ့ ေαာα္αြဲαာα₯္αို αြဲαာαဲ့ αုα္αα္αားαΎαီးေαြαို ျαα္αြားαာαိုαα္း ေαြααဲ့ααါαα္။
ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαို αα္αြα္αα့္ αာα္ေαြααိုα္αုိα္းαဲα α‘ျαိဳα္ ေααံα ိα္းαုိα္αုိ္α္းαΎαီးαα္း ေαာα္αα္α αါαဲ။
α‘αုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိ ααုα္ႏုိα္αံαာ ေααံα ိα္းေαြαို α‘ာααိααဲα α‘ေαွαα‘αα္αိုα္းαေα αα္αိုααါαα္၊ αααၠာ ေααα္αΎαားαို ျαα္ααါαα္၊ α‘αု αိုα္αုိα္းαေαာ့ α‘ဲαီေααံα ိα္းေαြαို ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ α်ျαီး၊ αိုα္αုိ္α္းαေα ααα့္αα္αိုαႏုိα္αိုααါ၊ αီαိုαα္αိုαႏုိα္ αα္αုိαα္ αα္αူαိုαေαာα္ααα္း α‘αုα္α‘α်αα္းျαီး၊ αံုျαံဳေαးα‘ααα္း αိုျαီး α ိα္α်ααွာျαα ္αါαα္။
“αိုα္αုိα္းေαြ ေαာα္ျαီးαြားαα္ ျαα္αာျαα္α αာαွ ααုα္ααဲαဲα ႏုိα္αံျαားေαြေαြ ααေαာ αα္αာαွာ” - αိုα αံααα္αေαာα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္αααΌα αားαα္α‘ုိαားαားα ျαα္αာျαα္αုိα္αာ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαူαါααို ေျαာα္းαဲαုိα္αါαα္။ αူαα‘αα္ ααα ေα်ာ့ ααα်ဴαုαွ္αေαာ့ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααို αိႏွိα္αဲ့ α‘α ိုးααုိαΏαီး αα္းαα္းαာαာαဲ αα္αα္αα္αံαဲ့αါαα္။ αံααα္αေαာ့ α‘ုိαားαား αα္αα္αွာ α‘αုαို αူαါαေျαာα္းαြားααဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα ျαα္αာျαα္αို α‘ေααိαα္αဲα α‘ီးαူαိုαα α ီးαြားေαးαα္αα္αိα္αုိααားαဲ့ေαααα ီ ααိαေαာα္ျαα ္ေααဲ့ α‘α်ိα္၊ ααုα္α αႊα္းαိုးαာαာαို α်α ္α်ဴαူααားαိုα αျαα ္ႏုိ္α္ေαာ့αာေαΎαာα့္αိုα αုိαါαα္။
αီေαာα္αုိαα္ αာαွဳိးα α ားေαာα္αုိα္αွာ ααုα္αူαα္ေαြ αာျαα ္αိုα ေျαာα္α်α်αဲ ေαာα္းαα ား αုα္ေααΎαααဲαုိαာαို αာα္αα္αα္αြားαါαα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αို αံုαΏαံဳေαးα‘α α‘αြα္α‘ေαးααီးαဲ့ ေααာαွာ αွိေααဲ့ ႏုိα္αံ၊ ႏွα ္ႏိုα္αံ α‘α ိုးαေαြαဲα α‘ေαးαΎαီးαဲ့ ေαααα ီေαြαဲα αα္αα္ေααဲ့ α ီαံαိα္းα αူေαြα α‘ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္αံုေαာα္αဲα ျαα္αာ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြαို αာα‘ေαးα ိုα္α αာαိုေαာ့ααဲေα။ α ိα္α်αα္α် αα ားႏုိα္αΎααΏαီေαါ့။
αါေααα့္ ααုα္ႏုိα္αံ၊ ααုα္ျαα္αူေαြ၊ ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြα‘ေαααွာ ျαα္αာ αုိα္းαα္းαားေαြα α‘ျαα္αΎαα္αွαာေαာ့ ααုα္αါαူး။
ျαα္αာျαα္αွာ ααုα္αα α₯α္းေαြαို αံုးေααာα ေαာα္ααုိα္းαါ၊ α‘ααီးαံုးαΏαိဳαျαα ္αဲ့ αα္αုα္αွာ αΏαိဳααံေαြα ေα ်းα်ဳိαဲ့ ααုα္αုα္ ေαာ္ေαာ္αုိα္αα္ေαြαို α ီးαΎααါαα္၊ ေα ်းαုိα္ေαြ၊ ေααာျαα္ေα ်းေαြαွာ αα္ေαာα္းေααΎααာαα္း ααုα္ျαα္αုα္ α‘αα္α‘α ားေαြαဲα ေααα α₯္αံုးαα α₯α္းေαြα်α္းαါαဲ။
“ααုα္αα α₯α္းေαြေαΎαာα့္ (ααုα္ေα်းαူးေαΎαာα့္) ျαα္αာျαα္α αူေαြαဲα α‘ေျαα‘ေα αုိးαα္αာαΏαီး၊ ေααα α₯္ααေαြαွာαα္း α‘αα္ေျααွႈ αွိαာαာαေαာ့ α‘αွα္αါαဲ” αိုα α§α့္αα္းαြα္α ေျαာαါαα္။
αူα α αားα ααံုးေαးαါαူး၊ “ αါေααα့္ ααုα္ေαြαို ျαα္αာေαြα α-αုα္ αိုα ေαααΎααα္၊ α‘α္ααα္ αုိးαုα္αဲ့ αူေαြαုိαဲ့ α‘αိααΈါα္ေαါ့” - αိုα αα္ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္α αူαုα္αံေαြ ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားα ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြ ျαα ္ေααါαα္၊ αူαိုα α‘α်α္းα်α္း αြα္αုိα္၊ αေαာα္αို αေαာα္ αူαီαα္း ေαွာα္αုိ α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းα α‘α α ီးαြားေαး αုα္αα္းα်ဳိးα ံု αြြα္αα္ααီး αူေαာα္αΏαီး ααီးαြားα်α္းαာေααΎααါαα္၊ ျαα္αာျαα္α αျαား αုိα္းαα္းαားေαြα ααာαိုျαα ္αα္αုိαα္း ျαα ္ေαာα္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးαααα္းα ααာαူα်ဳိးေαြ ေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့ α‘α ိုးαα ျαα္αာျαα္α ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြαဲα α ီးαြားေαးα‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားေαးαို α‘αွိα္αα္αိုα α‘α α₯္αα ုိα္ α α₯္းα ားαဲ့αာ αွိαါαα္။
αααα ျαα့္αြα္ႏွα ္ေαြαွာေαာ့ α α ္α‘α ိုးαα α α ္αα္αα္αα α₯α္းေαြ αြဲα ားαုα္ေαးαဲ့ α‘ုα္α ုေαြαို α‘αူးα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးေαြ၊ α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αိုα္αြα့္ေαြ αိုးေαးαိုα္αာေαΎαာα့္ αူαိုααဲα α ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းေαြαα္း αΎαီးααα္ ααီးαားαာαဲ့αါαα္၊ αီαုα္αα္αို α α ္α‘α ိုးαα α‘ာαာ αα္ျαဲေαးα‘αြα္ αုα္αာαိုα ေααα္αာαα္း αံααါαα္။
αα္αုα္α α‘ုိα္αီαုααΌαီα α₯αၠααေαာ့ “αါα ျαα္αာျαα္္αွာ ေααာα ံုαွာ α‘αြα့္αူးαေααဲ့ ααုα္ႏြα္αြားေαြαို αိα္းα်ဳα္αိုα α‘α ိုးαα ေαွαααွα္း αိုးαုိα္αဲ့ αα္းααိαာα္ααုαါαဲ”αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ ျαα္αာျαα္αဲα ααုα္ေαြαိုαာαα αα္α α္α်α₯္းαိုαα္α ααုα္ျαα္αဲα ααုα္ေαြေαΎαာα့္αα္း α ိα္α‘ေႏွာα့္α‘αွα္ျαα ္αဲ့ααါαα္။ αααα αွာ α်α္αိα္းαံαားααဲ့ ααာျαα္αြα္ျαဴαα ္ αါαီαို ျαα္αာျαα္ αြα္αα္ေαးαျαီးေαာα္αိုα္း αα္αα္ α‘αူα‘αီေαြ ေαးαဲ့αာα ααုα္α‘α ိုးααါαဲ။
“ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα ααုα္αို α‘ေαΎαာα္αံုးαဲ၊ ျαα္αာျαα္αဲα α‘α်ဳိးαားα‘α်ဳိးα ီးαြားα‘αြα္αုိαα္ α‘ေααိαα္၊ α₯ေαာααိုαα‘αါα‘αα္ αα္ေαါα္းα ံု αံααα္αα္αံေαးαို ျαွα့္αα္αူေαာα္ႏုိα္αွ ααုα္αို αိα္းαားႏို္α္αα္αိုα αုံαΎαα္ေααα္”αိုα αံααα္αα¦းα ေျαာαါαα္။
αြαံျαိဳးαဲႏုိα္αံα်ားေα့αာေαး Institute of Developing Economies α‘αြဲαα αိုαွိαီαို αူαိုα ααုα္ျαα္α ျαα္αာျαα္α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာα့္αα္αာαွိαဲ့ αိα္αα္αိုα αူαျαα္αါαα္၊ α‘ေαΎαာα္းαေαာ့ ααုα္α‘α ုိးααာ α‘ေααိαα္၊ α₯αေαာ ႏုိα္αံေαြαို ျαα္αြα္းေαး αိα α₯ေαြαွာ αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ေα့ααွိαာေαΎαာα့္၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲα αီαုိαေαα ီ α‘ေαးαို ေαးα ားαိုα ေαာα္းαုိαာαွာαို ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးαα‘αြα္ αူα αာααိုαူးαိုα αုိαါαα္။
α ီးαြားေαးαုိးαα္αႈαို αα္αိα္းαားႏိုα္αုိααေαာ့ ျαα္αာျαα္α‘αြα္ ααုα္ျαα္α αα္းႏွီးျαွဳα္ႏွံαွႈေαြ α‘αံုးα‘αα္းαဲα αိုα‘α္αါαα္၊ αါေααα့္ αီαို αα္ေαာα့္αα္αာ ααာαိα္ comfortable partner ααα္း α‘ႏၱαာα္ေαးαα္αα္αုိαာαို ျαα္αာျαα္αူေαြα ေႏွာေα်ေα‘ာα္ αိαားαΎααါαα္။
(Mainichi Japan) January 25, 2012
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