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α‘ာαာαိုα္α်ား၊ α‘ာαာαိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαိုαဲ့ α
αားαာ ျαα္αာα
αားαွာα‘ေαာ္αြα္αြα္α်α္α်α္ αံုးα
ြဲေααΎααဲ့α
αားα်ားျαα
္αα္။α‘α
ိုးααာααိုα္αာα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြαဲαα‘α
ိုးααα္αα္းေαြαိုαα္ၫႊα္းေျαာαုိαΎααာαါ။
αα
္αါαီαα
္αြဲααα
္α
α္းα α‘ာαာαံုးαα္α
αံုးαိုα်ဳα္αိုα္αားαΏαီး αα
္α်α္αႊα္α‘αိα္αျαα္αα္းα်ားαဲα α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αဲ့α‘ာαာαွα္α
αα
္ ေα‘ာα္αွာေαာ့ αီα‘αံုးα‘ႏႈα္းα်ားαာ ေα်ာ္αα္αα့္ျαα္αα္αိုα αိုႏိုα္αα္။ αါေααα့္ αြဲαα
α္းαံုα‘ေျααံ α₯αေαေαြ၊ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαြ၊ αႊα္ေαာ္ေαြαို αီαိုαေαα
ီျααုα္ေαြ α‘α
ံုα‘αα္αဲα α‘α
ိုးαα်ဳိးαα္αα္αွာေαာ့ αီα‘αံုးα‘ႏႈα္းေαြαာ αီေα်ာ္α‘α္α
α္ျαα္းααွိေαာ့αိုα ααံုးαα့္ေαာ့αူး။ αα္αုိα္αာαာαα်ား၊ α‘α
ိုးααα္αα္းα်ားαိုαဲ့ α
αားαံုးေαြαဲα α‘α
ားαိုးαံုးα
ြဲαα့္αΎααα္။
ေα်ာα္αိုααα္ေααα့္
ႏွα
္ေαါα္းαါးαα္ေαာα္αါးα
α္αဲαွာα
ြဲေααာေαြαိုααုα္ααα္ ေα်ာα္αိုααα္αာαွα္ေααα့္ ေααα
α₯္ααြαြေျαာေααΎααဲ့ αီαိုαေαα
ီαိုαဲ့ α‘αံαဲααα္းαα္းαွ αα‘α္α
α္αါαူး။ ေα်ာα္ေα‘ာα္ ေα်ာα္ααါαိα့္αα္။ α‘ာαာαိုα္αိုαဲ့α
αားαာ αိုαိုαီေαα္αွာ α‘ေαာ္ေαးαံုးα
ြဲαΎααα္။ α‘αူးα‘ာαာα αာααα္ααားαူααီးαုိα α‘αူးα‘ာαာα ေαြαားαြα္αုα αူααီးαα္းαုိα α
αျαα့္αံုးαΎααα္။ αΏαိဳαα‘ုα္αα္းαံုးαိုα္αိုα αူααီးααွိαဲ့ αΏαိဳααα္ေαးေαြαွာေαာ့ α‘αα္αဲα αူαိုေααွα္αိုေααုαၢိဳα္ αα
္ေαာα္ေαာα္αိုေαြးαΏαီး ααာαိαΏαိဳααα္αα္းαိုα၊ α‘αူးα‘ာαာαααာαိαΏαိဳααα္αα္း αိုααိုαΏαီး αα္ααားαဲ့αΎααα္။
αေαာ္αွα္αဲေα‘ာα္
αိုαုိαီαα္ေα‘ာα္αံႏုိα္αံαုိα္းαွာ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αူα်α္ႏွာျαဴ α‘αွα္ααα္ααီးေαြα α‘ာαာαိုα္ααα္ααီးေαြျαα
္αΏαီး αာααိုα္းαα္းαားα‘ုα္α
ိုးαံေαြα αြα½α္ေαြα‘ေα
α‘αါးေαြ ျαα
္αΎααα္။ α‘ုα္α
ိုးαံေαြ ေαΎαာα္αα္ααΏαီးαေαာ္αွα္αဲေα‘ာα္ α‘αိα့္αံုးα‘αα့္ αူααီးေαာα္αို α‘αူးα‘ာαာααူααီးαα္းαိုα၊ ေαြαားαြα္αုα αူααီးαα္းαိုα αုα္αားαΎααα္။ α်α္ႏွာျαဴαုαα္αံαဲα α‘ေαါα္းαါေαြေαာαα
္αြα္αာαွာ αူေαြေαာα္းαုေαααΏαီး ေαာေျαာα္ေαးαဲ့ αူααီးααα္း 'αုαα္αံαα္းααားααီး၏ ေျαာα္αံုးျαဴးαုေαာ္ျαα္ ေαးααားျαα္းαံαေαာ α‘αူးα‘ာαာα αိုα္αူααီးαα္း' αိုαာα်ဳိးျαα
္ေααα္။ α‘αိααေαာ့ αာαα္αိုα္းαူျαα္αားေαြ ေαါα္းαေαာ္αဲေα‘ာα္ α်ဳိးႏွိα္αိႏွိα္αားαိုαျαα
္αα္။
ေαΎαာα္α ိα္αေα်ာα္
αိုαိုαီαα္α်ဲαααားေαြαဲα α‘ေαΎαာα္ααားαဲα α‘ုα္α
ုိးျαα္းαα္းα်ဴαာα ေαာ္ေαာ္αိေαာα္αα္။ αိုαိုαီαα္ေα‘ာα္αံαα αြα္ေျαာα္αာαဲ့αာ ႏွα
္ေαါα္းေျαာα္αα္ေα်ာ္ေααΏαီ ျαα
္αာေαာα္ ျαα္αာαူα်ဳိးα်ားαာ αံုးျαα္ααားαြားααွာ α‘α္ααα္ေαΎαာα္αΎααα္။ ααα္α်ဳိးေα့ αိုαααာαိုααါးα
α္α αα္ေαာα္ေα‘ာ္ေαေα‘ာ္ေα ေαΎαာα္ α
ိα္ααα္αိုαွ ေα်ာα္αိုααေα်ာα္ေαးαူး။ αံုးαားαါα္αားေαာα္αα္ α‘αိုαိုေααα္း ေα်ာαဲαα
ိα့္α
ိα့္ αာαα္αΎααα္။ αα္ေαာα္αဲေျαာေျαာ αူαီေαာα္းαα္αဲα αဲα
ာαα္(αာα်α္)ေαာα္ αာαα္αို α‘ာαာαိုα္αုαၢိဳα္ααီးαာαα္၊ α‘ာαာαိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြ αာαα္αိုαΏαီး ေျαααိုα္αိαα္ααိုα္αိ α်ာα်ာααဲျαα
္ေααΎαααα္။
α‘αα္αူαဲ့၊ αΎαα္αူαဲ့
'ααα္αြားαာαာα္αα္αါ' αိုαဲ့α
αားαွိαားαဲ့α‘αိုα္း αဲα
ာαα္ေαာα္၊ αΏαိဳαα‘ုα္αα္းαဲαေαာαိုα္α
ာေαးေαာα္၊ α်ာαာေαာ္αα္းေαာα္ααα္း αူαိုααိုα္αူαိုα ααα္αိုα‘ာαာαိုα္α
ိုးαဲ့ αုαၢိဳα္ααီးα်ားα‘ျαα
္ αွα္αူေααΎααΏαီး α‘αα္αူα‘αα္αားα်ားαို ေαြααာαဲα αိα္းေαာα္αΏαိα္းေျαာα္ αုα္αΎααα္။ α‘αα္αူαဲ့၊ αΎαα္αူαဲ့αဲα α‘ာαာαါαါျααΎααα္။ ေαာαူေαာα္αားေαြαာααုα္αူး αΏαိဳαေαααααာαα္ αူαα္းα
ားေαြေαာα္ αိα္းေαာα္αΏαိα္းေျαာα္αα္ ေαΎαာα္αူးαုα္αΎααα္။ α‘α်ဳိးαα့္α‘ေαΎαာα္းαα့္ ျαα္αွα္αေျαာαဲαΎααူး။ ႏႈα္αြံααΏαီး α‘,α‘ααီးေαြαို ျαα
္ေααΎαေαာ့αα္။
ေαα္ααီးေျαာα္းေααΏαီ
α‘ဲαါေαΎαာα့္ 'ααα္αြားαာ αာα္αα္αါ' αျαα
္αေαေα‘ာα္ α‘ာαာαိုα္αုαၢိဳα္α်ားαိုα၊ α‘ာαာαိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαိုααိုαဲ့ α‘αံုးα‘ႏႈα္းေαြαို αေα်ာα္ေα
α်α္αာαါ။ αာαဲေျαာေျαာ ေαα္ααီးαေျαာα္းေααါαΏαီ။ α‘ေαွαα‘αα္αိုα္းα αုαα္ααီးေαြ၊ αူααα္ααီးေαြαဲα α‘ာαာαွα္ααီးေαြ αα
္ေαာα္αΏαီး αα
္ေαာα္ αာαααႅα္ေααα αα္းαြားαΎαααါαΏαီ။ ျαα္αာျαα္αွာαα္း αြဲαα
α္းα‘ုα္α်ဳα္αံု α‘ေျααံα₯αေααဲα၊ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαဲα αႊα္ေαာ္αဲαျαα
္ေααΏαီ။ αα
္ေαα္ေျαာα္းαိုα αာα
ူα်ိα္ေαာα္ေααΏαီ။
αီေααာαွာ αα-α-αααα ေαααုα္ ေαာ္αီαာα်ာαα္αွာαါαဲ့ α‘ေαးα‘ေျαေαးαα
္αုαို ေαာα္ႏႈα္ေαာ္ျαα်α္αါαα္။ ေαးαူαို 'α¦းျαα္αိုα္ (αွ်α္αျαα္ααα္းα်ာαα္၊ ေαာ္αီαာααα္းα်ာαα္ α‘α္αီαာα်ဳα္)'αိုα ေαာ္ျααားαΏαီး α‘ေαးαံαုαၢိဳα္αေαာ့ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္ααီး α¦းα
ိုးαိα္းျαα
္αါαα္။
ေαး - "ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္ααီးα‘ေααဲα αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαααα္းααားေαြ ေαြααံုααာ αုαိαα‘ααိα္ျαα
္αါαα္။ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαα‘ျαα္αွာ αΎαားαိေαααာ α‘αα¦းα
ိုးαိα္းαိုα α‘αြဲααေα်ာ့ေα်ာα္းαဲ့α‘αြဲααိုα αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααိααါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα
ီ αα္းαα္းαα်αြားေααဲ့ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္ααီးαိုα αိααါαα္။ α‘ဲαါ αုα္αါααားαိုα αိαိုαါαα္။ α‘ဲαါαံαါα္ α α‘α်α္αါ။ αံαါα္ α α‘α်α္αေαာ့ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαြαဲα αားαα္αြα့္ααα္αိုαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αိုα္αံααဲ့αα္းαα္း၊ α₯ααာေαြျαဴαိα
α₯၊ ေαြαα္းαိα
α₯ေαြ ျαႆαာαွိαား၊ α‘ဲαါαိုαိαိုαါαα္။ ေα်းαူးαα္αါαα္။'
ျαα္αူαူαုαေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αား
ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီးα¦းα ိုးαိα္းα‘ေျα
αြα½α္ေαာ္α αီαွာαာαာ α§α့္αα္α်။ αိုαေαာ္αα္း αာαူαီαာေαါ့ေα။ αာαဲျαα
္ျαα
္ ေα်ာ့ေα်ာα္းαα္၊ αာαα္αα္αိုα ααုα္αူးα်။ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုαα ျαα္αူαူαုα ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αားαဲ့ ျαα္αူααိုα္α
ားαွα္ေαြ ျαα
္αါαα္။ αြα½α္ေαာ္α αြα½α္းα
ုαΏαိဳααα္α ျαα္αူααိုα္α
ားαွα္ ျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္αူα‘ေααဲα ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αံααΏαီး ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္ααီးαာαα္αို ႏိုα္αံေαာ္αααΌαα αာαα္ေαးαားαာαါ။ ျαα္αူαα‘α်ဳိးα‘αြα္ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααုα္αΎααိုα αα္αေαးαာαါ။ ααα္αုα္ααα့္α‘αုα္αိုαα္ αြα½α္ေαာ္αိုααံααိαဲ့αိုα ααα္αာαါαα္"
ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္ααီးα¦းα
ိုးαိα္းα ျαα္αူαူαုα ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αားαဲ့ ျαα္αူααိုα္α
ားαွα္ျαα
္αိုα ျαα္αူαα‘α်ဳိးα‘αြα္ αုα္αΎααိုα αα္αေαးαာαါαိုα ေျαာαြားαာေα်αα္α
αာαါ။ ေαα္ေျαာα္းαြားαΏαီαိုα αα္ααီးαα‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳαဲ့ αေαာαိုα αူααါαα္။ αα္ααီးαာ α‘αα္α‘α
ိုးααα္αα္α αုαိααာαြα္ေαးα¦းα
ီးα်ဳα္(ေα) αာαα္αα္းေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ αုαိααိုα္α်ဳα္ααီးα‘αα့္αုαၢိဳα္αါ။
ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαα္ααီးα¦းα ိုးαိα္းαို αုαိααိုα္α်ဳα္ααီးα‘αα့္αိ αာαα္αူαဲ့ααဲ့ αုαၢိဳα္ααီးαα ္α¦းα ေαα္ေျαာα္းαြားαာαို αα္αံα‘αိα‘αွα္ျαဳαΏαီး ျαα္αူα ေαြးα်α္αα္ေျαႇာα္αားαဲ့ ျαα္αူααိုα္α ားαွα္ αα ္α¦းα‘ေααဲα ျαα္αူαα‘α်ဳိးαို αုα္ေαာα္αိုα αα္αေαးαါαိုα ေျαာေααα့္ α်ဴαိုαေαα ီαႏၲαားααီးα‘αြα္းα αံုးαα ္αံုး αားαα ္α α္း α‘ာαာαွα္α ိα္αာα္ αေα်ာα္ေαးαဲ့ α်ဴαိုααα္ααီးေαြαဲα α်ဴαိုααα္αေαးေαြαေαာ့ ααα္းေαြα½းαဲ့αα္αို ျαα္αိုα္αဲ့α‘α်α့္αိုးေαြαို αေα်ာα္ႏိုα္αΎαေαးαာ ေαြαααα္။ αိုα္αံုးαာαေαွαေαာα္αာαူ αွα္ααွ်αို αိα္းေαာα္αΏαိα္းေျαာα္αΏαီး α‘ာαာαါαါျααာα်ဳိးေαြ αα္αΏαီးαုα္ေααΎααဲျαα ္αα္။
ျαα္αူαα‘ေα αံ
αα္αα္းαိုαာ αα္ေαာα္ααီးααီး αα္ေαာα္αα္αα္ ျαα္αူαူαုαဲααα ာαိαα‘ာαို α ားေαာα္ေααΎαααူα်ားျαα ္αα္။ 'Public Servant' αိုαေαααဲ့ α‘αၤαိα္α αားαဲαα‘αိααΈာα္α 'ျαα္αူαα‘ေα αံ' ျαα ္αα္။ αေαာαေαာ့ ျαα္αူαူαုαို α‘αုα္α‘ေαြα½းျαဳαိုα αα ာေαးαα္ααားျαα္းျαα ္αα္။ αα ္αα္းα‘ားျαα့္ ျαα္αူαူαုα α‘αွα္ααα္ျαα ္αα္αိုα αိုαိုျαα္းျαα ္αα္။ α်ဴαိုαေαα ီ αႏၲαားααီးα‘αြα္းα α‘αိα₯ာα္α‘αα့္ αိα့္α်αူ α်ဴαိုααα္ααီးαα္α်ားαာαီα‘α်α္αို αေαာαေαါα္αΎαေαးαဲ ျαα္αူαူαုα‘ေαααွာ α‘ာαာαွα္α်ားααြα္ ျαဳαူαα္αံေααΎααဲျαα ္αα္။
αားααေαာ့αူး
α‘ာαာαွα္α αα ္αွာα αိုα္းαူျαα္αားα်ားαဲα αႏα΅αို αံုးαံုးααုαα ိုα္αဲ αုαα္αα ္αါး၊ αူααα္αα ္ေαာα္၊ α‘ာαာαွα္αα ္α¦းαဲα αႏα΅αေαာαား αα ္αုαα္းαဲα α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αာျαα ္αα္။ αူေαြα‘α်ားααီးα αα္ေαာα္ေျαာေျαာ ααုαα ိုα္αူး။ α‘ာαာαွα္αဲααါးα α္α αြα္αဲ့α αားαာ α₯αေαျαα ္αα္။ αီαိုαေαα ီα αα ္αွာေαာ့ αိုα္းαူျαα္αား αူα်ားα ုαဲααႏα΅αို αα္αူαွαြα္αα္αိုααααူး။ α‘ားαံုးျαα္αူααႏα΅α‘αိုα္း αုα္ααα္။ ျαα္αူαူαုαာ α‘αΎαြα္းαဲ့α‘ာαာαိုα္α်ားျαα ္αα္။ ျαα္αူαာα‘αိ၊ ျαα္αူαာα‘αျαα ္αα္။ α်ဴαိုααα္ααီး α်ဴαိုααα္ေαးေαြα ျαα္αူαူαုαဲα 'α‘α' ααုα္αူးαိုαာ αိαားαα့္αΎααα္။ ေαα္ααီးα ေျαာα္းေααါαΏαီ။ αα္αူαားαား αားαိုα ααေαာ့αါαူူး။
Credit : Eleven Media Group
There is a government publication called New Light of Myanmar founded in 1914 .It is a far cry from the free wheeling, irrepressible Philippine press. New Light is actually run by the Ministry of Information, and as such is considered a government propaganda tool. For all its pejorative Orwellian connotation, the publication is a great source of information if one is visiting to do business in this country of 59 million. New Light chronicles all government activities and other events of national consequence. One can also search for online information on this Southeast Asian country, but it would not be as current as getting the news from the New Light of Myanmar, albeit government fed.
If you are businessman looking for opportunities, the New Light of Myanmar will give you a wealth of information on present and future government infrastructure projects that you can bid and invest in.
Hard commute, harder to pronounce
I first read a copy of New Light during a visit in the early 1990’s to the country formerly called Burma by the British. Its capital was known then as Rangoon but renamed Yangon by the ruling military junta in 1989. As a further step at decolonization, the regime on July 12, 2006 changed the capital to Napyidaw and moved it to a remote area in the mountains. Aside from being hard to pronounce, Napyidaw is a 240 - kilometer drive north of the former capital of Yangon.
Many of the embassies moved to the new seat of government as it was difficult to do official business with the regime if they were not near the power center. Some of the foreign missions, however, still maintain a presence in the old capital of Yangon
Three Philippine ambassadors posted in Myanmar—Alfredo Almendrala , Norberto Basilio both career diplomats, and Noel Cabrera, a former newsman—represented the country well in Burma. Almendrala is retired from the foreign service but is teaching diplomacy at the Lyceum of the Philippines. Basilio and Cabrera have died.
Myanmar is a country rich in natural resources. Its abundance in minerals, timber, precious metals and stones like ruby, emeralds and other gems kept it afloat during the long years of trade sanctions by the West because of the junta’s detention of Aung San Suu Kyi, the democracy icon and Nobel Peace Prize winner.
San Suu Kyi was released recently by the Myanmar government. Myanmar did so on its own terms and pace as it had pledged it would do once the country has achieved normalcy and political stability.
There is a new civilian government after 23 years of military rule . Many of the generals in the former junta, however, occupy seats in the newly elected legislative assembly. But the good news is that the new government seems serious in implementing far reaching reforms and slowly easing its iron grip on the country.
Change must be gentle, a new era
“Myanmar has entered a new era, “declared Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin during a recent international conference in Geneva. Human Rights Day, an event never marked before in Myanmar, was recently observed nationwide.
A more conciliatory Aung San Suu Kyi, emerging from a meeting with the country’s high officials, has been quoted as saying: “Change must be gentle, peaceful and dignified and must not violate civilians or the former government.”
Former government is in reference to the ruling junta that gave way to a civilian government in accordance with the country’s 2008 Constitution. Political supporters of the democracy icon who had been held under house arrest for 15 years, foresee a key government role for their leader.
Aside from the major step of freeing Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar has recently unblocked banned Web sites and allowed access to prohibited news, including those run by exiled dissidents.
This latest step gave indication that the country’s new leaders wanted to convey to the general populace, its Southeast Asian neighbors and the West, that change is coming to Myanmar. Its critics are sanguine that the transformation is not just cosmetic.
Government censors in a surprise move, pulled out the barriers on the Web sites of media outlets including the British Broadcasting Corp., Voice of America , as well as the Democratic Voice of Burma, Radio Free Asia and the video file sharing site YouTube.
The Burmese government under the State Law and Order Restoration Council or SLORC previously had monitored these Web sites and jailed journalists it deemed subversives as part of its crackdown on pro-democracy demonstrators after the Uprising of 1988.
Hopeful signs on the horizon
There is another bright side on the horizon. Myanmar has created a 15-member National Human Rights Commission to investigate reported abuses . Composed of retired civil servants, the commission is tasked to safeguard fundamental rights of citizens as inscribed in the country’s 2008 Constitution.
Cognizant of the value of tourism, government and the private sector are building new luxury hotels to accommodate the influx of visitors. Like Thailand, Myanmar has many historic and beautiful Buddhist temples, foremost of which is the Shwedagon Pagoda. Mandalay, the ancient and imperial capital, is a popular tourist destination.
The majority of the Burmese are Buddhists. The rest are a mix of Malays, Indians and Chinese who migrated from the neighboring countries. Myanmar is bound by Thailand to the south, China to the northeast, Laos to the east. and India to the west.
Things are beginning to look bright in Myanmar. If the signs on the horizon are any indication, the government publication New Light of Myanmar could yet live up to its name and be a harbinger of peace and prosperity, not only for the country but for the rest of the region.
Looking at the larger picture, it would seem that the policy of “constructive engagement” adopted by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) of which Myanmar is a member, is beginning to bear fruit.
Credit: Manilla Standard Today
By Prof.Kanbawza Win>>>
There is a Burmese saying, “A snake sees the legs of another snake.” meaning only the Burmese can see the craftiness and the cunningness of another Burmese, as they are the same birds of a feather, whereas a foreigner however expert he/she may be, have not gone through the experience of living in Burma and could not comprehend the pitfalls created by the Junta. Probably encouraged, by the visit to Burma by US special representative Derek Mitchell, the Obama administration announced that Assistant Secretary of State for Southeast Asia and Pacific Affairs, Kurt Campbell will be meeting with the visiting Burmese Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin in New York, on the sidelines of the annual session of the United Nations General Assembly. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton complimented that the meeting of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the Junta President Thein Sein is a welcome development even though there is no fruition of any substance so far except some superficial gestures.
Ambassador Derek Mitchell said at the press conference in Rangoon that he was “encouraged by and pleased with the quality and openness of the exchanges with the interlocutors of the Junta’s side who repeatedly stated that this country had opened a new chapter to a civilian-led democratic governing structure and expressed that they were sincerely committed to reform in the interest of human rights, democracy, development and national reconciliation”. Lest he forget that these intercalates are all parrots, if not puppets, of Than Shwe and is forced to cite what the supremo has taught them, in order that the world may view through this prism. Ambassador Derek Mitchell is not Senator Jim Webb and could not play advocacy for the Junta and so Than Shwe refused to see him. The world knows that it was Than Shwe who is above his own constitution is the one that is really calling the shots in Burma.
Some of the international community and Burmese people have heightened hopes and expectations, now that the US special representative have visited Naypyidaw and some may fancies, real change, may be on the horizon, but many seasoned Burmese academics and the international community remain sceptical. Even, Ambassador Mitchell, as according to his press statement, sees the writings on the wall and have challenged whether the Thein Sein administration could prove the sceptics wrong, by implementing genuine reform and reconciliation? What more prove is wanted when the continued detention of more than 2,000 political prisoners, (in fact this was repeated by Ban Ki-Moon when he met Wanna Maung Lwin) the continuing hostilities in ethnic nationalities areas, and authenticated human rights violations, including rapes of women and using child soldiers so evident in the country. In the meantime the State Department releases that Burma is one of the eight nations that does not have religious freedom as minority religious adherents often fled the country and one has not to look far but only at the fate of Buddhist clergy in the country.
The establishment of a National Human Rights Commission is on paper only. How many Human Rights lessons have being set up in Burma? Better ask Australia as they help these Burmese officials, the art of human rights with training and workshops from 2001 to 2003. Breaking ranks with the International community the then Australia’s Foreign Minister Alexander Downer became the first Western official to visit Burma in decades and pumps in millions of dollars, for this training but the result is zero . Since then it is clear that despite calls from the international community, the Burmese Junta has no real commitment to improving human rights or bringing about real political change, it is just for propaganda purpose and instead it continue to increase its gross human rights. Meeting with Ambassador Mitchell the members of the Human Rights Commission simply said that they will have to report to Naypyidaw before they can implement anything. Every Burmese have great reservations about this National Human Rights Commission and is considered as a mere window dressing.
But the most prominent aspect of their treachery can be seen in the ceasefire proposals with the ethnic nationalities. The very fact that they repudiated the Panglong Concordat of 1947, that makes Modern Union of Burma, clearly reveals that the Generals at the head of the Myanmar ethnic group, want to Lord over the other ethnic nationalities in perpetuity and treat them as a colonial people which they inherited from the British colonialist, in other words the 4th Burmese empire. This is the crux of the Burmese problem. If there is genuine democracy and federalism as Bogyoke Aung San (the founding father of modern Burma and biological father of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi) has lay down, and solved the country’s problem through dialogue and peaceful means, then they must respect the charter that makes modern Burma.
Now the Junta firmly believes that belief that the present day Burma developed in a linear fashion straight from the founding of the first Burmese kingdom in 1044 AD under king Anawrahta. Only the British colonization of the Myanmar Kingdom disrupted this historical development. They believe in the accounts of their mighty, expansionistic imperialist empires (one of the proof is the three mammoth statues in Naypyidaw) with subordinate alliances made up of multi-ethnic and multi-language communities, including the Shan, the Arakanese, the Mons, and so on, encompassing the present day Burma and its political boundaries and, at times, stretching into neighbouring India and Thailand, others are their subordinates and hence should not be treated as equal but above the ethnic nationalities. Besides the Myanmar construe that other ethnic nationalities are backward. Hence they repudiated the Panglong Conference of 1947, that modern Burma is a nation-state of diverse ethnic nations (ethnic nationalities), by pre-colonial independent ethnic nationalities such as the Chin, the Kachin, Karen, Karenni, Mon and Rakhine (Arakan), Myanmar and Shan based on the principle of equality, as it was founded by formerly independent peoples in 1947 through an agreement.
If this agreement has been honoured, there will be no a military coup at all in the first place and the Burmese people need not fight for democracy as what they are doing now, only if the Myanmar dominated government in 1962 is genuine and solve the ethnic legitimate grievances. The Military came into power because the civilian government could not solve the problem and even now it has no intention of solving this core problem. All these years (1948 to date) the Myanmar group led by the army has used the “Divide and Rule” policy over the Non Myanmar and now the ethnic nationalities have formed the United Federal Council (UNFC) and demanded to set up the real Genuine Union of Burma. This compels the military clique to seek alliance with the pro democracy movement led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and skilfully used the word National Reconciliation for their advantage.. But Daw Suu is her father’s daughter and is determined to do the right thing and complete her father’s task and openly called for the Second Panglong Conference to thrash out the differences with the ethnic nationalities and all the stake holders. Ambassador Mitchell himself has admitted that that Daw Aung San Suu Kyi remains deeply important to the citizens of this country, Myanmar and ethnic nationalities alike, and that any credible reform effort must include her participation. It was also clear that she remains fully committed to the cause of peaceful change through dialogue.
The UN's World Drug Report 2011 noted that opium production in Burma had increased 20 percent since 2009, because of a good harvest last year and President Obama had single out that three countries, Bolivia, Burma, and Venezuela, “failed demonstrably” during the last 12 months to make sufficient or meaningful efforts to adhere to the obligations they have undertaken under international counter-narcotic agreements. The world has known that these Burmese generals had indirectly encourage the narco-barons to be the gentlemen of Burma and the existing Burmese billionaires are all narco related even though the well known Khun Hsa has died. Hence the conclusion can be drawn that as long as the Burmese Generals are in power narcotics will flow throughout the world. It must be stop as it source with the people’s participation and how can the people participate without the representative government?
This does not include of Burma aspiring to be a nuclear power like North Korea and its secret has been out by the patriots who know the danger of becoming an uncontrolled nuclear power. Taking all of these together it has been proved beyond doubt that the Burmese regime is trying their level best to manifest to the world at large that they are serious about that country becoming a democracy and hoodwink the international communities with the help of Nazi ancestors, some academics, NGOs and multilateral corporations bent on exploiting the country’s vast natural and human resources.
Ambassador Mitchell has made it clear that the American policy has not changed and that sanctions remain intact as announced yesterday even though the US remain open to assisting real democracy in Burma. The people of Burma and the international community need to see the concrete and genuine actions taken for real change and not superficial ones. It need sincere and genuine reforms to reach the goals that were outlined by the regime such as democracy, human rights, development, self determination and national reconciliation, then and only then Burma can be in the community of nations not to mention to be an ASEAN Chairperson. Bluffing will not work with the people of Burma or with the international community.
Credit: D4B (U Soe Win)
αိα္ေαြα်ား
αα
္ႏုိα္αံαုံးα α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲျαα
္ေααေαးαုိ α‘ာαုံα
ုိα္ေααဲ့α‘α်ိα္၊ ႏွα
္αα့္αα
္αာα
ုႏွα
္ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး၊ αီαုိαေαα
ီေαးႏွα့္ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုα‘αα
္α‘αြα္ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္ေααΎααဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာ αွα
္ေαးαုံးαα္αုိα္αွာ αူαိ်ဳးေαး αုα္းαီးαႈေαြαုိ αႈိα္αႈိα္ααီး αα္ေααေαာ့ α
ိα္αေαာα္း ျαα
္αိαါαα္။ α
α္ααၤာ (αα)၊αααααွာ αုိαα္းျαα္ေαာ္αာα αုαားαာ αုαား၊ ႏြားαာ ႏြား၊ ေα
ာα္αုαား α
αျαα့္ေαာα္ αုိαာαါေαာ့αα္။
α‘ိႏα΅ိααုိα္αα္ (α‘ိႏα΅ိα၊ αါαα
α₯αα္၊ ααၤαာαα္αွ္αုိααာ ααααααုိα္αီα ႏုိα္αံαα
္αုαα္း ျαα
္αဲ့αါαα္။)α αူေαြαုိ αုαားαုိα ေααုα် αုိαΎααါαα္။ αုαားαုိαာ ααုိα္းαα္ α‘αုံးα‘ႏႈံးျαα
္αဲ့ေααဲ့ ααုα‘αါαွာေαာ့ αုαားေαြαုိ αုိαα္းျαα္ေαာ္αာ αုိαုိα္ααုိ ႏြားႏွα့္ ေα
ာα္αုαား ေααာαွာαာ αုံးေαာ့αာαိုα αုαားαု ေααျαα္းαα္ αူα်ိဳးေαး ႏွိα့္α်ေα
ာ္αားαႈ ျαα
္αြားαါျαီ။ (αီααုိးαုိαာ ααုိα္းαα္ α‘αα္ျαα
္αါαα္။ αူαဲα်ိဳးႏြα္αα
္αုαုံးαုိ ႏွိα့္α်ေααျαα္းျαα
္αα္αုိα αားαα္αာαဲ့α‘αါαွာ αα₯္ေα်းαဲ့ αူαα‘αဲြαα‘α
α္းα αူေαြα αα္းαုိααုိ ααုိα္းα
α₯္αာα‘α αီααုိးαုိα ေαααဲ့αုိα α‘αုαα္း ေααααα္αုိα αေαာα္းαုိαΎααါαူး။)
αα
္αα္ေαာ့ αီေα
ာα္αုαား αုိαူေαြαံα αα္α
ားαα္αα္αႈ၊ ေαးααာ၊ ααα‘α္ααာ၊ ျαα္αူααီαိ၊ αာαာေαး၊ αα₯္ေα်းαႈေαြαာαα αေααααာ၊ ααုိα္၊ αြα္၊ ααα္ေαြ ေαးေα၊ αုံးေααဲ့ αααီး၊ αေαြးαုိαဲ့ α
ာေααုိαါ ααူαားααα္း ααုိα္းα‘αα္α‘αွားαါ။ αူα်ိဳးαုိα္းαွာ α‘α်ားα αူေαာα္းျαα
္ျαီး αူαုိးαုိαာ αူαα္းα
ုျαα
္αါαα္။ αူαα္းα
ုαဲ့ α‘αုိးေαΎαာα့္ αူα်ိဳးαα
္α်ိဳးαုံးαုိ αိα္းαΏαုံးႏွိα့္α် αဲေαးαုိα္းαြာျαα္းα αိαိαဲ့ αα္αုိα္ αα₯္ေα်းαႈ α‘ားαα္းျαα္းေαΎαာα့္αာ ျαα
္αါαိα့္αα္။ αုαားαုα္း၊ ααုα္αုα္း၊ αုိα္းαုα္း၊ ααα္αုα္း၊ ααုိα္αုα္း၊ αြα္αုα္းα
αဲ့ αူα်ိဳးαုα္းαီးαႈေαြα αααာα
ုαွာ ေαာ္αα့္αါျαီ။ α‘α
α₯αာα္αာαာ αုိးαြα္αာႏွα့္ αုိα့္ႏုိα္αံαားေαြαုိ αုαားαုိα ႏွိα္ေαααာα်ိဳးαုိαα္း ααုα္αα့္αΎααါαူး။
αုိαα္α်ာαုိ αုိα္းαα္းαားα‘ျαα
္ αα္ααံႏိုα္αူးαုိαူေαြαဲ့ α‘ျαα္αုိ ေαးα
ားαါαα္။ ေျαာαြα့္αα္း αွိαΎααါαα္။ α်ေαာ္αုိα္αုိα္ααα္း αုိαα္α်ာαα္ αုိα္းαα္းαားျαα
္ αျαα
္αုိ ααုိα္းααာαွα္ေαြ၊ αုိα္းျαα္α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αဲ့ α‘α
ုိးα၊ αုိα္းαα္းαားျαα္αူေαြ၊ ႏုိα္αံေαးေαါα္းေαာα္ေαြααာ α‘ေαα‘α်ာ ေα့αာျαီးαွ αုံးျαα္αα့္αα္αုိα αူααားαူ ျαα
္αါαα္။ αုိαေαာ္ αုိαα္α်ာαုိ αုိα္းαα္းαားα‘ျαα
္ αုိးαုိးαားαား αα္ααံαာႏွα့္ αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြαုိ αဲေαးαာ၊ αုα္းαီးαာα ααူαါαူး။
ေαာα္αα
္α်α္ ααိαားαΎααုိαα αုိαα္α်ာေαြαုိ αα
္αα္ႏုိα္αံα αုိးαα္αာαူေαြαုိျαီး α
α
္α‘α
ုိးαα‘αα္αα္α ေαးααိα္ေαာα္ α‘α
ုαုိα္ α‘ျαံဳαုိα္ ေαာα္းαုα္αုိα္ျαီး αα
္αα္ ေαးααိα္αုံးαဲ ႏုိα္αံαားေαြျαα
္αα္αုိျαီး α‘α
ုαုိα္ α‘ျαံဳαုိα္ ျαα္αα္αံαုိα္αုα္ေααာ ျαα
္αါαα္။ αုိαα္α်ာေαြαာ αα
္αα္αဲ αα
္αα္ႏုိα္αံα ႏုိα္αံျαားαား ααၤါαီေαြαုိαα္ αာ့ေαΎαာα့္ α‘ααိα္αုိα္းαွာ ႏုိα္αံαားα‘ျαα
္ αα္αွα္ျαီး ျαα္αα္αံ ေαααာαα္း αုိαာαုိေαာ ေαြးαိαူး αါαဲ့αား။ αα
္αα္ေαာ့ ααုိα္αူα်ိဳးေαြαဲ့ αြα္ေျαာα္ေαးα
ိα္αါα္ႏွα့္ αီαြα္ေαးα‘α္α‘ားαုိ α်ိဳးႏွိα္αုိα αုိαα္α်ာျαααာαုိ α
α
္α‘α
ုိးαေαြα ααα္αα္αီးေαးျαီး αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြ αါးα
ားαံαုα္αားαာαုိ ααိαူαα့္αΎααါαα္။
αုိαြα္းαံေαα α¦းαα္ေαာα္ေα
ာαဲ့ Religious and Arakan αုိαဲ့α
ာαα္းαွာ ααုိα္αုαα္ αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ αα္းျαα္αα္αုိα ααုိαုαα္၊ ααုိေαြ၊ αါαွα္းေαြα αα္αုိα္ေαးαα္αုိα αုိαါαα္။ αွားαါαα္။ ααုိα္ေαြαဲ့ ေαာα္းαΎαα္αα္းαα္ ျαဳα္ေα‘ာα္ αုαα္αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ α‘α္းααုαα္αα္းေαါα္αဲ့ αားေαာ္αα္းαဲေα်ာ္α
ြာ αုိα္αုα္αုိα္αာα αααα ျαα
္αါαα္။ α‘ိႏα΅ိααုိα္αα္αွာ ααုိα‘α္αါαာ(Maghoul Dynasty)α αα
ααα αααα α‘αိျαα
္αာαုိα αα္းေα
ာαြα္ႏွα့္ ααုိα αာαွ ααုိα္αါαူး။ αါျαα့္ αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ αα္းျαα္αα္ေαးαာ αα္αူေαြαဲ။
αα္းαဲေα်ာ္α
ြာေαΎαာα့္ αုαα္αα္းေα
ာαြα္ ααႏွα
္αုံး αြα္ေျαးαုိαႈံေααာα αုိα‘ာα αြα္α
αα္ α
ူα္αα္αုαα္αံαွာ ျαα
္αါαα္။ ααၤါαီαုαα္ျαα
္αα္ αα္αါαα္။ αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ αα္းျαα္αα္αုိα α‘ဲαီα
ူα္αα္αုαα္α αုိα္α်ဳα္ααီαα္ႏွα့္ α
α
္αα္ αα
္ေαာα္း (α‘α်ိဳαေααာαွာ α
α
္αα္αါးေαာα္းαုိα αုိαါαα္။)αို ေα
αႊα္ျαီး ျαα္αုိα္ေαးαဲ့αါαα္။ αုိα္α်ဳα္ ααီαα္α αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ ျαα္αုα္αα္ αα္းαီးျαီး αုαα္αα္αုα္αာေαΎαာα့္ α
ူα္αα္αုαα္α α‘α်α္αြα္ျαီး αုိα္α်ဳα္α
α္αီαα္αုိ α
α
္αα္α‘α္α‘ား ႏွα
္αႏွα့္ αα္αႊα္ျαီး ααီαα္αုိ αုိα္αုα္αာ αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ αα္းျαα္αα္ေαးαဲ့ααါαα္။ ααα္းα‘ားျαα့္αုိေαာ္ ααုိα္ေαြαဲ့ ျαဳα္α်αြားαဲ့ ေαာα္းαΎαα္αα္းαα္αုိ ေျαာα္α¦းαα္းαα္α‘ျαα
္ ျαα္αα္ α‘αα္αα္ αα္α့ံေαးαုိ α‘αုααၤါαီαုαားαုိαေαααဲ့ αြα္α
αα္ေαြαဲ့ ေαြးႏွα့္ αα္ေαာα္ေαးαားαဲ့ ααုိα္းα‘ေαာα္α‘αားျαα
္αါαα္။ ေျαာα္α¦းαα္းαα္αုိ α‘α္ααα္ αα္αွားျαီး α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ ααုိα္းαုိα္αာαိα
α₯αွာ ααုိα္းααာαွα္ α¦းαα္ေαာα္ေα
ာα αာ့ေαΎαာα့္ ααα္ႏွα့္ ααၤါαီαုိ ေαာေαႊαα
္ααဲαုိαာ αာααံαွα္αာ αိαွာαါ။ (α‘ဲαီ α¦းαα္ေαာα္ေα
ာααဲ αိႏွိα္αႈေαြေαΎαာα့္ α‘αα္αုိ ααဲ့ႏုိα္αΎααဲ αα္αα္αဲ αြα္ေျαးαာαΎααဲ့ αုိαα္α်ာေαွα
ီး αုαα‘αα္ေαြαုိ ျαα္αာေααα္α αα္αα္αဲαွာ αα္းαီးαုိα္ႏွα္ျαီး αα္αα္αဲ ျαα္αႊα္αဲ့αိα
α₯αွာ ααွိαဲ့ αါα္αာေαြα αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြα αူα်ားေαြα ααားေα‘ာα္ αုိα့္αိုαုိα္ ျαα္αုိα္αားαာαါαုိα αα
ာααာ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားαဲ့ αုိαα္αဲ့αူျαα
္αါαα္။ ααာαွα္αွα္αα္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားαဲ့ ααုိαα့္αါαူူး။)
α်αα္α αα္ααီးααာαွα္ α¦းαြα္αေαႊααα္း αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြαဲ့ αုα္αုိαΎαα့္ျαီး ေαာα္းαုα္αα္αုိαာျαα္ေαာ့ αα္αားαဲ့ ααာေαြαဲαွာ Racism ααါေαးαူးαုိα αα္αါαα္။ α‘ဲαီ αα္ααီးααာαွα္ α¦းαြα္αေαႊααဲ ααုိα္αုαα္ေαြ αြα္α
αα္αဲြαေαြαံαာ αုαားαေαြႏွα့္ αူးα်α္αုိααုိα ေαါα္αα္αα αိုျαα္αါαα္။ ααုိα္ααာαွα္ေαြα αါααုα္αူး၊ ααုα္αာαုိ α‘αုα္αုα္ျαီး αေျαာαΎααဲααုိα ααα္ααြα္αΎααါαူး။ αူαုိα ααα္ျαα
္αုိα ျαα
္ေαာα္း ျαα
္αါαိα့္αα္။
Respond to Press Release of Rohingya, 2009 αုိαဲ့ α
ာαα္းαွာ α¦းαα္ေαာα္ေα
ာα
To show his gratitude to the Sultan he (Min Saw Mun) asked what he could do. The Sultan persuaded him to be converted into Islam but he refused; however, he promised the Sultan that the Arakanese kings would bear Pseudonym Muslim Titles. ေαးαားαဲ့αါαα္။
ααုိα္αုαα္αα္းေα
ာαြα္α αူααုိ αα္းျαα္αα္ေαးαဲ့ (αူα်ိဳးααူ αာαာျαား) α
ူα္αα္αုαα္αုိ ေα်းαူးαα္αုိαα္αααဲ ေαးαဲ့α‘αါ၊ α
ူα္αα္αုαα္α α‘α
α₯αာα္αာαာαုိ αα္αံαုိαေျαာαဲ့αα္။ αုαα္αα္ေα
ာαြα္α αα္ααံαဲ့ႏုိα္αဲ့ေααဲ့ ေαာα္αာေαာα္αား ααုိα္αုαα္ေαြαွာ αြα္α
αα္αဲြααုိ αံαူေα
ααα္αုိα ααိေαးαဲ့αါαα္။ (αူαုိα္αုိα္α αြα္α
αα္αဲြαα‘αα္ αူေααα္αွားαုိ α
αα္αံαူαဲ့αါαα္။)
α
α
္αုိα္α်ဳα္ααီး ααာαႏαΆဳαα ααα္းျαα္αုိ α်ီαα္αိα္းαုိα္αဲ့α‘αါαွာ ααα္းαွာ ေαα်α္αဲ့αဲ့ ျαα္αာαα္αုိα္αα္αားေαြα ααα္းαေαြႏွα့္ α‘ိα္ေαာα္α်αုα္ျαီး ααုαုိα္ ျαα္αာααα္း αျαားα‘ျαα
္ႏွα့္ ααုαုိα္ α‘αα္α‘αွားαွိေααါαα္။ αုαα္αα္းေα
ာαြα္αုိ αα္းျαα္αα္αုိα ႏွα
္ααိα္αုိα္ α
α
္αဲြαα္ႏႊဲျαီးေαာα္αုိα္း ααုိα္αα္းαြα္းေαးαွာ αြα္α
αα္ေαြ αα္ေαာα္ αα္αုိးαြားαဲ့ααဲαုိαα္ ααုိα္αုαα္ေαြαုိ αူαုိαα
ိα္αΏαုိα္ αα္α်α္αဲ့α‘αါ αα္၊ ျαဳα္α်α္αဲ့α‘αါ ျαဳα္α‘αိေα‘ာα္ αုα္ႏုိα္αဲ့αဲ့ αာαα်ိဳးαα္ αွိαဲ့αူးαါαα္။ α‘ႏွα
္ αုံးαာαီးαါး ααုိα္αα္းαြα္းေαးေαြαွာ α‘αွိα္α‘αါααီးαဲ့αဲ့ ေαာα္းႏွα့္α်ီαဲ့ αြα္α
αα္ αα္αုိα္၊ αα္αားေαြαာ αူαုိαα‘αိ်ဳးααီးေαြαုိ ααၤαားα αေαααာႏုိα္αΎααါαူး။ α‘ဲေαာ့ αီα
α
္αားα‘ုα္ααီးα ααုိα္αွာ αူαα αွိျαီးαား αြα္α
αα္αေαြႏွα့္ α‘ိα္ေαာα္α်αΎααα္αုိαα္ α‘ဲαီαာαα ααုိα္αွာ αြα္α
αα္ေαြ ေαာα္းα်ီαွိေααုိα ျαα
္αွာαါ။ αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ α‘ႏွα
္ေျαာα္αာေαာα္α ေαာα္းα်ီαဲ့ αြα္α
αα္αူα
ုααီးα α‘αုα‘αါαွာ αူα¦းေα αα္ေαာα္ αုိးαြါးႏိုα္αα္αုိαာ αα်ၤာααာαွα္α်ား αြα္αႏုိα္αါαα္။
α‘ဲαီαုα္းα ααုိα္αွာ αြα္α
αα္ေαြ αူαααα္းα ေαာα္းႏွα့္α်ီျαီး ααွိαဲ့αူးαုိαα္ αီα
α
္αားေαြ αα္α‘α်ိဳးααီးေαြႏွα့္ α‘ိα္ေαာα္α်αုα္ααဲ αုိαာαုိαα္း α
α₯္းα
ားႏုိα္αΎααါαα္။ ααာαွα္αွα္αα္ ααုိα္းαုိ αေျααီးαွα့္ေαာα္ααုိ αုိα္αΏαုိα္αα္ ေαာα္αα္။ αုိα္ααΏαုိα္αα္ αα္αα္ ααုα္αα့္αါαူး။ ααုိα္းαွα္ αိαွ ααၤα္းα
ာαူႏုိα္αွာαုိα ααုိα္းαုိ α်ိဳးα်α
္α
ိα္ႏွα့္ ေαးαα္ α်ိဳးα်α
္ααုိα္းαာ ျαα
္αွာαါ။ ααုိα္းေαာ့ ျαα
္αာαွာ ααုα္αါαူး။
αြာαား (α
ာေαးααီးαိα္) αုိαူααα္း αုိαုα္းေα်ာ္αံ ေαးα
ာαွာ αုαားေαြα ααုိα္ေαြαုိ α‘α
ုαုိα္ α‘ျαံဳαုိα္ αα္ျαα္αုံေαြαုိ ေαΎααဲြαြα္αာ ေαးαားαားαဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘ေαာ္ေαး α
ိα္αိαုိα္αိαါαα္။ ေαΎαြαဲြ ေαါαျαα
္α
αာαါ။ αုိαေαာ္ αါα ααုိα္းαα
္ျαα္းαဲ့ ျαα
္αါαα္။ ေαာα္αα
္ျαα္းαုိαါေαးαα္။ ααုိα္ေαါα္းေαာα္αα
္α¦းαα္းျαα
္၊ ααုိα္းαုေααီαα
္α¦းαα္းျαα
္αူ αα
္α¦းα α်ေαာ့αုိ “αုိေα‘ာα္αα္၊ αα
္αα္ေαာ့ α်ေαာ္αုိα ααုိα္ေαြα ααုိα္ျαα္ေαာα္αုိα္းαွာ ααၤါαီ(αုိαα္α်ာ)ေαြαုိ αα္αာα αုိαΎαα္း αုိαုိးαါαα္α်ာ” αုိαေျαာαူးαါαα္။ αα္αူα်ိဳးα αα္αူα်ိဳးαုိ αα္αα္ αေαာα္းαါαူး။
αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြαာ ααုိα္ျαα္αα္αွာ ααုိα္αူα်ိဳးျαီးαα္ αုαိα α‘α်ားαုံး αူα်ိဳးျαα
္αါαα္။ αီαုαိαα‘α္α‘ားα‘ααီးαုံး αူα
ုααီးαုိ α်ိဳးျαဳα္ေα‘ာα္ αα္αα
္αုိα ααႏုိα္ααုိ၊ αိျαားေα‘ာα္ αိႏွိα္αားαုိααα္း αααါαူး။ αα္αူαΏαုိα္αΏαုိα္ ααΏαုိα္αΏαုိα္ αီαူα်ိဳးα
ုααီးα ααုိα္ေαြႏွα့္ αုိးαူေαာα္းαα္ α‘α
α₯္αြα္αဲြ ေαေααွာαါ။ αုαိαα‘α်ားαုံး αူα်ိဳးα
ုႏွα့္ α‘ααီးαုံးαူαိ်ဳးα
ုααီးαုိα α‘α်α္းα်α္း αုα္းαီးαα့္ααား၊ αုα္းαီးαာေα‘ာα္ αုိα္းေျαွာα္ေαးαα့္ααား၊ ျαα
္ႏုိα္αဲ့ေαာα္α‘αြα္း (ႏုိα္αံαားα‘ျαα
္ႏွα့္ျαα
္ျαα
္) αားαα္αႈ၊ ေျαျαိα္းαႈေαြααွိေα‘ာα္ αူαီေαးαα့္ααားαုိαာ α
α₯္းα
ားαα့္αΎααါαα္။ αူαုိαα αုိα္းαα္းαားျαα
္α်α္αိုα ေαာα္းαုိေααα္း ေαာα္းαုိαာα αူαုိαα‘αုα္ျαα
္αါαα္။
α‘αိα္ααုိα္းαွာ αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြႏွα့္ ααုိα္ေαြ ေα‘းα်α္းα
ြာ ေααဲ့αΎααဲ့ αာαေαြαα္း α‘αွα္αဲ αွိαဲ့αါαα္။ ααာေαါα္αာ α¦းေα‘းα်α္းα αူαα္α
α₯္αွာ ααုိα္ေαြႏွα့္ ααၤါαီေαြ αα့္ျαα္α
ြာ α‘αူေααဲ့ α
ားαဲ့ αα
ားαဲ့αုံေαြαုိ α်ေαာ့αုိ ေျαာαူးαါαα္။
αα္αုိααα္ ျαα
္ေα
αာαူ၊ αာα
ုႏွα
္ေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာα α‘ေျαα‘ေαα‘αα္αα္ေαΎαာα့္ ααုိα္ျαα္αဲ α‘αα့္αα့္ αα္ေαာα္αဲ့αဲ့ αြα္α
αα္α‘ုα္α
ုေαြαာ α‘αုေαာα္αုိα္း αုိးαα္αာαဲ့ αုိαα္α်ာαုိαူေαြ ααုα္αူးαုိαα္αα္း αါαာ α‘ေαးαါαဲ့ α‘α်α္ျαα
္αါαα္။ ေαွးααα္းα ေααုိα္αူေαြႏွα့္ ေαာα္αွ αုိးαα္αာαူေαြαုိ αဲြျαားαα္αွα္αုိααေα‘ာα္ αΏαုိးα
ားαΎαααွာျαα
္αါαα္။ αုိα့္ႏုိα္αံαားေαြαα္း α‘αα္αေျααုိα αူα်ားႏုိα္αံ αုိးαα္αာေαြ αွိαါαα္။ αဲေαာα္αုိα၊ αေαာα္းαုိααွာ α‘αα္α αုိα္းαုိα္αα္ααားαုိ αα္αα္ေαးျαီး ααာေαြαုိ αα္αုိα္းαုိαααα္αုိαေαာα္ αΎαားαူးαါαα္။ αုိးαα္αာαူေαြαုိ α₯αေαα‘α α‘ေαးαူαာႏွα့္ αိαα
α¦ာα္ေαြαုိ αေαာαားαာα ααူαါαူး။
ေα‘ာα္αα္ α
α္ααၤာ αα၊ αααα
α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံ၏ ႏိုα္αံေαးျαα
္α
α₯္αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ αα္αူαα္။ αိုαိုαီαα αုα္းαα္αႈα်ားα‘αြα္း αြα္αα္းေαာα္း၊ α်αα္αα္ေαာα္αႈαြα္αα္းေαာα္း၊ αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီးαာααြα္αα္းေαာα္း αူαီαΎα αα္။ ေαာα္αုံး α¦းေααα္းα‘ာαာαိα္းျαα္းႏွα့္α‘αူ αူαာαို α‘ာαာαိα္းျαα္းαα္αα္း ျαα္αာα ေαွααွ ေျαးα်α္αွိαα္။ αုိααာαြα္ ျαα္αာ၏ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားα αα္αဲαူαα္αာαα
α္αဲ αိုαွα္αα
္ αိုα္αΎααျαα့္ αိုα္းျαα္αြ်α္αΏαဳံα်αΏαီး αူαြဲႏိုα္αံαααိုα αα္αα္းαြားααα္။ αα္αဲαါαီα်ား၏ ေαြαွα္ေαΎαး αွα္α်ားα‘ေαα αြံαွာαုα္းαီးαႈ၊ α
ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းαွα္းα‘ေαα ααα္αα္ ααာαိုαα္αα့္ αα
α¦αိαα
ိα္ေαΎαာα့္ ၎αုαၢαိα αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαα‘α
α‘αα္းαွα္αံαိα္α‘αα္αံααΏαီး αြα္းαာαိုα္၊ αα
α₯α္းေαာα္း αုαၢαိααိုα္α်ား၊ αားαα
α₯α္းα‘ေαာα္းαိုα္α်ား၊αုαၢαိααါα္αီαိုα္ေαးα်ား α‘ေαးα
ားα
α္αႈαα္αႈ αုα္αα္းαွα္α်ားαါαα်α္ α‘αα္းαွα္ αိုα္းαုα္αα္αΏαီး ျαα္αူαိုα္αိα္းျαα္းαို αΏαိα္αα္αွα္αα္ျαဳαုα္၍ α်α္းαာျαα္းαα္ α‘ျαα
္ααုα‘ျαα
္ α‘ျαα
္αါα္ေαး αုံးααိုα္αΎααα့္α‘αြα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααီး ααα»ာα‘αα္းαဲαုံးႏိုα္αံαααုိα α်ေαာα္αဲ့αα္αို αα္αူαွ် αျαα္းႏိုα္ေα်။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွား
α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံααူ αြα္ျαဴαα
္α်ားαို αုα္αα္αွα္းαα္းαိုα္αျαα့္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏွα့္ α₯ေαာαႏိုα္αံα်ား α်αα္ ႏိုα္αံαိုαα αိုα္းαα္းαူαီαΎααα္။ α‘αူးαျαα့္ αီαα္αα္ႏိုα္αံαုိα αိαိαα္α်ားေα
αႊα္αΏαီး αိုα္αα့္ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ αႏိုα္αဲ α‘αႈံးႏွα့္αα္αိုα္αဲ့ααα့္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံ αိုα္α်ဳα္αူαာαို αူαα
ြα္းαα္ႏွα့္αူ αြ်α္ျαဴαα
္αိုααို ႏွိα္ႏွα္းαα
္αိုα္αျαα့္ α‘αα္αααီး αူαာαို αိုေαာ α
α
္ေαး α‘αူ α‘αီα်ား α
ီးαြားေαးေαာα္αံ့αႈα်ားαို ေαးα‘α္αဲ့αα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αူααα္αဲαိုαွα္αα
္ α‘ေαြး α‘ေααျαα့္ ျαα္αာ့αα္း ျαα္αာ့αα္ αူαြဲαα္းα
α₯္αိုα α်ီαα္ေαျαα္းα‘αြα္ αα
္αွ်ဴαႈαားαဲ့αα္။
αူαာαိုαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္ျαα့္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေααα့္αα
ား ေα
်းαြα္α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αို αြα့္αΏαီး αူႏွα့္αီးα
α္αူ α်ားႏွα့္ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαို ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။ (Crony Capitalism)αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαြα္ αြ်α္းα်α္ေαာ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားျαα္αြါး ααုα္α
ီးαြားေαးααားα်ားႏွα့္ αုαα္းαူαူးαိုααုα္၍ αိαိαားααီးα်ား ေαြα်ဳိးα်ားျαα့္ ႂαြα္αα်α္းαာαာαဲ့αα္။α‘ေαာα္α‘ုα္α
ု၏ ေαာα္αံ့αႈျαα့္αα္းေαာα္း၊α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံ၏ αိုα္αိုα္ႏိုα္αံαΏαား αα္းႏွီးαΏαွဳα္ႏွံαွဳ (Foreign Direct Investment) (FDI) ေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း၊ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α‘αα္းαွα္α
ံαα
္ ေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံαα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္αာαဲ့ααα္။ αုိααာαြα္ αူαာαိုαα္ α‘ာαာαို αα္ αႊα္αα္ αα
α₯္းα
ားαဲ αူαα္ေαာα္αားαα့္ ေαααာαါαီ (Golkar) αိုα‘αံုးα်၍ αα္αုိα္ (α) ααိα္αိုα္αိုα္ αααျαဳαုα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αဲ့αα္။ α
ီးαြားေαးαိုးαα္αာαျαα့္ ျαα္αူαိုα α‘αα့္α‘αα့္ ေα်ာα္ αα္αာαΎαေαာ္αα္း α‘αိα α
ီးαြားေαးαို αα္αါးααီး αုα္αားαΎαေαာ αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ား၊ α‘αြα့္αူးαံ α
ီးαြားေαးααားα်ားႏွα့္ αα္းαဲα်α္းαာαြာααႈα်ား ႏိႈα္းαွα₯္ααေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ ααီးαားαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား α်ားα α‘αြα္α‘αα္းα်α္းαာေαေαာ ααုα္α်ားαို αူα်ဳိးေαးα‘α αုα္းαီးαာαဲ့αΏαီး ααုα္α်ားႏွα့္ αူα်ဳိးေαး α‘αိααုα္းα်ား ျαα
္αာαဲ့αΎααα္။
ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ
αေαα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏ ႏိုα္αံေαးျαα
္α
α₯္αို αΎαα့္αွ်α္ αα္αဲαိα္းα်ား၏ α‘α
ြα္းေαာα္α‘ေαွαေαွ်ာ္αါαေαΎαာα့္ αα္αဲαူαα္αာαα
α္αဲ αဲαဲျαα္αာα‘αα္းαွα္αံαိα္αα္၍ α်α္းαာျαα္းαိုαα္ α‘ျαα
္ααုα‘ျαα
္ α¦းαα္αုိα္αိုα္αဲ့αျαα့္ α‘ားαုံးαα္αူαွ် αα်α္းαာႏိုα္ေαာ့αဲ αူαြဲα်ားα‘ျαα
္ α်ေαာα္αာαဲ့ααα္။ αα္းαဲα်α္းαာαိα
α₯αို ααာαူαα်α်α
α₯္းα
ားαွ်α္ ααိα္α်၍ α်α္းαာαူα်ားαွိေαာ္αα္း αိုးαားα
ြာ αုံαααီαိαα
ိုα္αုα္၍ α်ဳိးα
ားαုα္αိုα္αႈေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း ααာαာα္αα္α်α္αႈေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း ααီးαြါးα်α္းαာαာေαာ αူα်ားαα္း αွိေαΎαာα္းေαြαααα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္α‘αွα္းαွα္αု ေαΏαာαေαာα္ ေαာαူα်ား αိုα‘α်ိα္ααα္αွိဳးαိုးαΏαα
αာααွိေα်။ α‘α
ြα္းေαာα္αα္αဲαူαα္αာα
ြဲαα္ေααူαိုαα α‘αα္းαွα္α်ားαု ααုα္၍ αα
α¦αိαα
ိα္ျαα့္ αုα္းαီးαႈαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααီးαို α‘αိαုαα‘ေαာα္ ေα
ျαα္းαα္ျαα
္αα္။
ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ ααα»ာ့α‘αα္းαဲαုံးႏုိα္αံαααိုα α်ေαာα္αြားααα့္ αααα αုႏွα
္αα္ αိုα့္αူα်ဳိးαို α‘αΏαဲαα္းαုα္αူαα့္ႂαြားေααα့္ ααာαူα်ဳိးαိုα္းαို ေαွာ့ျαα
္ (αုα္αႈα္) ေα
αဲ့αα္။ α¦းေααα္းαα္ ႏွα
္α
α₯္ ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α်ားαုိα αြားေαာα္αΏαီး α
α္းαိα္αံ ေαေαာ္αα္း αူαα‘α
ိုးααα္ααီးα်ားႏွα့္ α‘α
ိုးα α‘αာαွိα်ား αိုα္းျαα္αွ ျαα္ααုိα αြα္αြα့္αို αα္းαΎαα္α
ြာ αိα္αα္αားαα့္α‘αြα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏုိα္αံα်ား α‘αူးαျαα့္ αိုα္းႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ αေαးαွား၊ α
αၤာαူαိုα၏ αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေααႈαို ျαα္αာျαα္αူα်ား ααိαွိαဲ α်α္α
ိαိα္ αားαိα္ ျαα
္ေααဲ့αα္။ α¦းေααα္းαα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏုိα္αံα်ား αွ်α္ျαα္α
ြာ αိုးαα္ေααႈαို α်α္αါးαα္αα္ ျαα္ေαြαေααေαာ္αα္း ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ αုိးαα္αာေαးαို α¦းα
ားေαးα
α₯္းα
ားျαα္းαျαဳαဲ့ျαα္းαα္ αူ၏ α‘αၱα
ိα္ααီးαားαႈαို ေααျααဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αα္။ αိုαွα္αα
္α
ံαα
္αα္ αိုα္းျαα္αို α
ုα္ျαα္ αြ်α္αΏαဳံα်ေα
αα္αို αိαိααီးႏွα့္ αုိးαα္ေαာ ႏုိα္αံα်ားαဲ့αုိα α
ံαα
္ေျαာα္းαα္ ααိဳးα
ားျαα္းαα္ αိαိα‘ာαာαα္αΏαဲေαးαိုαာ αα
ိုα္αα္αα္ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။ α‘αိα α¦းေααα္း၏ α
ိα္ေααေαာαားαွာ α‘α်α္ေα
ာα္αα္ααီး၍ αိαိαα္αာαူ αα္αူααိုαွ αျαα္α်α္ေαာα
ိα္ျαα
္αα္။ α¦းαα္α αုααααၢα‘ေαြαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးααျαα့္ ျαα္αာျαα္αာαα္ေαာα‘αါ α¦းαα္αႏွα့္ ေαြααုံα
αား αေျαာα်α္αျαα့္ αααီαုိα αြα္αြားαဲ့αα္။ α¦းαα္αα αူႏွα့္ေαြααα္αααီαုိα αိုα္αာေαΎαာα္း αΎαားαα့္α‘αါ αααီαွ α်α္α်α္း ေαွာα္αြα္αြားαဲ့ျαα္αα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αြα္ α်α္းαာαူ ααွိေα
α၊ αိαိαα္αာαူ ααွိေα
ααိုαα့္ αူ၏ α‘αၱααီးαႈေαΎαာα့္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ ေα‘ာα္αα္းေαာα္αα္းα်αα့္ αααုိα α်ေαာα္αဲ့ααα္။
ααα/αα‘α αα္αα္αြα္αူ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ား αူαာαို၏ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αို α‘αုαိုးα်α့္αုံးαာαΎααα္။ ေαα၊ α
αီαα္ေαာ၊ ααာေα်ာα္း၊ αα္α
္ေαာ္ေαာ္α
αα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးααားα်ားαို ေαြးျαဴ၍ ေαα
ားαွ်α
ား αုα္αာαΎααα္။ α¦းေααα္းαα္αα္α αိα္းα်ဳα္αားαဲ့ေαာ ααာα α‘αα္းα‘ျαα
္α်ားαို ေαာေαာαီαီ αုα္ေαာα္းျαα္းျαα့္ ေαα္α်α္αူေαးα်ား ျαα
္αာαΎααΏαီး α်α္းαာαႈႏွα့္α‘αူ α‘α်α့္α်α္ျαα
ားαႈαိုαα့္ ေαာαါαိုးααီးαို αျαα္αုံးαုိα αူးα
α္αြားေα
αဲ့αα္။ ααာααα္းျαα
္α်ား αုα္ေαာα္းαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαြ αα္းα်ီααα့္ ေαြαေαါα္ααုαိုαာ ျαα္ေαာ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားαα္ αူαα္αါ αα
္αြα္α်ား၊ αါးαα္းαြα္α်ား၊ αါα္ေαြααြα္α်ားαို αုα္ေαာα္းေαာ္αα္း αူαားαα္းျαα
္ (Human Resource) αို α‘αα္α‘ေαြးေαာα္းေα‘ာα္ ျαဳαုα္ေαးαုိα α်α္αြα္αဲ့αΎααα္။ α်α္αြα္αျαα္းαွာαα္း α‘αα္α‘ေαြးျαα့္ αူαားαα္းျαα
္αိုα ေαြးαုα္αာ ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းα်ားαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္αိုα၏ α‘αိα αα္αူααာαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαို ေαြးαုα္αာ ေααျαα
္ေααဲ့ေαာေαΎαာα့္ αα္ျαα
္αα္။ α‘αα့္ျαα့္ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းα်ားαα္ ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား αα
ုေαးႏိုα္ေα
αα္ “αြဲαျαα္ျαα္α ေα‘းαာαဲ” ေαααα
ီျαα့္ α်α့္αုံးαဲ့ျαα္း ေαΎαာα့္α‘αα္α‘ေαြးαိα့္α် αα့္αူαားα‘αα္းျαα
္α်ားαာေαြးαုα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αΏαီးα‘αα္α‘ေαြးαိα္ααြဲαα α‘αုα္ αα္αဲ့α်ားαာေαါα်ားαာαဲ့ααα္။ ႏွα
္ေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာα‘ေαွ်ာ္α‘αΏαα္αα္းαα္းαΏαα့္α‘αာαါα္αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္αα‘ αူးαူαားα‘αα္းα‘αΏαα
္α်ားαိုα‘ာαာαုα္αိုα္ ႏိုα္ေαးα‘αြα္α
ေαးαα္း ျαဳα္းαီးαဲ့ျαα္αα္။
αိုα္းျαα္၏ αုα္ေα်ာαုα္ αုα္αα္းα်ားαို ျαα္αူαိုα္ αိα္းαဲ့ေαာ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားαα္ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αြα္αα္း αုα္ေα်ာαုα္α
α္αုံα်ား αα္ေαာα္ျαα္းαα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏုိα္αံα်ားျαα
္αα့္ ααုα္၊ αိုα္း၊ α‘ိႏα΅ိααိုααွ αူαုံးαုα္α်ားαို αα္αြα္းျαα္းျαα့္αာ αိုα္းျαα္αိုα‘α္α်α္α်ားαို ျαα့္αα္းαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ αုα္αΎαα္းေαာα္း αုα္ေα်ာαα္ႏုိα္αံα‘ျαα
္αွ ααα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ေα်။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွား
αူαာαိုαα္ ααα္αွ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံα်ား ေαာα္αံ့αႈျαα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းα်ားαို αိαားα
ု α
ီးαြားေαးα‘αြα္ျαα့္ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αားαΏαီး αုိα္းျαα္αို αီαိုαေαα
ီႏိုα္αံα‘ျαα
္ ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαα္ α
ိα္ααα္α
ားαဲ α‘ာαာαို αα္αα္ αုα္αိုα္αားαဲ့αα္။ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏုိα္αံαို α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံα်ားα αိုα္းαα္းαူαီေαာα္αံ့αΎααျαα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးαိုးαα္αာαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αီαိုαေαα
ီႏိုα္αံ ျαα
္ααာαဲ့αဲ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ αα္ေα‘ာα္αွ ျαα္αူα်ား ααြα္ႏိုα္αဲ αွိαဲ့ααα္။ αိုααာαြα္ α‘ာαွα
ီးαြားေαးαα္ α်ေαာα္αα့္α‘αါ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား α
ီးαြားေαးα်α္ αα္αိုα္αဲ့αΏαီး αူαာαို αα္းေαးαဲ့ααα္။ α€α‘α်α္αα္ α
ီးαြားေαး αူးေαါα္း αူαီေαာα္αံ့αႈαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္αို α‘ားေαးျαα္းျαα
္αΏαီး α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္αို αα္αα္းαွα္ေα
ေαΎαာα္း αိုα္αာαα့္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားααုαα္ျαα
္αα္။ α
ီးαြားα်α္αα္ααာ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ားαို αုိα္αုα္ႏိုα္ေααα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္αα္း α
ီးαြားေαးαိα္αိုααႈαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ α
ံαα
္αို αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αုိα ေျαာα္းαဲေα
αα့္ αြα္းα‘ားααီးျαα
္αα္αို αေα့αα့္ေα။ α
ီးαြားေαး αိα္αိုααႈαိုαုα္αိα္းαါ၊ α
ီးαြါးေαးαူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αΏαα္းααာαီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αိုαြားႏိုα္αα္αုေျαာေααΎααူα်ား αα္ α
ိα္αူးαα₯္ေααူα်ားαာျαα
္αα္။
ေαααα αα္ αααα αုႏွα
္ αြα္αူαာαို ျαဳα္αြားαΏαီးေαာα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား ႏုိα္αံαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αုိα ေျαာα္းαဲαြားαဲ့ေααα္။ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံ၏ αααα
αုႏွα
္αွ αααα αုႏွα
္α‘αိ ααာေαးαα္ααီးျαα
္αူ α
ီးαြားေαးααာαွα္ α
αီαာααα္αီα‘α္ျαာααီ (Sri Mulyani Indrawati) α αီαိုαေαα
ီ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαွာ α‘αα
္αα္αာαဲ့ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြαာ α‘αိα္ေαααα္ေαြ αΏαီးαုံးαြားαဲ့αΏαီးαိုαာαို ေαေαα်ာα်ာ ျαααိုααိုαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ “α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαို ααားαα္ျαααိုααိုαါαα္၊ α₯αေααα
္ေαြαို αူαိαွα္αΎαားαွာ αွα္းေα‘ာα္ αုα္αိုα αိုαါαα္၊ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αα္αα‘αားျαα
္ေα
αα့္ α‘ေαးα‘αႊားေαးေαြαα‘α
ααုα
ိုα္ααါαα္၊ α‘ααိαိုα္α
ားαႈαာ αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαဲα αူးေျαာα့္ααုα္ျαα
္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α
ိုးααα
္αာ αီαိα
α₯αို ႏွိα္αα္းαိုα αုα္αုံးαုα္αα္းေαြ၊ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြαို α‘ျαα္αြဲαα
α္းαα္ေαာα္αုိα αိုαါαα္။ αြα့္αα္းျαα္αာαႈαဲα αာαα္αံαႈαာ α‘α်ားααိဳα္α‘α္α‘ားααီးαားαဲ့ αိα
α₯ျαα
္αါαα္။ αါေαြαုα္αိုα α‘αα္α‘αဲααဳံαα္း ေαါα္းေαာα္α‘αα
္ေαြα‘ေααဲα αα္ေα်ာ့αိုα္α
αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααွိαါαူး၊ αူαုα‘ေျαျαဳα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြ၊ ေααα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြ၊ αα္းαဲαားေαြαဲα α်α္ႏွာαြဲေαြαဲα αိုα္α
ားαွα္ေαြ၊ α‘α်ဳိးααီးαိုα္α
ားαွα္ေαြαို αုံးျαα္α်α္α်αဲ့ α‘αα့္αိုα္းαွာ αါαα္αြα့္ေαးαα့္αါαα္။”
“α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαွာ αီαီαာαြα္αα္αြα့္αα‘α
၊ ααားαွ်ααဲ့ေαြးေαာα္αြဲႏွα့္ α‘ααိαိုα္α
ားαႈαိုα္αာ α₯ေααα‘αα္၊ ααိုα်ဳα္αိုα္αႈ ေα်ာ့α်ေαး၊ α
ီးαြားေαးα‘α αြα္αα္α
ြာ αΏαိဳα္αိုα္αြα့္αဲα αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αႈ αာαြα္ေαး α₯αေαα‘αုံး၊ α₯αေαေαါα္းααာေαာα္αို αႏွα
္αြဲαာαα‘αြα္းαွာ ျααာα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ ႏုိα္αံ့ααိုαα္αဲα αြα္αα္αြα့္αို α‘ာααံႏိုα္αα့္ ျαα္αူαααာေαး α₯αေααα
္αို α‘αα္ျαဳαဲ့αါαα္။” αိုαဲ့αΏαီး α
ံαα
္ေαာα္းαဲα αα္α်α္αုံαΏαဳံေαးαα္αြဲα၊ ααြα္αα္αဲ့ ααားα
ီαα္ေαးေαြααα္း αွိေααα္αα္αိုαααိေαးαဲ့ ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαွာ α‘α်α့္α်α္α်α
ားαႈαိုα္α်α္αα
္αုိαα‘αြα္ αွိေααဲ့ ααားαူααီးαာ αံαα္α်α္ေαါα္းα်ားေα αိုα αြα္αα္αဲ့ααားαူααီးαေαာα္αို αα္αα‘α္ေαးαဲ့αေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာα္ αα္းαဲαားေαြαို α¦းα
ားေαးαဲ့ αုα္αα္း (Pro-poor agenda) α‘α
ီα‘α
α₯္ေαြαို α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαααဲ့ေααာαွာαဲ αူαုαိုαဲ αိုα္αူαိုα္α αုα္αိုα္းαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိုαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုαα‘ျαα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းေαြ αα္αီးαဲ့α‘αိα α‘α္α‘ားα
ုျαα
္αဲ့ α‘ေαးα
ားαဲα α‘αα္α
ားα
ီးαြားေαး αုα္αα္းေαြ αြံααΏαိဳးαာေα‘ာα္ α
ြα္αα
ားαီαြα္αူေαြα‘ααိဳα္ α
ီးαြားေαး ေααံေျααံေαာα္းေαြ αα္αီးေαးαုိααိုαါαα္။ (αွα္α်α္။ α
ီးαြားေαးေααံေျααံေαာα္းေαြ αα္αီးေαးαုိααိုαဲ့ေααာαွာαΏαα္αာαΏαα္α‘αြα္ αα္αုα္αဲααΏαိဳααΎαီး ေαြ၊α
α္αွဳαံုေαြαွာαွ်α္α
α
္αါα္α‘ားα‘αΏαα့္α‘αααိုααိုαါαα္) αူα “ αာαα္αံαႈααွိ၊ αူαႈα‘αိုα္α‘αα္းααု αုံးααါαα္αဲ့ α
ီးαြားေαး ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αႈαိုαာ ေααွα္ααံαါαူး” αု αိုαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘α
ိုးααα
္α‘ေααဲα α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းαα္းαါးαူ ေαြαို αာαြα္αုိα αα္αဲαဲ့ ေαြးα်α္αႈေαြ αုα္ααာα်ဳိးαα္း αွိαα္αါαα္။ ေαာα္αုံးα‘ေααဲα αူααα္ေα‘ာα္αြα္ αα္αα္း α ေαာα္း α ေαာα္αဲαြα္ α‘αြα္α
ံαα
္αို ေαα္αီေα‘ာα္αုα္αα့္ α‘α်ိα္αြα္ αႏိုα္αံαုံးαြα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαွိαဲ့ αြ်α္းα်α္αူ αွာαိုαααေα‘ာα္ ျαα
္αဲ့ααါαα္αု αိုျαα္းαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္αူαာαိုαα္αα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαိုးαα္αာαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း α‘αα္α‘α်α္းျαα့္ααα့္ ααာαွα္α်ား ေαααြα္းေα‘ာα္ ααာေαးα
ံαα
္ααွိαဲ့ျαα္းαို αα္ေαျααဲ့αα္။ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαြα္αα္း αြဲαααူαα္α်ားα
ြာ αွိαα္။ αုိααာαြα္ αိုαြဲαααူαα္α်ားαα္ ေαα္αီႏိုα္αံα်ားαြα္ αα္αΎαားေααα့္ ေαα္ႏွα့္α‘αီ ααာေαးα
ံαα
္αα္ ေαွးαိုးα
ံαα
္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား α‘α်ဳိးαြα္ ျααာα္းαားαα့္ ααာေαးα
ံαα
္αြα္ ေαြးαြားαာαဲ့αΎαααျαα့္ αုိα္းျαα္αိုးαα္αα္ αုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αα့္ α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαွိαူ αွားαါးေααိα့္αα္။ αူαα α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏုိα္αံαα္ ျαα္ααွ α‘αူα‘αီα်ားαိုα‘α္ေαာ္αα္း αိုα့္ႏုိα္αံαဲα α‘ေαးျαα
္αဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာ့ αα္ေျαွာα္α‘αႈံးαေαးαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိုα့္ႏိုα္αံαဲα α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးαို αိုα့္αာαာ αာαα္αူ ααုα္αဲ့αα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαာ αα္αြα္αြα္αဲ α်αုံးαြားေαာα္αါαΏαီ။ αီαα္αα္းα
ာαာ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံαိုα္းα‘αြα္ ေαါα္းαဲαွာ αα့္αားαα့္αဲ့ αိα
α₯ααုαါαဲαု αိုαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွား ααာေαးαα္ααီးေαာα္း α
αိαာααα္αီ၏ αα္ေαြαျαα္αα္းαဲ့ααα့္ α‘ေαြαα‘ααဳံα‘α ေျαာαΎαားα်α္αွာ α‘αြα္α‘αုαူα
αာေαာα္းαα္။ αေαα αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို ေျαာα္းေααါαΏαီαု ေျαာေαေαာ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္ αူαာαို၏ α
ီးαြားေαးαို αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္α
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αြα့္αားαΏαီး ααα္αွαα္း α‘ာαာαို ααိဳးαိုα္ααူαားαα့္ αα္းေαΎαာα္းαွ ေαြαီ၍ αူαာαိုαြα္αာα α‘α္αိုαီးαွား αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘α
ိုးααα
္αα္းေαΎαာα္းαိုα ααၱိαွိαွိ αိုα္αဲαုိααိုαα္။ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αႈαα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ α‘αိα္αြα္ α်α
္αα
္αဲ့αΏαီαိုαα္αို αα္ေαျαႏိုα္αိုααိုαα္။ αΏαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα α¦းေαႊαα္းα αူαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္ေαာ္αားျαα
္αα္αု ေျαာαိုαြားαα္αို ααိဳαိုαါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္ေαာ္αားျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း α‘ေျαာႏွα့္ααုα္ α‘αုα္ႏွα့္ αα္ေαျαေα
αိုαါαα္။
(α)α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαို ααားαα္ျαααိုαႏွα့္ ααα္α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αြဲျαားျαားαားေαΎαာα္းαို ျαααα့္ α‘ေαႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို α‘ျαα္αုံးαႊα္ေαးျαα္းျαဳαုိααိုαα္။
(α) ααားα₯αေαα
ိုးαိုးေαးႏွα့္ αာα္α
ားαႈ αိုα္α်α္ေαးα‘αြα္ αီးျαားαြα္αα္αα့္ ααားαူααီးαα¦းαို αα္αα‘α္ေαးαုိααိုαα္။ ααားαူααီးαα္ ျαα္αူαူαု αေαာαားေαးαα့္ αα္αိုα္αႈαα္းေαာ ααα္α‘α
ိုးαႏွα့္ αα္းαွα္းေαာ ααားαူααီးျαα
္αိုααိုαါαα္။ ααားα
ီαα္ေαးααဳိα္αိုαα္း α‘α
ိုးααΎααာα‘ာαာαွ αုံးααြα္αα္းαα္αိုေαေαးαα္။ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαဲ့αိုα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈα်ားα
ြာ αုα္αိုα αိုေαးαα္။ αα္းαဲαႈ αုိα္α်α္ေαးေαြးေႏြးαြဲα‘ျαα္
(α) αူαုαူαα္းα
ား α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαို α‘α
ိုးααုံးျαα္ α်α္αိုα္းαြα္ αါαα္αြα့္ေαးျαα္းαို αုα္ေαာα္ႏုိα္αုိα αိုαα္။ αိုααွαာ αα္ααီးα¦းေαာ္αα္းαဲ့αိုα ααα္α‘α
ိုးααုα္αα္α်ားαို αာαြα္αα္း ျαα္αူαာေျαာေျαာ ေαာα္ααုα္αဲ αα္αုα္αα္αိုαα့္ αူαိုα္α
αားေျαာαΏαα္းα်ဳိးαို ျαα္ျαα္αားαား αα္ααားႏိုα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္းα် ေαြးα်α္ေαးαုိα္ေαာ α‘α
ိုးα αα္αာαα္αုေျαာαΏαီး ျαα္αူေαြαာေျαာေျαာ αα္αံαႈ αွိαွိ၊ ααွိαွိ αါ့ေαာ့ αါαုα္α်α္αα္αို αα္αုα္αα္αု ေျαာျαα္းαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘α
ိုးαα်ဳိးαြα္ ααွိေα်။ αါαုα္α်α္αα္αို αα္αုα္αα္αု ေျαာျαα္းαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္αα္ေα‘ာα္αြα္αာ αွိαα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αα္ααီးေαာ္αα္းαို αα္αွိα‘α
ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္ αာαူးαွ αုα္αα္αိုα္ျαα္းျαα့္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို α‘ေαးαားေαာ α‘α
ိုးαျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αα္ေαျααိုααိုαα္။
ေαာα္αုံးαα္αΏαα်α္αα္αွာ αူαာαိုα‘α
ိုးααα္ αူαုα‘ုံႂαြαႈျαα့္ ျαဳα္α်αြားαΏαီး αူαုαိုα္α
ားျαဳ α‘α
ိုးααα္αာျαα္းျαα
္ေαာ္αα္း ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္αူ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား ျαဳαုα္ေαးαα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲျαα့္ ၎αိုα၏ αူα်ား α
α
္αူαီေαာα္းαြ်α္αာ α‘αα္αားα‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းαာαျαα့္ α်ားα
ြာ αြားျαားαႈαွိαα္။ αိုααာαြα္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးααα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαါα αူαာαိုαြα္ α‘α
ိုးααုα္αα္α်ားαို ααၱိαွိαွိျαဳαုα္αα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αိုα္αီေαာ αြα့္αα္းျαα္αာαႈ (Transparency) αွိαုိα၊ ααိုα်ဳα္αိုα္αႈ ေα်ာ့α်αႈ၊ α
ီးαြားေαးα‘α αြα္αα္α
ြာαΏαိဳα္αိုα္αြα့္αဲα αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αႈ αာαြα္ေαး α₯αေαα်ားαို αα္αိုα္ျααာα္းျαα္း၊ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ αိုα‘α္αα့္ α₯ေαေαေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာ ျααာα္းαΏαီး ααα္α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံ αုံးα
ြဲαႈα်ားαို αα္ααားαα္α်α္ျαα္းαိုααို ျαဳαုα္၍ α‘αွα္ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲαΏαီျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိုးαားα
ြာ αုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αိαံုး။ α‘αိα္αααုα္၏ααူαာαိုαူαΎααါ။
αိαုံးα‘ားျαα့္ ααုα္α‘ားαိုး၍ αိုα့္αူα်ဳိးα်ားαို αα
္αွ်ဴαႈαဲ့ေαာ ααα/αα‘α α‘α
ိုးα၏ αုα္αα္α်ားαα္ αα်ိα္α ααုα္αိုα၏ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααိα္αဲ့αျαα့္ ααုα္ျαα္αို α်αα္αဲ့αုိα αြ်α္းႏိုα္αံαα္ေαးααα္ αα္ေαာα္αိα္းαိုα္ျαα္းαံαဲ့ααα္αို αာαူαာαူαα္ ေα‘ာα္αါααိုα္းျαα
္αα္αွα္ ေαာα္ႏႈα္α်α္αို ေαးαား၍ αိုα့္αိုα္းျαα္αို α်α
္αΎααါ၊ αိုα္ျαα္αူαို αα္αိုးαားေαးα
ားαါ၊ αိုα့္ααာααα္းျαα
္α်ားαို αိα္းαိα္းαါαု αα္ျααိုα္αါαα္။
αိαိαိုα္αို α‘α္α‘ားαွိေα‘ာα္ျαဳαုα္ျαα္း( Self Strengthening by Li Hung Chang)
αီαα္းα်α္ αααα-αααα (Li Hung- Chang [1823- 1908]) αα္ αိုα့္α‘α္α‘ားαိုα္ αα္ေαာα္αိုααိုေαΎαာα္း αို αα္αါααဲαဲ ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα့္ ααုα္αိαုαာααီးျαα
္αα္။ αူα “ααုαα္αွိ α‘ေျαα‘ေαα‘α αူα‘αိုα္းα‘α
ိုးα်ားαု ေျαာေααူα်ားαို αြ်ႏု္α္αိုαα αူαိုααဲα αα့္αα့္ေα်ာα္αα္ေα‘ာα္ ေαႏိုα္αုိα αိုα‘α္ေααΏαီαိုαာαို ျααဲ့αα္” αု ααုα္ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α်ားႏွα့္ α
α
္ျαα
္αာαြα္ αႈံးαိα့္αဲ့ααα့္ αααα- αα ၊ αααα ႏွα့္ αααα
αုႏွα
္αိုααို αα္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။ “ျαα္αြα္းα‘ေျαα‘ေααို αုံးαα္ααα္αိုαα္ αါαိုααာααိုα္αာေαြα‘ားαုံးαို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαုိα αိုαΏαီ၊ α‘αα္၍ αါαိုααာ ေαွးαိုးαါαီα်ားα‘ျαα
္αာ ေαါα္းαာေααဲ့αΏαီး ေျαာα္းαဲαုိααို ျαα္းαα္αဲ့αα္ αါαိုαႏိုα္αံေαာ္αဲα α
ိα္αာα္αာ αေαααα္αေαα αိα့္α်αြားαွာαဲျαα
္αα္” ႏုိα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္ေαြαာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ ααုαΏαီးααုျαဳαα္း αွ်α္αွ်α္ျαα္ျαα္ αိုးαα္αာαဲ့αΏαီးျαα
္αα္။ ααေαာ α
ီးαα္းαာαဲ့ α‘αα္ျαα
္αွာα ေαးα
ီးေαΎαာα္းαို ေျαာα္းαဲαိုးαα္ေααဲ့αα္။ ααုα္αေαာ့ αိαိαိုααဲα ေαွးαိုးαာαေαြαဲα αုα္αုံးαုα္αα္းα‘αို္α္း αုα္αိုα္αားαဲျαα
္αα္။ αီαို αုα္αိုα္αားαိုα αုိα္းျαα္α်α္α
ီးαွာαို ေαွးαိုးααားေαြαေαာ့ α
ိုးαိα္ ေαΎαာα့္α်αႈααွိαဲ့αါαူး။ α‘ို ေαာα္းαα္αုံαဲα αူαား “αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αါαိုαα္αိုαားαα္ေα‘ာα္ ေျαာαΎαား ααါ့ααဲ” α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံαားေαြααα္αိုေααα္ေαာα္းေαြαုα္ααα္၊ αα္αို α‘αΏαွာα္ေαြαုα္ααα္ αα္αိုေαေႏြးေαြαေαာα္းαေαၤာααီးေαြ αα္ေαာα္ ααα္၊ αါαွαာ αါαိုαααုα္ေαြαို αႊα္းαိုးαိုα ααα္αိုαΏαီး αုα္ေααဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာ αါαိုαααုα္ေαြα “αီα‘αိုα္းα‘α
ိုα္းေαြαို ေαာα္းαုα္αΎα၊ αူαိုααို ααα္αံαဲα αါαိုααိုα္αα္α ႏွα္αုα္αΎα” αိုα ေα‘ာ္ေααာαာ ααα္ေαာ့ α‘αိααΈါα္αဲ့ ေျαာျαα္းαဲα α
ိα္αူးαα₯္αα္αွαါαα္။ αါαိုα αα္αα္αဲα αα္းααာααွိαဲ αα္αို αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာေαႏိုα္αွာαဲ။ αိုα္α‘α္α‘ား αိုα္αα္ေαာα္ျαα္း αိုαဲ့ αα္းαွာ αူαိုααာေαြ αုα္ေααα္၊ αီαြα္ေααα္ αိုαာေαြαို ေα့αာαα္αΎαားျαα္းαဲα αူαိုααာေαြαို αွီαိုα‘ားαူαားαα္αိုေαြαို αူαα္αုိααဲ” αု αိုαဲ့αα္။
ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈ αုα္ααα္αု α‘αူα‘ααို αα္αံαူα်ား αွိေαာ္αα္း α‘α်ားα
ုαွာ α‘ေαာα္αα္αα်α္ေαး ေαွးαိုးααား (Conservative) α်ားျαα
္αΎααα္။ ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαွ ααာေαာ္αα္ααၠαိုα္ ေα်ာα္းαား ααα αို αာ့αိုαα္ (Hartford) αΏαိဳα ေαာ့ααီးαα္ (Connecticut) ျαα္αα္αုိα αααα αုႏွα
္α αိုααိုα္ေαာ္αα္း ၎αုိαα‘ားαုံးαို αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ ျαα္αα္ေαααူαဲ့αα္။ ျαα္ေαာα္αာေαာ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαို α‘ေαာα္ႏုိα္αံႏွα့္ α‘αα္α‘αြα္αွိαူα်ား၊ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္း αဲေαးα‘αြα္ α‘ααံαာα္ေαးျαα္းα်ားαိုαα္းαံαααΏαα့္ α‘ေαာα္၏ ေαာα္ျαα္ေαာ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααα္ ေααူ α်ားα‘ျαα
္ျαα္αΏαီး αα်ဳိα αီα်ီα်αα္ေαα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈα‘αိုα္း α‘α်α္α‘ျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαုိα αုိα္αြα္း αူα်ားαို α‘αα္းα‘αΎαα္αာαူးαွ α‘αားαူေα
ျαα္းျαα့္ αိα္αα္αဲ့αα္။
α်αα္ေααα္α αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ ααုα္ျαα္ေααα္ααီးαို αိုα္αိုα္α‘ႏိုα္αူαဲ့αΏαီး αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαα္αွα္ αိုးαြဲ ျαα
္ေαာ αွα္αα္αိα
αီ (Treaty of Shiminoseki) α
ာα်ဳα္αို αααα
αုႏွα
္αြα္ ααုα္αα္αွ αံα‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ (Li Hung Chang) αီေαာα္းα်α္α αူႏွα့္ αα္αα္α်αα္αံα‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ (Ito Hirobumi) α‘ီαိုαီαိုαူαီαို “ααုα္αဲα α်αα္αာ α‘ိα္αီးျαα္းေαြျαα
္αα္၊ αါ့α‘ျαα္ α
ာα‘ေαးα‘αား α
ံαα
္ααဲ α‘αူαူαဲျαα
္αα္၊ αာေαΎαာα့္ αါαုိα αα္αူေαြ ျαα
္αΎαααာαဲ” “αါαိုααΎαားαွာ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲα αααာαျαα
္ေαးαို αိုαားαα္၊ αါαွαာ αါαိုα α‘ာαွαိုα္ αူαါα်ဳိးေαြαာ α‘ေαာα္α₯αေαာαα αူျαဴေαြαဲα αႊα္းαိုးαႈαို αြα္းαွα္ႏိုα္αွာျαα
္αα္” αိုα ေျαာαဲ့α‘αါ α‘ီαိုαီαီုαူαီα “αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα ႏွα
္α αါαα္းαို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαါαိုα ေျαာαဲ့αα္ααုα္αား၊ αာေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘α်α္ααုαွ αေျαာα္းαဲαဲ α‘αုαိ αွိေααဲ့αာαဲ၊ αာေαΎαာα့္ αေျαာα္းαဲαဲ့αာαဲ” αု ျαα္ေαးαဲ့α‘αါ αီα “αါ့ႏိုα္αံαွာαွိαဲ့ αိα
α₯ေαြα ေαွးαိုးαေα့αုံးα
ံေαြαို α¦းα
ားေαး αα္αြα္αားαြα္းαိုα αါαုα္α်α္ααို ααုα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αါαူး၊ αါαီα‘αြα္ α‘αွα္ααါαα္၊ αါ့αွာ αီαိုျαဳျαα္ႏိုα္αုိα αΎααာα‘ာαာααွိαိုααါαဲ” αု αα္αံαဲ့αα္။
αိαုံးα‘ားျαα့္ ααုα္ျαဳျαα္ေαးααား(Liang Ch’i-ch’ao) αα္α်ီα်ဳိ (αααα-αααα) ၏ ေျαာα
αားαို αα္ျααိုαါαα္။ αα္α်ီα်ဳိαွာ αα္αူေα (K’ang Yu-Wei) ၏ αုα္ေαာ္αိုα္αα္αα¦းျαα
္αΏαီး ααုα္ျαα္ααီး α်αα္αို αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ αႈံးαိα့္αဲ့ααα့္α‘αြα္ αိုα
α₯္α ααုα္ျαα္ααီး၏ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို ေα‘ာα္αါα‘αိုα္း αα္α
ား၍ ေαးαားေααျααဲ့ေααα္။
ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး (Reform by Liang Ch’i-ch’ao)
ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ααိုαားα‘α္αူးαိုα ေျαာေααဲ့αူေαြα “ေαွးαုံးα
ံα‘αိုα္းαုα္αΎα၊ ေαွးαူααီးေαြαို αိုα္αာαΎααိုααိုαα္” α‘αာαာαာ αုံးαα္းαေα့ေαြေα‘ာα္αွာ α‘ααႆျαα
္ေααာαို αူαိုααဲα ႏွαုံးαားαဲαွာ αာαွ αျαα
္ααို ေα‘းα
α္α
α္αိုα္αΏαီး αΎαα့္ေααΎααα္။ α₯ααာ- α‘αြα္ααီးαားαဲ့ ႏွα
္ေαါα္းαေαာα္ေα်ာ္ေαာα္α αα္းαားαဲ့ αဲαိုα္ααီးαွိαα္၊ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαဲα ေα်ာα္ျαားေαြ၊ α‘ုα္ေαြαာ ေαြးေျααေααΏαီ၊ αုα္ေαြ၊ αိုα္းေαြ၊ αα္αေαြαာαဲ ေαြးေျαααိုα္α
ားေααΏαီ၊ αါေααဲ့ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαာ ααီးαားαα္αျαား α‘ံ့αΎαα
αာေαာα္းေααုံးαါαဲ။ αါေααα့္ ေααဲααိုးαဲα α်αာαဲ့α‘αါ αီα‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ααီးαာ αΏαိဳα်αြားαွာျαα
္αα္။ αါေααα့္ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαဲαွာ ေααဲ့αူေαြαာ ေα်ာ္αႊα္α
ြာ αα
ားေααΎααူ αα
ား၊ ႏွα
္ႏွα
္αΏαိဳα္αΏαိဳα္ α‘ိα္αူαα‘ိα္ေααΎααα္။ αα်ဳိααီα‘ေαΎαာα္းαို αိαူေαြαေαာ့ αါးαα္းα
ြာ αိုေႂαြးαိုααဲαိαΎααα္။ αူαိုααဲα αα္ေαြαို αိုα္αΏαီး ေαααα့္α‘α်ိα္αို αα္αိုαုα
ားααα္αိုαာαို αေαြးαဲ ေα
ာα့္ေααΎααα္။ α‘αα္းαα္αားαα္αဲ့ αူေαြαα်ဳိααေαာ့ α‘α္ေαΎαာα္းေαြαို αါေαး၊ ေααိုေαါα္ေαြαို αိα္၊ αံαံေαြαို ျαα္αα္αြα္းαံαΏαီး αီေααာαွာ αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာေαႏုိα္ေαးαို αααၤαွာαဲျαα
္ျαα
္ ေαႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ေααΎααα္။ ေαာα္းαြα္αဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာ αα
ုံααုα်ား ျαα
္αာααားαိုαဲ့ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αဲαေαါ့။ αူαိုααာαဲ α
ံαα
္ေαာα္းαို αွီαြα္ ေααူα်ားαာျαα
္αα္။ αီαိုα‘ေαြးα‘ေαααွိαူα
ား αုံးα်ဳိးαုံးα
ားαံုးαာ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαဲαွာ ေαေααΎααα္။ αါေααα့္ αာαီαိα္းαုα္αိုα္းααီး αုိα္αα္αာαဲ့ αေαααွာေαာ့ αူαိုαα‘ားαုံးαာ α‘αူααြ ေαးαုံးαြားαΎαေαာ့αွာ ျαα
္αα္” ႏိုα္αံαႏိုα္αံαာαဲ αီα‘αိုα္းαဲ” αိုα αα္α်ီα်ဳိα αα္αာα
ြာ ေαးαားαဲ့αါαα္။
ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαာ ေαα္ေαာα္α်ေααဲ့α‘αြα္ αူααα္α‘αα်ားα
ြာ ေαးαα္αဲ့ α်αα္αြ်α္းႏိုα္αံေαးαဲα αြ်α္ျαα
္αဲ့ααာ ααိုα္းααၤα္းα
ာα်ား ျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို ေαα္ေαာα္ျαα္αြဲαΏαီး ေα‘ာα္αα္းေαာα္αα္းα်ေααဲ့ ႏုိα္αံαို ααုα္αို ႏိုα္αံααီးα α်α္းαာေαးαါ့ααား? ααုα္α
α
္αα္αႊα္ αိုα္αα္αေααေαα္αြα္ ျαα
္ႏိုα္ေα်αα္းαါးေαာ္αα္း(ααΏαα
္ႏိုα္္αုေαာ့αα္αိေαΏαာαα) αေျαးေျαး αူα်ဳိးα‘α αါးαΏαိဳျαα္းႏွα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးα‘α αြ်α္ျαဳျαα္းαို ααြဲαေαြ αုα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ αုα္αα္း αုα္ေααဲ့αα္။
αိုα‘ေျαα‘ေααွ αြα္ေျαာα္αα္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα်ားα‘ေαα αေαာαားααီးααီးαားαΏαီး αိုးαားα
ြာ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ျαα္း၊ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘ႏွα
္αာαα်ားαို α‘ေαးαားေαာα‘ားျαα့္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαာαα်ားαြα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αိုα္αီေαာ α₯αေαα်ားαို ျααာα္းျαα္း၊ α‘αိုα္α‘αံႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို αႊα္ေαး၍ ၎αိုα၏ α‘ျαα္α်ားαို αြα္αα္αြα့္αα္းα
ြာ ေαြးေႏြးαႈေαးျαα္း၊ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားαို αြα္αα္α
ြာ ေαးαားαုα္ေα ျαα္αα်ီαြα့္ေαးျαα္းαိုααို αဲαံ့α
ြာျαဳαုα္ျαα္းျαα့္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံαူαα္ αိαိ၏ αုα္ေαာ္αိုα္αα္α‘ျαα္ ααူαီေαာ္αα္း ၎αိုααႈေαါα့္αွ αုိα္းျαα္α်α
္α
ိα္ျαα့္ αိαိαိုαα‘ျαα္αို αα္ျαေαာ αုα္ေαာ္αိုα္αα္α်ားαာျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ႏွαုံးαြα္းαΏαီး α်ီαα္αα္αြဲαΎααα္αိုαွ်α္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံααီးααုα္αြ်α္ αααွαα္းေαာα္း၊ α‘ျαားαူα်ဳိးျαားαိုα၏ α
ီးαြားေαးαြ်α္αααွαα္းေαာα္း α‘α်ိα္αိုαိုျαα့္ αုα္းαြα္ႏုိα္αΎααα္ျαα
္αါαα္။
ေαးα
ားα
ြာျαα့္
αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
αွီးျαα္းα
ာα်ား-
(α) DVB αွ αုα္ေααα့္ Indonesia’s Lessons for the Asia αာαာျαα္ေαာα္αါး “α‘αိα္ႏွα့္αα္းαြဲαိုα္αါ”
(α) A history of Asia, Rhoads Murphey, University of Michigan, Harper Collins Publishers, 1992, P.311, 312, 313.
Credit : αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
By Zaw Nay Aung
The US Senate has approved the renewal of a ban on Burmese imports that is part of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003. The House approved the sanctions bill in July, and so the agreement is expected to get the signature of President Barack Obama soon. This is welcome, as were the words of US special envoy Derek J. Mitchell, who concluded a five-day visit to the country last week with comments arguing that the Burmese regime needs to take concrete steps over dialogue with the opposition, the release of political prisoners and investigating human rights abuses.
The problem is that words aren't always being followed up with action in Western nations.
Since the 2010 elections, the Burmese regime has grown increasingly tactical in its dealings with the opposition and international community. It’s unclear whether the supreme leader of the regime, Than Shwe, has completely left the political arena, but the post-election strategic moves of former Gen. Thein Sein have certainly become more calculated.
Thein Sein appears to be using a little sweet talk and some cunning diplomacy to demonstrate that he can change the way the international community sees the government. Now clad in civilian garb, the president of the ‘new’ government has made powerful speeches on economic and political reforms. Yet, in the past few months, no substantive or tangible changes have actually been seen. It’s certainly true that there’s no quick fix to the decades-long political and economic stagnation that plagues Burma. But there also hasn’t yet been any sign of much-needed progress in terms of basic rights and freedoms, such as the release of political prisoners.
The continued incarceration of more than 2,000 political prisoners, as well as the need for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy to re-register as a political party, is testament to the unshakeable attitudes of the old dictatorship. Furthermore, the regime is still using various forms of diplomacy to try to gain global recognition as an ‘elected and democratic’ government. To secure its bid to chair ASEAN for the 2014 summit, and with an eye on avoiding the possible establishment of a UN commission of inquiry into alleged abuses, the Thein Sein administration has started to feign acceptance of political opposition.
But despite the largely superficial changes in Burmese politics, calls to end sanctions against the regime have been growing louder since the beginning of this year. No matter whether one views the elections and subsequent developments as progress, many still have doubts over the efficacy of Western sanctions against the regime. Furthermore, many observers argue that sanctions hurt the people rather than the ruling generals. Given the apparent improvements in Burma—the release of Suu Kyi and the emergence of a parliament (albeit one dominated by the military)—the sanctioning states have in recent months been pressed to withdraw their punitive measures.
Suu Kyi and the NLD called for an independent analysis of sanctions in November 2010. No such initiative has yet taken place. In the midst of contradictory views from both pro-sanction and anti-sanction groups, the countries imposing punitive actions should review their measures and renew them accordingly. In the current political climate in Burma, it’s vital that the sanctions controversy is clearly seen to be resolved.
Burma Independence Advocates, a human rights advocacy and think tank based in London, recently published an assessment of the political and humanitarian conditions under sanctions. It showed that the direct impact of sanctions on humanitarian conditions has been negligible. And, although sanctions have so far failed to have a significant impact on Burmese politics, it’s important to understand that it isn’t the sanctions themselves that are at fault, but the way they have been implemented and enforced.
While the majority of sanctions are targeted, those that could have dealt a significant blow to the regime were implemented far too late. Meanwhile, sanctioning countries have continued to invest in a nation still rife with persecution. The continued heavy investment in Burma by the EU and United States between 1995 and 2005 also raises questions over the consistency of their Burma policy.
It’s easy to point fingers at Burma’s neighbours—ASEAN countries and China—and chastise them for their economic ties with the regime. But one doesn’t have to look far to see the influence of Western companies. For example, the continued presence over the past two decades of Western oil companies such as Chevron and Total shows that sanctioning countries prefer Burmese oil to the Burmese people’s freedom. The blood money that the regime has accumulated was never intended for Burma’s citizens, but instead for buying weapons, building up military academies, and sending scholars to Russia to learn about nuclear technology.
Yet, there are still many who believe Burma should receive development assistance and who naively think the regime would spend this overseas aid wisely on making the country a better place in which to live. Just as the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) of General Ne Win turned the country into one of the poorest in the world despite having received substantial overseas assistance, there’s no sign the new generation of military leaders would put this aid to good use. Indeed, the post-1988 regime has extended its defence capabilities dramatically compared with its predecessor, the BSPP. Over the past two decades, for example, about 20 percent of government expenditure has been on defence, while the army has swelled to more than 400,000 since 1997—double its size in 1989.
Having seen the effects of Burmese sanctions, it’s becoming clearer who has been helping the regime realise its military ambitions over the past 23 years. Although Western democracies like to take the moral high ground on human rights and freedoms, their unethical foreign policies are in practice little better than those of Burma’s neighbours, who nakedly abuse its resources. If the so-called liberal democracies want to demonstrate a genuine desire to promote democracy in Burma, they must cut off their economic ties with the regime. Unless unified and well-coordinated multilateral measures that can genuinely isolate the regime are introduced, the Burmese people will continue to suffer under a thinly disguised dictatorship.
Even if other countries in the region can be neither forced nor convinced to stop exploiting Burmese resources, the West staying away from doing business in the country could still hurt the regime and give Burmese a fighting chance.
Of course, eventually, it will be up to the people of Burma to stand on their own feet. Still, it’s crucial for those who have the luxury of freedom in their own countries to behave ethically and take their business elsewhere—not to Burma, where a dictatorship flourishes in a plethora of colourful disguises.
Zaw Nay Aung is director of Burma Independence Advocates in London
Credit : The Diplomat
By Joseph Allchin>>
President Thein Sein has admitted that Burma has economic problems
Burma has long been in the grip of a military inspired economic malaise. But any sense that the first year of its nominal new democracy would bring it relief has been dramatically disproven by a spiral of over-investment that has brought the country a new economic crisis unfolding in parallel to that gripping the West.
A presentation given to heads of industry and ministers by the President's chief economic adviser U Myint, which has been seen by The Independent, paints a grim picture of the Burmese economy's difficulties. The report, which speaks of "rampant corruption", details how foreign direct investment went from $300m in 2009-10 to a staggering $20bn in 2010-11 – more than a quarter of the country's GDP.
That may sound like a good thing, but it has disastrous consequences. The government briefing says this influx of capital, caused by a Chinese-led race for Burma's natural resources, has caused the local currency, the kyat, to soar by between 20 to 25 per cent. That makes it the best-performing currency in Asia and, where exporters would have previously received 1,000 kyat to the dollar, they now get closer to 750. The government, meanwhile, maintains an official exchange rateof about six kyat to the dollar.
The result of the dramatic rise in the value of the currency has been that exports have in a matter of months become unprofitable. Instead, agricultural goods have been dumped on the domestic market, forcing prices down and putting farmers in debt. With 70 per cent of the workforce in agriculture, that is a serious problem.
The country's nascent manufacturing sector, which should be profiting from steadily rising wages in China, has been axing much needed jobs in sectors such as garment-making, which still faces an export tax of 10 per cent.
U Myint's presentation notes that the export tax, unique to the Burmese economy, is there because "with no proper accounting system for business firms and rampant corruption both on the part of the business tax payer and the government tax collector, the normal way to collect commercial and income tax was impractical".
The government itself has also been blamed for the currencyappreciation. As public assets have been rapidly privatised, the military and its cronies have been the big winners in sectors like the extraction of natural resources and construction. That sudden transformation meant that investors holding their money offshore swept back in, sending property prices rocketing.
Even PresidentThein Sein appears to have heeded the warnings of U Myint. Speaking to an audience of economists last month, the President acknowledged Burma's economic problems. "Local demand for goods is falling," he said. "It has affected producers, especially farmers, who depend on exporting produce. Ways and means are being sought to ease the crises."
The government in Naypyidaw has spoken of reforming the meaningless official exchange rate, but economist Sean Turnell says that would be "problematic" because the disparity between the two helps the government make ends meet by applying whichever rate suits better.
The International Monetary Fund has been asked for its advice. But any help it could give is hampered by Burma's failure to pay back debts it owes to foreign financial institutions, barring it from receiving financial aid.
The effect any such aid would have on the general public is debatable. Most of Burma's revenues are said to go to the personal offshore accounts of senior officials or to purchase Mig 29 jet fighters. The country spends just 1.3 per cent of its revenues on public health.
President Thein Sein has admitted that Burma has economic problems
Burma has long been in the grip of a military inspired economic malaise. But any sense that the first year of its nominal new democracy would bring it relief has been dramatically disproven by a spiral of over-investment that has brought the country a new economic crisis unfolding in parallel to that gripping the West.
A presentation given to heads of industry and ministers by the President's chief economic adviser U Myint, which has been seen by The Independent, paints a grim picture of the Burmese economy's difficulties. The report, which speaks of "rampant corruption", details how foreign direct investment went from $300m in 2009-10 to a staggering $20bn in 2010-11 – more than a quarter of the country's GDP.
That may sound like a good thing, but it has disastrous consequences. The government briefing says this influx of capital, caused by a Chinese-led race for Burma's natural resources, has caused the local currency, the kyat, to soar by between 20 to 25 per cent. That makes it the best-performing currency in Asia and, where exporters would have previously received 1,000 kyat to the dollar, they now get closer to 750. The government, meanwhile, maintains an official exchange rateof about six kyat to the dollar.
The result of the dramatic rise in the value of the currency has been that exports have in a matter of months become unprofitable. Instead, agricultural goods have been dumped on the domestic market, forcing prices down and putting farmers in debt. With 70 per cent of the workforce in agriculture, that is a serious problem.
The country's nascent manufacturing sector, which should be profiting from steadily rising wages in China, has been axing much needed jobs in sectors such as garment-making, which still faces an export tax of 10 per cent.
U Myint's presentation notes that the export tax, unique to the Burmese economy, is there because "with no proper accounting system for business firms and rampant corruption both on the part of the business tax payer and the government tax collector, the normal way to collect commercial and income tax was impractical".
The government itself has also been blamed for the currencyappreciation. As public assets have been rapidly privatised, the military and its cronies have been the big winners in sectors like the extraction of natural resources and construction. That sudden transformation meant that investors holding their money offshore swept back in, sending property prices rocketing.
Even PresidentThein Sein appears to have heeded the warnings of U Myint. Speaking to an audience of economists last month, the President acknowledged Burma's economic problems. "Local demand for goods is falling," he said. "It has affected producers, especially farmers, who depend on exporting produce. Ways and means are being sought to ease the crises."
The government in Naypyidaw has spoken of reforming the meaningless official exchange rate, but economist Sean Turnell says that would be "problematic" because the disparity between the two helps the government make ends meet by applying whichever rate suits better.
The International Monetary Fund has been asked for its advice. But any help it could give is hampered by Burma's failure to pay back debts it owes to foreign financial institutions, barring it from receiving financial aid.
The effect any such aid would have on the general public is debatable. Most of Burma's revenues are said to go to the personal offshore accounts of senior officials or to purchase Mig 29 jet fighters. The country spends just 1.3 per cent of its revenues on public health.
Credit :The Independent (Uk)
αα္ααα္ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαααΌαျαα္αာαိဳα္αံαြဲαα
α္းαုံα‘ေျααံα₯αေα (αုαိααူαΎαα္း)
Federal-Law
Federal-Law
α်α္းαုိα္(ααိα₯်α) ။ ။ ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαα
α
္αα္α αα်α္ျαα္αα္ αိုးေαာα္αΏαိဳααα္α‘αြα္းαွိ αα့္αα္α ေα်းαြာαား αα်α္ αα α₯ီးαို αα္းαီးαားαα္αု αα်α္αြα္ေျαာα္ေαး α‘αြဲα ေျαာαြα့္ααုαၢိဳα္ α₯ီးααα္α ေျαာαα္။
ေျαာα္αိုα္းαုိα္း α α ္αာαα်ဳα္ αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ αုိးေαာα္αΏαိဳααα္ αာαိα္ေαα‘ားαွ်α္α α ္ α ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္ αα αုိα္α‘αြာαွိ αα့္αα္ααြာ α‘ေျαα ိုα္ ααα ααα αα္αြဲαα်ားα α‘αα္ αα ႏွα ္αွ αα ႏွα ္ α‘αΎαားαွိ α‘α်ဳိးαားα်ားαို ααိဳးαုα္αာ αα္းαိုα၏ αα္α αα္းαိုα ေααေαာα္ αိα္းαိα္းαားαα္αု αိုαα္။
KIO α‘αြဲαႏွα့္αα္α α္αႈαွိ၊ ααွိ αံααျαα့္ αα္းαီး
ေျαာα္αိုα္းαုိα္း α α ္αာαα်ဳα္ αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ αုိးေαာα္αΏαိဳααα္ αာαိα္ေαα‘ားαွ်α္α α ္ α ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္ αα αုိα္α‘αြာαွိ αα့္αα္ααြာ α‘ေျαα ိုα္ ααα ααα αα္αြဲαα်ားα α‘αα္ αα ႏွα ္αွ αα ႏွα ္ α‘αΎαားαွိ α‘α်ဳိးαားα်ားαို ααိဳးαုα္αာ αα္းαိုα၏ αα္α αα္းαိုα ေααေαာα္ αိα္းαိα္းαားαα္αု αိုαα္။
KIO α‘αြဲαႏွα့္αα္α α္αႈαွိ၊ ααွိ αံααျαα့္ αα္းαီး
| αα္းαီးαံααူα်ား α ာαα္း |
 |
“αူαုိα ေျαာေααဲ့ αီαုိαေαα ီ αα္းα α₯္ αြားαα္ αုိေααဲ့ α‘α ုိးααα္αြဲαေαြα ေαααံေαြαုိ αα္းαီး၊ ႏွိα္α α္ αာေαြ αုα္ေααာ။ αα ္α်α္αα္ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ αုိ αာαα ္ေα။ ”αု α₯ီးααα္α ေျαာαα္။
α‘αားαူαα္ αΎααုα္α α‘αြα္းααα္း αα္α ီαΏαိဳααα္α‘αြα္းαွိ ေα်းαြာα‘α်ဳိααြα္αα္း
ααα ααα ႏွα့္ ααα αα αα္αြဲαα်ားα KIO ႏွα့္ αα္αြα္ျαα္း၊ α‘αူα‘αီေαးျαα္းα်ား αွိ၊ ααွိ αα္းαီး ေαးျαα္းαႈα်ား αွိαဲ့αα္αု αα်α္
α‘α်ဳိးααီး α‘α α္းα‘αုံး α‘αြဲααα္ ေαααုိα္းα်ာα
ေျαာαα္။
“ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαုိ αူαီααားαုိαΏαီးေαာ့ αα္းαΏαီး αα္ေα α‘ေαာα္α‘αား αေαြααူး αုိαα္ ျαα္αြα္ေαး။" αု αိုα္α်ာαα္ေα ေαααုိα္းα်ာα ေျαာαα္။
KIO α‘αြဲαα်ားႏွα့္ ျαα္αα္α‘α ုိးα αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αုိα္α ားαွα္α်ား α‘αΎαား αΏαီးαဲ့αα့္ αΎααုα္α α αα္ေαααိ αံုးααိα္ ေαြααံုαဲ့αΎαေαာ္αα္း αေαာαူαီαႈ ααေαးαျαα့္ ေαြးေႏြးαႈαုိ ααုαိ αα္αုိα္းαားαα္။
Credit : Mizzima Burmese
ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαႏွα့္ααုα္αုααΌαီျαα
္αα့္ CPI αိုα αေαာαူαα္αွα္္ေαးαိုးαားαα့္ α§αာααီျαα
္αံု ေαα‘ားαွ်α္α
α
္αα္ေαာα္ေαး α
ီαံαိα္းα‘ား αα္ααြα္ေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ျααြဲαα
္αα္ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααြα္ ျαဳαုα္αα္ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαα္။
αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα၊ α‘αွα္(α) ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαိα္αာαα္း၊ ααံုαΏαိဳααα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαုိα္αာ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ Save the Irrawaddy α ာαားαါ αီαွα္α်ား αα္၍ αΏαိα္αα္α ြာ αႏα΅ျααα္ α ီα α₯္αားေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ျααြဲαို α ီα α₯္αူα်ားαီαွ ααα္းα αား ααွိαားαူαα ္α₯ီးα ေျαာαα္။
“αα αာαီ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααို α‘α်ီၤαα္αΏαီး αာαိုα ေျαာαားαα္။ αြ်α္ေαာ္αို αာαα့္αူေαြ α်ားαα္αိုαာαα္း αΎαားαα္။ αီျαα ္αံု αိα α₯αေαာ့ αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း ααာαွα္ေαြေျαာααို αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αူαα္ေαြααα္း αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း αα ္αုαုαုα္ျααα့္αα္ αα္αα္”αု α‘αα္ αα α‘αြα္αူαα္αα ္α₯ီးα αိုαα္။
ႏွα ္ႏုိα္αံ αူးαြဲ ေαာα္αြα္αα့္ ျαα ္αံုα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ α§αာααီျαα ္α‘α αုိα္း αα်α္ျαα္αα္ ျαα ္ααီးαားαΏαိဳα α‘αα္αα္αွိ ျαα ္αံုေαααြα္ ေα်းαြာ αα αြာ ႏွα့္ ေαααံ ျαα္αူ αα ္ေαာα္းေα်ာ္ ေααာေျαာα္းေαႊαααα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααα္။
ျαα ္αံုαα္αα္ေαာα္ေαး α ီαံαိα္း α§αိαာαα္ α α္αာαူႏိုα္αံαα္α α‘αြα္α‘α ားαွိαΏαီး ေαααာ α.α αီα်ံ α‘αုα္α်αံ αα္ေαာα္αα္ ျαα ္αာαααα αုႏွα ္ αွ α αα္ေαာα္αုα္ေααα္။ αွα ္ႏွα ္ αΎαာαα့္ αα္းα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ ααာα αα္αα္းα်α္၊ αα₯္ေα်းαႈ α‘ေαြα‘ႏွα ္၊ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူαႈေαး α αα္α်ား αိαုိα္α်α္α ီးႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αြ်α္းα်α္αူ ααာαွα္α်ားα ေαာα္ျαေျαာαိုαားαα္။
αα္းα ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ ျαα္αာ (BANCA) αြ်α္းα်α္ααာαွα္ ααႏွα့္ ααုα္ααာαွα္ αα α₯ီးαါαα္αα့္ ေα့αာေαး α‘αြဲαααα္း α ာα်α္ႏွာ ααα ေα်ာ္ αါαွိαα့္ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာαα ္αα္α‘ား αα္αိုα္αာαိုα ေαးαိုααားαα္။
αာαα့္ α α္αα္αာ αα αα္αြα္αα္း αα္αα္αွိ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ ျαα ္αံုαိα α₯α‘ား αုα္ေαာα္ေαျαα္းαို αႏα΅ျααα္ αα္αα္ေαာα္ ျαα္αာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘ား ႏႈိးေαာ္αားေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα၊ α‘αွα္(α) ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαိα္αာαα္း၊ ααံုαΏαိဳααα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαုိα္αာ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ Save the Irrawaddy α ာαားαါ αီαွα္α်ား αα္၍ αΏαိα္αα္α ြာ αႏα΅ျααα္ α ီα α₯္αားေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ျααြဲαို α ီα α₯္αူα်ားαီαွ ααα္းα αား ααွိαားαူαα ္α₯ီးα ေျαာαα္။
“αα αာαီ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααို α‘α်ီၤαα္αΏαီး αာαိုα ေျαာαားαα္။ αြ်α္ေαာ္αို αာαα့္αူေαြ α်ားαα္αိုαာαα္း αΎαားαα္။ αီျαα ္αံု αိα α₯αေαာ့ αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း ααာαွα္ေαြေျαာααို αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αူαα္ေαြααα္း αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း αα ္αုαုαုα္ျααα့္αα္ αα္αα္”αု α‘αα္ αα α‘αြα္αူαα္αα ္α₯ီးα αိုαα္။
ႏွα ္ႏုိα္αံ αူးαြဲ ေαာα္αြα္αα့္ ျαα ္αံုα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ α§αာααီျαα ္α‘α αုိα္း αα်α္ျαα္αα္ ျαα ္ααီးαားαΏαိဳα α‘αα္αα္αွိ ျαα ္αံုေαααြα္ ေα်းαြာ αα αြာ ႏွα့္ ေαααံ ျαα္αူ αα ္ေαာα္းေα်ာ္ ေααာေျαာα္းေαႊαααα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααα္။
ျαα ္αံုαα္αα္ေαာα္ေαး α ီαံαိα္း α§αိαာαα္ α α္αာαူႏိုα္αံαα္α α‘αြα္α‘α ားαွိαΏαီး ေαααာ α.α αီα်ံ α‘αုα္α်αံ αα္ေαာα္αα္ ျαα ္αာαααα αုႏွα ္ αွ α αα္ေαာα္αုα္ေααα္။ αွα ္ႏွα ္ αΎαာαα့္ αα္းα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ ααာα αα္αα္းα်α္၊ αα₯္ေα်းαႈ α‘ေαြα‘ႏွα ္၊ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူαႈေαး α αα္α်ား αိαုိα္α်α္α ီးႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αြ်α္းα်α္αူ ααာαွα္α်ားα ေαာα္ျαေျαာαိုαားαα္။
αα္းα ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ ျαα္αာ (BANCA) αြ်α္းα်α္ααာαွα္ ααႏွα့္ ααုα္ααာαွα္ αα α₯ီးαါαα္αα့္ ေα့αာေαး α‘αြဲαααα္း α ာα်α္ႏွာ ααα ေα်ာ္ αါαွိαα့္ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာαα ္αα္α‘ား αα္αိုα္αာαိုα ေαးαိုααားαα္။
αာαα့္ α α္αα္αာ αα αα္αြα္αα္း αα္αα္αွိ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ ျαα ္αံုαိα α₯α‘ား αုα္ေαာα္ေαျαα္းαို αႏα΅ျααα္ αα္αα္ေαာα္ ျαα္αာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘ား ႏႈိးေαာ္αားေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
Credit : Dawnmanhon
By - Zin Linn
It was as early as October 2009, the Thailand-based Kachin Development Networking Group (KDNG) published a report – “Resisting the Flood” – highlighting the implementation of the Myitsone dam project on the Irrawaddy River. The report demanded a halt to the project that is sponsored by the China Power Investment Corporation (CPI), its main investor and contractor.
The dam project creates unwelcome impacts like social, environmental, livelihood, cultural and security problems for tens of thousands of people in the Kachin State. The report states that more than 15,000 people in 60 villages around the dam sites are being forcibly relocated without proper resettlement plans by the Burmese military regime. These individuals have lost their means of livelihood such as farming, fishing and collection of non-timber forest products.
The Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), the political wing of the KIA, sent an open letter to Chinese President, Hu Jintao, in March this year, urging a halt to the Irrawaddy Myitson Dam construction, because it will lead to civil war in the country. However, the Chinese communist government has refused the KIO request.
The 500-foot dam has been under construction at the confluence of the Mali Hka River and N’Mai Hka River, 27 miles north of the Kachin capital of Myitkyina. Construction at Myitsone began December 21, 2009, led by China’s state owned China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) in cooperation with Burma’s Asia World Company (AWC) and the Burmese government’s No. 1 Ministry of Electric Power. Remarkably, AWC owner is former drug lord, Lo Hsing Han. It will cost 3.6 billion dollars and most of the 6000 MW of electricity produced will be sold out to China.
As a result, the KIO warned CPI employees not to enter its area in the dam construction sites north of the Mali-N’mai Rivers. The reason was that the Burmese government discontinued the 1994 ceasefire on 1 September, 2010.
KDNG said that the dam construction is against the choice of local people and violates China’s own dam construction guidelines as well as international standards. Burma’s military junta ordered over a thousand civilians from Tang Hpre, the main village at the dam site, before the end of May 2010.
There was an environmental impact assessment on the Thailand-based Burma Rivers Network website which was conducted by a team of Burmese and Chinese scientists. The 945-page “environmental impact assessment,” fully funded by China’s CPI Corporation and conducted by a team of Burmese and Chinese scientists, recommends that the Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam not proceed. “There is no need for such a big dam to be constructed at the confluence of the Irrawaddy River” says the assessment.
Several complaint letters concerning construction of the Myitsone dam have been sent to the Burmese and Chinese governments by local people, the Kachin National Consultative Assembly (KNCA) and the KIO. However, no action has been taken to tackle the worries expressed by the Kachin community.
KIO have waged revolutionary warfare for self-determination in their state. Since 9 June, skirmishing spread out between the KIA and the government’s troops. The warfare was interrelated to the outsized developmental projects being built by China.
Recently, on 17 September, Workshop No (3/2011) of the Ministry of Electric Power No (1) on Impact of Hydropower Projects on the Irrawaddy River and natural environment was held at the ministry in Naypyitaw.
Union Ministers, deputy ministers, People Parliament and National Parliament representatives, departmental heads, resource persons, entrepreneurs, journalists and guests attended the workshop, the New Light of Myanmar newspaper reported.
In his address, Union Minister for Electric Power No (1) Zaw Min explained the purpose of organizing the seminar and introduced six papers that would be read out. He also invited suggestions and discussions over the papers. Chairman Dr Htin Hla of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association (BANCA) read out the paper on impact on natural and social environments. CPI Chairman Mr Li Guanghua, read on Irrawaddy basin hydropower projects are strategic selection for Myanmar (Burma) electric power industry.
On 10 September (Saturday), Union Minister for Electric Power No (1) Zaw Min said in a meeting with media, the government will carry on construction of the Myitsone Dam on the Irrawaddy River despite severe denigration and environmental and communal risks, some Rangoon-based journals spotlighted.
Zaw Min also challenged the people that the government will not withdraw the project because of any objection.
During the 17 September seminar, the “natural environment report” was made by 250 scholars from six organizations including BANCA. The report will be submitted to the newly reconstituted Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry. It is said that future works depend on the environment report of the ECF Ministry and study report of the engineer group.
According to the report of CPI Company, the structures in Myitsone project will be designed and built systematically to have the resistance of the worst flood in 1000 years and the earthquake of eight Richter Scales. But, as stated by some critics, CPI’s estimation is merely an illogical presumption. No futurist can foretell such a thousand-year calculation.
In his closing address, Union Minister Zaw Min said that, the government has not yet decided to stop the Myitsone dam projects. Zaw Min said at one point: “Impact of Myitsone Project on environment and safety was a hot topic among people. However, hydro-power projects along Ayeyawady (Irrawaddy) river were worthwhile to increase production of power for domestic use and industrial development.”
So, the seminar seemed to be a time-buying method that held against the desire of the people. If the parliament and the government unwisely decided to carry on the massive dam, the people would not tolerate any more.
Hence, local civil societies, as well as watchdog groups around the world, have to keep serious awareness to prevent the continuation of the Myitsone dam project which will tragically spoil the nation’s promising future.
For Immediate Release
September 15, 2011
Baucus Hails Senate Renewal of Sanctions Against Burma
Nelson Mandela once said, “There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere.”
The walk to freedom for the Burmese people has certainly not been easy, and it is far from complete. The military-controlled government that rules Burma continues to maintain its tight grip over the Burmese people through fear, intimidation and violence.
According to the State Department, over the last year the Burmese regime has “severely restricted and frequently violated freedoms of assembly, expression, association, movement and religion.” And in furthering its hold over Burmese society, the regime has committed crimes of murder, abduction, rape, torture, recruitment of child soldiers and forced labor – all with impunity.
In recent months, however, we have seen some encouraging steps. Last November, the Burmese regime released Aung San Suu Kyi, the Burmese democracy leader and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, after a long and unjustified incarceration. The regime has made some modest movement towards dialogue with the opposition.
But it is far too soon to think that the walk to freedom has succeeded. Just two months after releasing Aung San Suu Kyi, the regime dissolved the National League for Democracy, which has sought to bring democracy to Burma for more than 20 years. And the regime keeps more than two thousand political prisoners in detention.
As Aung San Suu Kyi herself has said, “If my people are not free, how can you say I’m free? We are none of us free.”
In order to help the Burmese people on their march to freedom, I urge my colleagues to extend our sanctions against Burmese imports for another year.
Several of our trading partners — including the European Union, Canada, and Australia — have joined us in imposing trade and investment sanctions against Burma. These sanctions have put significant pressure on the Burmese leadership.
So let us extend the import sanctions on Burma for another year, and let us do our part to help the Burmese people complete their long walk to freedom.
Source : US Senate
September 15, 2011
Washington, DC – Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus (D-Mont.) today applauded the Senate’s renewal of trade sanctions against Burma. The renewal came in response to the Burmese government’s continued human rights violations and suppression of political opposition. Several other nations, including Canada, Australia and the members of the European Union have also imposed sanctions. Chairman Baucus issued and entered into the record the following statement yesterday urging the Senate to renew the import sanctions, which include a comprehensive ban on products of Burmese origin:
Nelson Mandela once said, “There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere.”
The walk to freedom for the Burmese people has certainly not been easy, and it is far from complete. The military-controlled government that rules Burma continues to maintain its tight grip over the Burmese people through fear, intimidation and violence.
According to the State Department, over the last year the Burmese regime has “severely restricted and frequently violated freedoms of assembly, expression, association, movement and religion.” And in furthering its hold over Burmese society, the regime has committed crimes of murder, abduction, rape, torture, recruitment of child soldiers and forced labor – all with impunity.
In recent months, however, we have seen some encouraging steps. Last November, the Burmese regime released Aung San Suu Kyi, the Burmese democracy leader and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, after a long and unjustified incarceration. The regime has made some modest movement towards dialogue with the opposition.
But it is far too soon to think that the walk to freedom has succeeded. Just two months after releasing Aung San Suu Kyi, the regime dissolved the National League for Democracy, which has sought to bring democracy to Burma for more than 20 years. And the regime keeps more than two thousand political prisoners in detention.
As Aung San Suu Kyi herself has said, “If my people are not free, how can you say I’m free? We are none of us free.”
In order to help the Burmese people on their march to freedom, I urge my colleagues to extend our sanctions against Burmese imports for another year.
Several of our trading partners — including the European Union, Canada, and Australia — have joined us in imposing trade and investment sanctions against Burma. These sanctions have put significant pressure on the Burmese leadership.
So let us extend the import sanctions on Burma for another year, and let us do our part to help the Burmese people complete their long walk to freedom.
Source : US Senate
Asian Tribune
September 18, 2011
Part 1: The Rohingya Identity and Hatemongering by Rakhine Racists
Khin Maung Saw’s article “Islamization of Burma through Chittagonian Bengalis as Rohingya Refugees” is a revisionist attempt by a deranged chauvinist Magh to rewrite the history of the Muslims of Arakan. Racism and bigotry are written all over the article.
1. Introduction
In this post-9/11 era of hatemongering and Islamophobia, it is not difficult to understand his evil mindset that steered him to concoct such an absurd idea that the Rohingya Muslims are working towards Islamization of Myanmar (Burma). Forget about the fact that Burma is a military-ruled country with no democracy, how could a mere 2 to 3 million people impose the dictates of their faith on a nation of 50 million, especially when they are denied all basic rights – of movement, assembly, marriage, education, jobs, etc.? One has to be either mentally unstable or very high in mind-altering drugs to hallucinate such a ludicrous idea!
As already recognized by scores of international organizations and human rights groups, including the US government and the UN, the legitimate rights of the Rohingyas of Arakan state of Burma towards equal rights and citizenship in their ancestral home cannot be throttled by hateful propaganda of anyone, and surely not by the paid agents of the rogue regime that have not given up on their divide-and-conquer policy to weaken genuine democratic aspirations of the people of Burma. And what better tactic than to stoke the fear of Islamization of the country by a persecuted minority that has already been brutalized and marginalized! Denied every right, enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, these unfortunate Rohingya people, pushed to settle for an uncertain life of either statelessness or refugees, inside or outside Burma, must now defend their honor and dignity against hateful and bigotry-ridden campaigns by their fellow countrymen – the racist Rakhine/Maghs of Arakan!
Racism and bigotry cannot come any worse than what thus far has been showcased by these evil children of Arakanese (and by default, Burmese) racism! It is sad to see that Saw who has been living in Germany has not learned anything from its past history of xenophobia. He had the choice to either reject or espouse the failed model of Nazi fascism that has had wrecked so much havoc and brought so much pain, shame and unbearable misery to its people. Instead of siding with the persecuted Rohingyas, he chose the hated monsters of the Nazi era as his model. One can only feel repulsed by such an evil choice.
Thus, it is not surprising to discover the unmistakable similarities of his fascist onslaught against the persecuted Rohingyas with those of the Jews of Nazi-era Germany. Like his other pseudo-historian peers - Aye Kyaw and Aye Chan (two unabashed fascists, by any account), his pattern of onslaught against the Rohingya people is borrowed from the hateful works of convicted war criminals like Julius Streicher of the Nazi era. One only has to change the terms ‘Jew’ to Chittagonian Bengali/Muslim or Rohingya, ‘Judenstaat’ to Islamization, and ‘Germany’ to Burma (Myanmar) to see the obvious similarity of their hate campaign.
These demented and paranoid Theravada Buddhists of Arakan, often masquerading as intellectual voices of their community, are no democrats and surely not liberals.
They are, in fact, closet fascists. If allowed to come to power or sway policy decisions, they will, in all likelihood, borrow the pages from the hated (German) SS manual and repeat the heinous crimes of their fellow coreligionists in Cambodia. It is no accident that Saw’s mentor Aye Kyaw wrote the infamous 1982 Burma Citizenship Law that provided the blueprint for denying citizenship rights of the Rohingya people – the other dominant ethnic group of Arakan. It was done with a calculated precision to not only rob the properties of the Rohingya but also to uproot them en masse from the soil of Arakan, their ancestral home. It’s an utterly devious and devilish conspiracy.
Surely, these Buddhists of Arakan give a bad name to their religion and the non-violent founder of their faith. Their malicious words and acts of unfathomable bigotry, racism, aggression against and oppression of the Rohingya people show that they are misfits to the civilized world, especially in the 21st century when people have learned to live amicably burying their age-old prejudice. Indubitably, multi-culture, integration and pluralism -- a reality in most parts of our world today -- are alien concepts to them, and as such, are an anathema to everything that they stand for or crave for their fractured country along the ethnic line.
Surely, these Buddhists of Arakan give a bad name to their religion and the non-violent founder of their faith. Their malicious words and acts of unfathomable bigotry, racism, aggression against and oppression of the Rohingya people show that they are misfits to the civilized world, especially in the 21st century when people have learned to live amicably burying their age-old prejudice. Indubitably, multi-culture, integration and pluralism -- a reality in most parts of our world today -- are alien concepts to them, and as such, are an anathema to everything that they stand for or crave for their fractured country along the ethnic line.
Forgotten there is the time-honored realization that Burma is a country that has many races, ethnicities and religions. It is a country of many nations. It is not a country either of or for any particular group – be they are the majority Bamar (Burman), the minority Shan, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Rohingya, Rakhine, Mon, Karen, Chinese, Indians, or whatever. Racism runs deep and acts like the Krazy glue holding members of each of these discernible groups together in their own domain, while it acts like a double-edged knife cutting through the fabric of the Burmese society, justifying hostility against disparate groups that have nothing in common either in language or in religion.
The only way this country of many nations can survive and evolve into a civilized state is not through the brutal and savage arms of injustice, denial, xenophobia, abuse and oppression of the minorities but a federal democratic framework that genuinely protects all ensuring their human rights and equality without any discrimination. This means, the Rohingyas of Arakan should have the same rights as enjoyed by a Rakhine; the Karens have the same rights as enjoyed by a Bamar, and so on and so forth for all the races, tribes, ethnicities, and groups.
As much as the spiteful non-Muslim promoters of ‘Islamization of Europe’ and ‘Islamization of America’ have failed to bring about mass-scale onslaught against minority Muslims living in the West, and, instead, have unearthed their own unfathomable bigotry and racism, and the often-ignored but dirty little secret about the criminality of the homegrown terrorists and white hate-groups, the fascists of Arakan and Burma are doomed to failure with their fear-tactic of using boogeyman of ‘Islamization of Burma.’ Their disinformation campaign has also unearthed their true hideous selves.
[Dr Siddiqui’s book - The Forgotten Rohingya: Their Struggle for Human Rights in Burma – is available from Amazon.com]
To be continued....................
Asian Tribune
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