By Dr. Habib Siddiqui
September 25, 2011
2. Analysis: The Land and the Indigenous People of Arakan
To incite violence and bigotry against Rohingya Muslims of Arakan, Khin Maung Saw does not waste any time. He starts with a picture of a Muslim congregational prayer on the front page, followed by a photo of some soldiers (or possibly guerillas) sitting on the ground. The connotation is quite obvious.
However, such fear-mongering tactics will not succeed and would only lay bare the hideous character of their accusers, as it did in Norway. After all, of all the various communities that call Arakan their home, it is the Rakhine Maghs of Burma that have continued to practice violence; they want a ‘free’ Arakan away from the no less monstrous military brutes of Burma, while still purporting to retain its racist, non-democratic and fascist character that does not allow integration and multi-culture.
In his prologue Saw mentions the story of an ‘ungrateful’ camel that had dislodged its master from the tent. He does not duck the connotation by stating that the Rohingyas of Burma are like that camel in the story that are trying to dislodge the ‘owner’ of the tent. By ‘owner’, he obviously means his own race - the Rakhine Magh.
Fact is, however, opposed to this make-belief fictional story put forth by the chauvinist Rakhine: the Rohingyas are neither the guests of Arakan nor are they trying to dislodge anyone. Far from the false Rakhine propaganda of being the outsiders who had settled in Arakan during the British rule of Arakan -- a persistent theme in the propaganda materials of Aye Kyaw, Aye Chan, Khin Maung Saw and other ultra-chauvinist racists of Arakan -- the existence of the Rohingya in the soil of Arakan predates the Magh influx to the territory from Tibet and other parts of Burma.
As credible research work by unbiased historians and researchers have amply shown, these Rohingyas, derogatorily called the Kalas (by the racist Maghs of Arakan), are the descendants of the indigenous people of Arakan – the true Bhumiputras (adibashis) -- of the land.
Separated to the north by the high hills and deep forests of the Chin State and to the east by the almost insurmountable Arakan Yoma mountain range which divides the Arakan coastal area from the rest of Burma, the region came to be known as the land of the ‘Kala Mukh’ (Land of the ‘Black Faces’), inhabited by these dark brown-colored Indians who had much in common with the people (today’s Bangladeshis, or more particularly Chittagonians) living on the north-western side of the Naaf River, along the adjoining coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal. The resemblance was not limited to physical features like skin color, shape of head and nose alone, but also in shared culture and beliefs. They thrived on rice cultivation on the fertile planes and the abundant supply of fish in the nearby rivers, streams and the Bay of Bengal. The one-mile wide Naaf River was no barrier to sustain family and cultural ties between these sea-faring people living on either side of the river. Arakan’s northern part Mayu, as noted by Dr. Moshe Yegar, can be seen as ‘an almost direct continuation of eastern Bengal’ [Bangladesh].
The Arakan Mountain range also served as a barrier inhibiting Burmese invasions, and allowing Arakan to develop as a separate political entity. As also concurred by all historians the influx of the Sino-Tibetans (with Mongoloid features) in Arakan, resembling today’s Rakhine stock, did not happen until after the collapse of the Vaisali kingdom in the 10th century CE.
What happened to the region in the centuries before and after this invasion? As evidenced by numerous archeological finds, it is obvious that the Hindu colonists, fuelled by their need for trade and commerce, gold and silver, first colonized the region in the early 1st century CE. According to Dr. Emil Forchhammer, a Swiss Professor of Pali at Rangoon College, and Superintendent of the newly founded Archaeological Survey (1881): “The earliest dawn of the history of Arakan reveals the base of the hills, which divide the lowest courses of the Kaladan and Lemro rivers, inhabited by sojourners from India… Their subjects are divided into the four castes of the older Hindu communities…”
By the 3rd century (CE), the coastal region of Kala Mukh (Arakan) had been settled with the colonists dominating and coexisting warily with the indigenous people. In the sites of major habitation Sanskrit became the written language of the ruling class, and the religious beliefs were those prevalent at that time in south-Asia (or Indian sub-continent). The Hindu kings that ruled the coastal territories of Chittagong also ruled the crescent of Arakan. Presumably, the indigenous people of Arakan, much like their brothers and sisters living to the north-west of the Naaf River in (today’s) Chittagong, practiced some loose form of Hinduism.
The second phase of Indianization of Arakan occurred between the 4th and the 6th century CE, by which time the colonists had established their kingdom, and named their capital Vaishali. As a port city, Vaishali was in contact with Samatat (the planes of lower Bangladesh) and other parts of India and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Historically, these early rulers came to be known as the Chandras and controlled the territories as far north as Chittagong.
The Anand Chandra Inscription, which contains 65 verses (71 and a half lines) and now sited at the Shitthaung pagoda, provides some information about these early rulers. Interestingly, neither the name of the kingdom or the two premier cities – Dhanyavati and Vaishali – is mentioned. This 11-foot high monolith, unique in entire Burma, has three of its four faces inscribed in a Nagari script, which is closely allied to those of Bengali and north-eastern India. As noted rightly by Noel Singer had it not been for Professor E.H. Johnston of Balliol College, Oxford, who translated the Sanskrit script and the Indian epigraphists before him, the contents of the Inscription which remained inaccessible for well over a thousand years would never have been known.
The script on the panel on the east face is believed by Johnston to be the oldest. According to Pamela Gutman it was similar to the type of script used in Bengal (Bangladesh) during the early 6th century CE. As to the panel on the north face, Johnston mentioned that several smaller inscriptions in Bengali characters had been added in the 10th century. Gutman however felt that the principal text in this section is of the mid-11th century CE. The panel on the west face, which is reasonably preserved, is believed by Gutman to be of the earlier part of the 8th century. This priceless document not only lists the personalities of each monarch but also some of the major events of every reign.
So who is this Ananda Chandra? In verse 64, it clearly says that he was a descendant of the Saiva-Andhra monarchs [presumably of Banga or Bangladesh] whose kingdom was located between the Godavari and Krishna Rivers of Bengal, and close to the Bay of Bengal. The founder of this new dynasty was Vajra Sakti who reigned circa 649-665 CE. His successor was Sri Dharma Vijaya, who reigned from circa 665-701. As noted by Singer, and much in contrast to Rakhine claims, Dharma Vijaya was not a Theravada Buddhist, but probably a Mahayanist. The next in line was Narendra Vijaya who reigned from circa 701 to 704 CE. The next to rule was Sri Dharma Chandra, who reigned from 704 to 720 CE. He was the father of Ananda Chandra who was a munificent patron of Mahayana Buddhism and Hindu institutions.
As can be clearly seen from the above brief review, the rulers that ruled Arakan, in centuries before the Sino-Tibetan invasion, were of Indian descent, as were the people (the so-called Kalas) who lived there. They had much in common with Banga, or today’s Bangladesh.
So what happened to those indigenous people after the invasion of Arakan in 957 CE by the Sino-Tibetan race? We have absolutely no historic evidence to suggest that they were exterminated. It is not difficult to understand that while the kingdom had changed hands, a majority of those indigenous people (the ‘Kalas’) continued on with their lives as usual, paying taxes (e.g., in grains) to their new rulers, as they had done before to the previous rulers. Some perhaps changed their faith to Buddhism, while many retained their ancestral religion. Theravada Buddhism, imported mostly from Sri Lanka, took centuries to take its root in Arakan, gradually replacing the Mahayanist Buddhism of the latter Vaisali rulers.
It is also important to note that many of the Sinhalese Buddhists, who later came as monks and settlers to Arakan, were the descendants of Bengali Buddhists who had fled the country as a result of internecine wars that took place between the forces of Hinduism and Buddhism in nearby Bengal in the centuries before Islam came to the region. As Buddhism was almost wiped out in Bengal by the Hindu rulers and the Brahmin clergy, it found a safe haven in Sri Lanka where it flourished. And who would have thought that centuries later those Singhalese Buddhists (with a remarkable facial similarity with the people of Bengal), the progenies of fleeing Buddhists from Bengal, would one day become the harbinger of the new faith - Theravada Buddhism -- in Arakan and rest of Burma?
While the previous Vaishali rulers looked westward, the newer Sino-Tibetan rulers looked eastward, thus allowing mixing of its race with Burman people of today’s Myanmar proper. Over the centuries, two communities emerged – one the indigenous with Indian (Bengali/Arakanese) features (the forefathers of today’s Rohingya Hindus and Muslims) and the other, the new-comer with Mongoloid features (the forefathers of today’s Rakhine Buddhists). It is not difficult to also conclude that in those days of porous borders across land and sea there were migration of other races and religions to this region. Buddhist monks, e.g., came from Sri Lanka bringing in their Theravada Buddhism, as did others, slowly changing the culture of the people living there.
It is simply regrettable to notice how today’s ultra-chauvinist Rakhine and Burman intelligentsia with tunnel-vision refuses to widen their knowledge of the ‘other’ people, Hindus and Muslims, who share the same territory. Anything Indian/Bengali/Chittagonian is usually looked down and frowned upon. It is pure racism at its worst.
[Dr Siddiqui’s book - The Forgotten Rohingya: Their Struggle for Human Rights in Burma – is available from Amazon.com]
To be continued.................
αေαααΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္α‘ေαးααΎαီးαိုα‘α္α်α္α်ား။
αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏α‘αိααΏαဳα ုα်ိဳးေαာα္ေαးααα့္αုα္αα္းα α₯္
(α)αα္αွိαα္။
α။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αα္α ဲေαး။
α။ α်α္းαာေαး။
α။ ααာေαး။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာα ေααေαါα္ေαး။
α ။ αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္α ီးαြါးေαးα ံαα ္αိုαွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα္α‘α္α‘ားαα္းαါးαူα်ားႏွα့္αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαို
αာαြα္ေαး။
α။ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားαြα္αα္α ြာαုα္ေααြα့္၊ေαးαားαြα့္၊α‘αံαႊα့္αြα့္၊αိုα္αူးαြα့္ααွိေαး။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာαူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαြဲαα α္းαြα့္ααွိေαး။
α။ αုα္αΎαα္αေααွိေαာα‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αေαာ္α‘αြα္αΏαα္αα္ေαΏαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေαး။
αိုααိုα‘ားေαာα္းαာေα αα္αΏαဳα ုα်ိဳး ေαာα္ေαးေαးαΏαα ္αα္။
α။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αα္α ဲေαး။
ႏိုα္αံαႏိုα္αံαြα္αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αΏαα ္ေααါααိုႏိုα္αံαα္αုα်αΏαα္αူαΏαα္αားα်ား၏α ားαα္ေαေαး၊
α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαးαိုααα္α α ္ႏိုα္ေαးαိုေαာα္းေαးαုα္ေααααΏαα့္αိုα္းαΏαα္αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαြα္αα္း
ေαာα္း၊ αူαွဳ αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαြα္αα္းေαာα္းαိα့္α်ေααα္αΏαα ္αα္။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္ေαΎαာα့္αိုα့္αိုα္း
αα္းαား α‘α်α္း α်α္း αα္αΏαα္αွဳ၊ α α ္αα္ေαΏαα‘αြα္းα₯αေααဲ့αΎαα္းαΎαဳα္αွဳα်ား၊ αα္α α္αွဳα်ားααြဲαေαြαΏαα ္αာ
αဲ့ααα္။ αိုαွααα့္αα¦းαိုαα¦းαူα်ိဳးေαးα‘ααုα္းαီးαွဳ၊ α‘αဲαေαΎααွဳα‘ာαာα်ားαΎαီးαားαာαΏαီးα်ာေα‘းαူαα‘ေα αိုα္ααိုαိαိαိုα္းαα္းαားααΏαα္αα္းαားα‘α်α္းα်α္းαα္αူαΎαီးα်ားααြα္α‘ေαα‘ေαΎααိုα္αိုα္αΎααα္း
αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αံααာαွαုα္းααြα္ႏိုα္αဲαΏαα ္ααα္။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္ေαΎαာα့္αα္αေαာ္α‘αုံးα ားαိα္
αΎαီး αား αာααΏαα့္αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္αα္αုα္αα္αိုးαိαာααိုαα္αα္αα္းα‘α္α‘ားαΎαီးαားαာαΏαီး၊
αΏαα္αူαိုαာ αြα္αα္αြဲαα α္းαားαα့္αα္αααွαΏαα္αူαိုαိႏွိα္α်ဳα္α်α္αα့္αα္αααိုαေαွ်ာα်ေαာα္αွိαာαဲ့ααα္αိုαααွားေα်။
α‘α္α‘ားαΎαီးαားαာေαာαα္αိုα α ္αုိα္α်ဳα္αΎαီးα်ားααိαိαိုααိုα္α်ိဳးα‘αΏαα္α‘αြα္αါးαိုα္ေαာα္αα္α‘
αΏαα ္ေαΏαာα္းαဲα‘αုံးα်αိုα္α်ိဳး αွာαΏαီးααာαα‘αα္းα‘αΏαα ္α်ားαိုαα္αွိဳးαိုးေαာα္း α်αဲ့αΎααα့္α‘αြα္
αα့္ αΏαα္αူαိုα αα္းαဲαြα္းαွααα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ေα်။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္αΏαα္αာαိုα္αံαိုး αα္ αြံααΏαိဳး
ေαးαုα္αα္းα်ားαα αα္၊ αα္းαဲαွဳαေα်ာα္ေαး αα αα္ ၊ αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαΎαီးαိုαα္းαဲαြα္းαိုααြα္းαိုααဲ့αα့္
αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αိုα‘αα္αα္αိုα္း ေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုααိုαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားႏွα့္
(α)။ αααα‘αα့္ααΏαα္αုံးα‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαးαိုαဲαဲαံαံ ေαΎα αာαဲαိုααိုαα္။
(α)။ αုαိααα့္α ားαြဲαိုα္းαြα္ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαွိႏွိဳα္းαΎααိုααိုαα္။
(α)။ ααိαα‘αα့္ αေαာαူαီα်α္α်ားαိုα‘ေαΏααံα₯αေααဲαြα္αα့္αြα္းα‘αα္αΏαဳαိုααိုαα္။
α ားαြဲαုိα္းေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαΎααာαြα္αြα့္αα္းαΏαα္αာαွဳ αွိααα့္α‘αΏαα္ေα ့α α္αွိႏွိဳα္းေαးႏွိဳα္αα့္ αုααααၢႏွα့္၊ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏိုα္αံα်ားαါαα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္ေαာα္းαါαα္။ αိုααΏαα္ααာαူα်ိဳးα်ားႏွα့္αိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ိဳးα်ားေαးα ား αံုαΎαα္ ေαာαုαၢိဳα္α်ားαါαα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္ေαြးေႏြးα α₯္ႏွα ္α¦းႏွα ္αα္αα္းαာαွဳα်ားေααေαါα္αာαဲ့αါααα္ေαာα္
αွိဳႏွိဳα္းαΏαα္ေαΏαေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္α‘ားαုံးαေαာαူαီα်α္αိုααူႏိုα္αိα့္αα္ αΏαα ္αα္။
αိုαဲ့αိုαααုα္ႏိုα္αါααα္αေαာ္αα္αိုα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαိုα‘αΏαα ္ααΏαα္ႏိုα္ααို၊
αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားααဲႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ααိုα္ႏိုα္αဲ ေαာα္α‘ႏွα ္α α ေα်ာ္ေαာ္αα္းαΏαα္
αြα္း α α ္ αံααာ αွααြα္ႏိုα္αဲ ααဲαα္αα္ αΏαα ္ေαေααိα့္αα္။
αေαα α αΏαα္αα္αα္ααိုα‘α ိုးααα္ေα‘ာα္αွααားαα္ေαΎααΏαာα်α္ααုα္ေαာ္αα္း αααα¦းαုံးαိုα္ αိုα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αြα့္ααΏαα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္αိုαα္αူαွααΏαα္းႏိုα္ေα်။ ααိုαα‘ားαα္αΏαားေα ာα့္αα္ေαΏαာα္းαဲαα္αိα‘ား ေαးαွဳαိုααားαα္αုα္αိα္းေαးααΏαα္းαα္αိုα္းαα္းαားေαာ္αွα္ေαးαိုα‘αΏαα ္αΏαα္ααိုα္ႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္းαα္
ေα αΏαα်α္ααုαΏαα ္αα္။ ααα္α‘αα ္αα္αွ်α္ααα္αူαα‘αα္αေα်ာα္းαိုαα္ႏွိုα္αα္၊ α‘αα ္α‘αα္
αα္α ဲαား α α₯္αာααိုαွ်ံαာေαာα α ္αံုးα ားαိα္α်ားαိုαိုα္းαΏαα္αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေαးα‘αြα္α‘αံုးαΏαဳαΏαα္းαΏαα့္ α်ားα ြာ α‘α်ိဳးေα်းαူးααွိαΎααα္αΏαα ္αα္။ ααα္α‘αα ္αα္ေαးαွααα္α‘αα ္αα္ေαးαိုααΎαိဳးα ားα‘ေαာα္ α‘αα္ေααႏိုα္αΎααα္αိုαွ်α္ αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαာ္αΎαီးαြံααΏαိဳး αα္α‘αြα္α‘ေαΏαα‘ေαေαးαΏαီαΏαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αဲαဲαΎαီး α‘ာααံႏိုα္αΏαီαΏαα ္αα္။ αုαိαα α ္αΎαီးαြα္αႈံးႏိုα့္αြားαΏαီးေαာα္
α်αα္ႏိုα္αံ၏αာαြα္ေαးα‘αုံးα ားαိα္αို α% αα္αိုαုံး αြα့္ α ααα့္α‘αြα္္αိုα္းαΏαα္αα္ေαြαိုαြံααΏαိဳးေαး၊
α α္αွဳαα္αွဳαα္းααာ၊ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး αိုααြα္αံုေα‘ာαံုးα ြဲ αα့္α‘αြα္αα္α ုႏွα ္ααုα‘αြα္းα α ္αႈံးႏိုα္αံαααွေα၍
ααα»ာ့α‘αိုးαα္αံုးႏိုα္αံα‘αΏαα ္ ααိုαΏαα္αα္αα္αွα္းႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။
αိုαေαΎαာα့္α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္αΏαα္αြα္းαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုαααေαΏααွα္းα‘αΏαα ္αဲαံα ြာαွα္းႏိုα္αိုααိုαα္။
α။ α်α္းαာေαး။
α်α္းαာေαးαေαာα္းαွ်α္αာαွααုα္αိုα္αိုαα္αိုေαΏαာαိုααိုαα္ααα္αါαူαိုα္းαိေαာα္αα္αုαα္αါαα္။
αေαααΏαα္αာαိုα္αံαြα္ HIV/AIDS αိုα္αံα‘ားα်αα္းαα့္ေαာαါαα္α်ားαα္αွ်αွိαα္αို α‘α ိုးααွ
α ာαα္းα‘αိα‘α်αုα္αΏαα္αေαးေαာ္αα္းေαာαါαα္αိα္းေα်ာ္αွိေαΎαာα္းαα္ααွα္းαΎααα္။αီαီေαာαါ
αα္ α်ား၊ αွα္α်ားေαာαါαα္α်ား၊ α‘αဲေαာα္α‘αားαါေαာαါαα္α်ား၊α‘αာαα်ိဳααဲ့ေααα့္αေαးα်ား
α αα့္ αူα်ားα‘ားαံုးαုα ားαα္ေαးαါးαံုေαာα္αွဳααွိ ၊ ေαးαုံαα္αα္αုαα္ααံု ေαာα္၊αုααα္
αိုα္αံ ααွိαΏαα္းα αα္αုိααိုα‘α ိုးααα ္α‘ေαႏွα့္ααααံုးα‘ေαးαားα¦းα ားေαးေαΏααွα္းေαးααα့္α‘αုα္αΏαα ္αα္။ α‘αααα္αူαားေαာαာαြα္ေαးα‘αံုးα ားαိα္αိုေα်ာ့α်αΏαီးα်α္းαာေαးαွα့္ααာေαးαိုαွ်ေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္
αα္းေαာα္း၊αΏαα္αြα္းαΏαα္αα‘α ိုးαααုα္ေαာα‘α္α်ီα‘ိုα်ားαိုαြα့္αα္းαΏαα္αာα ြာαα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္αွဳα
αုα္αဲαြα္αα္α ြာαူαီαိုα္αြα့္ေαးαα့္α₯αေαα်ားαိုαα္းေαာα္းα‘αΏαα္αံုးαုα္αΏαα္ေαးαိုααိုαα္။
αာααာααုα္αားα်ား၊αေαးαူαα္α်ားα်α္းαာαα္α ြα္းαွαာαိုα္းαΏαα္αိုးαα္αာαိုးαα္ေαΎαာα္းαိုαုα္αိα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ ααာေαး။
αα‘ααα္αα္αြα္ααာαα္αΎαားေαးαα္ေα်ာα္αားα်ားαိုαα ုα α္းႏိုα္ေα αα္αα္αြα္α်α္αΏαα့္ေαးαံ
ေαါα္αီေαာေααာα်ားαြα္α‘αြဲααα္ေαာα္αားαဲ့ေαာαα္ေαးေαာαိα္α်ား၊ααၠαိုα္α်ားαိုα်α္αိα္း၍
αΏαိဳααΎαီးα်ားαြα္αΏαα္αα္ေααာα်αားေαးαΏαα္း၊ααၠαိုα္αုα္α‘αၤါႏွα့္αီαြα္ေαာေα်ာα္းαααα္α်ုားαိုαα္αီးေαးαΏαα္း၊ααၠαိုα္ေαာαိα္α်ားαိုα်α္αိα္းαΏαီးαုံးα်ား၊α‘αုα္αာαα်ားαုα္αားαΏαα္းαိုαΏαα္αα္၍αα‘α္α‘αိုα္း
ααၠαိုα္ေαာαိα္α်ားα‘αΏαα ္αΏαα္αα္αားေαးαΏαα္းαိုαα‘αΏαα္၊ ေααΏαα္ေαာ္αြα္αα္းααα»ာ့α‘αα့္αွီ
ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαΎαီးααုαိုαα္ေαာα္αΏαα္း၊αိα္αားေαာေααα္းααၠαိုα္αိုαΏαα္αα္αြα့္ေαးαΏαα္းαိုααိုαΏαဳαုα္ααα္။
α‘αြα္α်α္၊ ααα္းαြα္αααာေαးα ံαα ္αွ ααာ ααα့္ α‘αΏαα္α‘αွα္ေαြးေႏြးαα့္α ံαα ္αိုαေαΏαာα္းαΏαα္း၊
α‘αα့္αΏαα့္ααာေαးα‘αြα္αိုα‘α္αα့္αါα္αြဲαα္းαα α₯α္းα်ား၊ေα်ာα္းαံုးα ာα‘ုα္α်ားαံုေαာα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္
ေαေαးαΏαα္း၊ ႏိုα္αံαα္αΏαားေαာα္ေααα့္ α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαΏαα့္ααα့္ αΏαα္αာαူα်ိဳးα်ားαိုα α္းαုံး၍ေα်ာα္းα်ား
αြα္ αα္ αΎαားေα αΏαα္း၊ αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္αိုα‘α္αွ်α္ႏိုα္αံαΏαား αားααာα်ားαိုαါαွါးαα္းေαး
αΏαα္း၊ α‘αူးα‘ေαးαΎαီးαα့္α‘α်α္αွာααၠαိုα္α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုα‘αုα္α‘α်αံαΏαီးα¦းα ားေαးα‘αα့္αΏαα့္α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ား α‘αΏαα ္ေαΏαာα္းαဲαα ္ααα္၊α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္αြα္α‘ေαာα္αိုα္းαံုα ံα‘αိုα္းαုေααααΏαဳေααူေα်ာα္းαား α်ားαိုαူαီαံ့αိုးေαးαα့္ေααေαြေαာα ာαΎαα့္αိုα္αွဴးα်ားαားαွိေαးααα့္α‘αΏαα္ααα»ာ့α‘ႏွံα‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ားαိုα‘α္αာαα္αွαွာေαြႏိုα္αα္
ေα်ာα္းαားα¦းေαႏွα့္αွ်αα ြာαံုးαိုα္ ေαာαံုေαာα္ေαာαြα္αΏαဴαာα်ားαား αွိေαးαα္αိုαα္၊ေα်ာα္းα်ားαြα္α‘α္αာαα္ႏွα့္αြα္αΏαဴαာαိုα‘ααဲ့αံုးα ြဲαြα့္αΏαဳααα္၊αိုααွαာေα်ာα္းαား
α်ားαိုα္ေα့αာαိုေαာααာαα္α်ားαိုαα္αိုα္α်ားαွαုα္αူေα့αာႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။ ေα်ာα္းα်ား
αြα္ αာααုα္αΏαα္αα္αိုα္းα‘αီးαီးαြα္αα္း α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α‘αα ္α်ားαα္ေαာα္αΏαα္း၊ αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္
α‘α်ိဳးαွိαα့္αΏαα္αြα္းႏွα့္ႏိုα္αံ ααာα ာα‘ုα္α ာαα္းα်ားαိုα ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားα‘αြα္αွာαူαΏαီး
αူαီေαာα္ αံ့ေαးαΏαα္း၊αုαၢαိαα ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုေαာα္αံ့αူαီαΏαα္း၊α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုαူα်ိဳးαေαြးαာαာαေαြး
αြα္αα္α ြာ α ာαα္αြα့္၊ ေα့αာαြα့္αို α‘αΏαα္α်α္α်α္ αားαΏαီးαြα့္αΏαဳααα္။
αိုααΏαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား၊α ာαα္α‘αα္းα်ားαြဲαα α္းαΏαα္းα်ားαိုαα္းႏွα ္ႏွα ္αာαာα‘ားေαးαΏαα္းα‘
αΏαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္α်ားႏွα့္ αα္းႏွီးαြα့္αα္းα ြာေαြααံုαΏαα္း၊ ေαြးေႏြးαΏαα္း၊
αူαα္αα္αΏαα်α္α်ားαိုα ေαးαα ားαားေαာα္αΏαα္း၊ αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္α‘α်ိဳးαွိαα့္ ေαာα္းαိုα်α္α်ားαိုαိုα္ေα်ာ
ေαးαΏαα္းαိုααΏαα့္ αူαီαΏαα္းαΏαα့္ α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား α‘αΎαားႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာα်α္α ီးαိုαြα္းေαေαာ
αα္αံေαး αို α‘αΏαα္ α‘αွα္ ေαးα ားαွဳαΏαα့္αံုαΎαα္αွဳαို αα္ေαာα္ααα္။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာα ေααေαါα္ေαး။
αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာαေααေαါα္ေαးαα္αီαိုαေαα ီαွိαΏαီးႏိုα္αံႏွα့္αα္ေαာα္αဲႏိုα္αံαိုααြα္ααွိααΏαα ္αိုα‘α္αα္။ α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαြα္αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာααα္α‘α ိုးααΎααာα‘ာαာα α္αွαီးαΏαား
αα္းαြα္ေαααα္၊ααိုααားαုံးααားαူαΎαီးα်ဳα္ႏွα့္α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα‘αြဲααα္ααိုααားαူαΎαီးα်ားαိုααααွ
ေαြးα်α္ေαးေαာ္αα္းα‘αα္αႊα္ေαာ္αွαြဲαα α္းေαးαိုα္ေαာα α ္ေαးေαးေαာ္αီαီαွα‘αΏαα္αΏαα္α‘αွα္αွα္α α ္ေαး αΏαီးα‘αα္αΏαဳαွαာααားαူαΎαီးαာαα္αိုαα္းေαာα္αြα့္ααα္၊αα်ိဳαα α ္ေαးေαα α₯္α‘αΏαα ္α‘αာα‘αာα်ားေαααာααΏαα့္ ႏွဳα္αြα္ααူα်ားαα္းαွိαα္။αိုααိုααားαူαΎαီးα‘αြဲααα္ααααိုαα္ααားα₯αေαα်ိဳး ေαါα္αါααΏαဳα္α် αα ္ႏိုα္αα့္α‘ာαာαွိαα္၊
ααားα₯αေαα‘αα္αြα္αα္αူαွααွိαိုαα့္ေαာα္αုα္α‘αိုα္းα်α့္αံုးαΎααα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαα္
ေαာα္α αြα္ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαα္αြα္α ြာαွα‘ေαးαΎαီးαα္၊α‘α ိုးααα္αα္းα်ားα‘α်α့္α်α္αာα္α ားαွဳ
α်ားαိုα‘ေαးαူαာ၌αြα္αα္၍ααာαိαွိေαာααားαူαΎαီးα်ားαွိαိုααိုαα္၊αိုαွαာα‘α်α့္α်α္αွဳα်ားαိုαိေαာα္α ြာαိုα္α်α္ႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္ေααα္။
α‘α ိုးαα‘αာαွိαΎαီးα်ား၏α‘α်α့္α်α္αွဳα်ားαိုαိαိေαာα္ေαာα္α‘ေαးαူαိုα္αα့္ααားေαးαာααွိαΏαα္းေαΎαာα့္αααားαα္းαီးα‘ေαး αူαွဳα်ား၊α‘αွဳαα္ေαာα္α်αွဳα်ား၊ႏွိα္α α္αွα္းαα္းαွဳα်ား၊α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံαံုးα ြဲαွဳα်ားαိုαα္ααားႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးαာαα့္α‘αါαΏαα္αူα်ားေαΎαာα့္α်αα္းα ြာαုα္αိုα္α ား
ေαာα္αြα့္ααွိαာαΎααα္αΏαα ္αα္။ αα္ααိုα္ေαာααားေαးααိဳα္αα္αီαိုαေαα ီα်α့္αုံးေαာ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္α‘αα္ααွ်α‘ေαးαΎαီးαα္။ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαα္αα္ααိုα္ေαာααားေαးααိဳα္αွိαွေα‘ာα္αΏαα္ႏိုα္αα္။
αိုαααုα္αါα αααား α₯αေαα်α့္αုံးαူα်ားαα‘ ႏိုα္αူαြားαα္αα္αိုααိαΏαဳαိαိုααိုαα္။
α ။ αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္α ီးαြါးေαးα ံαα ္αိုαွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα္α‘α္α‘ားαα္းαါးαူα်ားႏွα့္αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαို αာαြα္ေαး။
αေαααΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္α ီးαြါးေαးα ံαα ္αΏαα့္α α ္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ား၏α‘αြα့္αူးαံα ီးαြါးေαးααားα်ားααိုα္းαΏαα္၏αံαံαာαα်ား αိုαိုα္α α္α်ားααူα်α္αွိဳα္αွိဳα္αုα္ေαာα္းαΏαα္း၊αားαα္αြα္းαြα့္αါαα ္α်ား၊αα္αီαံုးαိုα္းαါαα ္α်ား၊ေαေαΎαာα္းαိုα္းα်ား၊ αα ္αြα္α်ား၊αါးαα္းαြα္α်ား၊αα္αα္αα္းေαΏααွိα‘αα္းေαΏαေαာα္αα္းα်ားα‘ားαံုးαိုααူαိုα္αိုα္αားαွ်α္αွိαα္၊ αိုေαα္α်α္αူေα းα်ားႏွα့္αာαα္αΏαα္αူα်ားαွα₯္αΏαိုα္ႏိုα္ေαာα‘α္α‘ားααွိေα်၊αိုαေαΎαာα့္α‘α ိုးααွα ီးαြါးေαးαုα္ႏိုα္αα္ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαα့္αα္ααα္α်α္α်ားα₯αေαα်ားαိုαုα္αΏαα္ေαးααα္။αိုαွααα့္α‘ေαးα ားα‘ိα္αြα္း α α္αွဳαα္αွဳαုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαေαΏαးေαΏαးαΎαီးαြားαာαΏαီး၊αΏαα္αူα်ားα ားαံုးαα္αΏαα္αြα္းαုα္ေα်ာ αုα္αုα္αွဳα‘ား ေαာα္းαာαα္αΏαα ္αα္။α‘ေαးα ားα α္αွဳαα္αွဳαုα္αα္းα်ားαြံααΏαိဳးαာαα့္α‘ေαွ်ာα္α‘αုα္α‘αိုα္α်ားေαါα်ား αာαΏαီးαΏαα္αူα်ားα ားαα္ေαေαးေα်ာα္αα္αာαΎααါαိုαွαα့္αူေααွဳα‘αα့္α‘αα္းαΏαα့္αားαာαိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားαြα္αα္α ြာαုα္ေααြα့္၊ေαးαားαြα့္၊α‘αံαႊα့္αြα့္၊αိုα္αူးαြα့္ααွိေαး။
αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံααုαြα္ααα္းαီαီαာαြα္αα္αွဳαα္α‘αူးေαΏαာα αာααိုေαာαိα α₯αα္ααုαΏαα ္αα္၊
αိုေαΏαာα αာααိုေαာαိα α₯αိုαΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္ေαΏαာေα၊ေαာα္းေαααΏαα္းαα္ααα္၊ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံα‘αΏαα ္α
ေαာα္ေαးေαΎαာα္းေαααΏαေααα္။α‘α ိုးααααၱိαွိαွိ αီαီαာαြα္αα္αြα့္ေαးαΏαα္းေαΎαာα့္ႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ား
α ြာα‘ αΏαα ္αြα္ေαေαာα‘ααိαိုα္α ားαွဳα်ား၊α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံαံုးα ြဲαွဳα်ားαိုαီαီαာαွေαးαားαြα့္α်αΏαα္း
ေαααΏα αΏαα္းေαΎαာα့္ αααားαုα္αူαα္αူααိုα‘ေαးαူ α‘αΏαα ္αါα္ေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္ α‘α်α့္α်α္αွဳα်ားαို
α‘α ိုးααွααား α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαိုေαွးαွဳ၍αိေαာα္α ြာαုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αα္α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းααွိႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α‘α ိုးαααွα္αွα္ αα္αα္αုα္ေαααွ်αီီαီαာαα္αααားαွဳαိုေαααုα္ေαးαα့္α‘ေαာα္α‘αူαΏαဳαိα္ေαြαΏαα ္αα္။
αိုααာαြα္αွα္αွα္αα္αα္ααုα္ေαာα‘α ိုးα၊ αα္αဲααားα₯αေαα်ားαိုα်ိဳးေαါα္ေαေαာα‘α ိုးα
α‘αြα္αီαီ αာαα္αα္αူαΏαα ္ေαေααိα့္αα္။ α‘ေααိαα္ααααα ္α်α္αα ္ααα္αα္αူααΏαိဳα္αα္αီαိုααα္αα ္
αါαီ ေαΏαာα αားα်ားαိုαိုးαူα‘αံαα္းαိုα္းαΏαα္းαိုαီαီαာαွαြα့္α်αဲ့ααΏαα့္ααααားαူးαွႏွဳα္αြα္αဲ့ααΏαα္းαα္αီαီ
αာαြα္αα္αြα့္ေαΎαာα့္αΏαα ္αα္။ αα ္ααα္α“αီαီαာαာαါ့αα္αူαြ” αုαူααူα်ားαိုေαΏαာေαာαα္αီ
αံုးαွα္αα္းαိုαုα္αΏαα္αα္α‘αါαြα္αα္ααα္။ αα ္ααα္αα္αီαိုαေαα ီα ံαα ္ႏွα့္αα္αာေαာααααΏαα ္ေαာ္αα္းαာ့ေαΎαာα့္αီαီαာαိုαα္αူαုαΏαα္ααα္း?
ေαးα αာαွိαα္။ α‘ေαΏαααွα္းαα္ αူααုα္αာαုα္ေααα့္α‘αြα္ αီαီαာαိုαုα္းαΏαα္းαΏαα ္αα္။
αီαီαာαα္ααုα္αာαုα္αα့္ αူα်ားေαΎαာα္α αာ၊αုα္းα αာαΏαα ္ααို ααားα₯αေααိုေαးα ားαိုα္αာ
ေαာαူα်ားα‘αြα္α‘ားαိုးα‘ားαားαΏαဳαာαိα္ေαြေαာα္းαΏαα ္ααိုαΏαα္αူα်ားα‘αြα္αα္းα‘αα္းαΏααီး
αိုα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာαူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαြဲαα α္းαြα့္ααွိေαး။
αြα္αα္ေαာαူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား(Civil Soceity) α‘ေαΎαာα္းαိုαα‘α္ေαာα္းαါးα်ားαြα္ေαးαား αΏαီးαΏαα ္ ααΏαα့္ α‘αူးαေαးαိုေαာ့αါ။
α‘α ိုးααိα္းα်ဳα္αွဳαွαီးαΏαားαα္းαြα္ေαာ αြα္αα္ေαာ αူαေαာα္α‘αြဲα α‘α α္းα်ားαြα္αူαုαူαα္းα ားα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαါα္းα ုံαါαα္αα္။
α₯ααာα‘ားαΏαα့္ေαာα္αူαα္ααားα‘α α္း α‘αုံး၊ α‘αုα္ααားα‘α α္းα‘αုံးα်ား၊ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢα်ား၊
ေαွαေαα‘αα္းα်ား၊ αာαာေαးα‘αα္းα်ား၊ α‘α်ိဳးααီးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ား၊ α ာαα္α‘αα္းα်ား၊ α αα္αΏαα့္αိုααြα္αα္α ြာαြဲαα α္းαြα့္αွိαΏαα္း။
αိုα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား αα္αိαိα‘αြဲααα္α်ားα‘ေααα‘α ိုးααွα‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံααုံးα ြဲႏိုα္αα္αာαြα္αြα့္αွိαα့္α‘αြα္၊αααားαုα္
αα္α်ားα်α့္αံုးαာαα့္α‘αါαိαိα‘αြဲααားα်ားα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαိုααားα₯αေαေαာα္α‘αြα္းαွေαα‘α ိုးααုα္αα္αိုαα္αα်α္αα္αိုα္αα္းααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαိုα‘ေαာα္α‘αူαΏαဳαΎαားαα္ေαးααΏαα့္αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα်ားα‘ာααံ α်α္ααွိαာαα္။ αိုα‘αါααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးα‘ားေαာα္းαာαΏαီးαိုα္αာေαာαီαီုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαΎαီးα‘αΏαα ္ေαα ေαါα္αာ αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ αုα္αΎαα္αေααွိေαာα‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αေαာ္α‘αြα္αΏαα္αα္ေαΏαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေαး။
αုα္αေααွိေαာαα္αေαာ္ေααေαါα္ေαးαα္αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαိုα္းαြα္ααွိαျαα ္αိုα‘α္α်α္
αα ္αα္ ျαα ္ αα္။ αေαααα္αေαာ္αα္ ျαα္αူααα္αေαာ္ αိုαα္αα္ αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္၏
αိုα္αိုα္ αါးαိုα္ေαာα္αα္α‘ျαα ္ α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းαံαားααα့္ αα္αေαာ္ျαα ္ေααဲ့αα္။ αိုαα‘αြα္
αိုα္းျαα္ αာαြα္ေαး α‘αြα္ α‘αုα္ααုα္ႏိုα္αဲ αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္၏ αိုα္α်ိဳးα ီးαြါးαို
αာαြα္ေαး α‘ျαα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား ျαα္αူαိုααို ႏွိα္αြα္αα့္αα္ ျαα ္αာαဲ့αα္။
ααααα‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αာαြα္ေαး α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္αα္ αိုα‘α္αွ်α္ αိုα္းျαα္၏ α‘α်ဳα္α‘α်ာα‘ာαာαို
ααားαα္ αိα္းαူႏိုα္αြα့္αွိαα္αု αα့္αြα္းαားα်α္αα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αူα‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα
αα္αေαာ္αို ျαα္ေααာα္ေαααα့္αေαာα်ိဳးျαα ္αα္။ “αα္းαိုα αါαို့αα္αααိဳα္αာαို ααုα္αဲα
αုα္αွ်α္ ααားαα္α‘ာαာ αိα္းαိုαααα္αြ” αု ေျαာေαααို ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαဲ့αိုα αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္αα္
ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌα၏α‘ာαာαို αီαα္ႏိုα္αα့္ α‘ေαα‘αားα်ိဳး αα္αီးαားαα့္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေα αိုျαα္αα္ျαဳျαα္αိုαα‘αူးαိုα‘α္αα္။
αα္αေαာ္αြα္ “αα္αေαာ္αာαွ်α္α‘αိ αα္αေαာ္ αာαွ်α္α‘α”
αိုαα့္ ေαာα္αုα္αα္ α‘αြα္αိုα္းျαေαာαိαျαα္αူႏွα့္ αα္αို ေαြးαြဲαားαα့္ ေαာα္αုα္ျαα ္αα္။
ျαα္αူαို α‘ေαးααားαဲ α α ္αြ်α္α‘ျαα ္ αα္αေαာ္၏ α‘α္α‘ားαို α‘αံုးျαဳαα္ α αα ္αα် α ီαံαားေαာα ိα္αါα္α α ္αα္ေαး
ေαာα္αုα္αα ္αုαာ ျαα ္αα္။ αိုα‘αုα္αိုးαွေαာ ေαာα္ျαα္αα့္ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααို ေျαာα္းαဲ၍
αα္αေαာ္αα္ ျαα္αူαွ ေαြးαြားαာ αα့္ αα္αေαာ္ ျαα ္αα္αိုαα့္ αူαα‘ေαြးα‘ေαααို αα္αေαာ္αားα်ားα‘αြα္း
ျαα္αα္αွα္αα္αာေα αα္ αΏαဳαုα္α်ိဳးေαာα္ေαးαိုααိုαα္။ “αΏαα္αူ αာαွ်α္α‘αိ ျαα္αူαာαွ်α္α‘α”
αိုαα့္ ေαာα္αုα္α‘αိုα္း αိုα္αာα်α့္αံုးေαာ αα္αေαာ္α‘ျαα ္αိုα α‘αြα္ျαα္αα္ေျαာα္းαဲျαီး
αီαိုαေαα ီαα္းα‘α αα္αာေαာ α‘α ိုးααို αα α₯ာαံေαာ αα္αေαာ္၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားα α္းαံုးαီαြα္ေαးαို
ααိဳးα ား α ြα္းေαာα္ေαာ αα္αေαာ္၊ ျαα ္αိုα α‘ေαာ္ααိဳး α ား αူαα‘ံုးαα္ျαα ္αα္။ ျαα္αာ့αα္αေαာ္αα္
αိုα္းαΏαα္αာαြα္ေαးα‘αြα္ ααွိαျαα ္αိုα‘α္αα္။ αိုααာαြα္ ျαα္αာ့αα္αေαာ္αα္ ျαα္αူαို
αိႏွိα္α်ဳα္α်α္ေαာ αα္αေαာ္ αျαα ္ေα α။ ျαα္αူαိုα ေαးα ားαံုααα္ေαာ αα္αေαာ္αာ ျαα ္ေα ααα္။
αိုαα‘αြα္ ျαα္αာ့ αα္αေαာ္αα္ -
(α)
αိုα္းျαα္αာαြα္ေαးα‘αြα္ α α ္ေαးαα္αα္ αြ်α္းα်α္αူ (Professional) α်ားျαα့္ αြဲαα α္းαား
αα့္ αိုα္α ြα္းαα္ျαα့္ αα္αေαာ္ျαα ္ααα္။
(α)
αα္αေαာ္αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ျαα္းαွ ေαွာα္ααα္ααα္။ α α ္αွα္ေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘αေαြးေαာα္
αြဲαα α္းαား ေαာ α‘α ိုးααို αα α₯ာေα ာα့္αိ αိုေαααα္။
(α)
αα္αေαာ္αα္ α ီးαြါးေαးαုα္αြα္α်ားαို αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ျαα္းαွ ေαွာα္ααα္ααα္။
(α)
αα္αေαာ္αα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားα α္းαံုးαီαြα္ေαးαို α¦းαိα္αား၍ αုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္ေαာ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္း
ျαα ္ααα္။ αိႏိွα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαာ αႏၱαား αျαα ္ေα α။
αိုα‘α်α္ေαးα်α္αα္
αေαααα္αေαာ္αို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲααα့္ α‘α်α္α်ားျαα ္αα္။ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးα‘ေαႏွα့္
αိုα‘α်α္α်ားαို αα ္αုျαီးαα ္αု ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ ααိဳးα ားေαာα္αြα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္
α‘αြα္ေαာα္းαα္ ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαααုα္αါα αα ္ေαααြα္ αာαြα္ေαး α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္၏ α‘ာαာαိα္းαွဳαို
αံαႏိုα္ေျααွိαα္။
αေααα¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααα္αα‘αα‘α်α့္α‘αΎαံα်ားႏွα့္αားαားαွααူαα့္α‘αΏαဳα‘αူαိုαΏαααိုααိုαα္။
α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αα္းေαΎαာα္းαိုαα¦းαွα့္ႏိုα္αα့္α α ္α¦းα ားေαးαααားα₯αေαα်ားαိုα်α္αိα္းαα ္αΏαα္း၊αီαိုαေαα ီα ံαα ္ႏွα့္αိုα္αီေαာα₯αေαα်ားαိုαΏααါα္းαΏαα္း၊αိαိα‘α ိုးααα္αα‘α္α α ္α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ααူေαΎαာα္းαိုαΏαααα့္α‘ေα
αΏαα့္α α ္α‘ာαာα α္αΏαα့္αααားαုα္ααα္αα္းαီးαားေαာα‘αိုα္α‘αံႏိုα္αံေαးα‘ α်α₯္းαားα်ားαိုαြ်α္း
α်α္ ααွိαႊα္ေαးαΏαα္း αΏαα့္αိαိ၏ေαာα္းαြα္ေαာေα ααာαိုα‘α်ားαိုαΏαααα္αိုေααα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ုိးααα္α‘αွα္ααα္ေα ααာαΏαα့္αΏαα္αူαΏαα္αားα်ားα‘ားαီαိုαေαα ီေαးα်α္αေαးα်α္αိုαα္αိုααုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိေαေααာαာααွိေαးေα်၊
α‘αα့္ေαΎαာα့္αိုေαာ္ႏိုα္αံααာႏွα့္ααΏαα္αံုးαိုαားေααα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαိုααႊα္ေαး၍αΏαα ္αα္။
αိုαေαΎαာα့္αီαီုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားႏွα့္αိုα္းαα္းαား ေαာ္αွα္ေαးα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαα္αိαိαိုα၏α်ိဳးα ားα‘ားαုα္ေααα့္αုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ားαိုαူααα္αွα္းα်α္α်ားα‘αိုα္းαα္αα္αုα္ေαာα္αα္းααိႏွα့္ေα ာα္αΎαα့္ေααိုααိုေααα္။
α α ္αွα္ေαာαααα္αΏαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ေαာα္ေαး၊
αΏαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္αေαာ္ေααေαါα္ေαးαိုααိုα်α္ေαΏαααΏαα္αိုααα္းαိုေααα္။
αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
αααα္၊ αα ၊ αααα αုႏွα ္
αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏α‘αိααΏαဳα ုα်ိဳးေαာα္ေαးααα့္αုα္αα္းα α₯္
(α)αα္αွိαα္။
α။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αα္α ဲေαး။
α။ α်α္းαာေαး။
α။ ααာေαး။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာα ေααေαါα္ေαး။
α ။ αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္α ီးαြါးေαးα ံαα ္αိုαွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα္α‘α္α‘ားαα္းαါးαူα်ားႏွα့္αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαို
αာαြα္ေαး။
α။ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားαြα္αα္α ြာαုα္ေααြα့္၊ေαးαားαြα့္၊α‘αံαႊα့္αြα့္၊αိုα္αူးαြα့္ααွိေαး။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာαူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαြဲαα α္းαြα့္ααွိေαး။
α။ αုα္αΎαα္αေααွိေαာα‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αေαာ္α‘αြα္αΏαα္αα္ေαΏαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေαး။
αိုααိုα‘ားေαာα္းαာေα αα္αΏαဳα ုα်ိဳး ေαာα္ေαးေαးαΏαα ္αα္။
α။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αα္α ဲေαး။
ႏိုα္αံαႏိုα္αံαြα္αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αΏαα ္ေααါααိုႏိုα္αံαα္αုα်αΏαα္αူαΏαα္αားα်ား၏α ားαα္ေαေαး၊
α်α္းαာေαး၊ ααာေαးαိုααα္α α ္ႏိုα္ေαးαိုေαာα္းေαးαုα္ေααααΏαα့္αိုα္းαΏαα္αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαြα္αα္း
ေαာα္း၊ αူαွဳ αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαြα္αα္းေαာα္းαိα့္α်ေααα္αΏαα ္αα္။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္ေαΎαာα့္αိုα့္αိုα္း
αα္းαား α‘α်α္း α်α္း αα္αΏαα္αွဳ၊ α α ္αα္ေαΏαα‘αြα္းα₯αေααဲ့αΎαα္းαΎαဳα္αွဳα်ား၊ αα္α α္αွဳα်ားααြဲαေαြαΏαα ္αာ
αဲ့ααα္။ αိုαွααα့္αα¦းαိုαα¦းαူα်ိဳးေαးα‘ααုα္းαီးαွဳ၊ α‘αဲαေαΎααွဳα‘ာαာα်ားαΎαီးαားαာαΏαီးα်ာေα‘းαူαα‘ေα αိုα္ααိုαိαိαိုα္းαα္းαားααΏαα္αα္းαားα‘α်α္းα်α္းαα္αူαΎαီးα်ားααြα္α‘ေαα‘ေαΎααိုα္αိုα္αΎααα္း
αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αံααာαွαုα္းααြα္ႏိုα္αဲαΏαα ္ααα္။ αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္ေαΎαာα့္αα္αေαာ္α‘αုံးα ားαိα္
αΎαီး αား αာααΏαα့္αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္αα္αုα္αα္αိုးαိαာααိုαα္αα္αα္းα‘α္α‘ားαΎαီးαားαာαΏαီး၊
αΏαα္αူαိုαာ αြα္αα္αြဲαα α္းαားαα့္αα္αααွαΏαα္αူαိုαိႏွိα္α်ဳα္α်α္αα့္αα္αααိုαေαွ်ာα်ေαာα္αွိαာαဲ့ααα္αိုαααွားေα်။
α‘α္α‘ားαΎαီးαားαာေαာαα္αိုα α ္αုိα္α်ဳα္αΎαီးα်ားααိαိαိုααိုα္α်ိဳးα‘αΏαα္α‘αြα္αါးαိုα္ေαာα္αα္α‘
αΏαα ္ေαΏαာα္းαဲα‘αုံးα်αိုα္α်ိဳး αွာαΏαီးααာαα‘αα္းα‘αΏαα ္α်ားαိုαα္αွိဳးαိုးေαာα္း α်αဲ့αΎααα့္α‘αြα္
αα့္ αΏαα္αူαိုα αα္းαဲαြα္းαွααα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ေα်။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္αΏαα္αာαိုα္αံαိုး αα္ αြံααΏαိဳး
ေαးαုα္αα္းα်ားαα αα္၊ αα္းαဲαွဳαေα်ာα္ေαး αα αα္ ၊ αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαΎαီးαိုαα္းαဲαြα္းαိုααြα္းαိုααဲ့αα့္
αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္αိုα‘αα္αα္αိုα္း ေα‘ာα္αုα္αိုααိုαα္။ αိုα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားႏွα့္
(α)။ αααα‘αα့္ααΏαα္αုံးα‘αα ္α‘αα္αα္α ဲေαးαိုαဲαဲαံαံ ေαΎα αာαဲαိုααိုαα္။
(α)။ αုαိααα့္α ားαြဲαိုα္းαြα္ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαွိႏွိဳα္းαΎααိုααိုαα္။
(α)။ ααိαα‘αα့္ αေαာαူαီα်α္α်ားαိုα‘ေαΏααံα₯αေααဲαြα္αα့္αြα္းα‘αα္αΏαဳαိုααိုαα္။
α ားαြဲαုိα္းေαြααံုေαြးေႏြးαΎααာαြα္αြα့္αα္းαΏαα္αာαွဳ αွိααα့္α‘αΏαα္ေα ့α α္αွိႏွိဳα္းေαးႏွိဳα္αα့္ αုααααၢႏွα့္၊ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏိုα္αံα်ားαါαα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္ေαာα္းαါαα္။ αိုααΏαα္ααာαူα်ိဳးα်ားႏွα့္αိုα္းαα္းαားαူα်ိဳးα်ားေαးα ား αံုαΎαα္ ေαာαုαၢိဳα္α်ားαါαα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္ေαြးေႏြးα α₯္ႏွα ္α¦းႏွα ္αα္αα္းαာαွဳα်ားေααေαါα္αာαဲ့αါααα္ေαာα္
αွိဳႏွိဳα္းαΏαα္ေαΏαေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္α‘ားαုံးαေαာαူαီα်α္αိုααူႏိုα္αိα့္αα္ αΏαα ္αα္။
αိုαဲ့αိုαααုα္ႏိုα္αါααα္αေαာ္αα္αိုα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαိုα‘αΏαα ္ααΏαα္ႏိုα္ααို၊
αိုα္းαα္းαားα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားααဲႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ααိုα္ႏိုα္αဲ ေαာα္α‘ႏွα ္α α ေα်ာ္ေαာ္αα္းαΏαα္
αြα္း α α ္ αံααာ αွααြα္ႏိုα္αဲ ααဲαα္αα္ αΏαα ္ေαေααိα့္αα္။
αေαα α αΏαα္αα္αα္ααိုα‘α ိုးααα္ေα‘ာα္αွααားαα္ေαΎααΏαာα်α္ααုα္ေαာ္αα္း αααα¦းαုံးαိုα္ αိုα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αြα့္ααΏαα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္αိုαα္αူαွααΏαα္းႏိုα္ေα်။ ααိုαα‘ားαα္αΏαားေα ာα့္αα္ေαΏαာα္းαဲαα္αိα‘ား ေαးαွဳαိုααားαα္αုα္αိα္းေαးααΏαα္းαα္αိုα္းαα္းαားေαာ္αွα္ေαးαိုα‘αΏαα ္αΏαα္ααိုα္ႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္းαα္
ေα αΏαα်α္ααုαΏαα ္αα္။ ααα္α‘αα ္αα္αွ်α္ααα္αူαα‘αα္αေα်ာα္းαိုαα္ႏွိုα္αα္၊ α‘αα ္α‘αα္
αα္α ဲαား α α₯္αာααိုαွ်ံαာေαာα α ္αံုးα ားαိα္α်ားαိုαိုα္းαΏαα္αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေαးα‘αြα္α‘αံုးαΏαဳαΏαα္းαΏαα့္ α်ားα ြာ α‘α်ိဳးေα်းαူးααွိαΎααα္αΏαα ္αα္။ ααα္α‘αα ္αα္ေαးαွααα္α‘αα ္αα္ေαးαိုααΎαိဳးα ားα‘ေαာα္ α‘αα္ေααႏိုα္αΎααα္αိုαွ်α္ αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαာ္αΎαီးαြံααΏαိဳး αα္α‘αြα္α‘ေαΏαα‘ေαေαးαΏαီαΏαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αဲαဲαΎαီး α‘ာααံႏိုα္αΏαီαΏαα ္αα္။ αုαိαα α ္αΎαီးαြα္αႈံးႏိုα့္αြားαΏαီးေαာα္
α်αα္ႏိုα္αံ၏αာαြα္ေαးα‘αုံးα ားαိα္αို α% αα္αိုαုံး αြα့္ α ααα့္α‘αြα္္αိုα္းαΏαα္αα္ေαြαိုαြံααΏαိဳးေαး၊
α α္αွဳαα္αွဳαα္းααာ၊ααာေαး၊ α်α္းαာေαး αိုααြα္αံုေα‘ာαံုးα ြဲ αα့္α‘αြα္αα္α ုႏွα ္ααုα‘αြα္းα α ္αႈံးႏိုα္αံαααွေα၍
ααα»ာ့α‘αိုးαα္αံုးႏိုα္αံα‘αΏαα ္ ααိုαΏαα္αα္αα္αွα္းႏိုα္αဲ့αα္။
αိုαေαΎαာα့္α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္αΏαα္αြα္းαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αိုαααေαΏααွα္းα‘αΏαα ္αဲαံα ြာαွα္းႏိုα္αိုααိုαα္။
α။ α်α္းαာေαး။
α်α္းαာေαးαေαာα္းαွ်α္αာαွααုα္αိုα္αိုαα္αိုေαΏαာαိုααိုαα္ααα္αါαူαိုα္းαိေαာα္αα္αုαα္αါαα္။
αေαααΏαα္αာαိုα္αံαြα္ HIV/AIDS αိုα္αံα‘ားα်αα္းαα့္ေαာαါαα္α်ားαα္αွ်αွိαα္αို α‘α ိုးααွ
α ာαα္းα‘αိα‘α်αုα္αΏαα္αေαးေαာ္αα္းေαာαါαα္αိα္းေα်ာ္αွိေαΎαာα္းαα္ααွα္းαΎααα္။αီαီေαာαါ
αα္ α်ား၊ αွα္α်ားေαာαါαα္α်ား၊ α‘αဲေαာα္α‘αားαါေαာαါαα္α်ား၊α‘αာαα်ိဳααဲ့ေααα့္αေαးα်ား
α αα့္ αူα်ားα‘ားαံုးαုα ားαα္ေαးαါးαံုေαာα္αွဳααွိ ၊ ေαးαုံαα္αα္αုαα္ααံု ေαာα္၊αုααα္
αိုα္αံ ααွိαΏαα္းα αα္αုိααိုα‘α ိုးααα ္α‘ေαႏွα့္ααααံုးα‘ေαးαားα¦းα ားေαးေαΏααွα္းေαးααα့္α‘αုα္αΏαα ္αα္။ α‘αααα္αူαားေαာαာαြα္ေαးα‘αံုးα ားαိα္αိုေα်ာ့α်αΏαီးα်α္းαာေαးαွα့္ααာေαးαိုαွ်ေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္
αα္းေαာα္း၊αΏαα္αြα္းαΏαα္αα‘α ိုးαααုα္ေαာα‘α္α်ီα‘ိုα်ားαိုαြα့္αα္းαΏαα္αာα ြာαα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္αွဳα
αုα္αဲαြα္αα္α ြာαူαီαိုα္αြα့္ေαးαα့္α₯αေαα်ားαိုαα္းေαာα္းα‘αΏαα္αံုးαုα္αΏαα္ေαးαိုααိုαα္။
αာααာααုα္αားα်ား၊αေαးαူαα္α်ားα်α္းαာαα္α ြα္းαွαာαိုα္းαΏαα္αိုးαα္αာαိုးαα္ေαΎαာα္းαိုαုα္αိα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ ααာေαး။
αα‘ααα္αα္αြα္ααာαα္αΎαားေαးαα္ေα်ာα္αားα်ားαိုαα ုα α္းႏိုα္ေα αα္αα္αြα္α်α္αΏαα့္ေαးαံ
ေαါα္αီေαာေααာα်ားαြα္α‘αြဲααα္ေαာα္αားαဲ့ေαာαα္ေαးေαာαိα္α်ား၊ααၠαိုα္α်ားαိုα်α္αိα္း၍
αΏαိဳααΎαီးα်ားαြα္αΏαα္αα္ေααာα်αားေαးαΏαα္း၊ααၠαိုα္αုα္α‘αၤါႏွα့္αီαြα္ေαာေα်ာα္းαααα္α်ုားαိုαα္αီးေαးαΏαα္း၊ααၠαိုα္ေαာαိα္α်ားαိုα်α္αိα္းαΏαီးαုံးα်ား၊α‘αုα္αာαα်ားαုα္αားαΏαα္းαိုαΏαα္αα္၍αα‘α္α‘αိုα္း
ααၠαိုα္ေαာαိα္α်ားα‘αΏαα ္αΏαα္αα္αားေαးαΏαα္းαိုαα‘αΏαα္၊ ေααΏαα္ေαာ္αြα္αα္းααα»ာ့α‘αα့္αွီ
ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαΎαီးααုαိုαα္ေαာα္αΏαα္း၊αိα္αားေαာေααα္းααၠαိုα္αိုαΏαα္αα္αြα့္ေαးαΏαα္းαိုααိုαΏαဳαုα္ααα္။
α‘αြα္α်α္၊ ααα္းαြα္αααာေαးα ံαα ္αွ ααာ ααα့္ α‘αΏαα္α‘αွα္ေαြးေႏြးαα့္α ံαα ္αိုαေαΏαာα္းαΏαα္း၊
α‘αα့္αΏαα့္ααာေαးα‘αြα္αိုα‘α္αα့္αါα္αြဲαα္းαα α₯α္းα်ား၊ေα်ာα္းαံုးα ာα‘ုα္α်ားαံုေαာα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္
ေαေαးαΏαα္း၊ ႏိုα္αံαα္αΏαားေαာα္ေααα့္ α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαΏαα့္ααα့္ αΏαα္αာαူα်ိဳးα်ားαိုα α္းαုံး၍ေα်ာα္းα်ား
αြα္ αα္ αΎαားေα αΏαα္း၊ αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္αိုα‘α္αွ်α္ႏိုα္αံαΏαား αားααာα်ားαိုαါαွါးαα္းေαး
αΏαα္း၊ α‘αူးα‘ေαးαΎαီးαα့္α‘α်α္αွာααၠαိုα္α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုα‘αုα္α‘α်αံαΏαီးα¦းα ားေαးα‘αα့္αΏαα့္α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ား α‘αΏαα ္ေαΏαာα္းαဲαα ္ααα္၊α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္αြα္α‘ေαာα္αိုα္းαံုα ံα‘αိုα္းαုေααααΏαဳေααူေα်ာα္းαား α်ားαိုαူαီαံ့αိုးေαးαα့္ေααေαြေαာα ာαΎαα့္αိုα္αွဴးα်ားαားαွိေαးααα့္α‘αΏαα္ααα»ာ့α‘ႏွံα‘α်α္α‘αα္α်ားαိုα‘α္αာαα္αွαွာေαြႏိုα္αα္
ေα်ာα္းαားα¦းေαႏွα့္αွ်αα ြာαံုးαိုα္ ေαာαံုေαာα္ေαာαြα္αΏαဴαာα်ားαား αွိေαးαα္αိုαα္၊ေα်ာα္းα်ားαြα္α‘α္αာαα္ႏွα့္αြα္αΏαဴαာαိုα‘ααဲ့αံုးα ြဲαြα့္αΏαဳααα္၊αိုααွαာေα်ာα္းαား
α်ားαိုα္ေα့αာαိုေαာααာαα္α်ားαိုαα္αိုα္α်ားαွαုα္αူေα့αာႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။ ေα်ာα္းα်ား
αြα္ αာααုα္αΏαα္αα္αိုα္းα‘αီးαီးαြα္αα္း α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α‘αα ္α်ားαα္ေαာα္αΏαα္း၊ αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္
α‘α်ိဳးαွိαα့္αΏαα္αြα္းႏွα့္ႏိုα္αံ ααာα ာα‘ုα္α ာαα္းα်ားαိုα ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားα‘αြα္αွာαူαΏαီး
αူαီေαာα္ αံ့ေαးαΏαα္း၊αုαၢαိαα ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုေαာα္αံ့αူαီαΏαα္း၊α ာαΎαα့္αိုα္α်ားαိုαူα်ိဳးαေαြးαာαာαေαြး
αြα္αα္α ြာ α ာαα္αြα့္၊ ေα့αာαြα့္αို α‘αΏαα္α်α္α်α္ αားαΏαီးαြα့္αΏαဳααα္။
αိုααΏαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား၊α ာαα္α‘αα္းα်ားαြဲαα α္းαΏαα္းα်ားαိုαα္းႏွα ္ႏွα ္αာαာα‘ားေαးαΏαα္းα‘
αΏαα္ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္α်ားႏွα့္ αα္းႏွီးαြα့္αα္းα ြာေαြααံုαΏαα္း၊ ေαြးေႏြးαΏαα္း၊
αူαα္αα္αΏαα်α္α်ားαိုα ေαးαα ားαားေαာα္αΏαα္း၊ αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္α‘α်ိဳးαွိαα့္ ေαာα္းαိုα်α္α်ားαိုαိုα္ေα်ာ
ေαးαΏαα္းαိုααΏαα့္ αူαီαΏαα္းαΏαα့္ α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား α‘αΎαားႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ားα ြာα်α္α ီးαိုαြα္းေαေαာ
αα္αံေαး αို α‘αΏαα္ α‘αွα္ ေαးα ားαွဳαΏαα့္αံုαΎαα္αွဳαို αα္ေαာα္ααα္။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာα ေααေαါα္ေαး။
αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာαေααေαါα္ေαးαα္αီαိုαေαα ီαွိαΏαီးႏိုα္αံႏွα့္αα္ေαာα္αဲႏိုα္αံαိုααြα္ααွိααΏαα ္αိုα‘α္αα္။ α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαြα္αြα္αα္ေαာααားေαးαာααα္α‘α ိုးααΎααာα‘ာαာα α္αွαီးαΏαား
αα္းαြα္ေαααα္၊ααိုααားαုံးααားαူαΎαီးα်ဳα္ႏွα့္α‘ေαါα္းα‘αါα‘αြဲααα္ααိုααားαူαΎαီးα်ားαိုααααွ
ေαြးα်α္ေαးေαာ္αα္းα‘αα္αႊα္ေαာ္αွαြဲαα α္းေαးαိုα္ေαာα α ္ေαးေαးေαာ္αီαီαွα‘αΏαα္αΏαα္α‘αွα္αွα္α α ္ေαး αΏαီးα‘αα္αΏαဳαွαာααားαူαΎαီးαာαα္αိုαα္းေαာα္αြα့္ααα္၊αα်ိဳαα α ္ေαးေαα α₯္α‘αΏαα ္α‘αာα‘αာα်ားေαααာααΏαα့္ ႏွဳα္αြα္ααူα်ားαα္းαွိαα္။αိုααိုααားαူαΎαီးα‘αြဲααα္ααααိုαα္ααားα₯αေαα်ိဳး ေαါα္αါααΏαဳα္α် αα ္ႏိုα္αα့္α‘ာαာαွိαα္၊
ααားα₯αေαα‘αα္αြα္αα္αူαွααွိαိုαα့္ေαာα္αုα္α‘αိုα္းα်α့္αံုးαΎααα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαα္
ေαာα္α αြα္ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαα္αြα္α ြာαွα‘ေαးαΎαီးαα္၊α‘α ိုးααα္αα္းα်ားα‘α်α့္α်α္αာα္α ားαွဳ
α်ားαိုα‘ေαးαူαာ၌αြα္αα္၍ααာαိαွိေαာααားαူαΎαီးα်ားαွိαိုααိုαα္၊αိုαွαာα‘α်α့္α်α္αွဳα်ားαိုαိေαာα္α ြာαိုα္α်α္ႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္ေααα္။
α‘α ိုးαα‘αာαွိαΎαီးα်ား၏α‘α်α့္α်α္αွဳα်ားαိုαိαိေαာα္ေαာα္α‘ေαးαူαိုα္αα့္ααားေαးαာααွိαΏαα္းေαΎαာα့္αααားαα္းαီးα‘ေαး αူαွဳα်ား၊α‘αွဳαα္ေαာα္α်αွဳα်ား၊ႏွိα္α α္αွα္းαα္းαွဳα်ား၊α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံαံုးα ြဲαွဳα်ားαိုαα္ααားႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးαာαα့္α‘αါαΏαα္αူα်ားေαΎαာα့္α်αα္းα ြာαုα္αိုα္α ား
ေαာα္αြα့္ααွိαာαΎααα္αΏαα ္αα္။ αα္ααိုα္ေαာααားေαးααိဳα္αα္αီαိုαေαα ီα်α့္αုံးေαာ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္α‘αα္ααွ်α‘ေαးαΎαီးαα္။ααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαα္αα္ααိုα္ေαာααားေαးααိဳα္αွိαွေα‘ာα္αΏαα္ႏိုα္αα္။
αိုαααုα္αါα αααား α₯αေαα်α့္αုံးαူα်ားαα‘ ႏိုα္αူαြားαα္αα္αိုααိαΏαဳαိαိုααိုαα္။
α ။ αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္α ီးαြါးေαးα ံαα ္αိုαွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αα္α‘α္α‘ားαα္းαါးαူα်ားႏွα့္αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαို αာαြα္ေαး။
αေαααΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္α ီးαြါးေαးα ံαα ္αΏαα့္α α ္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ား၏α‘αြα့္αူးαံα ီးαြါးေαးααားα်ားααိုα္းαΏαα္၏αံαံαာαα်ား αိုαိုα္α α္α်ားααူα်α္αွိဳα္αွိဳα္αုα္ေαာα္းαΏαα္း၊αားαα္αြα္းαြα့္αါαα ္α်ား၊αα္αီαံုးαိုα္းαါαα ္α်ား၊ေαေαΎαာα္းαိုα္းα်ား၊ αα ္αြα္α်ား၊αါးαα္းαြα္α်ား၊αα္αα္αα္းေαΏααွိα‘αα္းေαΏαေαာα္αα္းα်ားα‘ားαံုးαိုααူαိုα္αိုα္αားαွ်α္αွိαα္၊ αိုေαα္α်α္αူေα းα်ားႏွα့္αာαα္αΏαα္αူα်ားαွα₯္αΏαိုα္ႏိုα္ေαာα‘α္α‘ားααွိေα်၊αိုαေαΎαာα့္α‘α ိုးααွα ီးαြါးေαးαုα္ႏိုα္αα္ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαα့္αα္ααα္α်α္α်ားα₯αေαα်ားαိုαုα္αΏαα္ေαးααα္။αိုαွααα့္α‘ေαးα ားα‘ိα္αြα္း α α္αွဳαα္αွဳαုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαေαΏαးေαΏαးαΎαီးαြားαာαΏαီး၊αΏαα္αူα်ားα ားαံုးαα္αΏαα္αြα္းαုα္ေα်ာ αုα္αုα္αွဳα‘ား ေαာα္းαာαα္αΏαα ္αα္။α‘ေαးα ားα α္αွဳαα္αွဳαုα္αα္းα်ားαြံααΏαိဳးαာαα့္α‘ေαွ်ာα္α‘αုα္α‘αိုα္α်ားေαါα်ား αာαΏαီးαΏαα္αူα်ားα ားαα္ေαေαးေα်ာα္αα္αာαΎααါαိုαွαα့္αူေααွဳα‘αα့္α‘αα္းαΏαα့္αားαာαိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားαြα္αα္α ြာαုα္ေααြα့္၊ေαးαားαြα့္၊α‘αံαႊα့္αြα့္၊αိုα္αူးαြα့္ααွိေαး။
αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံααုαြα္ααα္းαီαီαာαြα္αα္αွဳαα္α‘αူးေαΏαာα αာααိုေαာαိα α₯αα္ααုαΏαα ္αα္၊
αိုေαΏαာα αာααိုေαာαိα α₯αိုαΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္ေαΏαာေα၊ေαာα္းေαααΏαα္းαα္ααα္၊ αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံα‘αΏαα ္α
ေαာα္ေαးေαΎαာα္းေαααΏαေααα္။α‘α ိုးααααၱိαွိαွိ αီαီαာαြα္αα္αြα့္ေαးαΏαα္းေαΎαာα့္ႏွα ္ေαါα္းα်ား
α ြာα‘ αΏαα ္αြα္ေαေαာα‘ααိαိုα္α ားαွဳα်ား၊α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံαံုးα ြဲαွဳα်ားαိုαီαီαာαွေαးαားαြα့္α်αΏαα္း
ေαααΏα αΏαα္းေαΎαာα့္ αααားαုα္αူαα္αူααိုα‘ေαးαူ α‘αΏαα ္αါα္ေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္ α‘α်α့္α်α္αွဳα်ားαို
α‘α ိုးααွααား α₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαိုေαွးαွဳ၍αိေαာα္α ြာαုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αα္α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းααွိႏိုα္αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α‘α ိုးαααွα္αွα္ αα္αα္αုα္ေαααွ်αီီαီαာαα္αααားαွဳαိုေαααုα္ေαးαα့္α‘ေαာα္α‘αူαΏαဳαိα္ေαြαΏαα ္αα္။
αိုααာαြα္αွα္αွα္αα္αα္ααုα္ေαာα‘α ိုးα၊ αα္αဲααားα₯αေαα်ားαိုα်ိဳးေαါα္ေαေαာα‘α ိုးα
α‘αြα္αီαီ αာαα္αα္αူαΏαα ္ေαေααိα့္αα္။ α‘ေααိαα္ααααα ္α်α္αα ္ααα္αα္αူααΏαိဳα္αα္αီαိုααα္αα ္
αါαီ ေαΏαာα αားα်ားαိုαိုးαူα‘αံαα္းαိုα္းαΏαα္းαိုαီαီαာαွαြα့္α်αဲ့ααΏαα့္ααααားαူးαွႏွဳα္αြα္αဲ့ααΏαα္းαα္αီαီ
αာαြα္αα္αြα့္ေαΎαာα့္αΏαα ္αα္။ αα ္ααα္α“αီαီαာαာαါ့αα္αူαြ” αုαူααူα်ားαိုေαΏαာေαာαα္αီ
αံုးαွα္αα္းαိုαုα္αΏαα္αα္α‘αါαြα္αα္ααα္။ αα ္ααα္αα္αီαိုαေαα ီα ံαα ္ႏွα့္αα္αာေαာααααΏαα ္ေαာ္αα္းαာ့ေαΎαာα့္αီαီαာαိုαα္αူαုαΏαα္ααα္း?
ေαးα αာαွိαα္။ α‘ေαΏαααွα္းαα္ αူααုα္αာαုα္ေααα့္α‘αြα္ αီαီαာαိုαုα္းαΏαα္းαΏαα ္αα္။
αီαီαာαα္ααုα္αာαုα္αα့္ αူα်ားေαΎαာα္α αာ၊αုα္းα αာαΏαα ္ααို ααားα₯αေααိုေαးα ားαိုα္αာ
ေαာαူα်ားα‘αြα္α‘ားαိုးα‘ားαားαΏαဳαာαိα္ေαြေαာα္းαΏαα ္ααိုαΏαα္αူα်ားα‘αြα္αα္းα‘αα္းαΏααီး
αိုα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ αြα္αα္ေαာαူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαြဲαα α္းαြα့္ααွိေαး။
αြα္αα္ေαာαူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား(Civil Soceity) α‘ေαΎαာα္းαိုαα‘α္ေαာα္းαါးα်ားαြα္ေαးαား αΏαီးαΏαα ္ ααΏαα့္ α‘αူးαေαးαိုေαာ့αါ။
α‘α ိုးααိα္းα်ဳα္αွဳαွαီးαΏαားαα္းαြα္ေαာ αြα္αα္ေαာ αူαေαာα္α‘αြဲα α‘α α္းα်ားαြα္αူαုαူαα္းα ားα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းေαါα္းα ုံαါαα္αα္။
α₯ααာα‘ားαΏαα့္ေαာα္αူαα္ααားα‘α α္း α‘αုံး၊ α‘αုα္ααားα‘α α္းα‘αုံးα်ား၊ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢα်ား၊
ေαွαေαα‘αα္းα်ား၊ αာαာေαးα‘αα္းα်ား၊ α‘α်ိဳးααီးα‘αα္းα‘αြဲαα်ား၊ α ာαα္α‘αα္းα်ား၊ α αα္αΏαα့္αိုααြα္αα္α ြာαြဲαα α္းαြα့္αွိαΏαα္း။
αိုα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ား αα္αိαိα‘αြဲααα္α်ားα‘ေααα‘α ိုးααွα‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံααုံးα ြဲႏိုα္αα္αာαြα္αြα့္αွိαα့္α‘αြα္၊αααားαုα္
αα္α်ားα်α့္αံုးαာαα့္α‘αါαိαိα‘αြဲααားα်ားα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαိုααားα₯αေαေαာα္α‘αြα္းαွေαα‘α ိုးααုα္αα္αိုαα္αα်α္αα္αိုα္αα္းααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးαိုα‘ေαာα္α‘αူαΏαဳαΎαားαα္ေαးααΏαα့္αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးα်ားα‘ာααံ α်α္ααွိαာαα္။ αိုα‘αါααားα₯αေαα ိုးαိုးေαးα‘ားေαာα္းαာαΏαီးαိုα္αာေαာαီαီုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαΎαီးα‘αΏαα ္ေαα ေαါα္αာ αα္αΏαα ္αα္။
α။ αုα္αΎαα္αေααွိေαာα‘α်ိဳးαားαα္αေαာ္α‘αြα္αΏαα္αα္ေαΏαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေαး။
αုα္αေααွိေαာαα္αေαာ္ေααေαါα္ေαးαα္αီαိုαေαα ီႏိုα္αံαိုα္းαြα္ααွိαျαα ္αိုα‘α္α်α္
αα ္αα္ ျαα ္ αα္။ αေαααα္αေαာ္αα္ ျαα္αူααα္αေαာ္ αိုαα္αα္ αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္၏
αိုα္αိုα္ αါးαိုα္ေαာα္αα္α‘ျαα ္ α‘αြα္ေျαာα္းαံαားααα့္ αα္αေαာ္ျαα ္ေααဲ့αα္။ αိုαα‘αြα္
αိုα္းျαα္ αာαြα္ေαး α‘αြα္ α‘αုα္ααုα္ႏိုα္αဲ αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္၏ αိုα္α်ိဳးα ီးαြါးαို
αာαြα္ေαး α‘ျαα္ αိုα္းαα္းαား ျαα္αူαိုααို ႏွိα္αြα္αα့္αα္ ျαα ္αာαဲ့αα္။
ααααα‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘α αာαြα္ေαး α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္αα္ αိုα‘α္αွ်α္ αိုα္းျαα္၏ α‘α်ဳα္α‘α်ာα‘ာαာαို
ααားαα္ αိα္းαူႏိုα္αြα့္αွိαα္αု αα့္αြα္းαားα်α္αα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αူα‘α ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα
αα္αေαာ္αို ျαα္ေααာα္ေαααα့္αေαာα်ိဳးျαα ္αα္။ “αα္းαိုα αါαို့αα္αααိဳα္αာαို ααုα္αဲα
αုα္αွ်α္ ααားαα္α‘ာαာ αိα္းαိုαααα္αြ” αု ေျαာေαααို ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαဲ့αိုα αာαြα္ေαးα¦းα ီးα်ဳα္αα္
ႏိုα္αံေαာ္ αααΌα၏α‘ာαာαို αီαα္ႏိုα္αα့္ α‘ေαα‘αားα်ိဳး αα္αီးαားαα့္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေα αိုျαα္αα္ျαဳျαα္αိုαα‘αူးαိုα‘α္αα္။
αα္αေαာ္αြα္ “αα္αေαာ္αာαွ်α္α‘αိ αα္αေαာ္ αာαွ်α္α‘α”
αိုαα့္ ေαာα္αုα္αα္ α‘αြα္αိုα္းျαေαာαိαျαα္αူႏွα့္ αα္αို ေαြးαြဲαားαα့္ ေαာα္αုα္ျαα ္αα္။
ျαα္αူαို α‘ေαးααားαဲ α α ္αြ်α္α‘ျαα ္ αα္αေαာ္၏ α‘α္α‘ားαို α‘αံုးျαဳαα္ α αα ္αα် α ီαံαားေαာα ိα္αါα္α α ္αα္ေαး
ေαာα္αုα္αα ္αုαာ ျαα ္αα္။ αိုα‘αုα္αိုးαွေαာ ေαာα္ျαα္αα့္ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααို ေျαာα္းαဲ၍
αα္αေαာ္αα္ ျαα္αူαွ ေαြးαြားαာ αα့္ αα္αေαာ္ ျαα ္αα္αိုαα့္ αူαα‘ေαြးα‘ေαααို αα္αေαာ္αားα်ားα‘αြα္း
ျαα္αα္αွα္αα္αာေα αα္ αΏαဳαုα္α်ိဳးေαာα္ေαးαိုααိုαα္။ “αΏαα္αူ αာαွ်α္α‘αိ ျαα္αူαာαွ်α္α‘α”
αိုαα့္ ေαာα္αုα္α‘αိုα္း αိုα္αာα်α့္αံုးေαာ αα္αေαာ္α‘ျαα ္αိုα α‘αြα္ျαα္αα္ေျαာα္းαဲျαီး
αီαိုαေαα ီαα္းα‘α αα္αာေαာ α‘α ိုးααို αα α₯ာαံေαာ αα္αေαာ္၊ αိုα္းαα္းαားα α္းαံုးαီαြα္ေαးαို
ααိဳးα ား α ြα္းေαာα္ေαာ αα္αေαာ္၊ ျαα ္αိုα α‘ေαာ္ααိဳး α ား αူαα‘ံုးαα္ျαα ္αα္။ ျαα္αာ့αα္αေαာ္αα္
αိုα္းαΏαα္αာαြα္ေαးα‘αြα္ ααွိαျαα ္αိုα‘α္αα္။ αိုααာαြα္ ျαα္αာ့αα္αေαာ္αα္ ျαα္αူαို
αိႏွိα္α်ဳα္α်α္ေαာ αα္αေαာ္ αျαα ္ေα α။ ျαα္αူαိုα ေαးα ားαံုααα္ေαာ αα္αေαာ္αာ ျαα ္ေα ααα္။
αိုαα‘αြα္ ျαα္αာ့ αα္αေαာ္αα္ -
(α)
αိုα္းျαα္αာαြα္ေαးα‘αြα္ α α ္ေαးαα္αα္ αြ်α္းα်α္αူ (Professional) α်ားျαα့္ αြဲαα α္းαား
αα့္ αိုα္α ြα္းαα္ျαα့္ αα္αေαာ္ျαα ္ααα္။
(α)
αα္αေαာ္αα္ ႏိုα္αံေαးαို αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ျαα္းαွ ေαွာα္ααα္ααα္။ α α ္αွα္ေαာ αီαိုαေαα ီα‘ေျααံα₯αေαα‘αေαြးေαာα္
αြဲαα α္းαား ေαာ α‘α ိုးααို αα α₯ာေα ာα့္αိ αိုေαααα္။
(α)
αα္αေαာ္αα္ α ီးαြါးေαးαုα္αြα္α်ားαို αα္ေαာα္α ြα္αα္ျαα္းαွ ေαွာα္ααα္ααα္။
(α)
αα္αေαာ္αα္ αိုα္းαα္းαားα α္းαံုးαီαြα္ေαးαို α¦းαိα္αား၍ αုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္ေαာ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္း
ျαα ္ααα္။ αိႏိွα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαာ αႏၱαား αျαα ္ေα α။
αိုα‘α်α္ေαးα်α္αα္
αေαααα္αေαာ္αို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲααα့္ α‘α်α္α်ားျαα ္αα္။ α¦းαိα္းα ိα္ α‘α ိုးα‘ေαႏွα့္
αိုα‘α်α္α်ားαို αα ္αုျαီးαα ္αု ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ ααိဳးα ားေαာα္αြα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္
α‘αြα္ေαာα္းαα္ ျαα ္αα္။ αိုαααုα္αါα αα ္ေαααြα္ αာαြα္ေαး α¦းα ီးα်ဳα္၏ α‘ာαာαိα္းαွဳαို
αံαႏိုα္ေျααွိαα္။
αေααα¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ိုးααα္αα‘αα‘α်α့္α‘αΎαံα်ားႏွα့္αားαားαွααူαα့္α‘αΏαဳα‘αူαိုαΏαααိုααိုαα္။
α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္αα္းေαΎαာα္းαိုαα¦းαွα့္ႏိုα္αα့္α α ္α¦းα ားေαးαααားα₯αေαα်ားαိုα်α္αိα္းαα ္αΏαα္း၊αီαိုαေαα ီα ံαα ္ႏွα့္αိုα္αီေαာα₯αေαα်ားαိုαΏααါα္းαΏαα္း၊αိαိα‘α ိုးααα္αα‘α္α α ္α‘α ိုးαႏွα့္ααူေαΎαာα္းαိုαΏαααα့္α‘ေα
αΏαα့္α α ္α‘ာαာα α္αΏαα့္αααားαုα္ααα္αα္းαီးαားေαာα‘αိုα္α‘αံႏိုα္αံေαးα‘ α်α₯္းαားα်ားαိုαြ်α္း
α်α္ ααွိαႊα္ေαးαΏαα္း αΏαα့္αိαိ၏ေαာα္းαြα္ေαာေα ααာαိုα‘α်ားαိုαΏαααα္αိုေααα္။
α¦းαိα္းα ိα္α‘α ုိးααα္α‘αွα္ααα္ေα ααာαΏαα့္αΏαα္αူαΏαα္αားα်ားα‘ားαီαိုαေαα ီေαးα်α္αေαးα်α္αိုαα္αိုααုα‘α်ိα္α‘αိေαေααာαာααွိေαးေα်၊
α‘αα့္ေαΎαာα့္αိုေαာ္ႏိုα္αံααာႏွα့္ααΏαα္αံုးαိုαားေααα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαိုααႊα္ေαး၍αΏαα ္αα္။
αိုαေαΎαာα့္αီαီုαေαα ီα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားႏွα့္αိုα္းαα္းαား ေαာ္αွα္ေαးα‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα်ားαα္αိαိαိုα၏α်ိဳးα ားα‘ားαုα္ေααα့္αုα္αα္းα α₯္α်ားαိုαူααα္αွα္းα်α္α်ားα‘αိုα္းαα္αα္αုα္ေαာα္αα္းααိႏွα့္ေα ာα္αΎαα့္ေααိုααိုေααα္။
α α ္αွα္ေαာαααα္αΏαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ေαာα္ေαး၊
αΏαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္αေαာ္ေααေαါα္ေαးαိုααိုα်α္ေαΏαααΏαα္αိုααα္းαိုေααα္။
αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
αααα္၊ αα ၊ αααα αုႏွα ္
ေααွာαဲα်ံ αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံ( ေαာα္ေαာα္αα္း )
ေααွာαဲα်ံ αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံ
- αΏαα္αာႏုိα္αံ၏αြα္αα္ေαးααိဳးαα္းαႈαααုိα္း၊α‘ာαာαွα္αα္αα်α္ေαးααုိα္း၊αီαုိαေαα ီႏွα္ααူαα‘αြα္α ေαးααိဳးαα္းαႈαααုိα္းα်ားαြα္ ေα်ာα္းαားαု၏αိုα္α ားαΏαဳ αုိα္αြဲαα္αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံα‘ား α‘ေααိαα္αΏαα္ေαာα္α ု၊ααူးေαာα္αΏαα္αα္၊αα္αဲαုိးαΏαိဳααြα္ ေαααုိα္αာ αာαα္αွိαူα်ားαွ ααားαα္αြα္ααူαြα္αေαးαဲααα္αွာ ααုα‘ααိα္αα္..αုαိαα‘ααိα္ေαΏαာα္αΏαα ္αါαα္။
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- αူαα αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αα္..ေα်ာα္းαားαု၏αုိα္α ားαΏαဳ α‘αြα္α‘αΏαα္αားαာ αေαၤααΏαα ္αဲαေαာ္αα္း ααုိα္း၏ေαာα္းαုိα်α္α‘α….αΏαα္αူαူαုααα္αုံး၏ ႏွαုံးαα္းαြα္ ၊αုိα္αြဲαα္ ααိα္αုံ α‘ားαာα္αΏαα ္αဲααါαα္။
- αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αα္…αီαုိαေαα ီႏွα္ααူαα‘αြα္αေαးααွိαα္ααိဳးαα္းαူα ααီးααα္း၏…α‘αြα္α‘αΏαα္ αားαာ….αုံαိα္ααုαα္းαΏαα ္αα္။
- αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αα္…α‘ာαာαွα္α်ားαုိαα္αα်α္αာ…αααားαႈααုိေαာ္αွα္αာ၏..αုိးααိဳးαြားαα္ႏွα္αα္းαΏαα ္αα္…..
- αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αုိα¦းαြα္αΏαα္းαα္…..α‘ာαာαွα္αုိαα္αα်α္αΏαα္း၊αααားαႈααုိαြα္းαွα္αΏαα္း…αီαုိαေαα ီႏွα္ααူαα‘αြα္αေαးαုိαာαα္αူαΏαα္းαူေαာα‘αိααΈါα္α်ားαΏαα္ααΏαα္αႏွα္ေααုံαα…αΏαα္αူαူαုααα္αုံးα‘ား α¦းαုိα္αုိα္αΏαα္းαα္းαΏαα ္αα္။
- αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αုိ α‘αိαွα္αΏαဳαΏαα္းαα္…α‘αα္ေαာ္αΏααါ..α‘α်α္α်ားαုိ α‘ေαးαားαΏαα္းαူေαာ..αေαာαားαΏαα ္αုံαα…αΏαα္αာαΏαα္αူαူαုα‘ားαα္αုိးαားαΏαα္းαα္း αΏαα ္αα္αု…α‘ေαးα‘αα္αုံααα္αါαα္။αα္းα‘αြα္α‘αိαွα္αΏαဳေαးေαာα‘ေααိαα္αΏαα္ ေαာα္α ုα‘α ုိးαႏွα္α α‘ေααိαα္ႏုိα္αံαူ၊ႏုိα္αံαားα်ားα‘ားαုံးαုိαα္း α‘αူးαα္ေα်းαူးα₯ααာα αα္αွိαါαα္။
αေαααΏαα္αာႏုိα္αံေαာ္αα္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား၏αα္ေα‘ာα္αွααြα္ေαΏαာα္ေαးေαာαုိα္αံαႏုိα္αံ αΏαα ္αα္။ αီαုိαေαα ီႏွα္α αူαα‘αြα္αေαးαိα္αုα₯္းαဲႏုိα္αံαႏုိα္αံαΏαα ္αα္။
- α α ္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ားαွေαြးαြားေαးαုိα္ေαာα α ္α‘αြα္ေαΏαာα္းα‘αα္αားα‘α ုိးααα္…αူαုေαါα္း ေαာα္ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုααα္ႏွα္αα‘αΏαဳαေαာေαာα္ေαာေαြααုံαႈαα်ားαွိαα္ααα ား..α‘αΏαဳαေαာ ေαာα္ေαာ α‘α်ိဳးααာα္α်ားαေαααုိα္ေαာα္းαြα္α ြာαြα္ေαααာαΏαα္းααွိေαးαါ….
- αုိααΏαα ္αါေαာေααာα္α….αေααα်ေαာα္ေαာ…ααုိα္းαα္αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံαႊα္ααူαΏαα္း α‘αα္းα‘αားαွ ေαာ္αွα္ေαး၊ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားα‘ေααΏαα္α…ေα‘ာα္αါα‘α်α္α်ားαုိေαာα္းαုိαုိα္αါαα္။
αΏαα္αြα္းα α ္α်ားαုိαα္α ဲαΏαီး α α ္αွα္ေαာαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαုိα‘αΏαα္αုံး α‘ေαာα္αα္ေαာ္αα္၊
ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားα‘ား αα½ႊα္းα်α္ααွိα‘αΏαα္αုံးαႊα္ေαးαα္။
α‘α်ိဳးαားαΏαα္αα္αα္ααΏαα္ေαးαုိ α‘α ြα္းαုα္α‘ေαာα္αα္ေαာ္αα္ ႏွα္α
αေαααα္αေαာαΏαα ္ေααေαေαာ….ႏုိα္αံေαာ္၏ααာαα‘αα္းα‘αΏαα ္α်ားႏွα္ααူαား
α်ားα‘ားαုαα‘αΏαα ္ေααေα ႏုိα္αα္α… α§αာααီαΏαα ္α်α္α ီးေαးαα္αα္αα ီαံαိα္းααုိ αα္αα္ααα္
αုိααΏαα ္αα္။
αါαေαာα …αေααα်ေαာα္αα္α α‘αံαα္α‘αα္းαားα‘αြα္ αီαုိααα္αα ္α‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ား၏ αေαာαားαုα္αΏαα္ေα်αΏαာα်α္……α‘ေααိαα္ေααααြားαီαွ ႏုိα္αံေαး ေαာ္αွα္ေαးα‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားα‘α္αုိα္α‘ားαုိα္ေαာα္αွိαာαααα္…. α‘ေαးေαာα္αြα္ေαါα္းα‘α ုိးαα‘αြဲααဲααα္ααီးα်ဳα္ ေαါα္αာα ိα္αα္း αα αုိα ေα်ာα္းαားαα္αေαာ္αဲေαာ္ေαာα္းေαြ ၊ ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားေαြ၊ႏုိα္αံေαးαα္ααြαႈα္αွားαူေαြ၊ α‘αိ်ဳးαားαီαုိαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္αါαီαα္ေαြ….ေαာ္ေαာ္α ုံαုိα…
α‘αံေαာ္αုိαႊα္ααူαုိαα‘α်ိα္ေαာα္αာေαာα ေα်ာα္းαားαα္αေαာ္αဲေαာ္ေαာα္းα်ားαဲααုα္αΏαဳαα္αြဲααေααာαူαုိα္αα္….αီαုိααα္αα ္α‘α္α‘ားα ုေαြα α‘αα္αα‘ေαα‘αား…α‘ားαုံးα αΏαိα္αα္αွ်α္…αုα္αΏαဳαα္αြဲααဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ αုိαα္းα ုိးαဲααဲααα္αြဲαα‘αိα္αေαးαံα…ေααုαုိေαာα္αြဲαα္း…
αုိα္αြဲαα္αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္α‘ား…..α‘ေαးαΏαဳ
α‘ားαုံးαဲαα¦းαြα္αႈααွာ αြα္ေαααာαဲα…ႏုိα္αံေαာ္αီα်α္းαံα…α်α္αေααွိαုိα္αာ….αီα‘α်ိα္αွာ α‘ားαုံးαာ α ုံαီ αီαိေαြαဲααα္αုα္ေααα္αုိαာαုိေαΏαာႏုိα္αါαα္ေα……….
αα္ααီးα်ဳα္ေαါα္αာα ိα္αα္း α αα္αွိαΏαα ္ေααေααဲα ႏုိα္αံေαးα‘αα္းα‘α်α₯္းαုိ αိα္ααြα္းေαα½ႊαΏαီး…α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαုိαေαα ိα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ αြα္ေαΏαာα္αα္ေαΏα -α‘ေααိαα္αာααြဲ α₯αၠα αုိα်ိဳးαα္αα…αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္α‘ေααာα္းαုိαα္αΏααဲααα္…αα ေα်ာα္းαားေαါα္းေαာα္ αုိေαာα္ေαာα္αα္းα αီαုိααα္αα ္α‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားαဲα αေαာαားေα်αΏαာα်α္αုိ αα္ααားαြားαဲααΏαီးေαာα္…ααာေαာ္ α¦းααာေαာα ( ေαႊαါေαာα္ααာေαာ္ ) ααα္း ေαႊαါေαာα္αဲαα α္α်α₯္းαဲα α‘ေααာα္းα‘αာα်ားαုိ ေαာေαΏαာαြားαဲααါαα္…။
ေαာα္αွာေαာα…αα္ေαာα္αာαဲα ေααα‘αီးαီးαွ αီαုိααα္αα ္α‘α္α‘ားα ုα်ားα..αုα္αΏαဳα‘αွာα αားေαြ ေαΏαာααားαΏαီး…ေα်ာα္းαားαα္αေαာ္ ( ABSDF ) ၊ α‘α်ိဳးαားαီαုိαေαα ီα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ ( αြα္ေαΏαာα္αα္ေαΏα ) ၊ αααα်ားα‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ ( ႏုိα္αံαΏαားေαးαာေαာ္ααီ ) ၊ αူαေαာα္αα ္ αီαုိααα္αα ္α‘αါαα္…α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα‘αီးαီးα ααα္αႊာα်ားαုိαα္ααားαဲααααα္…….
αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αေαာα…α‘ေααိαα္αΏαα္ေαာα္α ု၊ααူးေαာα္αΏαα္αα္။αα္αဲαုိးαΏαိဳααဲαα်α္αေαေαာα္ αΏαိဳαေαာ္αα္းαေαွαေα်ာα္αုိα္ αα္းαΏαံαα္းαဲα αုိα္αိα္αွာ ααြားααြားαံααံα αြားαြားα ြံαα ြံα…….
α‘αံαုိαာ αိαိαုံααα္α်α္၊αံαုံα်α္ေαြαုိαΏαႈα္ႏွံαူေαာ္αΏαα္းαဲααေαၤαααα‘αာααုαါ…..αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံαွာ αΏαα္αာαΏαα္αူေαြαဲα…….αီαုိαေαα ီαဲααူαα‘αြα္αေαးαΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး။αα္းαူαီαွ်ေαးαုိαဲααုံααα္αႈαေαြαိα္းαα္ ေααα္……α်αုံးαြားαဲα ေα်ာα္းαားαΏαα္αူ ααα္းαွα္αူαုိααဲααိα₯ာα₯္ေαြαွα္αα္ေααα္။…α‘ာαာαွα္αွα္ααွ် αααားαႈααွα္ααွ်αုိ ေαΏαာα္αွα္ααα္αွားαα ္αဲα αြα္α‘ားαα ္ေαြα‘αΏαဲαα္းαα္းေααα္…..
αααာαα္αေαα α‘αိႏုိα္αံေαာ္αဲαေαΏαေαααွာ αြα္ေαါα္းα‘αံေαာ္αုိα‘αΏαα္ααုံးαိαႊα္ααူႏုိα္ေα‘ာα္…..αုိααဲαααα္αΏαα္ေαြαုိα‘ေαာα္αα္ေαာ္αααါα ိုα…..
α‘ားαုံးαုိေαးα ားα ြာαΏαα္α
ေαာα္ေαာα္αα္း
Credit : Maung Maung Wann -Facebook
by S RAMAKRISHNAN
EU official permitted to meet Suu Kyi
European Union’s top aid official has completed his visit to Myanmar and was allowed to meet the peace icon Aung San Suu Kyi. The official stated that the Myanmar authorities encouraged more humanitarian access to more areas of Myanmar. This was stated by the Humanitarian Aid Commissioner Kristalina Georgieva in Brussels. European Union donated more than 22 million Euros this year for humanitarian aid to Burma and also to refugees in Thailand.
Change of mind seen in military junta
This is really a good change from the Burmese government. Earlier, the Burmese government controlled by the military junta jailed Suu Kyi for many years. Recently it conducted elections and installed a puppet civil government in Yangon. After this, Suu Kyi herself was released from prison and allowed to freely move anywhere in Burma. She even met the President Thein Sein. The State-run television reported that both parties set aside their differences and discussed common interests and areas of potential cooperation for the benefit of the country and the people. Suu Kyi stated that she was happy and satisfied about the meeting. A day after this meeting, Suu Kyi was allowed to travel to Naypitaw, the new capital in the middle of the jungle, to attend a government sponsored workshop on economic development. There, she mingled freely with Ministers and other ruling party leaders.
Suu Kyi is now tired because of age
There is a change visible on both sides. Suu Kyi, because of her age (she is 66) and also because of her spending two decades of her life in prison, has become tired. Age and time mellow feelings and emotions. She has become more matured now. She has realised that she could achieve nothing by opposing the military junta and the government. Now she wants to spend time for her family and friends. She does not want to land in prison again and spend years in isolation. So she is opting for reconciliation.
Suu Kyi is given a little liberty outside the domain of politics
The military junta, on the other hand, thinks that by giving Suu Kyi a little bit of liberty outside the domain of politics, the stigma around it in the international community could be removed and more aid will be forthcoming. More aid means more cash and more cash means more bank balance for the military leaders. Thus the military wants to make money through Suu Kyi. As long as Suu Kyi does not talk about politics, it is prepared to give her freedom.
Not actually a civilian government
Members of the Myanmar’s army-dominated Parliament have called for a sweeping jail amnesty scheme through which about 2000 prisoners of conscience could be released. These 2000 members belong to Suu Kyi’s NLD party (National League for Democracy). The old era of military regime seems to have ended and the new era of civilian rule, with all its imperfections, has begun. But we should not forget the fact that this civilian government is not actually a civilian government, but a government imposed by the military junta. In fact the ‘civilian’ government contains only retired military officers.
Suu Kyi may again be imprisoned if she exceeds her freedom
Suu Kyi will roam about in Burma with freedom. She can spend time with her family and people. But if she again begins to talk politics or make inflammatory speech, the military junta will put her behind bars. This is the stark reality in Burma.
Source : here
__._,_.___
By Kanbawza Win>>
It came to no surprise and is well expected that ICG, (International Crisis Group) came up on the side of the Burmese military bullies against the entire people of Burma and the international community as it had always done, since the Burmese Junta assumes power in 1988. But I would humbly like to point out some of the fallacies.
(1) The conclusions of the ICG seems to recognize that the current Burmese regime’s “Dubious Constitution” and its’ “Sham Elections” to be legally binding and that the people of Burma and the international community should recognized the done deal, implementing Machiavelli’s theory of “the end justifies the means.”
(2) It seems to recognize the theory that dictators can change the name of the country and the national flag without the consent of the people and the country because ICG continue to use the word Myanmar and not Burma? The word Myanmar is phonetically wrong. It comes from the word Mrama a South Indian word because the Burman believe that they originated from India as the Burmese saying goes in Burmese as Myan Ma Ah Sa Ta Kaung Ka (ျαα္αာα‘α αေαာα္းα). Hence it should be spell MYANMA without the R as the end MA is pronounced softly in the English word of MOTHER. Besides in the contemporary history of Burma during the independence struggle against the British, Bogyoke Aung San, founder of modern Burma stated with Doh Burma A Se Ayone (αုိαααာα‘α α္းα‘αံုး) and not Doh Myanmar A Se A Yone (αုိαျαα္αာα‘α α္းα‘αံုး). It must be remembered that founded on 1947 Pangong Concordat where most of the ethnic leaders and people willingly decided to join the Union of Burma of its free will and hence the word MYANMAR is politically wrong. So the name MYANMAR is both phonetically and politically wrong.
(3) As announced that the current regime have repudiated the Panglong Agreementwhich explicitly means that it does not recognize the Union of Burma and make it appear that Myanmar was a monolithic whole since time immemorial save the British interlude and that the ethnic nationalities were a rebellious bent on Balkanization hindering the creation of a nation state. The ICG seems to believe this hypothesis and hence unwittingly encouraging the ethnic cleansing policy imposed by the Myanmar over the Non Myanmar.
(4) Yes! Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Ambassador Derek Mitchell, Secretary of State for Southeast Asia and Pacific Affairs, Kurt Campbell have all admitted that there is a possibility of change, but so far there not a single concrete step has been taken in terms of the release of more than 2000 political prisoners placed in inhuman conditions. Most importantly there is no cessations of offensives to the resistance ethnic nationalities, not to mention restoration of basic civil liberties or lifting the media censorship.
(5) ICG statement reads “The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) seems convinced that Myanmar is heading in the right direction and may soon confer upon it the leadership of the organization for 2014” One cannot comprehend this statement when the Indonesia Foreign Minister and the group’s chairperson Marty M Natalegawa is still yet to go to Burma for a fact finding mission before putting up to the ASEAN Board for decision. We do hope that ICG is not keen on putting US in an awkward position knowing full well that Burma by then will have the play the role of the coordinator between America and ASEAN.
(6) Even though ICG is a not profiting, non partisan and prestigious organization depending on the dole out of the corporate, one will not dare not to make any wild accusations it, but our interest is very much aroused when its made its assertions in flowery Burmese, when writing so much about Africa or Arabs none of them are in their native tongues? In view of the fact that Burma has a surplus petro dollars via the oil companies we pray that you are not trying to wean out the Burmese pro democracy forces from the ethnic nationality brethren.
Perhaps ICG should not construe Burma to be Brussels’ Noire Chocolat (sans sucre et lait), a black chocolate for diabetics, as it is not like by the majority of the people
(1) The conclusions of the ICG seems to recognize that the current Burmese regime’s “Dubious Constitution” and its’ “Sham Elections” to be legally binding and that the people of Burma and the international community should recognized the done deal, implementing Machiavelli’s theory of “the end justifies the means.”
(2) It seems to recognize the theory that dictators can change the name of the country and the national flag without the consent of the people and the country because ICG continue to use the word Myanmar and not Burma? The word Myanmar is phonetically wrong. It comes from the word Mrama a South Indian word because the Burman believe that they originated from India as the Burmese saying goes in Burmese as Myan Ma Ah Sa Ta Kaung Ka (ျαα္αာα‘α αေαာα္းα). Hence it should be spell MYANMA without the R as the end MA is pronounced softly in the English word of MOTHER. Besides in the contemporary history of Burma during the independence struggle against the British, Bogyoke Aung San, founder of modern Burma stated with Doh Burma A Se Ayone (αုိαααာα‘α α္းα‘αံုး) and not Doh Myanmar A Se A Yone (αုိαျαα္αာα‘α α္းα‘αံုး). It must be remembered that founded on 1947 Pangong Concordat where most of the ethnic leaders and people willingly decided to join the Union of Burma of its free will and hence the word MYANMAR is politically wrong. So the name MYANMAR is both phonetically and politically wrong.
(3) As announced that the current regime have repudiated the Panglong Agreementwhich explicitly means that it does not recognize the Union of Burma and make it appear that Myanmar was a monolithic whole since time immemorial save the British interlude and that the ethnic nationalities were a rebellious bent on Balkanization hindering the creation of a nation state. The ICG seems to believe this hypothesis and hence unwittingly encouraging the ethnic cleansing policy imposed by the Myanmar over the Non Myanmar.
(4) Yes! Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Ambassador Derek Mitchell, Secretary of State for Southeast Asia and Pacific Affairs, Kurt Campbell have all admitted that there is a possibility of change, but so far there not a single concrete step has been taken in terms of the release of more than 2000 political prisoners placed in inhuman conditions. Most importantly there is no cessations of offensives to the resistance ethnic nationalities, not to mention restoration of basic civil liberties or lifting the media censorship.
(5) ICG statement reads “The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) seems convinced that Myanmar is heading in the right direction and may soon confer upon it the leadership of the organization for 2014” One cannot comprehend this statement when the Indonesia Foreign Minister and the group’s chairperson Marty M Natalegawa is still yet to go to Burma for a fact finding mission before putting up to the ASEAN Board for decision. We do hope that ICG is not keen on putting US in an awkward position knowing full well that Burma by then will have the play the role of the coordinator between America and ASEAN.
(6) Even though ICG is a not profiting, non partisan and prestigious organization depending on the dole out of the corporate, one will not dare not to make any wild accusations it, but our interest is very much aroused when its made its assertions in flowery Burmese, when writing so much about Africa or Arabs none of them are in their native tongues? In view of the fact that Burma has a surplus petro dollars via the oil companies we pray that you are not trying to wean out the Burmese pro democracy forces from the ethnic nationality brethren.
Perhaps ICG should not construe Burma to be Brussels’ Noire Chocolat (sans sucre et lait), a black chocolate for diabetics, as it is not like by the majority of the people
Credit : Professor Kanbawza Win
ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲျαα ္αိုα္αဲ့ ααα‘αာေαြ αွိေαျαီαိုα αα်ိဳαα ေျαာေααα့္ ααα»ာ့ ααားαွ်αေαး α‘αြဲα (Global Justice Center) αေαာ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ α‘ေျαာα္း α‘αဲ αျαα ္αိုα္ေαးαူးαိုα ေျαာαါαα္။ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ ျααာα္းαားαဲ့ αααα αုαွα ္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေα ေα‘ာα္αွာ αα္αိုα္αံေαး αိုးαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈ αွ αျαα ္αိုα္αူးαို့ Global Justice Center α‘αြဲαα α₯αၠα αα္းျαα ္ αိုα္αံααာ α₯αေα ααာαွα္ αα္းျαα ္αဲ့ αα α₯α္ α်ဲαα္ αα္းαႈα αီαီα ီαို ေျαာαါαα္။
αီ α‘ေျααံ α₯αေα αွာ α α ္αα္ αဲαα α ္αα္ေαါα္းေαာα္ ေαြ α αိုα္αံ αဲ့ α‘α်ုဳα္α‘ျαာ α‘ာαာေαြαို αီးျαားααူαားααို ျαα ္ေααα္αို့ ေျαာαါαα္။ααα္αα္း α‘αα္αားα‘α ိုးααဲ α‘ာαာααာαα္ေαာα္ αီ αြဲαα α္းαံု α‘ααိုαα္ α₯ααာα‘ားျαα့္ αုααααၢ αေα ျαα္αာα α ္αα္ ေαါα္းေαာα္αိုα္းαဲ့ αူ့α‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ိဳးေαာα္αႈ ေαြαို α‘ေαးαူ αါαိုααႊα္αΎαားαα္ေαာα္ α‘α ိုးα α‘ေααဲαα‘ေαးαူ αိုα္αဲ့ α‘ေျα α‘ေα ααွိαူးαိုααူα ေျαာαါαα္။αါေααα့္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα ုαΎαα္αေαာ့ ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲေαြ ျαα ္ေαα αာေαာ့αα္ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္αိုα္ေျαာα္း αျαာαα္ αာαေαြα‘αြα္း ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αါαα္။
ေαာα္ျαီး αိုα္αံααာ ααိααα‘ ေα့αာေαး α‘αြဲα (ICG) ααα္း ျαα္αာαိုα္αံαွာ α‘ေျαာα္း α‘αဲေαြ ျαα ္αိုα္αဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαာα္ေααိုααိုα္αံααာ α‘αိုα္း α‘αိုα္း αေα ျαα္αာαိုα္αံ αဲ့ α‘ျαဳαေαာαူးေαါα္း ေαာα္αြα္αႈ αို α‘ျαα့္αံုး α‘αα့္ α‘αိ αုα္αΎααိုαα‘ααံျαဳαားαါαα္။
(bbc).
Credit : Dawnmanhon
By :ေα‘ာα္αα္ (USCB)
Overthepastfewyears,refugees from Burma havebeentargeted in large scale resettlement programs by a number of different countries, such as the US and Australia. In the last four years 65,000 Burmese refugees have been resettled to third countries. (Zetty Brake, newmatilda.com)
Despite this large scale resettlement, the exodus of refugees from Burma continues. In Thailand refugee numbers in the nine refugee camps along the Thai-Burma border remain largely unchanged, even after people have been resettled.
Despite this large scale resettlement, the exodus of refugees from Burma continues. In Thailand refugee numbers in the nine refugee camps along the Thai-Burma border remain largely unchanged, even after people have been resettled.
Burma will continue to be a major source of refugees until the needs of people with no choice but to flee their homeland are addressed. This would require some serious changes in Burma.Ongoing military attacks targeting civilians, in violation of international law, must stop.
The systematic and widespread violation of human rights by the Burmese army and authorities also must stop. These include, but are not limited to: the rape of ethnic women and girls; the use of villagers as slave labour; the destruction or confiscation of land and property; forced evictions; beatings; torture; and extra-judicial killings.
Improvements in Burma’s human rights crisis are unlikely to come while those in power continue to deny that such abuses are occurring. Nor will they come while perpetrators of such crimes have impunity. Article 445 of Burma’s 2008 Constitution states that:
“‘No proceeding shall be instituted against the said Councils (SLORC/SPDC) or any member thereof or any member of the Government, in respect of any act done in the execution of their respective duties”.
This means that any person who has been an official of the regime since 1988 cannot be held legally accountable for any actions they take including the gross and systematic violation of human rights abuses.
Source: newmatilda.com
WASHINGTON — Western countries should reach out to Myanmar to encourage the new leadership's reforms, which are exceeding even the most optimistic hopes, the International Crisis Group said Thursday.
The think-tank, which focuses on conflict resolution, credited the nominally civilian new president, Thein Sein, with taking steps to mend ties with the opposition and ethnic minorities in the nation formerly known as Burma.
"With the political process moving ahead quickly, now is not the time for the West to remain disengaged and skeptical," said Robert Templer, the International Crisis Group's Asia program director.
"It is critical to grasp this unique opportunity to support a process that not even the most optimistic observers saw coming," he said in a statement introducing a study named "Myanmar: Major Reform Underway," by the think-tank.
The upbeat tone contrasts with the stance of many human rights and exile groups who point to continued abuses and charge that Myanmar's changes have been purely for show, with the military still firmly in control.
President Barack Obama's administration has made engagement with Myanmar a key priority and has held a series of talks with the regime, while saying it will not lift sanctions without greater progress on human rights and democracy.
The International Crisis Group called for the West to lift sanctions if parliament grants a general amnesty to political prisoners, saying that such a dramatic step was a real possibility with some military legislators in favor.
"Failure to do so, or to shift the goalposts by replacing old demands with new ones, would undermine the credibility of these policies and diminish what little leverage the West holds," the report said.
The think-tank said that Western nations should at least demonstrate "a less cautious political stance" and encourage international financial institutions' involvement in Myanmar. The regime recently invited an IMF team to advise on currency reform.
Myanmar last year held elections which the United States and the opposition said were unfair. The junta handed over to Thein Sein, who took the new civilian position of president after a nearly 50-year military career.
Myanmar's rulers last year freed opposition icon Aung San Suu Kyi, a Nobel peace prize winner who spent most of the past two decades under house arrest. She met in August with Thein Sein -- a step the study said showed a true willingness by the new president to break with the junta's legacy.
The International Crisis Group also credited Myanmar's rulers with starting talks with ethnic minorities, who have long been in conflict with the army, but it acknowledged that little has changed on the ground.
Fighting flared up in far northern Kachin and Shan states earlier this year, causing thousands to flee. The US State Department has said that the army has carried out major human rights violations in long-running conflicts, including using rape as a weapon of war and forcing minorities into labor.
Myanmar exile groups have led a campaign to set up a UN inquiry into human rights abuses. The International Crisis Group agreed on the need for accountability, but said the commission was unlikely to become reality and could "cause retrenchment" by Myanmar's leadership.
In a recent interview with AFP, Suu Kyi reiterated her support for a UN probe, saying it could help bring reconciliation.
"For the sake of future harmony and forgiveness there is a necessity to establish facts," she said. "It's not a tribunal. It has nothing to do with revenge."
Credit : (AFP)
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