ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္ ေαာα္αိုα္း ααိုα္ေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္αွာ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္α‘αα္α αα္းαα္αြα္းα α₯္
αα္αုα္αိုα္းေααျαီး α‘αြα္းαိွαα ္αα္αဲαႏα΅αα္αဲαွ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα‘αα္α ာαα္း ေျααာαα္α်α္αိွαα့္ ေαာ့αႉးျαို့ αα္αွျαားျαα္ ေαြးေαာα္αဲြαြα္ αα္ေαာα္αွα္ျαိုα္αြα့္αိွαα့္αိုα္ α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α ာαα္း αို αျαာαီαα္αိုα္း α‘αြα္း ေျααာ αြားαα္ျαα ္ေျαာα္းαိααα္။
''α¦းαα္αီα α‘αူαံαွြာαို(αα)αα္ေα့ေα့αα္αွာ αိုα္းေαာ္ααွα္αို αာαα္αြားαα္။ αိုα္းေαာ္ααွα္α‘ေααဲ့ေαာ့ ααိုα္ ေαာ္ααွα္αွာ αူαααα့္αြα္αဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αာေαααူαα္ျαီးαံုး ျαα္αြား αွာαါ။αα αα္ေα့αွာαံုး ျαα္α်α္α်αြားαα္။ α‘ဲ့αီေαာα္αိုα္းαွာ α‘ျαα္αံုး ေαာ့αႉးαဲαႏα΅αα္ α‘αြα္ α‘αα္α ာαα္းαံုα ံ(αα) αα္αြားαα္'' αုαα္αုα္αိုα္း ေαα ျαီးေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αဲြ့αဲြ α₯αၠα α¦းαိုαို ααိုαα္။
ေαာ့αႉးျαို့αα္ αဲαႏα΅ αα္αြα္ αα္ေαာα္αွα္ျαိုα္α‘ေαြးαံ ျααα့္αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα‘αα္ α ာαα္းαို αွα္ျαိုα္α‘ေαြးαံျααα့္ αီαွြα္ေαးαွα့္ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαါαီαွ α¦းαα္αီα α‘αို်းαားαီαိုαေαα ီα‘ αဲြ့αု်α္αွ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုျαα္α‘ား αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α‘α်α္း αွα့္αိုα္αီαႈααိွαျαα့္ α‘ေαာα္ αိုα္းααိုα္ေαြးေαာα္αဲြ ေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αဲြ့αဲြαွ ααα္αိုα္αα္။αိုαို့α αα္αိုα္αႈ α‘ေααα‘αိုαါαα့္αြα္ αဲ့αα့္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ ေαာα္းαွ αိုα္းေααျαီးေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αဲြ့αဲြαို့ ေαေαာ္αါαီ(αα)αα္ေα့ αα‘αူαံαွြာαα္αို့αဲ့ေျαာα္းαိα αα္။αို့ေျαာα့္ ေαေαာ္αါαီ(αα) αα္ေα့αြα္ αα္αုα္αိုα္းေααျαီး α‘αြα္းαွ αα ္αα္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ (α )αုαွ αα္ေαာα္ αွα္ျαိုα္αိုα္αα့္αိုα္α ား αွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α်ားαို αα္ αိုα္αာျαို့αα္αွα့္αα္αြα္၊ေα်းαြာ α‘ုα္α ုα်ားαြα္ေျααာေαးαဲ့ေαာ္ αα္းေαာ့αႉးျαို့αα္αြα္αα္ေαာα္ αွα္ျαိုα္αိုα္ αα့္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α ာαα္းα်ား αို αα့္ αြα္αα့္αိα α₯αျαီး α်α္ေαးαα့္ α‘αြα္α‘αိုαါ αဲαႏα΅αα္α‘ားαိုα္း ေααျαီး ေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αဲြ့αဲြαွαံုးျαα္α်α္α်ျαီးαα့္ေα ေαာ္αါαီ(αα)αα္ေα့ေαာα္αိုα္း αြα္ α‘ျαα္αံုး ေျααာေαး αα္ျαα ္ ေျαာα္းαိααα္။
''αα့္αြα္αွြာေαြαျαီး αα်α္းေαာ့ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α ာαα္းααြα္ေαးαဲ့α‘ αြα္ေαာ့ α‘ဲ့αီေααာαွာျαိုα္αα့္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း ေαြေαာ၊ αျαားαိုα္α ားαွα္ ေαာα္းαါα α္းαံုးေαး α‘αြα္ ေαာα္α်αြားαာ ေαါ့။αါေျαာα့္(αα)αα္ေα့αံုး ျαα္α်α္α်ျαီးαာαဲ့ α‘ျαα္αံုးေျααာ ေαးαွာαါ'' αုေαာ္ααွα္α‘αဲြ့αဲြα₯αၠαα¦းαိုαိုααိုαα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုျαα္αို αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α‘α်α္း αွα့္ αိုα္αီαႈααိွαုαို αာαα့္αြα္αဲ့αα့္ αွα္ျαိုα္α‘ေαြး αံαα့္ α¦းαα္αီ၏ αα့္αြα္αွြာα‘ား ေαာα္αိုα္းααိုα္ ေαာ္ααွα္αံုးαွ αα္α αါαီ(αα)αα္ ေα့α ααα္ αိုα္ေျαာα္း αိααα္။ေαာ့αႉးျαို့αα္αဲ αႏα΅αα္αွ ျαα္αူ့αွြα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း ျαα ္ေαာ α‘αို်းαား αီαိုαေαα ီα‘αဲြ့αု်α္ αါαီα₯αၠα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုျαα္α‘ား α‘αိုαါαဲ αႏα΅αα္αြα္ αα္ေαာα္αွα္ျαိုα္αα့္ αီαွြα္ေαး αွα့္ ျαိα္းα်α္းေαး αါαီαွ α¦းαα္αီαွ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္း α‘αα္α‘α်α္း αွα့္ αီαွြα္αႈααိွေျαာα္း αα္ααါαီ(α)αα္ေα့αေαာα္αိုα္း ααိုα္ေαြးေαာα္αဲြေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αဲြ့αဲြ αို့αα့္αြα္αွြာ αα္αြα္းαဲ့ေျαာα္း αိααα္။
α‘αိုαါေαာ့αႉးျαို့αα္ αြα္α‘αို်းαားαီαိုαေαα ီ α‘αဲြ့αု်α္αါαီαွေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုျαα္၊ αီαွြα္ေαးαွα့္ျαိα္းα်α္းေαးαါαီαွ α¦းαα္αီαွα့္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုျαံ့αိုα္ေαးαွα့္αံြ့ျαိုးေαးαါαီαွ ေαါα္αာ α¦းα ိုးαα္းαို့α αα္ေαာα္ αွα္ျαိုα္ ျααα္ ျαα ္αα္။
Source :αα္αုα္αိုα္းα္
α§α့္α ာαα္း αိုα္ျαားαာαြα္ ေαြေျαးေαာα္αံျαα္း αျαဳαေαာ α₯αေααို αိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌα αα္ ေαေαာ္αါαီ αααα္α αα္αွα္ ေαးαိုးα‘αα္ျαဳ ျααာα္းαိုα္ျαီျαα ္ ေျαာα္း αိααα္။
α‘αိုαါα₯αေααို ေαေαာ္αါαီ αααα္α αုα္ျαα္αိုα္ျαီး α₯αေααြα္ αါαα့္α‘αα္း αα α‘ေαြေαြ αုα္α αα αြα္ αα္αြα္ ေα်းαြာα်ား၌ α§α့္α ာ αα္းαိုα္ျαားαာαြα္ ေαြေျαးαα ္α ံုαα ္ αာေαာα္αံျαα္း αျαဳαေျαာα္း αα္းα₯ αေαျααာα္းα်α္α‘α αိααα္။ ααα္α α§α့္α ာαα္းαိုα္ျαား αာαြα္ α‘ုα္αု်α္ေαးαႉးαံုးα‘αဲြ့ αα္αံုေαြ α‘ျαα ္ေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း၊ α ာαြα္α ာ αα္း ေျαးα‘ျαα ္ေαာ္ αα္းေαာα္း ေαြ ေျαးေαာα္αံ αႈα်ား αိွαဲ့ေျαာα္းαိααα္။
ααα္α ျαိဳααα္၊ αα္αြα္၊ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုα‘αိုα္ α§α့္α ာαα္းαိုα္ ျαားαဲ့αာαြα္ ေαာα္αံαႈေαြေျαးαွာ αဲြ ျαားျαျαီး ေααာေααα‘ေαα αူαα္၍ α§α့္α ာαα္းαα ္αါ αိုα္ျαားαွ်α္ α်α္ ααααွ α ααα‘ျαား ေαာα္αံေααႈα်ား αိွေျαာα္း α ံုα α္းαိααα္။ ”α‘αုα‘αိ်α္αိ α§α့္α ာαα္းαိုα္ αα္ α ာαြα္α ာαα္းေျαး၊ αα္αံုေαြαိုျαီး ေαာα္ ေျαာျαီးαေαာα္းေαာ့αူး။ α ာ αα္းαြα္းျαီးαာαဲ့ α αα α်αα္αိုျαီး ေαာ့ α ာေαးေαြα ေαာα္းေαာ့αာαဲ” αု ေαာα္α₯αၠαာα ေα α¦းα်ဳိးαိα္းα αူ α‘ျαဲျαံုေαြαေαααα္αို ေျαာαα္။
αα္αြα္၊ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ုα‘ုα္ αု်α္ေαးαႉးαံုးα်ားα‘αြα္ αံုးα‘αံုးα αိα္ α်ား αံုးα ဲြαိုα္αα္ αွα ္α α္ααံုးαွα္းေျαေαြ α ာαα္း၌ ျαိဳααα္α‘αိုα္ αα့္ေα်ာ္αα့္ αα္αံုေαြααာααို αဲြေααα္αွα္α်ာαား ααα္ျαα ္αာ αα္αံုေαြαို αα္αြα္ αိုαααုα္ ေα်းαြာα‘ုα္α ု α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαႉးα αႊα္ျαား α်α္α်ားαွα့္α‘αီ ျαို့αα္α‘ုα္ αု်α္ေαးαႉးαံαို့ αα္ျαေαာα္းαံျαီး α αα ္ αα်αံုးα ဲြααα္αု α‘αα္း αα αုα္α αα၊ αααြα္ ေαာ္ျααါαိွαα္။
Source :αα္αုα္αိုα္းα္
αΎαားျαα္ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ α‘αြα္ αα
္αα္αဲαႏα΅αα္ αα
္αု ျαα
္αα့္ αα္αုα္αိုα္း ေααααီး αွα္းαူးαΏαိဳααα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ αဲαႏα΅αα္ α‘αြα္ ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα
αα္ေαα ေαααα္ αံုးαာαီαα္ααြα္ NLD αါαီႏွα့္ ααံααိုα္ေαးαါαီαိုα ေααာαα
္αုႏွα့္ αα
္αု ααီးαေαးαြα္ αα
္α်ိα္αα္း၌ αဲαြα္αΎααာ αါαီႏွα
္αုα
αံုးαြα္ ααိα္αα္ αာααα္းေα်ာ္ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αα္αို ေαြαααα္။
Source :The Voice Weekly
Source :The Voice Weekly
ေαျαα္ေαာ္α αααΊဴαီαိαဲα αုααΊာαီαိ αΏαိဳααα္ေαြα‘αြα္ αိα္αα္αုα္းေα်းαြာαွာ αြα့္αွα
္αားαဲ့ NLD αါαီ αုံးαα္းေαွα ေျαα
ုိα္αုိα္းαုα္αို α‘αα္ααိαူေαြα ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα
αα္ေαα α‘ာαုံαα္α‘α်ိα္αွာ αာေαာα္ α်α္αီးαြားေαΎαာα္း αိααါαα္။ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ α‘αုαို NLD αုိα္းαုα္ α‘α်α္αီးαံααာαာ αုαိαα‘ααိα္ေျαာα္ ျαα ္αα္αိုα αααΊဴαီαိαΏαိဳααα္αေα NLD αါαီ αႊα္ေαာ္ αိုα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα ္ αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα့္ ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းα RFA αုိ ေျαာαါαα္။
NLD αုိα္းαုα္ α်α္αီးαူေαြ αα္αူαα္αါ αိုαာ α‘αိα‘α် ααိαေαးေααα့္ ေαာေαာαα္ αုααΊαΊာαီαိ αဲα αα္းαဲα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္ α‘αα့္αα့္αို αုိα္αΎαားαားေαΎαာα္း ေααα ႏα΅ာαα္းα ေျαာαါαα္။
ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα ိα္αာ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαုα္းα αααΊဴαီαိ αΏαိဳααα္αေα αα္ေαာα္αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္ α‘ႏုိα္ααဲ့αဲ့ αႊα္ေαာ္αိုα္α ားαွα္ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Source :RFA
"αΏαα္αာαူα်ိဳးα ႏွα ္ေαာα္αွိαα္ ႏွα ္αိုα္းαြဲαα္။ αံုးေαာα္αွိαα္ αံုးαိုα္းαြဲαα္။ αα္ေαာ့αွ ααီαြα္αူး။ αါေααာα့္ ααိုးαα္αာ " ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘αုα္αိုαႏွα ္αΏαိဳααဲ့αူα ားα်ားαဲ့ αါးα α္αα‘αΏαဲαα္းααားαေα့αွိαဲ့ α αားαΏαα ္αα္။
αΏαα္αာαွာααြဲαာααွိαဲ့
αူαိုαα αား αုိα္αာေα αိုαα‘αြα္ αြα္αΏαဴαα ္ေαြαα္း αြဲαα္။ αΏαα္αူααဲေαာ္ေαြαα္း αြဲαα္။ αိုαွα္αα ္αα္း αြဲαα္။ αααααα္းαြဲαα္။ ααα αα္း αြဲαα္။ α‘ဲαီααိုα္αα္α α်ီα ီαီေα‘αα္းαြဲ၊ ααα္ေαြαα္းαြဲ၊ ααြဲαူးαဲ့ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းαα ္αုαွαို αΏαα္αာαΏαα္αွာ ααွိαူးαိုα αα္ေαΏαာα်α္ေαΏαာαါαိα့္α¦းαα္။ αα္αူေαြα α‘ဲαီαိုေαΏαာαααာαဲαိုα ααα့္αိုα္αα္၊ α‘α်ားα ုαာ αα္ေαα္၊ αα္α‘αါαွာαွ α‘α်ားα‘ေαးαို αါαα္ေαာα္αြα္ေα့ααွိαဲ၊ αိုα့္α‘ေαး၊ αိုα့္αိαားα ုα‘ေαး αα ္αုαα္းαိုαာ α‘ေαးαားαုα္ေαာα္ေα့αွိαူေαြαΏαα ္αα္ αိုαာေαြαααိα့္αα္။
αα္αα္ααα္αွာαာ
ααα္ေαာ့ αီαူေαြαာ α‘α်ားα‘α်ိဳး၊ αα္α်ိဳးαြာα်ိဳး αူαိုαααုα္αာαို αုαံαာαြα္αိုαα‘αြα္ αα္αα္αဲ့ααα္αွာαΏαီး ေαΏαာαααာαΏαα ္αα္။ αူαေαာααွာ αုα္α်α္းαြဲααေα‘ာα္ αူαα္αိုαာαာαွိαΏαီး α ိα္αေαာαားα်α္း αα ္αα္αα္း αα ္αားαα္းα်ေα‘ာα္ αူαα္αိုαာααွိαူး။ αါααာαααား αΏαα ္αα္။ αုα္α်α္းαူαဲ့ α‘ ααႊာα်α္းေαာα္αွ α ိα္α်α္းα‘ေαာ္αူေααα့္ α‘ားαံုးαα ္αားαα္းα်ေα‘ာα္ αူαာေαာ့ααုα္αူး။ ααူαဲ့ေααာေαြαα္း αွိေαးαα္။ αိααဲααားααီးαα္း α‘αားαူαဲ။ α αိုα္ααူαာေαြαွိααို α‘ααိဳα္ααူαာေαြαα္းαွိαα္။ αါαာ αူαေαာααဲ့ αΏαα ္αိုးαΏαα ္α α₯္ααာααဲ။ α‘αα္းααုα္αူး။ α‘αΏαα ္ေαΏαာα αာαα္းααုα္αူး။
α α ္ααΏαα ္αူးαဲ့ αုိα္αံααွိ
αΏαα္αာαူα်ိဳးေαြαွ αူα်ားαα္αူးαΏαီးαြဲαααာααုα္αူး။ ααီααြα္αΏαα ္αာ ααုα္αူး။ ααα»ာေαααွာαွိααွ် ႏိုα္αံαိုα္း၊ αူα်ိဳးαိုα္း ααြဲαူးαဲ့ႏိုα္αံ၊ α α ္ααΏαα ္αူးαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံαα ္αုαွααွိαါαူး။ αိုးαα္αြα္းαားေααဲ့ ႏိုα္αံααီးေαြαွာαα္း α‘αူα‘αααူ αြဲαΏαားαααိုα αူααါαီ၊ αိုα္αါαီαိုαΏαီး αီးαΏαားαြဲေαာα္αားαααာαဲ။ α်αα္αိုα္αံαဲ့ αα္αα္းα‘αွα္αံုး α‘ာαာααါαီααီးαΏαα ္αဲ့ α‘α္α္αီαီαါαီαိုαα္ αါαီαα ္αုαα္းαွာαို αီးαΏαားα‘ုα္α ုαြဲေαြ αα ္αါαα္ေαာα္ααားαα္αα္αွိေααာ αΏαα ္αα္။
αူαားαေαΏαာα္ေαးαိုα
αြဲαα၊ αΏαဲαααα္αိုαာα α‘αူα‘αα်α္း၊ αံုααα္α်α္α်α္း၊ ααူαိုαααုα္αူး။ α¦းေႏွာα္αူαား αေαΏαာα္ေαးαိုααဲα ႏိုα္αံေαးααα့္α်α္ေαးαိုααΏαα ္αာ။ αူαားေαΏαာα္αα့္α်α္αΏαီαိုαα္ α‘αΏαα္α‘αူα‘α ααူαာαာ αူαααာααဲαုိα αားαα္αΏαီး αα္းαံႏိုα္αα္။ α‘αူαြဲαΏαီး αုα္αိုα္αိုα္ႏိုα္αα္။ αူααံုαူαေαာααိုαာ ααူαဲ့αူေαြα‘αူαြဲαΏαီး ααူαဲ့α‘ေαြးα‘ေαα α‘αူα‘αေαြαို αα ္α¦းα်α္း αိုα့္αα္းαိုα့္αα္αဲα αုα္αααိုα္αααα္းα αΏαα္းαΏαα္းα်α္း αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးαာαဲ့αာαΏαα ္αα္။
αα္းα α္းα₯ααာ
αα ္ေαြးαα ္αားαα္း ေαါα္းα α္းαီαြα္αα္၊ ေααိုαားαိုα α‘ααားααα္ααို ေαါα္းα α္αα္ αိုαာေαြα α αားα‘αΏαα ္ေαΏαာαာ αα္αα္αဲ။ ααα္αα္ေαြααα္αွိႏိုα္αာα်ိဳး ααုα္αူး။ αα္းα α္းαα ္α α္းαို α α္းαံုးαီαြα္αα္αိုαဲ့ αံုေαာα္α αားααွ αူေαာααွာ ααာα α်α ြာ αΏαα ္ႏိုα္αဲ့ ေαါα္းα α္းαီαြα္ေαးαΏαα ္αα္။ αα္းα α္းαα ္α α္းαွာ α‘α်ိဳးα‘α ားααူαဲ့၊ α‘αိုα‘αွα္ ααီαဲ့ αα္းေα်ာα္းေαြαို ααိဳးαα ္ေα်ာα္းαဲα α ုαΏαီးα α္းαားαိုα္αာαΏαα ္αα္။ ေαါα္းα α္းαားαဲ့α‘αြα္ αိုαာα‘αα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα္αာαာαြα္αြα္αူαူαဲα αα္αိုးαြားႏိုα္αα္။ α‘αြα္ααူ α်ိဳးαဲ့ααြားαူး။
αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားα‘αြα္
αူαေαာααိုαာαα္း α‘αူαူαဲ။ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαာα္၊ α‘α်ိဳးα‘ႏြα္ααူ αြဲαΏαားαΏαားαားαဲ့ αူα‘α်ားα‘αΏαားαာ αူαီαဲ့αα္းαိုα္αα ္αုαို ေαာα္αိုαα‘αြα္ αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားαိုαဲ့ ααိဳးαဲαα ုα α္းαΏαီး ααီးαြားေααာαΏαα ္αα္။ αူαီαဲ့ αα္းαိုα္αိုαာαေαာ့ ေα‘းα်α္းαာαာαΏαီး αူαိုα္းαူαိုα္း αေαာα့္αα αေααာα့္ααα αြα္αြα္αα္αα္ေααိုα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ αာαာေαႊαΏαα္αΏαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီ αာαာေαႊαΏαα္αိုေαာα္αα္ αူα်ိဳးαေαြး၊ αာαာαေαြး၊ α‘αားေαာα္αေαြး၊ αူαားα‘ားαံုး αံα ားααွာαိုေαာ့ αိုα္αα္းαံα ားααα္။ αူαα္းαံα ား ααα္ေαါ့။ α‘ဲαီαို αံα ားα်α္α ိα္α αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားαΏαα ္αါαα္။ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα‘αြα္းα αီαြα္ေαးαိုαာ αူαီαဲ့ αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားαα ္αုα‘αြα္ αူးαြဲေααိုα္αုα္αိုα္ေαာα္αြα္αΏαα္းαΏαα ္αα္။
αီαိုαေαα ီα်α့္α α₯္
αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြားα်α္း αူαα္αြဲαုα္αα္။ ααူαα္αြဲααုα္αူး။ αိုα့္αα္းαိုα့္αα္αဲα αိုα့္αာαာαုα္αα္။ αါααာααဲ။ αာαွααူးαα္းαူး။ α‘αΏαα ္ေαΏαာα αာαα္း ααုα္αူး။ αိုα္ααိုα္ααိဳα္αဲ့ αα္းααြားααို၊ αူαα္းαူααိဳα္αဲ့ αα္းααြားαါေα ။ αါαူαိုα္းαဲ့ ေαြးαာαါ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲ။ αိုα့္α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαို αိုα့္αΏαα္ႏိုးααို αူαα္းαူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαို αα္αိုးαားαွာαဲ။ αါαို αားαα္αေαာေαါα္αΏαီး αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαို αα္αိုးαားေαးα ားαာ၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αူαα ိα္ααိဳα္ α‘αံုးα်αာαို ααα္ααα္αΏαဴαΏαဴαဲα αα္αံေαးαာαာ αီαိုαေαα ီα်α့္α α₯္αΏαα ္αα္။
αူαံုးα်ိဳး
αီαိုေαΏαာαဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘ားαံုးαာαိα္ေαြαΏαα ္αα္၊ αα္αူααွိαူးαိုαေαΏαာαာααုα္αူး။ αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္း α‘αြα္းαွာ αူေαာα္း၊ αူαိုး၊ αူαုα္αာαိုαာαေαာ့ αα္ေαα္αα္α‘αါααို αွိေααာαဲαΏαα ္αα္။ αူေαာα္းαို αိα္ေαြα‘αΏαα ္ αေαာαားααα္αိုαာαေαာ့ ေαΏαာα αာααိုαူး။ αူαိုα္းαိαα္။ αူαိုးα်ေαာ့ αြဲαΏαားα α₯္းα ားα αာαွိαα္။ αα်ိဳαα α‘αα္ေαα ာေαာα္α ားαူးαα ္αဲ့αူ၊ ေαာα္းαα ား α‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံαုα္αူαို αူαိုးαိုαေαααα္။ αူααာαူ ααိဳα္αိုαα ြဲαိုαေαာα္αα္၊ ေαာα္းαα ားαုα္αα္၊ αα္αူααိုαွ αုαα‘ αေαးαူးαိုαဲ့αူα်ိဳးαိုေαာ့ αိα္ေαြα‘αΏαα ္αေαါα္းαα္းα်α္αα္ေαာα္၊ αα္αူα‘αΏαα ္ αေαာαားαΏαီး ေαွာα္αα္ေαα αာေαာ့ ααုိαူးαα္αါαα္။
α‘αွားαိုαΏαα္αိုααΏαဳαΏαα္αα္
αα်ိဳααα္းαဲαြα္းαိုα ααံαိααံαာααံαα္းαဲα αါးαိုα္ႏႈိα္αΏαα ္၊ αူαိုးαΏαα ္αြားαာα်ိဳးαွိαα္။ αူαိုααာ αူαုိးေαာ့αူαိုးαဲ၊ αါေααဲ့ αααားႏိုα္αα္α ီးαα္းαဲα ႏွိα္α α္αွα₯္းαα္းααုα္αူး။ αူαα ္αါးαားα်ိဳ၊ ααီးα်ိဳαို αိαါးေα ာ္αားααΏαဳαူးαိုαα္ေαာ့ αူαုα္αာαိုαေαααဲ့α‘αα့္ αေαာα္ေαးαူးαိုα αိုα်α္αα္။ αူαိုαα‘αွားαိုαိαိုα ေαာα္αααားα αΏαဳαΏαα္αα္αိုαα္ αြα့္αႊα္αα့္αူαို αြα့္αႊα္ααα္။ αΏαဳαΏαα္ေαါα္းαα္းαα့္αူαို ေαါα္းαα္းႏိုα္αα္။ ေαွးေαα္၊ ေαွးα‘αါ αာαα္ααီးαဲ့ αွα္αေαာα္ αားαΏααိုα္းααီးေαာα္ ေαာα္αံုးα်ေαာ့ αα္αα္ေαာ္αွα္ေαးααီးαဲ αါαα္αာαΏαီး αိုα္းαΏαα္αဲ့ α‘αိုးαα္αားေαာα္း၊ ααီးေαာα္းေαြαΏαα ္αာαဲ့αααဲ့ αာαααွိαါαα္။
αေααာαΏαီးေαာ
αα်ိဳαα်ေαာ့ ေαာα္α ားαူးαα ္αႈααွိαူး၊ ေαာα္းαα ားααုα္αူး၊ αားαΏααα္းααိုα္αူး၊ αါေααဲ့ αα္αူေαေααေααာαΏαီးေαာαိုαဲ့α ိα္αဲα αα ္αြာαံုးαα္αΏαီး ေαα်α္ေα αါ့α αါးα်ီαဲα α αါးေαြေαာ့αုα္ေαာα္းαေαးαိုα္αူးαိုαΏαီး αူေαြαα ္ေαာα္αΏαီးαα ္ေαာα္ ေααြားαာαို αုα္αုα္αိုα္ααα့္ေαႏိုα္αα္။ αα်ိဳαα αိုα္αုα္းαိေαာα္းαားαα္αိုαဲ့ α ိα္αဲα α‘ားαα္းαူေαြαို ႏိုα့္αα္α ီးαα္းαွα₯္းαα္းႏွိα္α α္αα္αα္။ αα်ိဳαα်ေαာ့ ααိαားααα္αူေαြαို αိα္αာαွα့္α ားαΏαီး αုိα္ေαာα္းα ားαိုα αုα္ေαြးα ုα္αα္αα္။ αα်ိဳαα αူေαာ္ေαာα္းαα္ေαာα္αΏαီး αူααိေα‘ာα္ αေαာ္αααား α‘αုα္ေαြαုα္αα္αα္။
ေαာαံုαာα‘αα္αα္
αီαူα ားα်ိဳးေαြαိုေαာ့ αူαိုးαားαΏααα္ေαာα္ ေααာα္α αာေαာα္းαိုα αူαုα္αာαိုαဲ့ α αားαံုးαဲααဲ αိုα္αα္αα္။ αα္ေαာ့αα္α‘αါαွ α‘ေαါα္းα‘αα္းααုα္α‘α္αူေαြααα ္αα္။ αα္αူα‘αΏαα ္ αΏαα္αΏαα္αားαားαα္αွα္αΏαီး ေαါα္းαေαာ္ႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ αႈα္α်αα ္ααα္။ α‘ားαာေααိုα ααΏαα ္αူး။ αွာαာေαာα္αားαိုα ααα္αူး။ αူαုα္αာေαြα ေααၱာααားαို αα္ေαာ့αွαα္αိုးαားαာ ααုα္αူး။ ααားေαာေααα္ ေαာαံုαာ α‘αα္αα္αါαိα့္αα္။
αူαံုးα်ိဳး" ေαာα္းαါးα αα.αα.αααα αုα္ News Watch Journal αွာ αါαဲ့ ေαာα္းαါး αΏαα ္αါαα္
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α‘α္αီα ုαဲααα်α္αေαာေျα α α္းαံုးေαးααီးα α₯္ျαα္αြα္း(Photo-Min kyaw khine)
αααα ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα αα္ေαα α်αα္ႏိုα္αံαုα္ αိုα္α‘ိαိα်ိ ααα္းα ာαါ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα REUNION, Union-1 ေαာα္းαါး(αာαာျαα္)
ေαေαာ္αါαီααို ႏွα ္αႏွα ္αဲα α‘αြα္α‘ေαာα္းαုံးααုိα αα½ြα္α α‘αΏαဲαα္းေαြးαဲ့αါαα္။ αα½ြα္ααဲαααα္၊ αα½ြα္ααိαα္αα္αα‘αုိး၊ ေα‘ααာαα္αα္αြα္း၊ ေα်ာ့αါαွα္αα္၊ αα½ြα္αα်α ္αα္ ေαးα ားααုံး α‘α်ဳိးαားααီးα်ားαာ ေαေαာ္αါαီααွာ ေαြးαြားαဲ့αΎααာαါ။ αါေαΎαာα့္ αα½ြα္ααα္α α္ ααα္းα ေαေαာ္αါαီααုိ ေαာα္းျαα္ျαα္းαဲα αူα ααၱိαဲαα αုိα αႈျαα္αဲ့αာαါ။ ေαေαာ္αါαီααဲα α်α္αေααုိ αα္ ေαာα္းေαါα္းျαα့္ေαးαိုα္αာαေαာ့ αα္αြα္းαဲαေαြးေααျαα ္ αဲ့ αα αα္ေαααာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαဲα ျαα္ေαာα္α ုေαααဲα ααα္αα္းα်ေααာαါαဲ။ α‘ဲαီေαααုိ ႏိုα္αံαဲααြα္αα္ေαးα‘αြα္ α‘ားαုα္ ααိဳးαα္းαႈေαြα ုေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αα္ αုိα္းαα္းαားαူα်ဳိးα ုα်ားα ြာα‘αြα္း αေαာαူαီα်α္α ာα်ဳα္ ααုαုိαα္αွα္ေαးαုိးαဲ့αဲ့ ႏွα ္αα္αα္ေααα‘ျαα ္ αα္αွα္αဲ့αာαါ။ αီျαα ္αα္αာ αααံဳα αူး αူး αဲαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးေျααွα္းααα္ျαα ္αဲ့αါαα္။ αααα αုႏွα ္αွာ αα္αွα္ေαးαုိးαဲ့αΎααဲ့ αွα္းျαα္ααြာ αေαးαုိα‘α ြဲျαဳαွα့္ေαααဲ့αဲ့ “αα္αုံα ာα်ဳα္”αာ αီၫြα္ေαးα‘αြα္ αΏαီးျαα့္α ုံαဲ့αုα္αα္းαုံα ံααု ααုα္αဲ့ေααα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα ိα္αါα္αဲα α‘ႏွα ္αာαα‘ျαα ္ေαာ့ αုိα္α ားျαဳαဲ့αါαα္။
αီႏွα ္αဲαေαေαာ္αါαီααာ αα½ြα္ααဲαေျαာ္αα့္α်α္α်ားαုိ αα်α္ျαα္ေα αဲ့αါαူး။ αΎαားျαα္ေαြး ေαာα္αြဲα‘αြα္ α‘ဲα္α‘α္α္αီαဲαα α္းαံုးαံႈαေαာ္ေαးα်ားαုိ αႏα·αါαီαα‘αုα္αွာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ ေαာα္αα္α‘αΏαီးα်ားαွိ αားαα္αΏαိဳααြα္ ααၤαာαိွαိွ αိαိα္α‘ေαာα္းαုံး ေαာα္αြα္αဲ့ααါαα္။
αα ႏွα ္α‘αြα္း α‘ဲαီα‘αα္αုိ ααααုံးαြားေαာα္αဲ့αာαါ။ ေα်ာ္αႊα္α αာαဲ ေαာα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ αααၤာαီαုိα္းαွျαα္αူα်ားαဲα ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαႈαာ α‘ေαα‘αြα္α‘α္α‘ားαဲαα α ိα္αါα္αုိα္αာαႈ ααိα့္αာα္ုိေαြαျαα္ααုိα α ိα္α‘ားαα္ႂαြαဲ့ααါαα္။ ေαေαာ္αါαီαဲαααααα္α‘αြα္းαွာ αα½ြα္ααုိα αါαီαဲαα α္းαံုးαႈံαေαာ္ေαးαာ αα္ααားαႈα‘αα္းαα္ αိွαα့္αα ား αα့္αα့္αဲ့α‘αိွα္α‘αုα္ααာ αဲ့αါαα္။ αူαုα ုαံုးαႈα‘αြα္αα့္αα့္αဲ့ေααာα‘αα္α‘αဲα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αႏၱေαးαုိαြားαုိαααီးα α္αုိ ေαႊααုိα္းαုိα္ααါαα္။ αါေααα့္ α§αာααီαုိα္းαဲααΏαိဳαေαာ္ျαα ္αဲ့ αုαိα္αΏαိဳααဲα αα½ြα္ααိαα္αဲαေαြးαα္ ေျαျαα ္αဲ့ ေျαာα္းျααΏαိဳαေαြαုိေαာ့ α ီα α္αားαဲ့α‘αုိα္း αြားျαα ္αဲ့αါαα္။
αα္ုαα္αΏαိဳααေα αံαα္ေα ာေα ာ αα½ြα္ααုိα α αα္αြα္αာαဲ့αါαα္။ αα္းαေαွ်ာα္αြာေαြα α‘ားေαးေαာα္αံαူα‘α်ားα‘ျαားαာ α‘ဲα္α‘α္α္αီ α‘αံαα္ေαးα်ားေαွααα္းαα္း αα္းα်ားαဲα α်ဳိးαြဲ αα္ေαာα္α်ားေαးျαα္းα်ားျαα့္ ႏႈα္αα္ေααΎααဲ့α‘αြα္ ααီးαα့္ ေႏွးေαြးေα αဲ့αါαα္။ αα္ ေαာα္ေαြα‘αဲαွာ αိုးαာေαးေαးαုαိα္αီးα်ားαါαဲ့α‘αြα္ ေαααα္αုိα္းαွာ α‘αုံးαα္αဲ့αါαα္။ αုαိα္αုိေαာα္ေαာ့ αα္αွα္α်ိα္αα္ေαာα္α်ေααဲ့αါαα္။ ေαααဲ α‘ေαာ္αုိαူေααါαΏαီ။ ေαααုိα္αာα‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးα αုိေαααြα္ေα်ာα္းαα္αα္αα်α္αြα္αα္၊ α‘αα္αα္αα္αα္းα်ားαုိ αဲ αြα့္ααူαα္၊ αုαိα္ေαာαိα္αွေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαုိαဲ αုိေαααြα္ α ာေαးαြဲαα္ααုα်α္းααာ αα်α္ααြα္ေျααုိαα္αဲα α်α္αြα္αါα α‘αα္းαα္α ာေαးαြဲαုိေျααုိαြα့္ααွိαူ၍ α‘αိα္ααုα္ျαα္ αုိα္αါαα္။ αီαုိေαာα္αြα္α်α္α်ားαာ ေα်ာα္းαားαူαα္α်ားαဲα ααၠαုိα္ေα်ာα္းαား ေα်ာα္းαူα်ားαို ေα်ာα္းα်ားα‘αြα္းαွာαာαိွေαေα αိုααဲα၊ ေα်ာα္းαားေα်ာα္းαူα်ားαဲα α‘αα္ αα္αα္αα္းα်ား α‘ဲα္α‘α္α္αီαုိ αူαုိααဲαေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαႈαုိ αြα္αာေαာ္αုα္αျαႏိုα္ ေα‘ာα္ αြα္α်α္ αုα္αုိα္αားေαΎαာα္း ေαααြα္α်α္αိွေααါαα္။ αါေααα့္ αα½ြα္ααုိααါαီαုိ αာေαာα္ႏႈα္αα္αဲ့αူα‘ုα္αဲαွာ αူαα္α‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ား α‘α္α‘ားျα αါαα္αာေαြαααါαα္။ αူαုေαာေျαာαြဲျαဳαုα္αဲ့ ေαာαုံးαြα္းαုိαြားαဲ့α‘αါαွာαဲ ေαာ္ေαာ္αုိα္αα္αα္းααီးαာ αα½ြα္ααုိααဲαα‘αူαါαာαါαα္။ ေျαာα္းျαα‘αြား αုံαူαဲ့αα္းαေαွ်ာα္αုံးαဲ ေαာ္ေαာ္αုိα္αα္ ေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαာ αα½ြα္ααုိααုိ α‘ေαာ္ျαဳαုိα္αါαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ α‘αုိးαြားαုံးαα္းαဲαြα္းαွာ αα ္ ျαဳα္ေααΎααဲ့ αြာαိα္αြာαα္ေαးα်ားα ြာαုိ αα½ြα္ααုိαျαα္αဲ့αΎααါαα္။ ျαα္းျααဲ့ေαေαာα္αဲα αုံαူαူ αΎαားαဲα α‘ားαုိးαααီးαဲα αα္းαဲ့ေαာα္ααဲ့α‘αΏαံဳးα်ားαဲα αာေααုိααဲα α‘ားαα္αေαာေႂαြးေαΎαာ္ ေαααူႏႈα္αα္αံα်ားα α‘αα္းαုိα္α αာαါαဲ။ αုံαΏαံဳα ိα္α်ααဲ့αα္းα်α္αွာ αုိα္ေα်ာαီေαြαိွ αဲ့ αူေααႈα‘αα့္α‘αα္းαုိ αα½ြα္ααုိααဲα ျαα္αူαူαုαုိαααိွαုိα αူαီေαးα‘αြα္ αα½ြα္ααုိα α‘α ြα္း αုα္ααိဳးαα္းαΎαααα္αုိαဲ့ αα½ြα္ααုိααာαα္ααိးαုိ α‘ိα္αုိαα္αူေαာα္αΎαα္းαဲ့ααါαα္။ ေျαာ္ αα့္αားαဲ့αဲ့α‘αုိα္း ေျαာα္းျααူαုαာ αα½ြα္ααုိ αΎαာαွα္α ြာ αြဲαြာေααဲ့ αိαားα ုαα္α ေαာα္αုိ ααိဳαုိαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ αΏαိဳααα္αဲα αာႏႈα္းα်ားα်ားαာ ααα္αူα်ဳိးα်ားျαα ္αΎααါαα္။ αူαုိα α‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαာ αα½ြα္ααုိααဲα αူαုα α္းေαးαြဲαုိ α‘ေαα‘αြα္α်ားα ြာαါαα္αဲ့αΎααါαα္။ α‘αူး αျαα့္ α‘ေαြးα်α္αံ αုိα္α ားαွα္ေαာα္းαာ α‘α်ားαΎαα္αိဳေαးα ားαဲ့ ααα္ေα်ာα္းααာαα¦း ျαα ္ေααုိααါαဲ။ ေαာα္α ုံαα္α ုံα်ားαာ ေα်ာ္αႊα္ျαဴးႂαြျαα္းα‘ာαံုαုိ αုိαုိေα αါαα္။ αြα္းαα့္ေααာ αΎαα္αာျαα္းαα္းα ြာ αα½ြα္ααုိαα‘ေααα်ေαာα္ေααဲ့αΎαားαဲα αူαုိααဲαα‘ားαα္αေαာαိွေαျαα္းαဲα α ိα္αါα္αα္ႂαြျαα္းαုိααာ ျαα့္αားေααဲျαα ္αါαα္။
α‘α်ားαုံးαဲ့ ျαα္αာα αားααုαာ ေααဲαα‘α α္α်ားαုိα α‘αိααΈါα္ααဲ့ “ေαα α္”ျαα ္αါαα္။ “αါαာ ေαα α္αဲ” αါαွααုα္ “αါαာ ေαα α္ေαΎαာα့္ αုံေαြαααာαဲ”αုိα αေαာα္αုိαေαာα္ ေျαာαဲ့ αα္ α‘αိααΈါα္αေαာ့ αα½ြα္ααုိαα်α္းαွာ ေαာα္းαြα္αဲ့αံαΎαααΌာေႏွာα္αြဲααႈေαΎαာα့္ α‘αူααြ ျαα္αα္ ေαြααုံααာαုိα αုိαုိαါαα္။ αိုးαာα‘ေααဲα α‘αႉααုျαဳαုα္αΏαီးαဲ့α‘αါαွာ ေααြα္ααုαွေαα‘α်ဳိααုိ αြα္ααုα‘αြα္းαုိα αα α္ျαα္း α်αΏαီး ေαာα္ေαာ့ α‘ဲαီေαα်ားαုိ αα½ြα္ααုိααဲα ေαာα္းαႈαုαုိα္αုိ αα္ေαျαဳαဲ့ ေျαααီးαဲαုိα αြα္α်αိုα္αါαα္။ αီα‘αုα္αဲαေαာα္းαႈαုαုိα္αုိ αွ်ေααံα ားα်ိα္αွာ α‘αူαိွေααΎααဲ့αူα်ားαာ αံααာααီးαွာ “ေαα α္”αဲα αြဲαေႏွာα္αႈေαΎαာα့္ ααα္ျαα္αα္ αုံေαြα αΎαααါαα္။
ေαေαာ္αါαီ αုαိααα္αေαာ့ ααα္ျαα္αူα်ားαဲααα½ြα္αα‘αြα္ “ေαα α္”α‘α်ိα္αဲျαα ္αါαα္။ α‘ဲ αီααဲα α αα္αွာေαာ့ ααα္ျαα္αူα်ားαုိ αα½ြα္ααိαα္αဲααာαိαΏαိဳααွာ ေαြααုံαဲ့ααါαα္။ αα αα္ေαααွာေαာ့ α‘α ုိးααဲα αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးαုိαေαာα္αိွαဲ့αဲ့ ααα့္α‘α်ဳိးαားαα္ေαါα္းα ု/α αα့္α‘α်ဳိးαားαြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္αွ αုိα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲααုိ αα½ြα္ααဲαα‘ိα္αွာေαြααုံ α§α့္αံ αဲ့αါαα္။ ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးαြဲα‘αΏαီး αα္αုα္αွာ αα½ြα္ααဲαေαြαႏိုα္αုိα ααα့္α‘α်ဳိး αားαα္ေαါα္းα ု/ααα့္α‘α်ဳိးαားαြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္αဲα ααုိαာαα်ဳα္αွ α ာαုိ αα္αံααိွ α်ိα္αွာ ααုံႏိုα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာα္αုိ ျαα ္αိααါαα္။ ႏွα ္ေαါα္း ႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαဲα αΏαိα္းα်α္း ေαးαဲα α α္αα္αာαာαေျαာေαးα‘αြα္ αα½ြα္ααုိα αဲαေα‘ာα္αြဲα‘αြα္း αိα္ေαြα်ားαဲα αဲေαာ္αဲαα္ α်ားαုိααα္αွα္αားαဲ့ααူα်ားαဲα ေαြααုံααဲ့ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαုိ ေαာα္αုံးαေαာ့ ααိွαိုα္ααါαα္။ α‘ဲαိႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာα‘αြα္းαွာေαာ့ αααီα‘ေαα‘αားα‘αျαα ္ေα ၊ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားα‘αျαα ္ ေα αူαုိααဲα α‘ေαေαးα‘αွα္းαြာေααဲ့αΎααါαα္။ α‘α္α‘ားျαα့္αိုα္α ားαွα္ αα ေαာα္α‘αြဲα ေαာα္αိွαာαဲ့α‘α်ိα္αုိα‘αြα္းαွာ αα½ြα္ααိုαႏိုα္αံαူ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ားαΎαားαွာ ααုိαားα‘α္αဲ့α‘αား α‘αီးα်ားαုိαα္αီးေαးαားαဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αα½ြα္ααုိααဲα α ိα္ႏွαုံးေαြαာ αေαးαြာαΎα ေαာ့αါαူး။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္
αုိα‘ိαိα်ိααα္းα ာ၊ α်αα္။ ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα၊ αααα
(αααα ေαေααာ္αါαီ αα αα္ေαα α်αα္ႏိုα္αံαုα္ αိုα္α‘ိαိα်ိ ααα္းα ာαါ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αဲα REUNION, Union-1 ေαာα္းαါးαုိ αာαာျαα္αုိαါαα္။)
ေαာα္ေαာα္αွααိဳα္
α‘α ုိးα၏ ျαα္αα္α‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲαႏွα့္ αြα္ျαα္αα ္αါαီ၏ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲααုိα ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα αα္ αံαα္αုိα္းαြα္ ေαာ္ααΏαိဳα္αΏαိဳα Strand Hotel αြα္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးαြဲ α်α္းαα α₯္။
αာα္αံု-ေααα္းαြα္း
ျαα္αα္α‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲαႏွα့္ αြα္ျαα္αα ္αါαီ၏ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲααိုααွ αေαααံαα္ αα αာαီαဲြαα္းα်α္αြα္ ျαα္αα္α‘αα့္ α‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္αဲေαးα‘αါα‘αα္ α‘α်α္αါးα်α္αုိ ႏွα ္αα္αေαာαူ αα္αွα္ေαးαုိးႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။
αိုαα‘ျαα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုα‘αα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαα္ေαာα္αα္ ααာααေαာαူαီα်α္ေαးα်α္αိုαα္း αေαာαူαα္αွα္ေαးαုိးႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။ α‘α ိုးα၏ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαာ္ေαာα္ေαးα‘αြဲααုိ ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီးα်ားျαα ္ေαာ α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္း၊ α¦းα ုိးαိα္းαိုα α¦းေαာα္αΏαီး αြα္ျαα္αα ္αါαီ αုαိαα₯αၠα α¦းႏုိα္ေαာ့α α¦းေαာα္ေαာ αိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲα αα္ေαာα္ေαြးေႏြးαဲ့αΎααα္။ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးေαြးေႏြးαဲြαုိ ေαာ္ααΏαိဳα္αΏαိဳααိွ Strand Hotel αြα္ α်α္းααဲ့ျαα္းျαα ္αα္။
Source : 7 Day Journal
NLD ျαα္αΎαားေαးαာαα α‘α္αာαα္αွာ ျαα္αα့ဲ αုံေαြ ျαα ္αါαα္။
Margaret Besheer | United Nations
Photo: AP
UN special adviser Vijay Nambiar (L) speaks during a news conference following his meeting with Burma's pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, at her home in Rangoon, Burma, February 16, 2012.
Photo: AP
UN special adviser Vijay Nambiar (L) speaks during a news conference following his meeting with Burma's pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, at her home in Rangoon, Burma, February 16, 2012.
The U.N.’s top envoy for Burma is urging the international community to lift sanctions imposed on that country’s previous military government, saying “dramatic changes” are happening there as the country transitions towards democracy.
Vijay Nambiar visited Burma, also known as Myanmar, for four days earlier this month. He told reporters Friday that the upcoming parliamentary elections on April 1 are an important test for the civilian government, which came to power last March.
“For these elections to be credible, they have to be free and fair, and to be seen by all to be so. This includes ensuring a level playing field for all parties to compete openly and addressing complaints swiftly and transparently - this point was mentioned by me to most of my interlocutors dealing with the elections," said Nambiar. "The by-election will be a critical test of the government’s commitment to broaden and enhance the credibility of the democratic process in the country.”
The Secretary-General’s Special Advisor said the United Nations had not been asked, nor had it offered any technical assistance for the upcoming elections. But he did note that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations [ASEAN] had offered to send observers.
Nambiar cited progress in the country’s transition from military dictatorship to democracy in the run-up to April’s vote, including the registration of the opposition National League for Democracy [NLD] party; the registration as a candidate by its head, pro-democracy activist and Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi; and the release of a significant number of political prisoners. He cautioned, however, that the onus remains on the government to consolidate gains and bring real reform.
He said the government must deliver on socio-economic needs, and he urged the international community to lift economic and financial sanctions imposed on the former military government for its human rights abuses and other repressive measures.
“The international community, on its part, must respond robustly to the needs of Myanmar’s people, including by lifting the current restrictions imposed against the country and on U.N. programs. Now is the time to build conditions for sustaining the reform for the betterment of the people of this country,” said Nambiar.
Nambiar welcomed the Burmese government’s engagement with the United Nations on several fronts, including organizing the country’s first census since 1983.
Source :VOA
ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαα α‘ေαးαူေαာ့αα္αိုα ααα္းα
ာαွာ ေαΎααာαိုα္αဲ့ α‘αွα္ααα»ီα α‘αါα‘αα္ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαာα္းေαြα‘ေαααွာ αα္ααα္ α်ဳα္α်α္αားေαြα‘ားαံုးαို αုα္αိα္းေαးαိုα α‘ေααိαα္α‘α
ိုးαα ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးααို αိုα္αြα္းαိုα္αါαα္။
(Photo: AFP)
ျαα္αာျαα္αွ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား၏ αာα္αံုႏွα့္ αွα္αα္းα်ားαို αိုα္းျαα္αာαα္α α္၊ αဲေαာα္αΏαိဳα α‘ေျαα ိုα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၊ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား αူαီေα ာα့္ေαွာα္ေαး α‘αြဲα αံုးαြα္ ျαααားαံု ျαα ္αါαα္။ (Photo: AFP)
αီαိα α₯αဲααα္αα္αိုα ααΎαာေαးαα္α ျαα္αြα္αာαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြα‘αါα‘αα္ ႏုိα္αံαားα‘ားαံုးαဲαα‘ေျααံ αြα္αα္αြα့္ေαြαို α‘α ိုးα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαိုααဲα α‘α်ိဳးαား ျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαးα‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြဲαေαြ၊ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαာα္းေαြαဲα ေαြααံု ေαြးေႏြးαိုα αိαိαိုα αိုα္αြα္းေαΎαာα္း α‘ေααိαα္ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαာα ေျαာαြα့္ααုαၢိဳα္ αာ့α္ αုα္αာ (Mark Toner) α ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαေαာ္αါαီααွာ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားαα်ိဳααို αႊα္ေαးαဲ့ေααα့္ ျαြα္းα်α္ααွိ αႊα္ေαးαာ ααုα္αဲ ေαာα္αα ္ααိα္ α‘αα္းαံααဲ့α‘αါ α‘αုα်α္ေααဲ့ ျαα ္αα္ေαြ ျαα္αံααα္αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္αဲα αႊα္ေαးαာαိုα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα‘αြဲαေαြα ေαာα္ျααΎααါαα္။
ေျαာα္းျαေαာα္α ျαα္αြα္αာαဲ့ ေαႊαါေαာα္ αံαာ့αႈα္αွားαႈα¦းေαာα္ ααာေαာ္αα ္αါးျαα ္αူ α‘αွα္ααα»ီααိုαα္း αံαααာαာαααဲαα‘αံုးα‘ααို ααာαံαဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α ိုးαα‘ာαာαဲα α‘ေαးαူေαာ့αα္ αိုαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း ααα္းα ာေαြαွာ α‘αိα‘αα္း ေαΎααာαဲ့αါαα္။
(Photo: AFP)
ျαα္αာျαα္αွ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား၏ αာα္αံုႏွα့္ αွα္αα္းα်ားαို αိုα္းျαα္αာαα္α α္၊ αဲေαာα္αΏαိဳα α‘ေျαα ိုα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၊ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား αူαီေα ာα့္ေαွာα္ေαး α‘αြဲα αံုးαြα္ ျαααားαံု ျαα ္αါαα္။ (Photo: AFP)
αီαိα α₯αဲααα္αα္αိုα ααΎαာေαးαα္α ျαα္αြα္αာαဲ့ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြα‘αါα‘αα္ ႏုိα္αံαားα‘ားαံုးαဲαα‘ေျααံ αြα္αα္αြα့္ေαြαို α‘α ိုးα α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαိုααဲα α‘α်ိဳးαား ျαα္αα္αα့္ျαα္ေαးα‘αြα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြဲαေαြ၊ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαာα္းေαြαဲα ေαြααံု ေαြးေႏြးαိုα αိαိαိုα αိုα္αြα္းေαΎαာα္း α‘ေααိαα္ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαးαာα ေျαာαြα့္ααုαၢိဳα္ αာ့α္ αုα္αာ (Mark Toner) α ေျαာαါαα္။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααာ αΏαီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαေαာ္αါαီααွာ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားαα်ိဳααို αႊα္ေαးαဲ့ေααα့္ ျαြα္းα်α္ααွိ αႊα္ေαးαာ ααုα္αဲ ေαာα္αα ္ααိα္ α‘αα္းαံααဲ့α‘αါ α‘αုα်α္ေααဲ့ ျαα ္αα္ေαြ ျαα္αံααα္αိုαဲ့ α‘α်α္αဲα αႊα္ေαးαာαိုα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα‘αြဲαေαြα ေαာα္ျααΎααါαα္။
ေျαာα္းျαေαာα္α ျαα္αြα္αာαဲ့ ေαႊαါေαာα္ αံαာ့αႈα္αွားαႈα¦းေαာα္ ααာေαာ္αα ္αါးျαα ္αူ α‘αွα္ααα»ီααိုαα္း αံαααာαာαααဲαα‘αံုးα‘ααို ααာαံαဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α ိုးαα‘ာαာαဲα α‘ေαးαူေαာ့αα္ αိုαဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း ααα္းα ာေαြαွာ α‘αိα‘αα္း ေαΎααာαဲ့αါαα္။
Source : RFA Burmese
α α ္α‘α ုိးααα္αα္αြα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီး αα္းေαႊ၏ α‘αိα္αα‘α NLD αါαီαα္α်ားαုိ α‘ျαα ္αွာ ႏွိα္αα္းα့ဲαα္αု ျαα္αာα α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαးαα္αဲြααြα္ α‘αာαိွαα ္α¦းα‘ျαα ္ αာαα္αူα့ဲαူးαူ α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α VOA ααα္းαာααုိ ααΎαာေαးαီα ေျαာαုိα္αα္။
αααα ႏွα့္ αααα α‘αြα္း αုိα္αံေαးααားα်ား αα္αြα္α်α္αိွαိွျαα့္ ႏွိα္αြα္αံααုံαုိ α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαးα‘αာαိွေαာα္းαα ္α¦းα ααααုံးα‘ααိα္ αုα္ေαာ္ေျαာαုိαုိα္ျαα္း ျαα ္αα္။
“NLD α‘ျαα ္ျαα္ေျααႈα္းေαး α်ေαာ္αိုα αိုα္αိုα္ ααုα္ေαာα္αွ α်ေαာ္αိုαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα αုα္ααာαိုးα်။ NLDαဲα αα္αα္αွ်α္ NLD αါαီαα္ ေαြ αို ေαျαα္၊ αီးျαα္αα‘α α‘ျαα ္αွာαΏαီး αုα္αဲ့ααာ။ ααုα္αိုα αα္းαααူး။ α‘ာαာαွα္αိုααဲααေαာ ααာαα‘α αα္α်ားαိαဲ့α‘αိုα္း၊ α်ဴαα္αုα္α်ဴαုα္αα်α္၊ αားα α₯္ေျαးαα္α‘αုα္αံုးαို αုαα‘ ေαး αာ αိုး” αု α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α ေျαာαုိေαΎαာα္း VOA ααα္းαာα αα္αုိα္αြα္ ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα ေααα ဲြျαα့္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αααα ေαာα္αုိα္းαြα္ αုိαုိα ႏိွα္αα္းαα္ α‘αိα္ααα့ဲျαα္းျαα ္αα္αု ၎α αွα္းျααα္။
“αိုα္α်ဳα္αႉးααီးαေα α်ေαာ္αိုααို NLD αို αα္းαိုα α‘ျαα ္ျαα္ေျααႈα္းααα္ αိုαိုα ေαာα္αွα္းေαးα αူαိုα္α‘αွားαံαဲ့ααဲ့ α‘ေαα‘αားα်ိဳး αိွαါαα္” αု α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαး α‘αာαိွေαာα္း α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α ေျαာαα္။
αုိαုိα ေα်αႈα္းαံαေαာ္αα္း NLD αါαီαα္α်ား၊ αုိα္αံေαးααား α‘α်ားα‘ျαား αီαုိαေαα ီαႈα္αွားαႈαြα္ αα ္α ုိα္αα္αα္ αါαα္α့ဲαΎααα္။
αုိα္αွဴးေαာα္း α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α αα္αα္ ေျαာαΎαားαာ ျαα္αာျαα္αြα္ α α ္αားα်ားα α‘ႏုိα္α်α့္αα္αα့္ α αုိα္αိွαα္αု αုိαα္။
“α α ္αားαိုαာ αα္αα္းαႉး၊ αα္α ုαႉးα ေαာαွာ αိုα္α်α်α္αိုα္း α်αΎααα္α်ာ။ αΏαိဳαေαααα္ေαာ့αα္း α‘ဲαီα‘α်α့္α αါေααုα္းαဲ။ αီα‘α်α့္ေαြα αုαိ αေα်ာα္ေαးαူးα်။ α‘ဲαီေαာ့ αီα‘α်α့္ေαြ ေα်ာα္αိုααိုαာ αα္αေαာ္αိုαα္း ျαα္αိုα αα္αိုα train αုα္αိုα α αိုαα္α်” αု αူα αွα္းျααα္။
αုိαေαာ္αα္း α α ္αα္αြα္ αုိးαα္ျαα ္αြα္းαႈααုαိွေαΎαာα္း αူα ေαာα္ျααα္။
“αီေαα αΎαားααဲ့ααα္းαွာ αα်α္ျαα္αα္αွာ α‘α်ိဳးααီးαα ္ေαာα္αို αα္း αားαΏαီးαွ ျαα္ααႊα္αဲ့αိα α₯αို ေαျαα္ေαာ္αွာ ααားαံုးαα္αα္αိုαာ αါေαာα္းαဲ့ ααα္းαါ” αု αူα ေျαာαα္။
“ေαာαဲαွာ αူααိαူααိ α‘αα္αံα αုαိα္းα်α့္ αံααာေαြα‘α်ားααီး αိွαဲ့αα္။ αါေαြαို α‘ေαးαူေαး ααα္” αုαα္း αူα ေျαာျααα္။
α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္αα္ α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαြα္ ေααုိα္α်α္αိွαα္။
αါαွα္αα္αိွ ျαα္αာαံαုံးαြα္ αံααα္αα ္α¦းα‘ျαα ္ α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္ αာαα္αူα α₯္ α α ္ေαာα္αွα္းေαးα‘αာαိွα်ားαုိ ျαα္αာျαα္αြα္ αα္းαီးα‘α်α₯္းα်αα့္ αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α α‘ေααိαα္αြα္ αုိαႈံαြα့္ ေαာα္းαုိα္αα္။
ααီး၊ αား αα ္α¦း၊ ααီး ႏွα ္α¦း၊ ႏွα (αုိαααုα္ α‘α ္α) αα¦း αုိαႏွα့္ α‘αူ αုိαႈံαြα့္ ေαာα္းαံျαα္း ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αူ၏ α‘αိα္αာα α α ္αα္αုိα္αာ αာαα္αα္းေαာα္αႈα်ားေαΎαာα့္ αုိαႈံαြα့္ ျαα္းαα္αံαားαေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိαေαာ္αα္း ၎αုိαα‘ား ေααုိα္αြα့္ ျαဳαားေαΎαာα္း Asia-Pacific Defense Forum α α ္αα္αုိα္αာ ααၢαα္း၏ α‘α္αာαα္ α ာα်α္ႏွာαြα္ ေαးαား ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
Source : αုိးαα
Day three of the ASEAN Secretariat visit to Myanmar was a physically taxing day. The team of eight, led by ASEAN Secretary-General, Dr Surin Pitsuwan, covered more than 220 km outside Yangon for over 12 hours—from noon through midnight—on the rural roads of the fabled Irrawaddy Delta.
It was not a sight-seeing tour to explore the beautiful landscape of Myanmar, but a reunion with charming old friends in two remote villages.
First stop was the village of Daw Nyein, some 110 km deep in the southern Irrawaddy region. In the aftermath of the Typhoon Nargis Disaster in 2008, Thai Princess Siridhorn donated funds to build a medical station here. The hospital covers an area measuring more than 50 square miles, standing proudly against the backdrop of wide, open rice fields. The Daw Nyein Station hospital now boasts facilities like 16 spacious airy bed spaces, delivery room, recovery rooms, an operating theatre, and a pharmacy. Saudi Arabia has donated an ambulance, a critically important contribution considering the long distance patients need to travel to make their way here, and the hospital could do with more transport back-up to operate even more effectively. It’s an area where any kind donations would be deeply appreciated by more than 56,000 villagers served by the hospital.
For around 500 villagers whom the team met with, the station hospital and the two-storey Cyclone Relief Shelter – which now doubles up as a school – are the most concrete signs that they were not left to fend for themselves when Cyclone Nargis devastated the region and killed over 140,000 villagers –young and old.
While their lives may not be luxurious by many standards, the little shops that dot the Daw Nyein village; and the curious, shy, but absolutely adorable children lining the streets; are encouraging signs that the “Golden Village”, as the original Mon name means, are starting to rebuild their lives.
“Things are certainly so much better now,” said Dr William Sabandar, Director of Corporate Affairs of ASEAN Secretariat, as he recalled the deaths and destruction that confronted villagers and relief workers in 2008.
Dr William was a point person at the ASEAN relief efforts in 2008. A disaster relief veteran who was baptized by the Boxing Day Tsunami that swept Indonesia’s northern Aceh province in 2004, Dr William, the Special Envoy of the ASEAN SG; and Adelina Kemal, Assistant Director of Disaster Management & Humanitarian of ASEAN Secretariat – armed with the blessings of Dr Surin, the ASEAN Member States, as well as the Myanmar government, consequently spent two years personally directing the relief efforts in Myanmar.
This explains their delight in seeing the noisy, cheering children in not one, but two villages. The trip to the village of Tha Leik Gyi near the town of Phyar Phon, was a happy home-coming. For both, memories of their days here came flooding back. Seeing the villagers healthy and cheerful was the best assurance that the relief team had done good work here.
The entire village was there to greet Dr Surin and his delegation. Almost every adult and children squeezed into the village school but they showed no signs of fatigue. Everyone roared and screamed, as Dr Surin led them in cheering “Cyclone, No More!” and “ASEAN, Yes Yes !”
It may sound simple but the cheers had conveyed the good wishes of the delegation as well as the villagers.
“This is what I call ASEAN for the people,” said a beaming Dr Surin. “When Cyclone Nargis hit you, all 10 countries of ASEAN were with you. Many friends – such as Australia, Norway, the EU, Japan, the UK, the US, and the World Bank – were also with you. The world rushed in at the first opportunity to help as much as we possibly could and we are happy to see that you are well today. That means a lot to us,” he expressed as the children jumped up, and broke into another round of wild cheering – even before the translator could finish. The message of good wishes and delight had crossed the language barrier, and the children obviously felt the caring smile and upbeat tone.
Earlier that day, the team was also encouraged when they called on Myanmar opposition leader, Ms Aung San Suu Kyi. In a joint media interview with Dr Surin, Ms Suu Kyi said she does not believe in “retributive justice”.
“I am a great admirer of Desmond Tutu of South Africa, and I do not believe in retributive justice,” said Ms Suu Kyi, giving a clear indication that she would not pursue criminal trials against the military leaders.
As to Myanmar’s current reform efforts, she urged ASEAN to help bridge her country to the world. Despite being cautious about the pace, depth, and direction of current reforms, she was certain that Myanmar could easily be the most advanced and prosperous member of ASEAN.
“We have built bridges, and we are certainly ready to do that for any ASEAN member. Our reunion with our old friends in the Irrawaddy shows we have cultivated strong ties by changing people’s lives, and that has generated tremendous goodwill within our family, and with our partners. This experience will put us in good stead to do the same again when needed. At the end of the day, ASEAN exists to improve the lives of our people. That is the very foundation of our grouping,” said Dr Surin.
source here
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| ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္း αူαα္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαုံး αႊα္αΎαားေαးαွဴးα်ဳα္၊ αူαα္ျαα္αα္ ျαα္αα္ျαα္αူααြα္ααα္ ႏိုα္αံျာαးေαးαာααွဴးαိုαႏွα့္ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးေαα
α₯္ |
ျαα္αူ့αႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းႏႇα့္αိုα္α ားαႇα္α်ားαα္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αα αα္ေαααႇ αα αα္ေααα‘αိ ααုα္ျαα္αူααααΌαႏိုα္αံαုိα α်α ္αΎαα္ေαးααီးα‘ျαα ္ ααုα္ျαα္αူααααΌαႏိုα္αံ α‘α်ဳိးαားျαα္αူα αြα္ααα္ α₯αၠα Wu Bangguo ၏ αိα္αΎαားα်α္α‘α ေαာα္αႇိေαျαα္းျαα ္αα္။
α‘αိုαါ α်α
္αΎαα္ေαးααီးα
α₯္α‘αြα္း ျαα္αာ-ααုα္ႏႇα
္ႏိုα္αံ α်α
္αΎαα္αα္းႏႇီးαႈ၊ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈ αိုαိုαိုးαα္αိုα္αာေαးႏႇα့္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္ႏႇα့္ ααုα္ျαα္αူααααΌαႏိုα္αံ α‘α်ဳိးαားျαα္αူααြα္ααα္αိုαα‘αΎαား α်α
္αα္αα္းႏႇီးαႈ၊ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αႈα်ား αိုαိုαိုးαα္ျαα့္αားေαးα‘αြα္ ေαာα္αြα္αြားαα္ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαႇ ααုα္ျαα္αူααααΌαႏိုα္αံαုိα ေαေαΎαာα္းαႇαာေαာα္α α₯္α‘αြα္း αူαα္းေααိα္၌ ေααၲαα္αားα α₯္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းႏႇα့္αိုα္α ားαႇα္α်ားαα္ αူαα္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαုံး αႊα္αΎαားေαးαႇဴးα်ဳα္၊ αူαα္ ျαα္αα္၊ ျαα္αα္ျαα္αူααြα္α αα္ႏိုα္αံျαားေαးαာααႇဴးαိုαႏႇα့္ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ား αာαီαα္αα္αျαဳαုα္αဲ့αΏαီး ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαႇိ αႊα္ေαာ္αြဲαα α္းαုံα်ား၊ ααုα္ျαα္αူααααΌαႏိုα္αံ αြα္ααα္αြဲαα α္းαုံαိုααို αႇα္းαα္းေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ား ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αΎααα္။
ေαေαာ္αါαီα αα αα္ေαα αေααိုα္းαြα္ ααုα္ျαα္αူααြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαα္αေαာ္ α α ္α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္ααီး Chen Bing De ႏႇα့္ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαα္αႇိေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
Source :EMG
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αα္α
α္αံုျαံုαα္ αူα α¦းေαႊαα္းαို ααုα္ ေαာα္းαို
ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαα‘ေααဲ့ αα္α
α္ေαααံုျαံုေαးαို ေαα်ာေα‘ာα္ ေαာα္αြα္αို့ααုα္α‘α
ိုးαα ေαာα္းαိုαိုα္αါαα္။
ααုα္αိုα္αံαွာ ေαာα္αွိေααဲ့ ျαα္αူ့αႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းαို ααုα္α‘α ိုးα αိုα္αံေαးα‘αΎαံေαးα‘αြဲ့ α‘ααီးα‘αဲ α်ာα်α္αα္း (Jia Qinglin) α ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αာαါ။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုး ααာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαဲ့ ျαα ္αြားေααဲ့ ααိααα‘αို αΏαိα္းα်α္းαဲ့αα္းαဲ့ ေျααွα္းαိုα္αိα့္αα္αို့ ααုα္α‘α ိုးαα ေα်ွာ္αα့္αဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္း ααုα္αိ္ဳα္αံျαားေαးαာααဲ့ ေျαာαိုα်α္αို αိုးαားαΏαီး ေα‘αီααα္းαွာ ေαာ္ျααါαα္။
ααုα္αα္α α္αွာ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ αα်α္αα္αα္αိုα္αα္ေαြ αိုα္αြဲေαြေαΎαာα့္ αုαα‘αα္ေαြ ααုα္αိုα္αံαဲαိ ေαာα္αွိαာαႈαဲ့ αိုα္း-ျαα္αာ αα္α α္ αဲေαါα္ျαα ္αဲαွာ ααုα္αေαၤာေαြ αိုα္αိုα္αံααႈေαြေαΎαာα့္ ααုα္α αα္α α္αံုျαံုေαး α ိုးαိα္αူαα္ေααာαါ။
ααုα္α‘α ိုး ααိုα္ αα္αြာααα္းαွာေαာ့ ααုα္α‘α ိုးα α‘αΎαံေαးαုαၢိဳα္ α်ာα်α္αα္းα ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αုα္αြα္ေαး၊ αα္ေα်းαႈ ααေαြαွာ αူးေαါα္း ေαာα္αြα္ေαး α‘αါα‘αα္ ααာα်ူαာေျαာα္ αα္αံေαးαို αိုးျαွα့္ ေαာα္αြα္αα္αို့ ααိျαု ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αα္းႏွီးαဲ့ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းαိုα္αံα‘ျαα ္ ααုα္αိုα္αံαာ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αြံ့αΏαိုးေαးαα္းေαΎαာα္းαို ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαΏαီး αိုα္αံαα္αΏαိα္αြံ့αΏαိုးေαး α‘ားαုα္ေααႈေαြαိုαα္း αα္αα္ α‘ားေαးေααα္αို့ေျαာαါαα္။
αα္α α္ေαα αΏαိα္းα်α္းαα္αΏαိα္ေαးαို α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαို့ αိα α₯αာ ႏွα ္αိုα္αံα αံုးαဲ့ αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြား ျαα ္αα္αို့αα္း αိုαါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္α ား αွα္ α‘αြဲ့ေαါα္းေαာα္ αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းαေαာ့ ααုႏွα ္αိုα္းေαြα‘αြα္း ျαα္αာαိုα္αံα‘ေαα ααုα္αဲ့ α‘ားေαး ေαာα္αံαႈαို ေα်းαူးαα္αဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း α‘α ိုးααဲ့ ျαα္αူေαြαာ ααုα္αဲ့ α်α ္αΎαα္ေαးαို αα္αိုးαားαα္αို့ αံု့ျαα္ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
αူαေαႊαα္း ေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲ့αာ ααုα္ α‘α်ိဳးαားျαα္αူ့ αြα္ααα္α₯αၠα αူαα္αို့αဲ့ αိα္αΎαားα်α္α‘α ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαေα ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα – αα αα္α‘αိ α αα္ααီးα α္ α‘ျαα ္ ေαာα္αွိ ေααာαါ။
αီααီး α α္α‘αြα္း ααုα္ျαα္αူ့αြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαα္ α α ္α¦းα ီးα်ုα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ ααုα္ α α ္αα္αိုα္αာ α‘αာαွိေαြαဲ့αα္း ေαြααံုαဲ့αါαα္။
Source :αီαီြαီ
ααုα္αိုα္αံαွာ ေαာα္αွိေααဲ့ ျαα္αူ့αႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းαို ααုα္α‘α ိုးα αိုα္αံေαးα‘αΎαံေαးα‘αြဲ့ α‘ααီးα‘αဲ α်ာα်α္αα္း (Jia Qinglin) α ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αာαါ။
ျαα္αာα‘α ိုး ααာ αိုα္းαα္းαားေαြαဲ့ ျαα ္αြားေααဲ့ ααိααα‘αို αΏαိα္းα်α္းαဲ့αα္းαဲ့ ေျααွα္းαိုα္αိα့္αα္αို့ ααုα္α‘α ိုးαα ေα်ွာ္αα့္αဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္း ααုα္αိ္ဳα္αံျαားေαးαာααဲ့ ေျαာαိုα်α္αို αိုးαားαΏαီး ေα‘αီααα္းαွာ ေαာ္ျααါαα္။
ααုα္αα္α α္αွာ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααဲ့ αα်α္αα္αα္αိုα္αα္ေαြ αိုα္αြဲေαြေαΎαာα့္ αုαα‘αα္ေαြ ααုα္αိုα္αံαဲαိ ေαာα္αွိαာαႈαဲ့ αိုα္း-ျαα္αာ αα္α α္ αဲေαါα္ျαα ္αဲαွာ ααုα္αေαၤာေαြ αိုα္αိုα္αံααႈေαြေαΎαာα့္ ααုα္α αα္α α္αံုျαံုေαး α ိုးαိα္αူαα္ေααာαါ။
ααုα္α‘α ိုး ααိုα္ αα္αြာααα္းαွာေαာ့ ααုα္α‘α ိုးα α‘αΎαံေαးαုαၢိဳα္ α်ာα်α္αα္းα ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αုα္αြα္ေαး၊ αα္ေα်းαႈ ααေαြαွာ αူးေαါα္း ေαာα္αြα္ေαး α‘αါα‘αα္ ααာα်ူαာေျαာα္ αα္αံေαးαို αိုးျαွα့္ ေαာα္αြα္αα္αို့ ααိျαု ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αα္းႏွီးαဲ့ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းαိုα္αံα‘ျαα ္ ααုα္αိုα္αံαာ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαဲ့ αြံ့αΏαိုးေαးαα္းေαΎαာα္းαို ေαာα္αံα‘ားေαးαΏαီး αိုα္αံαα္αΏαိα္αြံ့αΏαိုးေαး α‘ားαုα္ေααႈေαြαိုαα္း αα္αα္ α‘ားေαးေααα္αို့ေျαာαါαα္။
αα္α α္ေαα αΏαိα္းα်α္းαα္αΏαိα္ေαးαို α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαို့ αိα α₯αာ ႏွα ္αိုα္αံα αံုးαဲ့ αံုα‘α်ိဳးα ီးαြား ျαα ္αα္αို့αα္း αိုαါαα္။
ျαα္αာαိုα္α ား αွα္ α‘αြဲ့ေαါα္းေαာα္ αူαα¦းေαႊαα္းαေαာ့ ααုႏွα ္αိုα္းေαြα‘αြα္း ျαα္αာαိုα္αံα‘ေαα ααုα္αဲ့ α‘ားေαး ေαာα္αံαႈαို ေα်းαူးαα္αဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္း α‘α ိုးααဲ့ ျαα္αူေαြαာ ααုα္αဲ့ α်α ္αΎαα္ေαးαို αα္αိုးαားαα္αို့ αံု့ျαα္ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
αူαေαႊαα္း ေαါα္းေαာα္αဲ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္α ားαွα္α‘αြဲ့αာ ααုα္ α‘α်ိဳးαားျαα္αူ့ αြα္ααα္α₯αၠα αူαα္αို့αဲ့ αိα္αΎαားα်α္α‘α ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαေα ေαေαာ္αါαီ αα – αα αα္α‘αိ α αα္ααီးα α္ α‘ျαα ္ ေαာα္αွိ ေααာαါ။
αီααီး α α္α‘αြα္း ααုα္ျαα္αူ့αြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαα္ α α ္α¦းα ီးα်ုα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ ααုα္ α α ္αα္αိုα္αာ α‘αာαွိေαြαဲ့αα္း ေαြααံုαဲ့αါαα္။
Source :αီαီြαီ
ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαွာ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲ ေαြαေααေααα့္ α
α
္αα္αိα္းα်ဳα္αႈα်ားαဲ့ ေααာေαြαွာ α‘ေျααံα်αဲ့ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαေαြαααဲ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြ α‘αα္α‘αိုα္း αα္ေααေαါα္ေαေαးαα္αိုα α‘ေααိαα္ျαα္ေαာα္α
ု α‘ေျαα
ိုα္ HRW αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္α‘αြဲααဲα α‘ααီးαα္းαုေααီ αα
α₯αာ ေαးαα
္αα္αီαα္ (David Matheson) α ေျαာαိုα္αါαα္။
Photos courtesy of Human Rights Watch
αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αα αα္αြα္ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္α‘αြဲα ( HRW) α‘ααီးαα္းαုေααီ αα α₯αာ ေαးαα ္αα္αီαα္(αာ)α ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏ αူαα‘αြα္αα‘ေαးႏွα္α αα္αα္၍ ၎၏α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳαို αွα္းαα္းေαα α₯္။
ေαးαα ္ αα္αီαα္αာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို ααΎαာေαးαα္α αြားေαာα္ ေα့αာαဲ့αါαα္။ αေααα αါαွα္αα္ αီα ီαΏαိဳααွာ α်α္းααဲ့αဲ့ αူαααီးα α₯္ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳ αွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααို αα္αα္αိုα္ αα္αα်α္ေααဲ့ α‘αြဲαေαြαα္ααα္း αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αိα္းαိα္းαိုα αိုα‘α္ေαေαးαα္αိုα ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
αါ့α‘ျαα္ α‘α်α₯္းေαာα္ေαြαဲαွာ α်α္αွိေαေαးαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαို ႏိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα αα္αα္ αြα္းα‘ားေαးααွာ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αီα‘αြα္ α‘ျαα္ျαα္αိုα္αာ αΎαα္ေျααီα‘αြဲα ICRC αို α‘α်α₯္းေαာα္ေαြαဲ αα္ေαာα္ α α ္ေαးαြα့္ျαဳαΏαီး ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα ာαα္း α‘αိα‘α် ααွိေα‘ာα္ ααိဳးαα္းαိုα αိုα‘α္ေαΎαာα္း ေαးαα ္αα္αီαα္α ေျαာαိုαါαα္။
ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ ααီးα α₯္α‘αြα္း αα္αုα္αΏαိဳαα‘ေျαα ိုα္ αံααα္ေαြ၊ αုααααၢα‘αြဲαေαြ၊ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α‘αြα္း αႈα္αွားေαာα္αြα္ေααΎααဲ့ αူαႈေαးα‘αြဲαေαြ၊ αα α်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ၊ ျαα္αြα္း ααα္းေαာα္ေαြαဲααα္း ေαြααံုαဲ့αါαα္။
ααီးα α₯္ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳα‘α α‘αα္α αုα္ေαာ္ αေျαာαိုαဲαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαို α‘αုαိုαα္ αူေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားα ေျαာαဲαိုαဲαာαΎααာ ေαြααααို၊ α α ္αα္αွာ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြ αွိေααာαို α‘α ိုးα αိα္αိုα္းေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ αိုα္αိုα္α ေျαာαိုαာαာ ေαြαααα္αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။ α‘αα္α αေαာ္ျαႏိုα္αဲ့ ααα္းα်ိဳးေαြαို α‘αုαိုαα္ αုα္ေαာ္ေαးαား ေျαာαိုαြα့္ ααာαာ ေαြαααဲ့α‘αြα္ ααα္းαီαီαာαဲαα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαိုαα္း ေαြααဲ့ααα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αα္αိုαဲျαα ္ျαα ္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα ျαα ္ေααေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ αα္αα္α ααြားေα‘ာα္ α α ္αα္αဲα αα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαေαြαို ေျαာα္းαဲαိုα αျαα ္αေα αိုα‘α္αα္αိုα ေαးαα ္ αα္αီαα္α ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
Photos courtesy of Human Rights Watch
αααα αုႏွα ္ ေαေαာ္αါαီα αα αα္αြα္ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ေα ာα့္αΎαα့္α‘αြဲα ( HRW) α‘ααီးαα္းαုေααီ αα α₯αာ ေαးαα ္αα္αီαα္(αာ)α ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏ αူαα‘αြα္αα‘ေαးႏွα္α αα္αα္၍ ၎၏α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳαို αွα္းαα္းေαα α₯္။
ေαးαα ္ αα္αီαα္αာ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို ααΎαာေαးαα္α αြားေαာα္ ေα့αာαဲ့αါαα္။ αေααα αါαွα္αα္ αီα ီαΏαိဳααွာ α်α္းααဲ့αဲ့ αူαααီးα α₯္ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳ αွα္းαα္းαြဲαွာ ျαα္αာα‘α ိုးααို αα္αα္αိုα္ αα္αα်α္ေααဲ့ α‘αြဲαေαြαα္ααα္း αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αိα္းαိα္းαိုα αိုα‘α္ေαေαးαα္αိုα ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
αါ့α‘ျαα္ α‘α်α₯္းေαာα္ေαြαဲαွာ α်α္αွိေαေαးαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ αြα္ေျαာα္ေαးαို ႏိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα αα္αα္ αြα္းα‘ားေαးααွာ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း၊ αီα‘αြα္ α‘ျαα္ျαα္αိုα္αာ αΎαα္ေျααီα‘αြဲα ICRC αို α‘α်α₯္းေαာα္ေαြαဲ αα္ေαာα္ α α ္ေαးαြα့္ျαဳαΏαီး ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα ာαα္း α‘αိα‘α် ααွိေα‘ာα္ ααိဳးαα္းαိုα αိုα‘α္ေαΎαာα္း ေαးαα ္αα္αီαα္α ေျαာαိုαါαα္။
ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ ααီးα α₯္α‘αြα္း αα္αုα္αΏαိဳαα‘ေျαα ိုα္ αံααα္ေαြ၊ αုααααၢα‘αြဲαေαြ၊ αα်α္ျαα္αα္α‘αြα္း αႈα္αွားေαာα္αြα္ေααΎααဲ့ αူαႈေαးα‘αြဲαေαြ၊ αα α်ိဳးαα္ ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ၊ ျαα္αြα္း ααα္းေαာα္ေαြαဲααα္း ေαြααံုαဲ့αါαα္။
ααီးα α₯္ α‘ေαြαα‘αΎαံဳα‘α α‘αα္α αုα္ေαာ္ αေျαာαိုαဲαဲ့αဲ့ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြαို α‘αုαိုαα္ αူေαာ္ေαာ္α်ားα်ားα ေျαာαဲαိုαဲαာαΎααာ ေαြααααို၊ α α ္αα္αွာ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈေαြ αွိေααာαို α‘α ိုးα αိα္αိုα္းေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြ αိုα္αိုα္α ေျαာαိုαာαာ ေαြαααα္αိုα ေျαာαါαα္။ α‘αα္α αေαာ္ျαႏိုα္αဲ့ ααα္းα်ိဳးေαြαို α‘αုαိုαα္ αုα္ေαာ္ေαးαား ေျαာαိုαြα့္ ααာαာ ေαြαααဲ့α‘αြα္ ααα္းαီαီαာαဲαα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαိုαα္း ေαြααဲ့ααα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αα္αိုαဲျαα ္ျαα ္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα ျαα ္ေααေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ αα္αα္α ααြားေα‘ာα္ α α ္αα္αဲα αα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαေαြαို ေျαာα္းαဲαိုα αျαα ္αေα αိုα‘α္αα္αိုα ေαးαα ္ αα္αီαα္α ေျαာαိုαဲ့αါαα္။
Source : RFA Burmese
Rohingya children in Maungdaw, northern Rakhine state.
Images: Eric Paulsen
In the midst of the cautious excitement accompanying Burma’s seeming democratic transition, one of the key human rights issues that international leaders and Burma’s pro-democratic and ethnic activists have failed to address is the continuing statelessness and marginalisation of the Rohingya, the Muslim ethnic minority concentrated in northern Rakhine state, bordering Bangladesh. Rakhine (formerly known as Arakan), one of the poorest and most isolated states in Burma, is home to some 800,000 Rohingya, who are among the world’s most persecuted communities, on par with the Roma in Europe and the Hmong in Laos. They have remained stateless for decades, with neither home nor citizenship, popping up on the world’s consciousness only when a humanitarian crisis strikes. The most recent such crisis occurred in January 2011 when yet another boatload of Rohingya emigrants was detained in Thai waters, towed away by the Thai Navy and left to die in the open sea without an engine, food or water.
The Burmese population of some 58 million people is commonly defined in laws and government policies as comprising eight major ‘ethnic nationalities’: the Bamar (Burman), Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin (Karen), Mon, Rakhine (Arakan) and Shan (although they are further divided into 135 sub-ethnic groups). ‘Non-national’ ethnic groups – including the Rohingya, but also people of Chinese, Indian and Nepali origin – were burdened with proving their continued permanent residence in the country in order to claim full citizenship. Those claiming full citizenship were required to prove ancestral residence from prior to the start of the British occupation in 1823, while those seeking naturalised citizenship had to show continued residence predating 4 January 1948, the date of Burma’s independence. Of course, many were unable to provide such detailed evidence.
In practice, Burmese immigration authorities have been reluctant to grant full citizenship to people suspected to be of non-national ethnic origin or of having mixed heritage. Burmese officials constantly refer to such groups as guests, foreigners, suspicious citizens or even ‘half-breeds’, even though there is no genuine issue as to whether these people are Burmese nationals. Immigration bureaucrats have been known to use all manner of excuses and discretionary powers to reject or delay citizenship applications, often in order to obtain bribes, even in cases where applicants are fully eligible. The prospect of gaining citizenship often depends on an individual’s or group’s perceived degree of integration into ‘national’ Burmese society, forcing non-national groups to strive towards complete assimilation.
Statelessness and persecution
The Rohingya, meanwhile, are denied Burmese citizenship even though they have lived in Burma for generations. They are accorded only ‘permanent resident’ status, with the majority holding a Temporary Registration Certificate instead of the Citizenship Scrutiny Card issued to full citizens. Because the Rohingya are related to the Bengalis of Chittagong, the Burmese government claims that they are ethnic Bengalis who arrived unchecked from India during British rule, and more recently from Bangladesh. In January 2011, when Burma underwent its first universal review by the UN Human Rights Council, the Burmese delegation maintained the government’s long-standing view on the issue: ‘The allegation regarding the discrimination and harassment against the local population of Northern Rakhine State is contrary to the facts. Historically and culturally those people do not constitute any national race and are illegal immigrants residing along the border areas of Northern Rakhine State.’
The Rohingya suffer from serious state discrimination and degrading practices. These include arbitrary arrest and detention, forced labour, arbitrary taxation, extortion, travel restrictions, expropriation of property and poor access to higher education. Historically, they have also suffered tremendously from state violence. In 1978, over 200,000 Rohingya fled into Bangladesh during the naga min (Dragon King) citizenship scrutiny operation, which at times turned violent and deadly. A similar operation called the pyi thaya (Clean and Beautiful Nation) caused an additional 250,000 Rohingya to flee in 1991 and 1992. Most were eventually allowed to return following international pressure, but more than 28,700 Rohingya still remain in refugee camps in Bangladesh, while the Dhaka government estimates that another 200,000 are living in villages outside the camps. Not surprisingly, today many Rohingya try to flee in order to seek asylum and a better life elsewhere, making the dangerous journey to Thailand, Malaysia or Australia in overcrowded and rickety boats. There are an estimated 50,000 Rohingya refugees in Malaysia, and half a million more living as migrant workers in West Asia.
It is difficult to understand the origin of Burma’s animosity toward the Rohingya, whom the Burmese consider to be beneath even the kala (foreigners) of Indian origin, who already face considerable discrimination. The simplest explanations are undercurrents of racism and Islamophobia, founded on the Rohingya’s dark skin and Muslim identity in an overwhelmingly Buddhist country. The Rohingya’s general isolation from the mainstream Rakhine and Bamar population is also a contributing factor, but such isolation is not substantially different from that of other minorities who have fractious relations with the Burmese state but who are not treated with the same level of prejudice.
A Rohingya family photo taken by the local authorities as proof of residency in Maungdaw. Those not at home when the photos are taken risk being punished or struck off as a resident.
To justify its treatment of the Rohingya, the Burmese state claims its policies are aimed at ensuring national security and preventing illegal immigration from Bangladesh. But these strike many as poor explanations. Rakhine, like Burma’s other border regions, is populated on both sides of the state line by members of the same ethnic group. For example, ethnic Chin and Naga are also present in India; Kachin, Wa and Shan in China; Karen, Mon and Shan in Thailand. Many of these groups, including the Rakhine, enjoy trade, family ties and relaxed cross-border movement that the Burmese government has done little to control. Further, Muslim armed resistance has been insignificant since the 1950s, and has never compared with the well-established ethnic armed groups that continue to operate in Kachin, Kayin and Shan states.
The naturalisation solution
Technically, citizenship laws – mainly the 1982 Burma Citizenship Law – do not exclude Rohingya from acquiring naturalised citizenship. In practice, however, the overwhelming majority of the community hold only temporary documents, or are without any documents whatsoever. Those who manage to acquire naturalised or full citizenship rely on individual connections. Though these documents are technically obtained through legal channels, the Rohingya still risk being accused of falsely acquiring identity documents, as the official policy holds that all ‘Bengalis’ in Rakhine are only entitled to temporary documents.
As a solution, some Rohingya have demanded that they be recognised as a national ethnic group and be granted citizenship by birthright. The thought here is that anything less opens the possibility of future revocation. However, Rohingya who do not have the means or connections to acquire better documentation, but need identification paper for travel and employment, still welcome the possibility of naturalised citizenship.
Naturalised citizenship would go some way toward reducing the Burmese government’s arbitrary and discriminatory practices. Unless restrictive caveats remain, it would improve the Rohingya’s ability to travel, to acquire a passport and to access higher education. Hindus of Indian origin in Rakhine who recently obtained naturalised citizenship have said they are now able to travel more freely. There are murmurings that the Burmese government may also be considering naturalised citizenship or some status other than permanent residency for the Rohingya. It does not make good policy, after all, to exclude only the Rohingya while Indian-origin Hindus in Rakhine with similar eligibility are granted naturalised citizenship. In today’s era of new scrutiny by the outside world, such discrepancies matter.
Most significantly, the citizenship laws on the books already provide that after three generations, all descendants of naturalised citizens are to be granted full citizenship. These provisions have yet to be tested, however, and it will take some more time before the third generations of naturalised citizens are eligible to make such a claim. Of course, there is no guarantee that naturalised citizenship for the Rohingya, if it were to be granted, would not be revoked in the future on some flimsy pretext, or that their third generation would be able to acquire full citizenship. Nonetheless, at this point, surely the possibility of entrenching their status as naturalised citizens far outweighs any potential revocation. As such, if given the opportunity, the Rohingya should take advantage of the ongoing democratic transition to advocate for their rightful place in Burma, and to work towards the achievable goal of naturalised citizenship status rather than wait for national recognition as an ethnic group, which is highly improbable if not impossible.
To not be left behind
This is an important point to stress: the idea that the Rohingya could suddenly be accepted as a national ethnic group in Burma cannot be taken seriously. In general, Rohingya groups have been isolated and excluded from multilateral discussions, both within Burma and beyond. They have little to no public or political support from any other ethnic group or from Burma’s opposition and exile groups, and certainly none from the Rakhine ethnic majority in the state, where deep suspicion and hostility remain.
Seemingly innocuous events have recently highlighted the deep division between the Rohingya and the general Burmese population. In November 2011, a BBC report that carried a map depicting Rakhine as populated by Rohingya sparked outrage in Burma, especially in the state. This led to hundreds of complaints, many of which were harsh, nationalistic and racist in nature, calling on the BBC to issue a public apology and remove any reference to the Rohingya from the map. Since the incident, anti-Rohingya blogs and social-networking pages have appeared.
The view of Ye Myint Aung, Myanmar’s consul-general in Hong Kong at the time, expressed in a letter to his fellow heads of mission and international newspapers in February 2009, perhaps best puts the dynamic into perspective: ‘In reality, Rohingya are neither “Myanmar People” nor Myanmar’s ethnic group. You will see in the photos that their complexion is “dark brown”. The complexion of Myanmar people is fair and soft, good looking as well … [The Rohingya] are as ugly as ogres.’
Since then, at least at the national level, the tone of many political discussions in Burma has changed. Yet even if discussions do begin on reconciliation and ethnic minorities’ demands for a fairer and more equitable Union of Burma – and even if the Rohingya are invited to participate – it is unlikely that such talks would make inroads toward the community becoming an official national ethnic group, much less being granted ethnic autonomy and federalism. Aung Sang Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy (NLD) currently have an extraordinary opportunity to include the Rohingya in the new democratic process, but the NLD has shown no indication that this issue is a priority. According to the stated views of NLD Vice-chairman Tin Oo, for instance, the prospects of the party reaching out to the Rohingya do not seem very high. In an interview in October 2011, Oo reaffirmed the government line that the Rohingya are immigrants from Bangladesh, and further stated that, when he was a general in the Myanmar Army, he had helped to protect ethnic Rakhine from Rohingya ‘threats’.
This should not discourage the Rohingya from demanding greater rights and equality. But in so doing, they should not take an ‘all or nothing’ stance. Doing so could not only prove counterproductive to their welfare but also perpetuate the community’s suffering and inequality. The Rohingya should seize the current opportunity and ride the ongoing democratic wave which has led to the release of political prisoners, the legalisation of the NLD, an attempted reconciliation with ethnic armed groups, a freer media, and even the halt of a mega-dam project. Failing this, the Rohingya will once again be left behind. Of course, naturalised citizenship is not on par with recognition as a national ethnic group, but at present it remains the most realistic and workable solution to the community’s statelessness.
~Eric Paulsen is co-founder and adviser to Lawyers for Liberty, a human rights and law reform organisation based in Malaysia. He has researched statelessness in Bangladesh, Nepal and, most recently, in Burma.
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Thousands of Rohingya flee religious persecution in Myanmar, many dying along the way. Thanks to Anonymous, #RohingyaNOW is trending on ...
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Amartya Sen: Burma's "slow genocide" of Rohingyas
Watch Professor Amartya Sen speak on what he calls Burma's 'slow genocide' of Rohingya, Harvard, 4 Nov 2014
