α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံ၏ ႏိုα္αံေαးျαα
္α
α₯္αα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ αα္αူαα္။ αိုαိုαီαα αုα္းαα္αႈα်ားα‘αြα္း αြα္αα္းေαာα္း၊ α်αα္αα္ေαာα္αႈαြα္αα္းေαာα္း၊ αြα္αα္ေαးααΏαီးαာααြα္αα္းေαာα္း αူαီαΎα αα္။ ေαာα္αုံး α¦းေααα္းα‘ာαာαိα္းျαα္းႏွα့္α‘αူ αူαာαို α‘ာαာαိα္းျαα္းαα္αα္း ျαα္αာα ေαွααွ ေျαးα်α္αွိαα္။ αုိααာαြα္ ျαα္αာ၏ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားα αα္αဲαူαα္αာαα
α္αဲ αိုαွα္αα
္ αိုα္αΎααျαα့္ αိုα္းျαα္αြ်α္αΏαဳံα်αΏαီး αူαြဲႏိုα္αံαααိုα αα္αα္းαြားααα္။ αα္αဲαါαီα်ား၏ ေαြαွα္ေαΎαး αွα္α်ားα‘ေαα αြံαွာαုα္းαီးαႈ၊ α
ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းαွα္းα‘ေαα ααα္αα္ ααာαိုαα္αα့္ αα
α¦αိαα
ိα္ေαΎαာα့္ ၎αုαၢαိα αုα္αα္းαွα္ေαးα်ားαα‘α
α‘αα္းαွα္αံαိα္α‘αα္αံααΏαီး αြα္းαာαိုα္၊ αα
α₯α္းေαာα္း αုαၢαိααိုα္α်ား၊ αားαα
α₯α္းα‘ေαာα္းαိုα္α်ား၊αုαၢαိααါα္αီαိုα္ေαးα်ား α‘ေαးα
ားα
α္αႈαα္αႈ αုα္αα္းαွα္α်ားαါαα်α္ α‘αα္းαွα္ αိုα္းαုα္αα္αΏαီး ျαα္αူαိုα္αိα္းျαα္းαို αΏαိα္αα္αွα္αα္ျαဳαုα္၍ α်α္းαာျαα္းαα္ α‘ျαα
္ααုα‘ျαα
္ α‘ျαα
္αါα္ေαး αုံးααိုα္αΎααα့္α‘αြα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααီး ααα»ာα‘αα္းαဲαုံးႏိုα္αံαααုိα α်ေαာα္αဲ့αα္αို αα္αူαွ် αျαα္းႏိုα္ေα်။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွား
α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံααူ αြα္ျαဴαα
္α်ားαို αုα္αα္αွα္းαα္းαိုα္αျαα့္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏွα့္ α₯ေαာαႏိုα္αံα်ား α်αα္ ႏိုα္αံαိုαα αိုα္းαα္းαူαီαΎααα္။ α‘αူးαျαα့္ αီαα္αα္ႏိုα္αံαုိα αိαိαα္α်ားေα
αႊα္αΏαီး αိုα္αα့္ αိုα္ေα‘ာα္ αႏိုα္αဲ α‘αႈံးႏွα့္αα္αိုα္αဲ့ααα့္ α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံ αိုα္α်ဳα္αူαာαို αူαα
ြα္းαα္ႏွα့္αူ αြ်α္ျαဴαα
္αိုααို ႏွိα္ႏွα္းαα
္αိုα္αျαα့္ α‘αα္αααီး αူαာαို αိုေαာ α
α
္ေαး α‘αူ α‘αီα်ား α
ီးαြားေαးေαာα္αံ့αႈα်ားαို ေαးα‘α္αဲ့αα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို αူααα္αဲαိုαွα္αα
္ α‘ေαြး α‘ေααျαα့္ ျαα္αာ့αα္း ျαα္αာ့αα္ αူαြဲαα္းα
α₯္αိုα α်ီαα္ေαျαα္းα‘αြα္ αα
္αွ်ဴαႈαားαဲ့αα္။
αူαာαိုαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္ျαα့္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေααα့္αα
ား ေα
်းαြα္α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αို αြα့္αΏαီး αူႏွα့္αီးα
α္αူ α်ားႏွα့္ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαို ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။ (Crony Capitalism)αα္αါးαΎαီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαြα္ αြ်α္းα်α္ေαာ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားျαα္αြါး ααုα္α
ီးαြားေαးααားα်ားႏွα့္ αုαα္းαူαူးαိုααုα္၍ αိαိαားααီးα်ား ေαြα်ဳိးα်ားျαα့္ ႂαြα္αα်α္းαာαာαဲ့αα္။α‘ေαာα္α‘ုα္α
ု၏ ေαာα္αံ့αႈျαα့္αα္းေαာα္း၊α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံ၏ αိုα္αိုα္ႏိုα္αံαΏαား αα္းႏွီးαΏαွဳα္ႏွံαွဳ (Foreign Direct Investment) (FDI) ေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း၊ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α‘αα္းαွα္α
ံαα
္ ေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံαα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαြံααΏαိဳးαိုးαα္αာαဲ့ααα္။ αုိααာαြα္ αူαာαိုαα္ α‘ာαာαို αα္ αႊα္αα္ αα
α₯္းα
ားαဲ αူαα္ေαာα္αားαα့္ ေαααာαါαီ (Golkar) αိုα‘αံုးα်၍ αα္αုိα္ (α) ααိα္αိုα္αိုα္ αααျαဳαုα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αဲ့αα္။ α
ီးαြားေαးαိုးαα္αာαျαα့္ ျαα္αူαိုα α‘αα့္α‘αα့္ ေα်ာα္ αα္αာαΎαေαာ္αα္း α‘αိα α
ီးαြားေαးαို αα္αါးααီး αုα္αားαΎαေαာ αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ား၊ α‘αြα့္αူးαံ α
ီးαြားေαးααားα်ားႏွα့္ αα္းαဲα်α္းαာαြာααႈα်ား ႏိႈα္းαွα₯္ααေαာα္ေα‘ာα္ ααီးαားαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား α်ားα α‘αြα္α‘αα္းα်α္းαာေαေαာ ααုα္α်ားαို αူα်ဳိးေαးα‘α αုα္းαီးαာαဲ့αΏαီး ααုα္α်ားႏွα့္ αူα်ဳိးေαး α‘αိααုα္းα်ား ျαα
္αာαဲ့αΎααα္။
ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ
αေαα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏ ႏိုα္αံေαးျαα
္α
α₯္αို αΎαα့္αွ်α္ αα္αဲαိα္းα်ား၏ α‘α
ြα္းေαာα္α‘ေαွαေαွ်ာ္αါαေαΎαာα့္ αα္αဲαူαα္αာαα
α္αဲ αဲαဲျαα္αာα‘αα္းαွα္αံαိα္αα္၍ α်α္းαာျαα္းαိုαα္ α‘ျαα
္ααုα‘ျαα
္ α¦းαα္αုိα္αိုα္αဲ့αျαα့္ α‘ားαုံးαα္αူαွ် αα်α္းαာႏိုα္ေαာ့αဲ αူαြဲα်ားα‘ျαα
္ α်ေαာα္αာαဲ့ααα္။ αα္းαဲα်α္းαာαိα
α₯αို ααာαူαα်α်α
α₯္းα
ားαွ်α္ ααိα္α်၍ α်α္းαာαူα်ားαွိေαာ္αα္း αိုးαားα
ြာ αုံαααီαိαα
ိုα္αုα္၍ α်ဳိးα
ားαုα္αိုα္αႈေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း ααာαာα္αα္α်α္αႈေαΎαာα့္αα္းေαာα္း ααီးαြါးα်α္းαာαာေαာ αူα်ားαα္း αွိေαΎαာα္းေαြαααα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္α‘αွα္းαွα္αု ေαΏαာαေαာα္ ေαာαူα်ား αိုα‘α်ိα္ααα္αွိဳးαိုးαΏαα
αာααွိေα်။ α‘α
ြα္းေαာα္αα္αဲαူαα္αာα
ြဲαα္ေααူαိုαα α‘αα္းαွα္α်ားαု ααုα္၍ αα
α¦αိαα
ိα္ျαα့္ αုα္းαီးαႈαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံααီးαို α‘αိαုαα‘ေαာα္ ေα
ျαα္းαα္ျαα
္αα္။
ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ ααα»ာ့α‘αα္းαဲαုံးႏုိα္αံαααိုα α်ေαာα္αြားααα့္ αααα αုႏွα
္αα္ αိုα့္αူα်ဳိးαို α‘αΏαဲαα္းαုα္αူαα့္ႂαြားေααα့္ ααာαူα်ဳိးαိုα္းαို ေαွာ့ျαα
္ (αုα္αႈα္) ေα
αဲ့αα္။ α¦းေααα္းαα္ ႏွα
္α
α₯္ ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α်ားαုိα αြားေαာα္αΏαီး α
α္းαိα္αံ ေαေαာ္αα္း αူαα‘α
ိုးααα္ααီးα်ားႏွα့္ α‘α
ိုးα α‘αာαွိα်ား αိုα္းျαα္αွ ျαα္ααုိα αြα္αြα့္αို αα္းαΎαα္α
ြာ αိα္αα္αားαα့္α‘αြα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏုိα္αံα်ား α‘αူးαျαα့္ αိုα္းႏိုα္αံႏွα့္ αေαးαွား၊ α
αၤာαူαိုα၏ αိုးαα္αြံααΏαိဳးေααႈαို ျαα္αာျαα္αူα်ား ααိαွိαဲ α်α္α
ိαိα္ αားαိα္ ျαα
္ေααဲ့αα္။ α¦းေααα္းαα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏုိα္αံα်ား αွ်α္ျαα္α
ြာ αိုးαα္ေααႈαို α်α္αါးαα္αα္ ျαα္ေαြαေααေαာ္αα္း ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ αုိးαα္αာေαးαို α¦းα
ားေαးα
α₯္းα
ားျαα္းαျαဳαဲ့ျαα္းαα္ αူ၏ α‘αၱα
ိα္ααီးαားαႈαို ေααျααဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αα္။ αိုαွα္αα
္α
ံαα
္αα္ αိုα္းျαα္αို α
ုα္ျαα္ αြ်α္αΏαဳံα်ေα
αα္αို αိαိααီးႏွα့္ αုိးαα္ေαာ ႏုိα္αံα်ားαဲ့αုိα α
ံαα
္ေျαာα္းαα္ ααိဳးα
ားျαα္းαα္ αိαိα‘ာαာαα္αΏαဲေαးαိုαာ αα
ိုα္αα္αα္ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αα္။ α‘αိα α¦းေααα္း၏ α
ိα္ေααေαာαားαွာ α‘α်α္ေα
ာα္αα္ααီး၍ αိαိαα္αာαူ αα္αူααိုαွ αျαα္α်α္ေαာα
ိα္ျαα
္αα္။ α¦းαα္α αုααααၢα‘ေαြαြα‘αြα္းေαးαွဴးααျαα့္ ျαα္αာျαα္αာαα္ေαာα‘αါ α¦းαα္αႏွα့္ ေαြααုံα
αား αေျαာα်α္αျαα့္ αααီαုိα αြα္αြားαဲ့αα္။ α¦းαα္αα αူႏွα့္ေαြααα္αααီαုိα αိုα္αာေαΎαာα္း αΎαားαα့္α‘αါ αααီαွ α်α္α်α္း ေαွာα္αြα္αြားαဲ့ျαα္αα္။ ျαα္αာျαα္αြα္ α်α္းαာαူ ααွိေα
α၊ αိαိαα္αာαူ ααွိေα
ααိုαα့္ αူ၏ α‘αၱααီးαႈေαΎαာα့္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ ေα‘ာα္αα္းေαာα္αα္းα်αα့္ αααုိα α်ေαာα္αဲ့ααα္။
ααα/αα‘α αα္αα္αြα္αူ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ား αူαာαို၏ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αို α‘αုαိုးα်α့္αုံးαာαΎααα္။ ေαα၊ α
αီαα္ေαာ၊ ααာေα်ာα္း၊ αα္α
္ေαာ္ေαာ္α
αα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးααားα်ားαို ေαြးျαဴ၍ ေαα
ားαွ်α
ား αုα္αာαΎααα္။ α¦းေααα္းαα္αα္α αိα္းα်ဳα္αားαဲ့ေαာ ααာα α‘αα္းα‘ျαα
္α်ားαို ေαာေαာαီαီ αုα္ေαာα္းျαα္းျαα့္ ေαα္α်α္αူေαးα်ား ျαα
္αာαΎααΏαီး α်α္းαာαႈႏွα့္α‘αူ α‘α်α့္α်α္ျαα
ားαႈαိုαα့္ ေαာαါαိုးααီးαို αျαα္αုံးαုိα αူးα
α္αြားေα
αဲ့αα္။ ααာααα္းျαα
္α်ား αုα္ေαာα္းαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံျαားေαြ αα္းα်ီααα့္ ေαြαေαါα္ααုαိုαာ ျαα္ေαာ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားαα္ αူαα္αါ αα
္αြα္α်ား၊ αါးαα္းαြα္α်ား၊ αါα္ေαြααြα္α်ားαို αုα္ေαာα္းေαာ္αα္း αူαားαα္းျαα
္ (Human Resource) αို α‘αα္α‘ေαြးေαာα္းေα‘ာα္ ျαဳαုα္ေαးαုိα α်α္αြα္αဲ့αΎααα္။ α်α္αြα္αျαα္းαွာαα္း α‘αα္α‘ေαြးျαα့္ αူαားαα္းျαα
္αိုα ေαြးαုα္αာ ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းα်ားαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္αိုα၏ α‘αိα αα္αူααာαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαို ေαြးαုα္αာ ေααျαα
္ေααဲ့ေαာေαΎαာα့္ αα္ျαα
္αα္။ α‘αα့္ျαα့္ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းα်ားαα္ ααၠαိုα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား αα
ုေαးႏိုα္ေα
αα္ “αြဲαျαα္ျαα္α ေα‘းαာαဲ” ေαααα
ီျαα့္ α်α့္αုံးαဲ့ျαα္း ေαΎαာα့္α‘αα္α‘ေαြးαိα့္α် αα့္αူαားα‘αα္းျαα
္α်ားαာေαြးαုα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αΏαီးα‘αα္α‘ေαြးαိα္ααြဲαα α‘αုα္ αα္αဲ့α်ားαာေαါα်ားαာαဲ့ααα္။ ႏွα
္ေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာα‘ေαွ်ာ္α‘αΏαα္αα္းαα္းαΏαα့္α‘αာαါα္αိုα္းαΏαα္α‘αြα္αα‘ αူးαူαားα‘αα္းα‘αΏαα
္α်ားαိုα‘ာαာαုα္αိုα္ ႏိုα္ေαးα‘αြα္α
ေαးαα္း ျαဳα္းαီးαဲ့ျαα္αα္။
αိုα္းျαα္၏ αုα္ေα်ာαုα္ αုα္αα္းα်ားαို ျαα္αူαိုα္ αိα္းαဲ့ေαာ α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားαα္ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္ α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αြα္αα္း αုα္ေα်ာαုα္α
α္αုံα်ား αα္ေαာα္ျαα္းαα္ α‘ိα္αီးα်α္းႏုိα္αံα်ားျαα
္αα့္ ααုα္၊ αိုα္း၊ α‘ိႏα΅ိααိုααွ αူαုံးαုα္α်ားαို αα္αြα္းျαα္းျαα့္αာ αိုα္းျαα္αိုα‘α္α်α္α်ားαို ျαα့္αα္းαဲ့αα့္α‘αြα္ αုα္αΎαα္းေαာα္း αုα္ေα်ာαα္ႏုိα္αံα‘ျαα
္αွ ααα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ေα်။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွား
αူαာαိုαα္ ααα္αွ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံα်ား ေαာα္αံ့αႈျαα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းα်ားαို αိαားα
ု α
ီးαြားေαးα‘αြα္ျαα့္ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αားαΏαီး αုိα္းျαα္αို αီαိုαေαα
ီႏိုα္αံα‘ျαα
္ ေျαာα္းαဲေαးαα္ α
ိα္ααα္α
ားαဲ α‘ာαာαို αα္αα္ αုα္αိုα္αားαဲ့αα္။ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏုိα္αံαို α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံα်ားα αိုα္းαα္းαူαီေαာα္αံ့αΎααျαα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးαိုးαα္αာαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း αီαိုαေαα
ီႏိုα္αံ ျαα
္ααာαဲ့αဲ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ αα္ေα‘ာα္αွ ျαα္αူα်ား ααြα္ႏိုα္αဲ αွိαဲ့ααα္။ αိုααာαြα္ α‘ာαွα
ီးαြားေαးαα္ α်ေαာα္αα့္α‘αါ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား α
ီးαြားေαးα်α္ αα္αိုα္αဲ့αΏαီး αူαာαို αα္းေαးαဲ့ααα္။ α€α‘α်α္αα္ α
ီးαြားေαး αူးေαါα္း αူαီေαာα္αံ့αႈαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္αို α‘ားေαးျαα္းျαα
္αΏαီး α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္αို αα္αα္းαွα္ေα
ေαΎαာα္း αိုα္αာαα့္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားααုαα္ျαα
္αα္။ α
ီးαြားα်α္αα္ααာ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ားαို αုိα္αုα္ႏိုα္ေααα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္αα္း α
ီးαြားေαးαိα္αိုααႈαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ α
ံαα
္αို αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αုိα ေျαာα္းαဲေα
αα့္ αြα္းα‘ားααီးျαα
္αα္αို αေα့αα့္ေα။ α
ီးαြားေαး αိα္αိုααႈαိုαုα္αိα္းαါ၊ α
ီးαြါးေαးαူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္αΏαα္းααာαီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αိုαြားႏိုα္αα္αုေျαာေααΎααူα်ား αα္ α
ိα္αူးαα₯္ေααူα်ားαာျαα
္αα္။
ေαααα αα္ αααα αုႏွα
္ αြα္αူαာαို ျαဳα္αြားαΏαီးေαာα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွား ႏုိα္αံαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αုိα ေျαာα္းαဲαြားαဲ့ေααα္။ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏိုα္αံ၏ αααα
αုႏွα
္αွ αααα αုႏွα
္α‘αိ ααာေαးαα္ααီးျαα
္αူ α
ီးαြားေαးααာαွα္ α
αီαာααα္αီα‘α္ျαာααီ (Sri Mulyani Indrawati) α αီαိုαေαα
ီ α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαွာ α‘αα
္αα္αာαဲ့ α‘ာαာαိုα္ေαြαာ α‘αိα္ေαααα္ေαြ αΏαီးαုံးαြားαဲ့αΏαီးαိုαာαို ေαေαα်ာα်ာ ျαααိုααိုαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။ “α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαို ααားαα္ျαααိုααိုαါαα္၊ α₯αေααα
္ေαြαို αူαိαွα္αΎαားαွာ αွα္းေα‘ာα္ αုα္αိုα αိုαါαα္၊ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးα‘αြα္ α‘αα္αα‘αားျαα
္ေα
αα့္ α‘ေαးα‘αႊားေαးေαြαα‘α
ααုα
ိုα္ααါαα္၊ α‘ααိαိုα္α
ားαႈαာ αြံααΏαိဳးေαးαဲα αူးေျαာα့္ααုα္ျαα
္αဲ့α‘αြα္ α‘α
ိုးααα
္αာ αီαိα
α₯αို ႏွိα္αα္းαိုα αုα္αုံးαုα္αα္းေαြ၊ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြαို α‘ျαα္αြဲαα
α္းαα္ေαာα္αုိα αိုαါαα္။ αြα့္αα္းျαα္αာαႈαဲα αာαα္αံαႈαာ α‘α်ားααိဳα္α‘α္α‘ားααီးαားαဲ့ αိα
α₯ျαα
္αါαα္။ αါေαြαုα္αိုα α‘αα္α‘αဲααဳံαα္း ေαါα္းေαာα္α‘αα
္ေαြα‘ေααဲα αα္ေα်ာ့αိုα္α
αာ α‘ေαΎαာα္းααွိαါαူး၊ αူαုα‘ေျαျαဳα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြ၊ ေααα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းေαြ၊ αα္းαဲαားေαြαဲα α်α္ႏွာαြဲေαြαဲα αိုα္α
ားαွα္ေαြ၊ α‘α်ဳိးααီးαိုα္α
ားαွα္ေαြαို αုံးျαα္α်α္α်αဲ့ α‘αα့္αိုα္းαွာ αါαα္αြα့္ေαးαα့္αါαα္။”
“α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαွာ αီαီαာαြα္αα္αြα့္αα‘α
၊ ααားαွ်ααဲ့ေαြးေαာα္αြဲႏွα့္ α‘ααိαိုα္α
ားαႈαိုα္αာ α₯ေααα‘αα္၊ ααိုα်ဳα္αိုα္αႈ ေα်ာ့α်ေαး၊ α
ီးαြားေαးα‘α αြα္αα္α
ြာ αΏαိဳα္αိုα္αြα့္αဲα αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αႈ αာαြα္ေαး α₯αေαα‘αုံး၊ α₯αေαေαါα္းααာေαာα္αို αႏွα
္αြဲαာαα‘αြα္းαွာ ျααာα္းαဲ့αါαα္။ ႏုိα္αံ့ααိုαα္αဲα αြα္αα္αြα့္αို α‘ာααံႏိုα္αα့္ ျαα္αူαααာေαး α₯αေααα
္αို α‘αα္ျαဳαဲ့αါαα္။” αိုαဲ့αΏαီး α
ံαα
္ေαာα္းαဲα αα္α်α္αုံαΏαဳံေαးαα္αြဲα၊ ααြα္αα္αဲ့ ααားα
ီαα္ေαးေαြααα္း αွိေααα္αα္αိုαααိေαးαဲ့ ေျαာαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαွာ α‘α်α့္α်α္α်α
ားαႈαိုα္α်α္αα
္αုိαα‘αြα္ αွိေααဲ့ ααားαူααီးαာ αံαα္α်α္ေαါα္းα်ားေα αိုα αြα္αα္αဲ့ααားαူααီးαေαာα္αို αα္αα‘α္ေαးαဲ့αေαΎαာα္း၊ ေαာα္ αα္းαဲαားေαြαို α¦းα
ားေαးαဲ့ αုα္αα္း (Pro-poor agenda) α‘α
ီα‘α
α₯္ေαြαို α‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαααဲ့ေααာαွာαဲ αူαုαိုαဲ αိုα္αူαိုα္α αုα္αိုα္းαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိုαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုαα‘ျαα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαုα္αα္းေαြ αα္αီးαဲ့α‘αိα α‘α္α‘ားα
ုျαα
္αဲ့ α‘ေαးα
ားαဲα α‘αα္α
ားα
ီးαြားေαး αုα္αα္းေαြ αြံααΏαိဳးαာေα‘ာα္ α
ြα္αα
ားαီαြα္αူေαြα‘ααိဳα္ α
ီးαြားေαး ေααံေျααံေαာα္းေαြ αα္αီးေαးαုိααိုαါαα္။ (αွα္α်α္။ α
ီးαြားေαးေααံေျααံေαာα္းေαြ αα္αီးေαးαုိααိုαဲ့ေααာαွာαΏαα္αာαΏαα္α‘αြα္ αα္αုα္αဲααΏαိဳααΎαီး ေαြ၊α
α္αွဳαံုေαြαွာαွ်α္α
α
္αါα္α‘ားα‘αΏαα့္α‘αααိုααိုαါαα္) αူα “ αာαα္αံαႈααွိ၊ αူαႈα‘αိုα္α‘αα္းααု αုံးααါαα္αဲ့ α
ီးαြားေαး ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αႈαိုαာ ေααွα္ααံαါαူး” αု αိုαဲ့αါαα္။ α‘α
ိုးααα
္α‘ေααဲα α‘αြα့္α‘αα္းαα္းαါးαူ ေαြαို αာαြα္αုိα αα္αဲαဲ့ ေαြးα်α္αႈေαြ αုα္ααာα်ဳိးαα္း αွိαα္αါαα္။ ေαာα္αုံးα‘ေααဲα αူααα္ေα‘ာα္αြα္ αα္αα္း α ေαာα္း α ေαာα္αဲαြα္ α‘αြα္α
ံαα
္αို ေαα္αီေα‘ာα္αုα္αα့္ α‘α်ိα္αြα္ αႏိုα္αံαုံးαြα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαွိαဲ့ αြ်α္းα်α္αူ αွာαိုαααေα‘ာα္ ျαα
္αဲ့ααါαα္αု αိုျαα္းαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္αူαာαိုαα္αα္ α
ီးαြားေαးαိုးαα္αာαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း α‘αα္α‘α်α္းျαα့္ααα့္ ααာαွα္α်ား ေαααြα္းေα‘ာα္ ααာေαးα
ံαα
္ααွိαဲ့ျαα္းαို αα္ေαျααဲ့αα္။ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαြα္αα္း αြဲαααူαα္α်ားα
ြာ αွိαα္။ αုိααာαြα္ αိုαြဲαααူαα္α်ားαα္ ေαα္αီႏိုα္αံα်ားαြα္ αα္αΎαားေααα့္ ေαα္ႏွα့္α‘αီ ααာေαးα
ံαα
္αα္ ေαွးαိုးα
ံαα
္ေαာα္းα‘ျαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား α‘α်ဳိးαြα္ ျααာα္းαားαα့္ ααာေαးα
ံαα
္αြα္ ေαြးαြားαာαဲ့αΎαααျαα့္ αုိα္းျαα္αိုးαα္αα္ αုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αα့္ α‘αα္α‘α်α္းαွိαူ αွားαါးေααိα့္αα္။ αူαα α‘α္αိုαီးαွားႏုိα္αံαα္ ျαα္ααွ α‘αူα‘αီα်ားαိုα‘α္ေαာ္αα္း αိုα့္ႏုိα္αံαဲα α‘ေαးျαα
္αဲ့α‘αြα္ αα္ေαာ့ αα္ေျαွာα္α‘αႈံးαေαးαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိုα့္ႏိုα္αံαဲα α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းေαးαို αိုα့္αာαာ αာαα္αူ ααုα္αဲ့αα္ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαာ αα္αြα္αြα္αဲ α်αုံးαြားေαာα္αါαΏαီ။ αီαα္αα္းα
ာαာ α‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံαိုα္းα‘αြα္ ေαါα္းαဲαွာ αα့္αားαα့္αဲ့ αိα
α₯ααုαါαဲαု αိုαဲ့αါαα္။
α‘α္αိုαီးαွား ααာေαးαα္ααီးေαာα္း α
αိαာααα္αီ၏ αα္ေαြαျαα္αα္းαဲ့ααα့္ α‘ေαြαα‘ααဳံα‘α ေျαာαΎαားα်α္αွာ α‘αြα္α‘αုαူα
αာေαာα္းαα္။ αေαα αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို ေျαာα္းေααါαΏαီαု ေျαာေαေαာ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္ αူαာαို၏ α
ီးαြားေαးαို αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္α
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αြα့္αားαΏαီး ααα္αွαα္း α‘ာαာαို ααိဳးαိုα္ααူαားαα့္ αα္းေαΎαာα္းαွ ေαြαီ၍ αူαာαိုαြα္αာα α‘α္αိုαီးαွား αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘α
ိုးααα
္αα္းေαΎαာα္းαိုα ααၱိαွိαွိ αိုα္αဲαုိααိုαα္။ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αႈαα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ α‘αိα္αြα္ α်α
္αα
္αဲ့αΏαီαိုαα္αို αα္ေαျαႏိုα္αိုααိုαα္။ αΏαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα α¦းေαႊαα္းα αူαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္ေαာ္αားျαα
္αα္αု ေျαာαိုαြားαα္αို ααိဳαိုαါαα္။ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္ေαာ္αားျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း α‘ေျαာႏွα့္ααုα္ α‘αုα္ႏွα့္ αα္ေαျαေα
αိုαါαα္။
(α)α‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαို ααားαα္ျαααိုαႏွα့္ ααα္α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αြဲျαားျαားαားေαΎαာα္းαို ျαααα့္ α‘ေαႏွα့္ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို α‘ျαα္αုံးαႊα္ေαးျαα္းျαဳαုိααိုαα္။
(α) ααားα₯αေαα
ိုးαိုးေαးႏွα့္ αာα္α
ားαႈ αိုα္α်α္ေαးα‘αြα္ αီးျαားαြα္αα္αα့္ ααားαူααီးαα¦းαို αα္αα‘α္ေαးαုိααိုαα္။ ααားαူααီးαα္ ျαα္αူαူαု αေαာαားေαးαα့္ αα္αိုα္αႈαα္းေαာ ααα္α‘α
ိုးαႏွα့္ αα္းαွα္းေαာ ααားαူααီးျαα
္αိုααိုαါαα္။ ααားα
ီαα္ေαးααဳိα္αိုαα္း α‘α
ိုးααΎααာα‘ာαာαွ αုံးααြα္αα္းαα္αိုေαေαးαα္။ α‘α္αိုαီးαွားαဲ့αိုα ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈα်ားα
ြာ αုα္αိုα αိုေαးαα္။ αα္းαဲαႈ αုိα္α်α္ေαးေαြးေႏြးαြဲα‘ျαα္
(α) αူαုαူαα္းα
ား α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαို α‘α
ိုးααုံးျαα္ α်α္αိုα္းαြα္ αါαα္αြα့္ေαးျαα္းαို αုα္ေαာα္ႏုိα္αုိα αိုαα္။ αိုααွαာ αα္ααီးα¦းေαာ္αα္းαဲ့αိုα ααα္α‘α
ိုးααုα္αα္α်ားαို αာαြα္αα္း ျαα္αူαာေျαာေျαာ ေαာα္ααုα္αဲ αα္αုα္αα္αိုαα့္ αူαိုα္α
αားေျαာαΏαα္းα်ဳိးαို ျαα္ျαα္αားαား αα္ααားႏိုα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္းα် ေαြးα်α္ေαးαုိα္ေαာ α‘α
ိုးα αα္αာαα္αုေျαာαΏαီး ျαα္αူေαြαာေျαာေျαာ αα္αံαႈ αွိαွိ၊ ααွိαွိ αါ့ေαာ့ αါαုα္α်α္αα္αို αα္αုα္αα္αု ေျαာျαα္းαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘α
ိုးαα်ဳိးαြα္ ααွိေα်။ αါαုα္α်α္αα္αို αα္αုα္αα္αု ေျαာျαα္းαα္ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္αα္ေα‘ာα္αြα္αာ αွိαα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αα္ααီးေαာ္αα္းαို αα္αွိα‘α
ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္ αာαူးαွ αုα္αα္αိုα္ျαα္းျαα့္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို α‘ေαးαားေαာ α‘α
ိုးαျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αα္ေαျααိုααိုαα္။
ေαာα္αုံးαα္αΏαα်α္αα္αွာ αူαာαိုα‘α
ိုးααα္ αူαုα‘ုံႂαြαႈျαα့္ ျαဳα္α်αြားαΏαီး αူαုαိုα္α
ားျαဳ α‘α
ိုးααα္αာျαα္းျαα
္ေαာ္αα္း ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαြα္αူ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား ျαဳαုα္ေαးαα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲျαα့္ ၎αိုα၏ αူα်ား α
α
္αူαီေαာα္းαြ်α္αာ α‘αα္αားα‘αြα္αူးေျαာα္းαာαျαα့္ α်ားα
ြာ αြားျαားαႈαွိαα္။ αိုααာαြα္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးααα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαါα αူαာαိုαြα္ α‘α
ိုးααုα္αα္α်ားαို ααၱိαွိαွိျαဳαုα္αα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αိုα္αီေαာ αြα့္αα္းျαα္αာαႈ (Transparency) αွိαုိα၊ ααိုα်ဳα္αိုα္αႈ ေα်ာ့α်αႈ၊ α
ီးαြားေαးα‘α αြα္αα္α
ြာαΏαိဳα္αိုα္αြα့္αဲα αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αႈ αာαြα္ေαး α₯αေαα်ားαို αα္αိုα္ျααာα္းျαα္း၊ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ αိုα‘α္αα့္ α₯ေαေαေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာ ျααာα္းαΏαီး ααα္α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံ αုံးα
ြဲαႈα်ားαို αα္ααားαα္α်α္ျαα္းαိုααို ျαဳαုα္၍ α‘αွα္ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲαΏαီျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိုးαားα
ြာ αုα္ေαာα္ႏိုα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
αိαံုး။ α‘αိα္αααုα္၏ααူαာαိုαူαΎααါ။
αိαုံးα‘ားျαα့္ ααုα္α‘ားαိုး၍ αိုα့္αူα်ဳိးα်ားαို αα
္αွ်ဴαႈαဲ့ေαာ ααα/αα‘α α‘α
ိုးα၏ αုα္αα္α်ားαα္ αα်ိα္α ααုα္αိုα၏ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααိα္αဲ့αျαα့္ ααုα္ျαα္αို α်αα္αဲ့αုိα αြ်α္းႏိုα္αံαα္ေαးααα္ αα္ေαာα္αိα္းαိုα္ျαα္းαံαဲ့ααα္αို αာαူαာαူαα္ ေα‘ာα္αါααိုα္းျαα
္αα္αွα္ ေαာα္ႏႈα္α်α္αို ေαးαား၍ αိုα့္αိုα္းျαα္αို α်α
္αΎααါ၊ αိုα္ျαα္αူαို αα္αိုးαားေαးα
ားαါ၊ αိုα့္ααာααα္းျαα
္α်ားαို αိα္းαိα္းαါαု αα္ျααိုα္αါαα္။
αိαိαိုα္αို α‘α္α‘ားαွိေα‘ာα္ျαဳαုα္ျαα္း( Self Strengthening by Li Hung Chang)
αီαα္းα်α္ αααα-αααα (Li Hung- Chang [1823- 1908]) αα္ αိုα့္α‘α္α‘ားαိုα္ αα္ေαာα္αိုααိုေαΎαာα္း αို αα္αါααဲαဲ ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα့္ ααုα္αိαုαာααီးျαα
္αα္။ αူα “ααုαα္αွိ α‘ေျαα‘ေαα‘α αူα‘αိုα္းα‘α
ိုးα်ားαု ေျαာေααူα်ားαို αြ်ႏု္α္αိုαα αူαိုααဲα αα့္αα့္ေα်ာα္αα္ေα‘ာα္ ေαႏိုα္αုိα αိုα‘α္ေααΏαီαိုαာαို ျααဲ့αα္” αု ααုα္ႏိုα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္α်ားႏွα့္ α
α
္ျαα
္αာαြα္ αႈံးαိα့္αဲ့ααα့္ αααα- αα ၊ αααα ႏွα့္ αααα
αုႏွα
္αိုααို αα္αြα္းေျαာαΎαားαဲ့αα္။ “ျαα္αြα္းα‘ေျαα‘ေααို αုံးαα္ααα္αိုαα္ αါαိုααာααိုα္αာေαြα‘ားαုံးαို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαုိα αိုαΏαီ၊ α‘αα္၍ αါαိုααာ ေαွးαိုးαါαီα်ားα‘ျαα
္αာ ေαါα္းαာေααဲ့αΏαီး ေျαာα္းαဲαုိααို ျαα္းαα္αဲ့αα္ αါαိုαႏိုα္αံေαာ္αဲα α
ိα္αာα္αာ αေαααα္αေαα αိα့္α်αြားαွာαဲျαα
္αα္” ႏုိα္αံျαားαိုα္းျαα္ေαြαာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈေαြ ααုαΏαီးααုျαဳαα္း αွ်α္αွ်α္ျαα္ျαα္ αိုးαα္αာαဲ့αΏαီးျαα
္αα္။ ααေαာ α
ီးαα္းαာαဲ့ α‘αα္ျαα
္αွာα ေαးα
ီးေαΎαာα္းαို ေျαာα္းαဲαိုးαα္ေααဲ့αα္။ ααုα္αေαာ့ αိαိαိုααဲα ေαွးαိုးαာαေαြαဲα αုα္αုံးαုα္αα္းα‘αို္α္း αုα္αိုα္αားαဲျαα
္αα္။ αီαို αုα္αိုα္αားαိုα αုိα္းျαα္α်α္α
ီးαွာαို ေαွးαိုးααားေαြαေαာ့ α
ိုးαိα္ ေαΎαာα့္α်αႈααွိαဲ့αါαူး။ α‘ို ေαာα္းαα္αုံαဲα αူαား “αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αါαိုαα္αိုαားαα္ေα‘ာα္ ေျαာαΎαား ααါ့ααဲ” α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံαားေαြααα္αိုေααα္ေαာα္းေαြαုα္ααα္၊ αα္αို α‘αΏαွာα္ေαြαုα္ααα္ αα္αိုေαေႏြးေαြαေαာα္းαေαၤာααီးေαြ αα္ေαာα္ ααα္၊ αါαွαာ αါαိုαααုα္ေαြαို αႊα္းαိုးαိုα ααα္αိုαΏαီး αုα္ေααဲ့α‘α်ိα္αွာ αါαိုαααုα္ေαြα “αီα‘αိုα္းα‘α
ိုα္းေαြαို ေαာα္းαုα္αΎα၊ αူαိုααို ααα္αံαဲα αါαိုααိုα္αα္α ႏွα္αုα္αΎα” αိုα ေα‘ာ္ေααာαာ ααα္ေαာ့ α‘αိααΈါα္αဲ့ ေျαာျαα္းαဲα α
ိα္αူးαα₯္αα္αွαါαα္။ αါαိုα αα္αα္αဲα αα္းααာααွိαဲ αα္αို αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာေαႏိုα္αွာαဲ။ αိုα္α‘α္α‘ား αိုα္αα္ေαာα္ျαα္း αိုαဲ့ αα္းαွာ αူαိုααာေαြ αုα္ေααα္၊ αီαြα္ေααα္ αိုαာေαြαို ေα့αာαα္αΎαားျαα္းαဲα αူαိုααာေαြαို αွီαိုα‘ားαူαားαα္αိုေαြαို αူαα္αုိααဲ” αု αိုαဲ့αα္။
ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈ αုα္ααα္αု α‘αူα‘ααို αα္αံαူα်ား αွိေαာ္αα္း α‘α်ားα
ုαွာ α‘ေαာα္αα္αα်α္ေαး ေαွးαိုးααား (Conservative) α်ားျαα
္αΎααα္။ ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαွ ααာေαာ္αα္ααၠαိုα္ ေα်ာα္းαား ααα αို αာ့αိုαα္ (Hartford) αΏαိဳα ေαာ့ααီးαα္ (Connecticut) ျαα္αα္αုိα αααα αုႏွα
္α αိုααိုα္ေαာ္αα္း ၎αုိαα‘ားαုံးαို αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ ျαα္αα္ေαααူαဲ့αα္။ ျαα္ေαာα္αာေαာ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαို α‘ေαာα္ႏုိα္αံႏွα့္ α‘αα္α‘αြα္αွိαူα်ား၊ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္း αဲေαးα‘αြα္ α‘ααံαာα္ေαးျαα္းα်ားαိုαα္းαံαααΏαα့္ α‘ေαာα္၏ ေαာα္ျαα္ေαာ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααα္ ေααူ α်ားα‘ျαα
္ျαα္αΏαီး αα်ဳိα αီα်ီα်αα္ေαα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαႈα‘αိုα္း α‘α်α္α‘ျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαုိα αုိα္αြα္း αူα်ားαို α‘αα္းα‘αΎαα္αာαူးαွ α‘αားαူေα
ျαα္းျαα့္ αိα္αα္αဲ့αα္။
α်αα္ေααα္α αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ ααုα္ျαα္ေααα္ααီးαို αိုα္αိုα္α‘ႏိုα္αူαဲ့αΏαီး αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαα္αွα္ αိုးαြဲ ျαα
္ေαာ αွα္αα္αိα
αီ (Treaty of Shiminoseki) α
ာα်ဳα္αို αααα
αုႏွα
္αြα္ ααုα္αα္αွ αံα‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ (Li Hung Chang) αီေαာα္းα်α္α αူႏွα့္ αα္αα္α်αα္αံα‘αြဲαေαါα္းေαာα္ (Ito Hirobumi) α‘ီαိုαီαိုαူαီαို “ααုα္αဲα α်αα္αာ α‘ိα္αီးျαα္းေαြျαα
္αα္၊ αါ့α‘ျαα္ α
ာα‘ေαးα‘αား α
ံαα
္ααဲ α‘αူαူαဲျαα
္αα္၊ αာေαΎαာα့္ αါαုိα αα္αူေαြ ျαα
္αΎαααာαဲ” “αါαိုααΎαားαွာ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαဲα αααာαျαα
္ေαးαို αိုαားαα္၊ αါαွαာ αါαိုα α‘ာαွαိုα္ αူαါα်ဳိးေαြαာ α‘ေαာα္α₯αေαာαα αူျαဴေαြαဲα αႊα္းαိုးαႈαို αြα္းαွα္ႏိုα္αွာျαα
္αα္” αိုα ေျαာαဲ့α‘αါ α‘ီαိုαီαီုαူαီα “αြα္αဲ့αဲ့ αα ႏွα
္α αါαα္းαို ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαါαိုα ေျαာαဲ့αα္ααုα္αား၊ αာေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘α်α္ααုαွ αေျαာα္းαဲαဲ α‘αုαိ αွိေααဲ့αာαဲ၊ αာေαΎαာα့္ αေျαာα္းαဲαဲ့αာαဲ” αု ျαα္ေαးαဲ့α‘αါ αီα “αါ့ႏိုα္αံαွာαွိαဲ့ αိα
α₯ေαြα ေαွးαိုးαေα့αုံးα
ံေαြαို α¦းα
ားေαး αα္αြα္αားαြα္းαိုα αါαုα္α်α္ααို ααုα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αါαူး၊ αါαီα‘αြα္ α‘αွα္ααါαα္၊ αါ့αွာ αီαိုျαဳျαα္ႏိုα္αုိα αΎααာα‘ာαာααွိαိုααါαဲ” αု αα္αံαဲ့αα္။
αိαုံးα‘ားျαα့္ ααုα္ျαဳျαα္ေαးααား(Liang Ch’i-ch’ao) αα္α်ီα်ဳိ (αααα-αααα) ၏ ေျαာα
αားαို αα္ျααိုαါαα္။ αα္α်ီα်ဳိαွာ αα္αူေα (K’ang Yu-Wei) ၏ αုα္ေαာ္αိုα္αα္αα¦းျαα
္αΏαီး ααုα္ျαα္ααီး α်αα္αို αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ αႈံးαိα့္αဲ့ααα့္α‘αြα္ αိုα
α₯္α ααုα္ျαα္ααီး၏ α‘ေျαα‘ေααို ေα‘ာα္αါα‘αိုα္း αα္α
ား၍ ေαးαားေααျααဲ့ေααα္။
ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး (Reform by Liang Ch’i-ch’ao)
ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲေαး ααိုαားα‘α္αူးαိုα ေျαာေααဲ့αူေαြα “ေαွးαုံးα
ံα‘αိုα္းαုα္αΎα၊ ေαွးαူααီးေαြαို αိုα္αာαΎααိုααိုαα္” α‘αာαာαာ αုံးαα္းαေα့ေαြေα‘ာα္αွာ α‘ααႆျαα
္ေααာαို αူαိုααဲα ႏွαုံးαားαဲαွာ αာαွ αျαα
္ααို ေα‘းα
α္α
α္αိုα္αΏαီး αΎαα့္ေααΎααα္။ α₯ααာ- α‘αြα္ααီးαားαဲ့ ႏွα
္ေαါα္းαေαာα္ေα်ာ္ေαာα္α αα္းαားαဲ့ αဲαိုα္ααီးαွိαα္၊ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαဲα ေα်ာα္ျαားေαြ၊ α‘ုα္ေαြαာ ေαြးေျααေααΏαီ၊ αုα္ေαြ၊ αိုα္းေαြ၊ αα္αေαြαာαဲ ေαြးေျαααိုα္α
ားေααΏαီ၊ αါေααဲ့ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαာ ααီးαားαα္αျαား α‘ံ့αΎαα
αာေαာα္းေααုံးαါαဲ။ αါေααα့္ ေααဲααိုးαဲα α်αာαဲ့α‘αါ αီα‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ααီးαာ αΏαိဳα်αြားαွာျαα
္αα္။ αါေααα့္ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαဲαွာ ေααဲ့αူေαြαာ ေα်ာ္αႊα္α
ြာ αα
ားေααΎααူ αα
ား၊ ႏွα
္ႏွα
္αΏαိဳα္αΏαိဳα္ α‘ိα္αူαα‘ိα္ေααΎααα္။ αα်ဳိααီα‘ေαΎαာα္းαို αိαူေαြαေαာ့ αါးαα္းα
ြာ αိုေႂαြးαိုααဲαိαΎααα္။ αူαိုααဲα αα္ေαြαို αိုα္αΏαီး ေαααα့္α‘α်ိα္αို αα္αိုαုα
ားααα္αိုαာαို αေαြးαဲ ေα
ာα့္ေααΎααα္။ α‘αα္းαα္αားαα္αဲ့ αူေαြαα်ဳိααေαာ့ α‘α္ေαΎαာα္းေαြαို αါေαး၊ ေααိုေαါα္ေαြαို αိα္၊ αံαံေαြαို ျαα္αα္αြα္းαံαΏαီး αီေααာαွာ αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာေαႏုိα္ေαးαို αααၤαွာαဲျαα
္ျαα
္ ေαႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္αုα္ေααΎααα္။ ေαာα္းαြα္αဲ့α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာ αα
ုံααုα်ား ျαα
္αာααားαိုαဲ့ ေαွ်ာ္αα့္α်α္αဲαေαါ့။ αူαိုααာαဲ α
ံαα
္ေαာα္းαို αွီαြα္ ေααူα်ားαာျαα
္αα္။ αီαိုα‘ေαြးα‘ေαααွိαူα
ား αုံးα်ဳိးαုံးα
ားαံုးαာ αီαဲαိုα္ααီးαဲαွာ ေαေααΎααα္။ αါေααα့္ αာαီαိα္းαုα္αိုα္းααီး αုိα္αα္αာαဲ့ αေαααွာေαာ့ αူαိုαα‘ားαုံးαာ α‘αူααြ ေαးαုံးαြားαΎαေαာ့αွာ ျαα
္αα္” ႏိုα္αံαႏိုα္αံαာαဲ αီα‘αိုα္းαဲ” αိုα αα္α်ီα်ဳိα αα္αာα
ြာ ေαးαားαဲ့αါαα္။
ααုα္ႏိုα္αံαာ ေαα္ေαာα္α်ေααဲ့α‘αြα္ αူααα္α‘αα်ားα
ြာ ေαးαα္αဲ့ α်αα္αြ်α္းႏိုα္αံေαးαဲα αြ်α္ျαα
္αဲ့ααာ ααိုα္းααၤα္းα
ာα်ား ျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαို ေαα္ေαာα္ျαα္αြဲαΏαီး ေα‘ာα္αα္းေαာα္αα္းα်ေααဲ့ ႏုိα္αံαို ααုα္αို ႏိုα္αံααီးα α်α္းαာေαးαါ့ααား? ααုα္α
α
္αα္αႊα္ αိုα္αα္αေααေαα္αြα္ ျαα
္ႏိုα္ေα်αα္းαါးေαာ္αα္း(ααΏαα
္ႏိုα္္αုေαာ့αα္αိေαΏαာαα) αေျαးေျαး αူα်ဳိးα‘α αါးαΏαိဳျαα္းႏွα့္ α
ီးαြားေαးα‘α αြ်α္ျαဳျαα္းαို ααြဲαေαြ αုα္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ αုα္αα္း αုα္ေααဲ့αα္။
αိုα‘ေျαα‘ေααွ αြα္ေျαာα္αα္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေαႏွα့္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα်ားα‘ေαα αေαာαားααီးααီးαားαΏαီး αိုးαားα
ြာ αူးေαါα္းေαာα္αြα္ျαα္း၊ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘ႏွα
္αာαα်ားαို α‘ေαးαားေαာα‘ားျαα့္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαာαα်ားαြα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္ႏွα့္ αိုα္αီေαာ α₯αေαα်ားαို ျααာα္းျαα္း၊ α‘αိုα္α‘αံႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို αႊα္ေαး၍ ၎αိုα၏ α‘ျαα္α်ားαို αြα္αα္αြα့္αα္းα
ြာ ေαြးေႏြးαႈေαးျαα္း၊ ααα္းαီαီαာα်ားαို αြα္αα္α
ြာ ေαးαားαုα္ေα ျαα္αα်ီαြα့္ေαးျαα္းαိုααို αဲαံ့α
ြာျαဳαုα္ျαα္းျαα့္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံαူαα္ αိαိ၏ αုα္ေαာ္αိုα္αα္α‘ျαα္ ααူαီေαာ္αα္း ၎αိုααႈေαါα့္αွ αုိα္းျαα္α်α
္α
ိα္ျαα့္ αိαိαိုαα‘ျαα္αို αα္ျαေαာ αုα္ေαာ္αိုα္αα္α်ားαာျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ႏွαုံးαြα္းαΏαီး α်ီαα္αα္αြဲαΎααα္αိုαွ်α္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံααီးααုα္αြ်α္ αααွαα္းေαာα္း၊ α‘ျαားαူα်ဳိးျαားαိုα၏ α
ီးαြားေαးαြ်α္αααွαα္းေαာα္း α‘α်ိα္αိုαိုျαα့္ αုα္းαြα္ႏုိα္αΎααα္ျαα
္αါαα္။
ေαးα
ားα
ြာျαα့္
αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
αွီးျαα္းα
ာα်ား-
(α) DVB αွ αုα္ေααα့္ Indonesia’s Lessons for the Asia αာαာျαα္ေαာα္αါး “α‘αိα္ႏွα့္αα္းαြဲαိုα္αါ”
(α) A history of Asia, Rhoads Murphey, University of Michigan, Harper Collins Publishers, 1992, P.311, 312, 313.
Credit : αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
By Zaw Nay Aung
The US Senate has approved the renewal of a ban on Burmese imports that is part of the Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003. The House approved the sanctions bill in July, and so the agreement is expected to get the signature of President Barack Obama soon. This is welcome, as were the words of US special envoy Derek J. Mitchell, who concluded a five-day visit to the country last week with comments arguing that the Burmese regime needs to take concrete steps over dialogue with the opposition, the release of political prisoners and investigating human rights abuses.
The problem is that words aren't always being followed up with action in Western nations.
Since the 2010 elections, the Burmese regime has grown increasingly tactical in its dealings with the opposition and international community. It’s unclear whether the supreme leader of the regime, Than Shwe, has completely left the political arena, but the post-election strategic moves of former Gen. Thein Sein have certainly become more calculated.
Thein Sein appears to be using a little sweet talk and some cunning diplomacy to demonstrate that he can change the way the international community sees the government. Now clad in civilian garb, the president of the ‘new’ government has made powerful speeches on economic and political reforms. Yet, in the past few months, no substantive or tangible changes have actually been seen. It’s certainly true that there’s no quick fix to the decades-long political and economic stagnation that plagues Burma. But there also hasn’t yet been any sign of much-needed progress in terms of basic rights and freedoms, such as the release of political prisoners.
The continued incarceration of more than 2,000 political prisoners, as well as the need for Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy to re-register as a political party, is testament to the unshakeable attitudes of the old dictatorship. Furthermore, the regime is still using various forms of diplomacy to try to gain global recognition as an ‘elected and democratic’ government. To secure its bid to chair ASEAN for the 2014 summit, and with an eye on avoiding the possible establishment of a UN commission of inquiry into alleged abuses, the Thein Sein administration has started to feign acceptance of political opposition.
But despite the largely superficial changes in Burmese politics, calls to end sanctions against the regime have been growing louder since the beginning of this year. No matter whether one views the elections and subsequent developments as progress, many still have doubts over the efficacy of Western sanctions against the regime. Furthermore, many observers argue that sanctions hurt the people rather than the ruling generals. Given the apparent improvements in Burma—the release of Suu Kyi and the emergence of a parliament (albeit one dominated by the military)—the sanctioning states have in recent months been pressed to withdraw their punitive measures.
Suu Kyi and the NLD called for an independent analysis of sanctions in November 2010. No such initiative has yet taken place. In the midst of contradictory views from both pro-sanction and anti-sanction groups, the countries imposing punitive actions should review their measures and renew them accordingly. In the current political climate in Burma, it’s vital that the sanctions controversy is clearly seen to be resolved.
Burma Independence Advocates, a human rights advocacy and think tank based in London, recently published an assessment of the political and humanitarian conditions under sanctions. It showed that the direct impact of sanctions on humanitarian conditions has been negligible. And, although sanctions have so far failed to have a significant impact on Burmese politics, it’s important to understand that it isn’t the sanctions themselves that are at fault, but the way they have been implemented and enforced.
While the majority of sanctions are targeted, those that could have dealt a significant blow to the regime were implemented far too late. Meanwhile, sanctioning countries have continued to invest in a nation still rife with persecution. The continued heavy investment in Burma by the EU and United States between 1995 and 2005 also raises questions over the consistency of their Burma policy.
It’s easy to point fingers at Burma’s neighbours—ASEAN countries and China—and chastise them for their economic ties with the regime. But one doesn’t have to look far to see the influence of Western companies. For example, the continued presence over the past two decades of Western oil companies such as Chevron and Total shows that sanctioning countries prefer Burmese oil to the Burmese people’s freedom. The blood money that the regime has accumulated was never intended for Burma’s citizens, but instead for buying weapons, building up military academies, and sending scholars to Russia to learn about nuclear technology.
Yet, there are still many who believe Burma should receive development assistance and who naively think the regime would spend this overseas aid wisely on making the country a better place in which to live. Just as the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) of General Ne Win turned the country into one of the poorest in the world despite having received substantial overseas assistance, there’s no sign the new generation of military leaders would put this aid to good use. Indeed, the post-1988 regime has extended its defence capabilities dramatically compared with its predecessor, the BSPP. Over the past two decades, for example, about 20 percent of government expenditure has been on defence, while the army has swelled to more than 400,000 since 1997—double its size in 1989.
Having seen the effects of Burmese sanctions, it’s becoming clearer who has been helping the regime realise its military ambitions over the past 23 years. Although Western democracies like to take the moral high ground on human rights and freedoms, their unethical foreign policies are in practice little better than those of Burma’s neighbours, who nakedly abuse its resources. If the so-called liberal democracies want to demonstrate a genuine desire to promote democracy in Burma, they must cut off their economic ties with the regime. Unless unified and well-coordinated multilateral measures that can genuinely isolate the regime are introduced, the Burmese people will continue to suffer under a thinly disguised dictatorship.
Even if other countries in the region can be neither forced nor convinced to stop exploiting Burmese resources, the West staying away from doing business in the country could still hurt the regime and give Burmese a fighting chance.
Of course, eventually, it will be up to the people of Burma to stand on their own feet. Still, it’s crucial for those who have the luxury of freedom in their own countries to behave ethically and take their business elsewhere—not to Burma, where a dictatorship flourishes in a plethora of colourful disguises.
Zaw Nay Aung is director of Burma Independence Advocates in London
Credit : The Diplomat
By Joseph Allchin>>
President Thein Sein has admitted that Burma has economic problems
Burma has long been in the grip of a military inspired economic malaise. But any sense that the first year of its nominal new democracy would bring it relief has been dramatically disproven by a spiral of over-investment that has brought the country a new economic crisis unfolding in parallel to that gripping the West.
A presentation given to heads of industry and ministers by the President's chief economic adviser U Myint, which has been seen by The Independent, paints a grim picture of the Burmese economy's difficulties. The report, which speaks of "rampant corruption", details how foreign direct investment went from $300m in 2009-10 to a staggering $20bn in 2010-11 – more than a quarter of the country's GDP.
That may sound like a good thing, but it has disastrous consequences. The government briefing says this influx of capital, caused by a Chinese-led race for Burma's natural resources, has caused the local currency, the kyat, to soar by between 20 to 25 per cent. That makes it the best-performing currency in Asia and, where exporters would have previously received 1,000 kyat to the dollar, they now get closer to 750. The government, meanwhile, maintains an official exchange rateof about six kyat to the dollar.
The result of the dramatic rise in the value of the currency has been that exports have in a matter of months become unprofitable. Instead, agricultural goods have been dumped on the domestic market, forcing prices down and putting farmers in debt. With 70 per cent of the workforce in agriculture, that is a serious problem.
The country's nascent manufacturing sector, which should be profiting from steadily rising wages in China, has been axing much needed jobs in sectors such as garment-making, which still faces an export tax of 10 per cent.
U Myint's presentation notes that the export tax, unique to the Burmese economy, is there because "with no proper accounting system for business firms and rampant corruption both on the part of the business tax payer and the government tax collector, the normal way to collect commercial and income tax was impractical".
The government itself has also been blamed for the currencyappreciation. As public assets have been rapidly privatised, the military and its cronies have been the big winners in sectors like the extraction of natural resources and construction. That sudden transformation meant that investors holding their money offshore swept back in, sending property prices rocketing.
Even PresidentThein Sein appears to have heeded the warnings of U Myint. Speaking to an audience of economists last month, the President acknowledged Burma's economic problems. "Local demand for goods is falling," he said. "It has affected producers, especially farmers, who depend on exporting produce. Ways and means are being sought to ease the crises."
The government in Naypyidaw has spoken of reforming the meaningless official exchange rate, but economist Sean Turnell says that would be "problematic" because the disparity between the two helps the government make ends meet by applying whichever rate suits better.
The International Monetary Fund has been asked for its advice. But any help it could give is hampered by Burma's failure to pay back debts it owes to foreign financial institutions, barring it from receiving financial aid.
The effect any such aid would have on the general public is debatable. Most of Burma's revenues are said to go to the personal offshore accounts of senior officials or to purchase Mig 29 jet fighters. The country spends just 1.3 per cent of its revenues on public health.
President Thein Sein has admitted that Burma has economic problems
Burma has long been in the grip of a military inspired economic malaise. But any sense that the first year of its nominal new democracy would bring it relief has been dramatically disproven by a spiral of over-investment that has brought the country a new economic crisis unfolding in parallel to that gripping the West.
A presentation given to heads of industry and ministers by the President's chief economic adviser U Myint, which has been seen by The Independent, paints a grim picture of the Burmese economy's difficulties. The report, which speaks of "rampant corruption", details how foreign direct investment went from $300m in 2009-10 to a staggering $20bn in 2010-11 – more than a quarter of the country's GDP.
That may sound like a good thing, but it has disastrous consequences. The government briefing says this influx of capital, caused by a Chinese-led race for Burma's natural resources, has caused the local currency, the kyat, to soar by between 20 to 25 per cent. That makes it the best-performing currency in Asia and, where exporters would have previously received 1,000 kyat to the dollar, they now get closer to 750. The government, meanwhile, maintains an official exchange rateof about six kyat to the dollar.
The result of the dramatic rise in the value of the currency has been that exports have in a matter of months become unprofitable. Instead, agricultural goods have been dumped on the domestic market, forcing prices down and putting farmers in debt. With 70 per cent of the workforce in agriculture, that is a serious problem.
The country's nascent manufacturing sector, which should be profiting from steadily rising wages in China, has been axing much needed jobs in sectors such as garment-making, which still faces an export tax of 10 per cent.
U Myint's presentation notes that the export tax, unique to the Burmese economy, is there because "with no proper accounting system for business firms and rampant corruption both on the part of the business tax payer and the government tax collector, the normal way to collect commercial and income tax was impractical".
The government itself has also been blamed for the currencyappreciation. As public assets have been rapidly privatised, the military and its cronies have been the big winners in sectors like the extraction of natural resources and construction. That sudden transformation meant that investors holding their money offshore swept back in, sending property prices rocketing.
Even PresidentThein Sein appears to have heeded the warnings of U Myint. Speaking to an audience of economists last month, the President acknowledged Burma's economic problems. "Local demand for goods is falling," he said. "It has affected producers, especially farmers, who depend on exporting produce. Ways and means are being sought to ease the crises."
The government in Naypyidaw has spoken of reforming the meaningless official exchange rate, but economist Sean Turnell says that would be "problematic" because the disparity between the two helps the government make ends meet by applying whichever rate suits better.
The International Monetary Fund has been asked for its advice. But any help it could give is hampered by Burma's failure to pay back debts it owes to foreign financial institutions, barring it from receiving financial aid.
The effect any such aid would have on the general public is debatable. Most of Burma's revenues are said to go to the personal offshore accounts of senior officials or to purchase Mig 29 jet fighters. The country spends just 1.3 per cent of its revenues on public health.
Credit :The Independent (Uk)
αα္ααα္ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαααΌαျαα္αာαိဳα္αံαြဲαα
α္းαုံα‘ေျααံα₯αေα (αုαိααူαΎαα္း)
Federal-Law
Federal-Law
α်α္းαုိα္(ααိα₯်α) ။ ။ ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαα
α
္αα္α αα်α္ျαα္αα္ αိုးေαာα္αΏαိဳααα္α‘αြα္းαွိ αα့္αα္α ေα်းαြာαား αα်α္ αα α₯ီးαို αα္းαီးαားαα္αု αα်α္αြα္ေျαာα္ေαး α‘αြဲα ေျαာαြα့္ααုαၢိဳα္ α₯ီးααα္α ေျαာαα္။
ေျαာα္αိုα္းαုိα္း α α ္αာαα်ဳα္ αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ αုိးေαာα္αΏαိဳααα္ αာαိα္ေαα‘ားαွ်α္α α ္ α ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္ αα αုိα္α‘αြာαွိ αα့္αα္ααြာ α‘ေျαα ိုα္ ααα ααα αα္αြဲαα်ားα α‘αα္ αα ႏွα ္αွ αα ႏွα ္ α‘αΎαားαွိ α‘α်ဳိးαားα်ားαို ααိဳးαုα္αာ αα္းαိုα၏ αα္α αα္းαိုα ေααေαာα္ αိα္းαိα္းαားαα္αု αိုαα္။
KIO α‘αြဲαႏွα့္αα္α α္αႈαွိ၊ ααွိ αံααျαα့္ αα္းαီး
ေျαာα္αိုα္းαုိα္း α α ္αာαα်ဳα္ αα္ေα‘ာα္αံ αုိးေαာα္αΏαိဳααα္ αာαိα္ေαα‘ားαွ်α္α α ္ α ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္ αα αုိα္α‘αြာαွိ αα့္αα္ααြာ α‘ေျαα ိုα္ ααα ααα αα္αြဲαα်ားα α‘αα္ αα ႏွα ္αွ αα ႏွα ္ α‘αΎαားαွိ α‘α်ဳိးαားα်ားαို ααိဳးαုα္αာ αα္းαိုα၏ αα္α αα္းαိုα ေααေαာα္ αိα္းαိα္းαားαα္αု αိုαα္။
KIO α‘αြဲαႏွα့္αα္α α္αႈαွိ၊ ααွိ αံααျαα့္ αα္းαီး
| αα္းαီးαံααူα်ား α ာαα္း |
 |
“αူαုိα ေျαာေααဲ့ αီαုိαေαα ီ αα္းα α₯္ αြားαα္ αုိေααဲ့ α‘α ုိးααα္αြဲαေαြα ေαααံေαြαုိ αα္းαီး၊ ႏွိα္α α္ αာေαြ αုα္ေααာ။ αα ္α်α္αα္ ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိ αုိ αာαα ္ေα။ ”αု α₯ီးααα္α ေျαာαα္။
α‘αားαူαα္ αΎααုα္α α‘αြα္းααα္း αα္α ီαΏαိဳααα္α‘αြα္းαွိ ေα်းαြာα‘α်ဳိααြα္αα္း
ααα ααα ႏွα့္ ααα αα αα္αြဲαα်ားα KIO ႏွα့္ αα္αြα္ျαα္း၊ α‘αူα‘αီေαးျαα္းα်ား αွိ၊ ααွိ αα္းαီး ေαးျαα္းαႈα်ား αွိαဲ့αα္αု αα်α္
α‘α်ဳိးααီး α‘α α္းα‘αုံး α‘αြဲααα္ ေαααုိα္းα်ာα
ေျαာαα္။
“ေαα‘ုိα္α‘ုိαုိ αူαီααားαုိαΏαီးေαာ့ αα္းαΏαီး αα္ေα α‘ေαာα္α‘αား αေαြααူး αုိαα္ ျαα္αြα္ေαး။" αု αိုα္α်ာαα္ေα ေαααုိα္းα်ာα ေျαာαα္။
KIO α‘αြဲαα်ားႏွα့္ ျαα္αα္α‘α ုိးα αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αုိα္α ားαွα္α်ား α‘αΎαား αΏαီးαဲ့αα့္ αΎααုα္α α αα္ေαααိ αံုးααိα္ ေαြααံုαဲ့αΎαေαာ္αα္း αေαာαူαီαႈ ααေαးαျαα့္ ေαြးေႏြးαႈαုိ ααုαိ αα္αုိα္းαားαα္။
Credit : Mizzima Burmese
ျαα္αာα‘α
ိုးαႏွα့္ααုα္αုααΌαီျαα
္αα့္ CPI αိုα αေαာαူαα္αွα္္ေαးαိုးαားαα့္ α§αာααီျαα
္αံု ေαα‘ားαွ်α္α
α
္αα္ေαာα္ေαး α
ီαံαိα္းα‘ား αα္ααြα္ေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ျααြဲαα
္αα္ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳααြα္ ျαဳαုα္αα္ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ααα္းααွိαα္။
αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα၊ α‘αွα္(α) ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαိα္αာαα္း၊ ααံုαΏαိဳααα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαုိα္αာ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ Save the Irrawaddy α ာαားαါ αီαွα္α်ား αα္၍ αΏαိα္αα္α ြာ αႏα΅ျααα္ α ီα α₯္αားေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ျααြဲαို α ီα α₯္αူα်ားαီαွ ααα္းα αား ααွိαားαူαα ္α₯ီးα ေျαာαα္။
“αα αာαီ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααို α‘α်ီၤαα္αΏαီး αာαိုα ေျαာαားαα္။ αြ်α္ေαာ္αို αာαα့္αူေαြ α်ားαα္αိုαာαα္း αΎαားαα္။ αီျαα ္αံု αိα α₯αေαာ့ αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း ααာαွα္ေαြေျαာααို αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αူαα္ေαြααα္း αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း αα ္αုαုαုα္ျααα့္αα္ αα္αα္”αု α‘αα္ αα α‘αြα္αူαα္αα ္α₯ီးα αိုαα္။
ႏွα ္ႏုိα္αံ αူးαြဲ ေαာα္αြα္αα့္ ျαα ္αံုα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ α§αာααီျαα ္α‘α αုိα္း αα်α္ျαα္αα္ ျαα ္ααီးαားαΏαိဳα α‘αα္αα္αွိ ျαα ္αံုေαααြα္ ေα်းαြာ αα αြာ ႏွα့္ ေαααံ ျαα္αူ αα ္ေαာα္းေα်ာ္ ေααာေျαာα္းေαႊαααα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααα္။
ျαα ္αံုαα္αα္ေαာα္ေαး α ီαံαိα္း α§αိαာαα္ α α္αာαူႏိုα္αံαα္α α‘αြα္α‘α ားαွိαΏαီး ေαααာ α.α αီα်ံ α‘αုα္α်αံ αα္ေαာα္αα္ ျαα ္αာαααα αုႏွα ္ αွ α αα္ေαာα္αုα္ေααα္။ αွα ္ႏွα ္ αΎαာαα့္ αα္းα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ ααာα αα္αα္းα်α္၊ αα₯္ေα်းαႈ α‘ေαြα‘ႏွα ္၊ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူαႈေαး α αα္α်ား αိαုိα္α်α္α ီးႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αြ်α္းα်α္αူ ααာαွα္α်ားα ေαာα္ျαေျαာαိုαားαα္။
αα္းα ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ ျαα္αာ (BANCA) αြ်α္းα်α္ααာαွα္ ααႏွα့္ ααုα္ααာαွα္ αα α₯ီးαါαα္αα့္ ေα့αာေαး α‘αြဲαααα္း α ာα်α္ႏွာ ααα ေα်ာ္ αါαွိαα့္ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာαα ္αα္α‘ား αα္αိုα္αာαိုα ေαးαိုααားαα္။
αာαα့္ α α္αα္αာ αα αα္αြα္αα္း αα္αα္αွိ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ ျαα ္αံုαိα α₯α‘ား αုα္ေαာα္ေαျαα္းαို αႏα΅ျααα္ αα္αα္ေαာα္ ျαα္αာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘ား ႏႈိးေαာ္αားေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα၊ α‘αွα္(α) ျαα္ေαာα္α ုαိα္αာαα္း၊ ααံုαΏαိဳααα္αွိ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαုိα္αာ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ Save the Irrawaddy α ာαားαါ αီαွα္α်ား αα္၍ αΏαိα္αα္α ြာ αႏα΅ျααα္ α ီα α₯္αားေαΎαာα္း αႏα΅ျααြဲαို α ီα α₯္αူα်ားαီαွ ααα္းα αား ααွိαားαူαα ္α₯ီးα ေျαာαα္။
“αα αာαီ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααို α‘α်ီၤαα္αΏαီး αာαိုα ေျαာαားαα္။ αြ်α္ေαာ္αို αာαα့္αူေαြ α်ားαα္αိုαာαα္း αΎαားαα္။ αီျαα ္αံု αိα α₯αေαာ့ αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း ααာαွα္ေαြေျαာααို αြ်α္ေαာ္αိုα αူαα္ေαြααα္း αေαာααူေαΎαာα္း αα ္αုαုαုα္ျααα့္αα္ αα္αα္”αု α‘αα္ αα α‘αြα္αူαα္αα ္α₯ီးα αိုαα္။
ႏွα ္ႏုိα္αံ αူးαြဲ ေαာα္αြα္αα့္ ျαα ္αံုα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ α§αာααီျαα ္α‘α αုိα္း αα်α္ျαα္αα္ ျαα ္ααီးαားαΏαိဳα α‘αα္αα္αွိ ျαα ္αံုေαααြα္ ေα်းαြာ αα αြာ ႏွα့္ ေαααံ ျαα္αူ αα ္ေαာα္းေα်ာ္ ေααာေျαာα္းေαႊαααα္ ျαα ္ေαΎαာα္း αိαွိααα္။
ျαα ္αံုαα္αα္ေαာα္ေαး α ီαံαိα္း α§αိαာαα္ α α္αာαူႏိုα္αံαα္α α‘αြα္α‘α ားαွိαΏαီး ေαααာ α.α αီα်ံ α‘αုα္α်αံ αα္ေαာα္αα္ ျαα ္αာαααα αုႏွα ္ αွ α αα္ေαာα္αုα္ေααα္။ αွα ္ႏွα ္ αΎαာαα့္ αα္းα ီαံαိα္းေαΎαာα့္ ααာα αα္αα္းα်α္၊ αα₯္ေα်းαႈ α‘ေαြα‘ႏွα ္၊ α ီးαြားေαး၊ αူαႈေαး α αα္α်ား αိαုိα္α်α္α ီးႏိုα္ေαΎαာα္း αြ်α္းα်α္αူ ααာαွα္α်ားα ေαာα္ျαေျαာαိုαားαα္။
αα္းα ီαံαိα္းႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ αααα αုႏွα ္αြα္ ျαα္αာ (BANCA) αြ်α္းα်α္ααာαွα္ ααႏွα့္ ααုα္ααာαွα္ αα α₯ီးαါαα္αα့္ ေα့αာေαး α‘αြဲαααα္း α ာα်α္ႏွာ ααα ေα်ာ္ αါαွိαα့္ α‘α ီαα္αံα ာαα ္αα္α‘ား αα္αိုα္αာαိုα ေαးαိုααားαα္။
αာαα့္ α α္αα္αာ αα αα္αြα္αα္း αα္αα္αွိ ααုα္αံαံုးေαွααြα္ ျαα ္αံုαိα α₯α‘ား αုα္ေαာα္ေαျαα္းαို αႏα΅ျααα္ αα္αα္ေαာα္ ျαα္αာα‘αိုα္းα‘αိုα္းα‘ား ႏႈိးေαာ္αားေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
Credit : Dawnmanhon
By - Zin Linn
It was as early as October 2009, the Thailand-based Kachin Development Networking Group (KDNG) published a report – “Resisting the Flood” – highlighting the implementation of the Myitsone dam project on the Irrawaddy River. The report demanded a halt to the project that is sponsored by the China Power Investment Corporation (CPI), its main investor and contractor.
The dam project creates unwelcome impacts like social, environmental, livelihood, cultural and security problems for tens of thousands of people in the Kachin State. The report states that more than 15,000 people in 60 villages around the dam sites are being forcibly relocated without proper resettlement plans by the Burmese military regime. These individuals have lost their means of livelihood such as farming, fishing and collection of non-timber forest products.
The Kachin Independence Organization (KIO), the political wing of the KIA, sent an open letter to Chinese President, Hu Jintao, in March this year, urging a halt to the Irrawaddy Myitson Dam construction, because it will lead to civil war in the country. However, the Chinese communist government has refused the KIO request.
The 500-foot dam has been under construction at the confluence of the Mali Hka River and N’Mai Hka River, 27 miles north of the Kachin capital of Myitkyina. Construction at Myitsone began December 21, 2009, led by China’s state owned China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) in cooperation with Burma’s Asia World Company (AWC) and the Burmese government’s No. 1 Ministry of Electric Power. Remarkably, AWC owner is former drug lord, Lo Hsing Han. It will cost 3.6 billion dollars and most of the 6000 MW of electricity produced will be sold out to China.
As a result, the KIO warned CPI employees not to enter its area in the dam construction sites north of the Mali-N’mai Rivers. The reason was that the Burmese government discontinued the 1994 ceasefire on 1 September, 2010.
KDNG said that the dam construction is against the choice of local people and violates China’s own dam construction guidelines as well as international standards. Burma’s military junta ordered over a thousand civilians from Tang Hpre, the main village at the dam site, before the end of May 2010.
There was an environmental impact assessment on the Thailand-based Burma Rivers Network website which was conducted by a team of Burmese and Chinese scientists. The 945-page “environmental impact assessment,” fully funded by China’s CPI Corporation and conducted by a team of Burmese and Chinese scientists, recommends that the Irrawaddy Myitsone Dam not proceed. “There is no need for such a big dam to be constructed at the confluence of the Irrawaddy River” says the assessment.
Several complaint letters concerning construction of the Myitsone dam have been sent to the Burmese and Chinese governments by local people, the Kachin National Consultative Assembly (KNCA) and the KIO. However, no action has been taken to tackle the worries expressed by the Kachin community.
KIO have waged revolutionary warfare for self-determination in their state. Since 9 June, skirmishing spread out between the KIA and the government’s troops. The warfare was interrelated to the outsized developmental projects being built by China.
Recently, on 17 September, Workshop No (3/2011) of the Ministry of Electric Power No (1) on Impact of Hydropower Projects on the Irrawaddy River and natural environment was held at the ministry in Naypyitaw.
Union Ministers, deputy ministers, People Parliament and National Parliament representatives, departmental heads, resource persons, entrepreneurs, journalists and guests attended the workshop, the New Light of Myanmar newspaper reported.
In his address, Union Minister for Electric Power No (1) Zaw Min explained the purpose of organizing the seminar and introduced six papers that would be read out. He also invited suggestions and discussions over the papers. Chairman Dr Htin Hla of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association (BANCA) read out the paper on impact on natural and social environments. CPI Chairman Mr Li Guanghua, read on Irrawaddy basin hydropower projects are strategic selection for Myanmar (Burma) electric power industry.
On 10 September (Saturday), Union Minister for Electric Power No (1) Zaw Min said in a meeting with media, the government will carry on construction of the Myitsone Dam on the Irrawaddy River despite severe denigration and environmental and communal risks, some Rangoon-based journals spotlighted.
Zaw Min also challenged the people that the government will not withdraw the project because of any objection.
During the 17 September seminar, the “natural environment report” was made by 250 scholars from six organizations including BANCA. The report will be submitted to the newly reconstituted Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry. It is said that future works depend on the environment report of the ECF Ministry and study report of the engineer group.
According to the report of CPI Company, the structures in Myitsone project will be designed and built systematically to have the resistance of the worst flood in 1000 years and the earthquake of eight Richter Scales. But, as stated by some critics, CPI’s estimation is merely an illogical presumption. No futurist can foretell such a thousand-year calculation.
In his closing address, Union Minister Zaw Min said that, the government has not yet decided to stop the Myitsone dam projects. Zaw Min said at one point: “Impact of Myitsone Project on environment and safety was a hot topic among people. However, hydro-power projects along Ayeyawady (Irrawaddy) river were worthwhile to increase production of power for domestic use and industrial development.”
So, the seminar seemed to be a time-buying method that held against the desire of the people. If the parliament and the government unwisely decided to carry on the massive dam, the people would not tolerate any more.
Hence, local civil societies, as well as watchdog groups around the world, have to keep serious awareness to prevent the continuation of the Myitsone dam project which will tragically spoil the nation’s promising future.
For Immediate Release
September 15, 2011
Baucus Hails Senate Renewal of Sanctions Against Burma
Nelson Mandela once said, “There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere.”
The walk to freedom for the Burmese people has certainly not been easy, and it is far from complete. The military-controlled government that rules Burma continues to maintain its tight grip over the Burmese people through fear, intimidation and violence.
According to the State Department, over the last year the Burmese regime has “severely restricted and frequently violated freedoms of assembly, expression, association, movement and religion.” And in furthering its hold over Burmese society, the regime has committed crimes of murder, abduction, rape, torture, recruitment of child soldiers and forced labor – all with impunity.
In recent months, however, we have seen some encouraging steps. Last November, the Burmese regime released Aung San Suu Kyi, the Burmese democracy leader and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, after a long and unjustified incarceration. The regime has made some modest movement towards dialogue with the opposition.
But it is far too soon to think that the walk to freedom has succeeded. Just two months after releasing Aung San Suu Kyi, the regime dissolved the National League for Democracy, which has sought to bring democracy to Burma for more than 20 years. And the regime keeps more than two thousand political prisoners in detention.
As Aung San Suu Kyi herself has said, “If my people are not free, how can you say I’m free? We are none of us free.”
In order to help the Burmese people on their march to freedom, I urge my colleagues to extend our sanctions against Burmese imports for another year.
Several of our trading partners — including the European Union, Canada, and Australia — have joined us in imposing trade and investment sanctions against Burma. These sanctions have put significant pressure on the Burmese leadership.
So let us extend the import sanctions on Burma for another year, and let us do our part to help the Burmese people complete their long walk to freedom.
Source : US Senate
September 15, 2011
Washington, DC – Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus (D-Mont.) today applauded the Senate’s renewal of trade sanctions against Burma. The renewal came in response to the Burmese government’s continued human rights violations and suppression of political opposition. Several other nations, including Canada, Australia and the members of the European Union have also imposed sanctions. Chairman Baucus issued and entered into the record the following statement yesterday urging the Senate to renew the import sanctions, which include a comprehensive ban on products of Burmese origin:
Nelson Mandela once said, “There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere.”
The walk to freedom for the Burmese people has certainly not been easy, and it is far from complete. The military-controlled government that rules Burma continues to maintain its tight grip over the Burmese people through fear, intimidation and violence.
According to the State Department, over the last year the Burmese regime has “severely restricted and frequently violated freedoms of assembly, expression, association, movement and religion.” And in furthering its hold over Burmese society, the regime has committed crimes of murder, abduction, rape, torture, recruitment of child soldiers and forced labor – all with impunity.
In recent months, however, we have seen some encouraging steps. Last November, the Burmese regime released Aung San Suu Kyi, the Burmese democracy leader and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, after a long and unjustified incarceration. The regime has made some modest movement towards dialogue with the opposition.
But it is far too soon to think that the walk to freedom has succeeded. Just two months after releasing Aung San Suu Kyi, the regime dissolved the National League for Democracy, which has sought to bring democracy to Burma for more than 20 years. And the regime keeps more than two thousand political prisoners in detention.
As Aung San Suu Kyi herself has said, “If my people are not free, how can you say I’m free? We are none of us free.”
In order to help the Burmese people on their march to freedom, I urge my colleagues to extend our sanctions against Burmese imports for another year.
Several of our trading partners — including the European Union, Canada, and Australia — have joined us in imposing trade and investment sanctions against Burma. These sanctions have put significant pressure on the Burmese leadership.
So let us extend the import sanctions on Burma for another year, and let us do our part to help the Burmese people complete their long walk to freedom.
Source : US Senate
Asian Tribune
September 18, 2011
Part 1: The Rohingya Identity and Hatemongering by Rakhine Racists
Khin Maung Saw’s article “Islamization of Burma through Chittagonian Bengalis as Rohingya Refugees” is a revisionist attempt by a deranged chauvinist Magh to rewrite the history of the Muslims of Arakan. Racism and bigotry are written all over the article.
1. Introduction
In this post-9/11 era of hatemongering and Islamophobia, it is not difficult to understand his evil mindset that steered him to concoct such an absurd idea that the Rohingya Muslims are working towards Islamization of Myanmar (Burma). Forget about the fact that Burma is a military-ruled country with no democracy, how could a mere 2 to 3 million people impose the dictates of their faith on a nation of 50 million, especially when they are denied all basic rights – of movement, assembly, marriage, education, jobs, etc.? One has to be either mentally unstable or very high in mind-altering drugs to hallucinate such a ludicrous idea!
As already recognized by scores of international organizations and human rights groups, including the US government and the UN, the legitimate rights of the Rohingyas of Arakan state of Burma towards equal rights and citizenship in their ancestral home cannot be throttled by hateful propaganda of anyone, and surely not by the paid agents of the rogue regime that have not given up on their divide-and-conquer policy to weaken genuine democratic aspirations of the people of Burma. And what better tactic than to stoke the fear of Islamization of the country by a persecuted minority that has already been brutalized and marginalized! Denied every right, enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, these unfortunate Rohingya people, pushed to settle for an uncertain life of either statelessness or refugees, inside or outside Burma, must now defend their honor and dignity against hateful and bigotry-ridden campaigns by their fellow countrymen – the racist Rakhine/Maghs of Arakan!
Racism and bigotry cannot come any worse than what thus far has been showcased by these evil children of Arakanese (and by default, Burmese) racism! It is sad to see that Saw who has been living in Germany has not learned anything from its past history of xenophobia. He had the choice to either reject or espouse the failed model of Nazi fascism that has had wrecked so much havoc and brought so much pain, shame and unbearable misery to its people. Instead of siding with the persecuted Rohingyas, he chose the hated monsters of the Nazi era as his model. One can only feel repulsed by such an evil choice.
Thus, it is not surprising to discover the unmistakable similarities of his fascist onslaught against the persecuted Rohingyas with those of the Jews of Nazi-era Germany. Like his other pseudo-historian peers - Aye Kyaw and Aye Chan (two unabashed fascists, by any account), his pattern of onslaught against the Rohingya people is borrowed from the hateful works of convicted war criminals like Julius Streicher of the Nazi era. One only has to change the terms ‘Jew’ to Chittagonian Bengali/Muslim or Rohingya, ‘Judenstaat’ to Islamization, and ‘Germany’ to Burma (Myanmar) to see the obvious similarity of their hate campaign.
These demented and paranoid Theravada Buddhists of Arakan, often masquerading as intellectual voices of their community, are no democrats and surely not liberals.
They are, in fact, closet fascists. If allowed to come to power or sway policy decisions, they will, in all likelihood, borrow the pages from the hated (German) SS manual and repeat the heinous crimes of their fellow coreligionists in Cambodia. It is no accident that Saw’s mentor Aye Kyaw wrote the infamous 1982 Burma Citizenship Law that provided the blueprint for denying citizenship rights of the Rohingya people – the other dominant ethnic group of Arakan. It was done with a calculated precision to not only rob the properties of the Rohingya but also to uproot them en masse from the soil of Arakan, their ancestral home. It’s an utterly devious and devilish conspiracy.
Surely, these Buddhists of Arakan give a bad name to their religion and the non-violent founder of their faith. Their malicious words and acts of unfathomable bigotry, racism, aggression against and oppression of the Rohingya people show that they are misfits to the civilized world, especially in the 21st century when people have learned to live amicably burying their age-old prejudice. Indubitably, multi-culture, integration and pluralism -- a reality in most parts of our world today -- are alien concepts to them, and as such, are an anathema to everything that they stand for or crave for their fractured country along the ethnic line.
Surely, these Buddhists of Arakan give a bad name to their religion and the non-violent founder of their faith. Their malicious words and acts of unfathomable bigotry, racism, aggression against and oppression of the Rohingya people show that they are misfits to the civilized world, especially in the 21st century when people have learned to live amicably burying their age-old prejudice. Indubitably, multi-culture, integration and pluralism -- a reality in most parts of our world today -- are alien concepts to them, and as such, are an anathema to everything that they stand for or crave for their fractured country along the ethnic line.
Forgotten there is the time-honored realization that Burma is a country that has many races, ethnicities and religions. It is a country of many nations. It is not a country either of or for any particular group – be they are the majority Bamar (Burman), the minority Shan, Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Rohingya, Rakhine, Mon, Karen, Chinese, Indians, or whatever. Racism runs deep and acts like the Krazy glue holding members of each of these discernible groups together in their own domain, while it acts like a double-edged knife cutting through the fabric of the Burmese society, justifying hostility against disparate groups that have nothing in common either in language or in religion.
The only way this country of many nations can survive and evolve into a civilized state is not through the brutal and savage arms of injustice, denial, xenophobia, abuse and oppression of the minorities but a federal democratic framework that genuinely protects all ensuring their human rights and equality without any discrimination. This means, the Rohingyas of Arakan should have the same rights as enjoyed by a Rakhine; the Karens have the same rights as enjoyed by a Bamar, and so on and so forth for all the races, tribes, ethnicities, and groups.
As much as the spiteful non-Muslim promoters of ‘Islamization of Europe’ and ‘Islamization of America’ have failed to bring about mass-scale onslaught against minority Muslims living in the West, and, instead, have unearthed their own unfathomable bigotry and racism, and the often-ignored but dirty little secret about the criminality of the homegrown terrorists and white hate-groups, the fascists of Arakan and Burma are doomed to failure with their fear-tactic of using boogeyman of ‘Islamization of Burma.’ Their disinformation campaign has also unearthed their true hideous selves.
[Dr Siddiqui’s book - The Forgotten Rohingya: Their Struggle for Human Rights in Burma – is available from Amazon.com]
To be continued....................
Asian Tribune
For Immediate Release
Date: September 16, 2011
Rohingyas ever biggest rally in Tokyo in protest of USDP Government The Burmese Rohingya Association in Japan (BRAJ) organized ever biggest rally in Tokyo in response to the USDP Government’s racist statement in parliament of Burma against Rohingyas.
Click on Image for Enlarge
Credit : Zaw Min Htut (BRAJ)
αααα αာαα
္α‘ေျααံα₯αေαႏွα့္ αααα αြα္ αα္αာေαာ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးααα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္းα် αα္αာαါαα္αု ေႂαြးေαΎαာ္αα္း αα္းαဲαႈ αုိα္α်α္ေαး α‘α
α္းα‘ေαးαို ေαျαα္ေαာ္αြα္ α
α္αα္αာαα ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αာαြα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αိုαါ αိα္ေαα၍ αα္ေαာα္ေα
αဲ့αါαα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αွ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံαα္ ေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ေαာ α‘ေျαα‘ေααုိα ေαာα္ေααΏαီαု αုံαΎαα္ေαΎαာα္းααα»ာ့αီαိုαေαα
ီေαααြα္αုα္ေααေျαာαΎαားαိုα္ျαα္αါαα္။
αΏαα္αာႏိုα္αံαα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာαီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αီαိုαα
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ေαးေαာαα္းေαΎαာα္းαΏαα့္αေαြαေαြααα္α αြα္αြဲαြားေααα္ေαာ?α§αာααီေαါα္αြဲαွဳαΎαီးαΏαα့္αူαွဳေαာ္αွα္ေαးαΏαα
္αα္ေαာ?။ ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္ααα့္α‘α်ိα္αα္αေαးေαာ့αုαα္ αα္။
ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္α α‘ေျαα‘ေα α‘α်ိα္α‘αါαိုα္αΏαီး αα့္ေαာ္ေαွ်α္αα္αဲ့ αုံα
ံαို ေျαာα္းαဲႏိα္αုိααိုေαΎαာα္း αα်ဳိαααα္း αုံα
ံαေျαာα္းႏိုα္αဲ αီα‘ေျαα‘ေααဲ αီαုံα
ံ၊ αိုα‘ေျαα‘ေααဲ αီαုံα
ံαဲ ျαα
္ေαျαα္းαα္ αα္ျαα္αုံးαα္ႏိုα္αဲ့ α‘αα္α‘α်α္း α‘ားαဲαα္αု ေျαာααွာျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ျαα္းαα္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံα်ားαα္αွ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αα္းα‘α်α္း ေျαာα္းαွ်α္ေျαာα္းααို ေαႊαႏိုα္ေျαာα္းႏိုα္ααα္ (Flexible) αိုးαြα္ αုα္αြα္αα
ားႏိုα္ααα္αု αိုαိုαα္αွိαα္။
ေααα
ု၏ ေျαာαΎαားα်α္α်ားαြα္ αွα္αားα
αာα်ား၊ ααိျαဳα
αာα်ား α်ားα
ြာαါαွိေααα္αို ααိျαဳαိαုိα αိုေααα္။
(α) αိုα္αာαဲ့ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘ေαာα္α‘α¦ေαြ αα္ေαာα္αုိα။
(α) α
ိα္αာα္ေαြαို αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αဲα αိုα္αα္ေα‘ာα္ αုα္ααα္။ ααိုα္αα္αဲ့ α
ိα္ေαြαို ေαာ္αွα္αα
္ααα္။
(α) αီαိုαေαα
ီ၏ ααα‘αာαα္ α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαုα္αα့္ေααာαြα္ αα္αာα
ြာေျαာα္းαဲျαα္း၊ αိαα‘ာαွိα
ြာ ေျαာα္းαဲျαα္း၊ αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာ ေျαာα္းαဲျαα္း αΏαα
္αα္။
(α) αူαိုα္း αိαိαို ေαးα
ားαဲ့၊ αα္αိုးαားαဲ့၊ αူαာαြα္းαဲ့ α
ံαα
္αို αိုαားαွာွျαα
္αα္။ αα္αူαွ αိαိαို αα္αိုးααားαဲ့ α
ံαα
္αို αိုαားαွာ ααုα္။
(α
) αာαα္α‘ααုα္ααါαα္αိုαα့္ ေααာαြα္ αα္ျαα္αုံααားႏွα့္ α‘α်ားααီးαိုα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αိααΈါα္αွာ αူααα္αα္းα်α္αို αိαိုα္ေα
ေαာ αူα‘α်ားα
ုαို αα
္αာေα
ေαာ αာαα္αို ေαးα‘α္αွ်α္ αα္ျαα္αုံααားαΏαα့္ α
α₯္းα
ားαΏαီး αုα္αα့္ααုα္αα့္ α
α₯္းα
ားαုိααိုေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားျαα္းαု αူααα္။
(α) αူααီးα်ား αေαးα်ားαို α‘αα္းα‘αΎαα္αုံα
ံαြα္းαာαα္ ααα့္ေαွ်ာ္၊ αေαးαူαα္α်ားαြα္αα္း αူααာαူ αα္ျαα္αိုα္αြα့္αွိααα္။
αိုαα့္α‘α်α္ α α်α္αို α‘αိααား ေျαာαΎαားαြားαဲ့αα္αို ေαြααွိαေααα္။
(α) αိုα္αာαα့္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘ေαာα္α‘α¦α်ား αα္ေαα္αႈ
αိုα္αာαα့္ αီαိုαေαα
ီ α‘ေαာα္α‘α¦းα်ား αα္ေαာα္αႈ αိုαα္αွာ αြα္αα္ေαာ αူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαို ျαဳα
ုα်ဳိးေαာα္ေαးျαα္းα‘ေαααြα္ αူαα္αα္။ (Civil Society) αြα္αα္ေαာ αူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား ႏိုα္αံααုαြα္ αြα္αα္α
ြာ αြဲαα
α္းαွဳα္αွားαြα့္ααွ်α္ αိုα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားα αိαိαိုα αူαုαူαα္းα
ားα်ား α‘α်ဳိးαို αာαြα္αα္း αααားαႈα်ားαို αα္αα်α္ျαα္း၊ αုိα္းျαα္αိုα‘α္α်α္α်ားαို ααုံးαα္း ေαာα္αြα္αα္းျαα့္ α‘α
ိုးαα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား၏ α‘ာαာα‘αြα္α‘αြ်ံ αုံံးα
ြဲαႈ αျαα
္αα္ αα္ααားαα္း ααားα₯αေαα
ိုးαိုးေααို ααα္ααα္း ေαာα္αြα္αျαα့္ ααားေαး ααိဳα္αိုα္αာαာαΏαီး၊ ႏိုα္αံα‘αြα္း αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α်ဳိးေαာα္αႈα်ားαို ααားα₯αေαေαာα္α‘αြα္းαွ αာαြြα္αာႏုိα္αΏαီး αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး ျαα့္αေαာ ႏိုα္αံα‘ျαα
္ ေαααြα္းαာαα္ျαα
္αα္။ αုိαα‘αူ ααွိαΏαီးေαာ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αိုαα္း αေα်ာα္α်α္ေα
αα္ αုိα္းαα္းαာαြα္ႏိုα္ေααိα့္αα္ျαα
္αα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ (Civil Society) αြα္αα္ေαာ αူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းαြα္αါαα္္αα့္ α‘αုα္ααားαααၢα်ား၊ ေα်ာα္းαားαααၢα်ား၊ ေαာα္αူαα္ααား α‘α
α္းα‘αုံးα်ား၊ α
ာαα္α‘αα္းα်ား၊ αူαုαူαα္းα
ားα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား၊ ααα္းα
ာαα္αα္းα်ား၊ αာαာေαးα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား αြα္αα္α
ြာ αြဲαα
α္းႏိုα္αြα့္ αိαိα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားႏွα့္ α‘αြဲααα္α်ား၏ ααိုα္αြα့္၊ αြα္αα္αြα့္α်ားαို αာαြα္ႏိုα္αြα့္αα္ αြα္α
ြာαွα‘ေαးααီးαα္။ αိုα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားα‘ားေαာα္းαာေα
αα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီαα္းα် α‘α
ိုးαα်ားα α‘ားေαးαα္။ ေαာα္αံ့αα္။ ααားα₯αေαေαာα္α‘αြα္းαွ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαα္။ αေααျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီႏိုα္αံ ျαα
္αျαα
္ αိႏုိα္αα္ αြα္αα္ေαာ αူαေαာα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား αြဲαα
α္းႏိုα္αြα့္ αွိααွိ။ αွိေααာ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား αႈα္αွားႏုိα္αြα့္αွိααွိ၊ αြα္αα္α
ြာ ေျαာαိုေαးαားႏုိα္αြα့္ αွိααွိျαα့္ αိုα္းαာαူႏုိα္ေααα္။
(α) αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αဲα αိုα္αα္ေαာ α
ိα္αာα္
αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αဲα αိုα္αα္ေαာα
ိα္αာα္αိုαα္αွာ α‘α်ားαေαာαို αိုα္ေα်ာျαα္း၊ αူαα္းα
ုαေαာαို ေαα
ားျαα္းαα္ျαα
္αα္။ αိαိαႈံαα့္α‘αါ α‘αာααΎαα္ α‘αΏαဳံးαα်α္ αα္αံႏိုα္αα့္ αα့္α်α္αႈαွိαΏαီး αိαိႏုိα္αα့္α‘αါαြα္αα္း αႈံးαူαို ႏိုα္αα္α
ီးαα္းαျαဳαဲ ေααၱာααားျαα့္ αα္αံႏိုα္ααα္။ ေααα
ုα ေααၱာααားαို αားျαα္းαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံα α
ံျαα‘ျαα
္ျαဳαα့္αα္αုျαα္αα္။ αေααα
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ α‘αြα္ေျαာα္း α‘αα္αားα‘α
ိုးααα္ ျαα္αူαေαာα္αံαဲ α‘ာαာαူαားαα့္ α‘α
ိုးαျαα
္αα္။ αိုαα‘αြα္ αႈံးαိα့္αွ်α္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံαိုααွ ျαα
္αါα္αα္αာαα္αို α
ိုးေαΎαာα္ေαျαα္းαို ေααα
ုα ေααၱာααားေαွααားαΏαီး αα္αုα္းေျαႏိုα္αါαα္αု αိုαိုုျαα္းျαα
္αα္αု ေαာα္α်α္α်αိαα္။ αိုαျαα္ αႈံးαူααα္း ႏုိα္αြားαူႏွα့္ αိုα္းျαα္α‘α်ဳိးαို ေαွးαႈαΏαီး αူးေαါα္းαုα္ႏိုα္ααα္αု αိုαိုေαΎαာα္းαေαာေαါα္αα္။
(α) αီαိုαေαα
ီ ααα‘αာ
ေααα
ုα αူα α‘ေαႏွα့္ α‘α
ိုးαα‘ေျαာα္းα‘αဲαို αα္αာေαာαα္း၊ αိαα‘ာαွိαွိ αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာ ေျαာα္းαဲαိုαα္αု αိုαα္။ αိုαုိα ေျαာα္းαဲျαα္းαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီ၏ ေαာα္းျαα္ေαာααα‘αာααα္αု αီးေαာα္းαုိးျααα္။ αိုα‘α်α္αα္ αααα ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαြα္ α‘ႏိုα္α NLD αါαီα‘ား α‘ာαာေαးα‘α္αα္ α
α
္α‘α
ိုးααွ ျαα္းαα္αဲ့ျαα္းαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီααα‘αာ αေαာα္၊ αာαα့္ αααα
ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီααα‘αာေαာα္αုိααိုαα္။ NLD αα္ αααα
ေαြးေαာα္αြဲα‘αြα္ ျαα္ αα္ႏုိα္αုိα α‘ားαူႏုိα္αုိα αိုαα္αု αα္αြα္αΏαီး ေျαာαα္αွိαα္။ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးααုိαα္း αီαိုαေαα
ီႏိုα္αံ α‘αွα္ααα္ေααေαါα္αာေα
α်α္αွ်α္ αα္αာေα
ြာ ေျαာα္းαဲαႈျαα
္αα့္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ ααာα္αို ေαးα
ားαိုα္αာαိုα αိုေαΎαာα္း ααိဳαα္ α‘αိေαးαားျαα္းαα္း ျαα
္ႏုိα္αα္αု ေαာα္α်α္α်αα္။ NLD αါαီαα္α်ားαိုαα္း ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αα္းα‘α်α္း ေျαာα္းαွ်α္ ေျαာα္းααို αα
ားႏုိα္ααα္၊ αုံα
ံေျαာα္းႏုိα္ααα္αု α‘αိေαးαိုα္ျαα္းျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αုံးαα္αα္။ αααα αာαα
္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααို NLD α αα္ααံေαာ္αα္း ေျαာα္းαဲαာေαာ ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αα္းα‘α်α₯္းα‘α ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αα္αα့္αွ်α္ αα္αΏαီး α‘ာαာααူေαးαို α
α₯္းα
ားေααα္αု αα္αα္။
(α) αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို αူαိုα္းαိုαားαα္
αူαိုα္းαီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို αိုαားαα္αု ေααα
ုေျαာαΎαားαြားαဲ့αα္။ αူαိုα္း αိαိαုိ ေαးα
ားαα့္ α
ံαα
္၊ αူαာαြα္းαဲ့α
ံαα
္αို αိုαားαွာျαα
္αα္αု ေျαာαိုα်α္αα္ ေααူα်α‘ေαႏွα့္ αွα္αα္ေαာ္αα္း α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား αα္αွ αΎαα့္αွ်α္ ααွα္ႏိုα္αုျαα္αα္။ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ားα‘αြα္ ၎αိုα ျαဳα
ုα်ဳိးေαာα္αားေαာ α
ံαα
္αα္၊ ၎αိုαα‘αြα္ αွα္ေααα့္αေαာျαα
္αα္။ α‘ာαာαွα္ααျαα့္ αုα္α်α္αာαုα္αြα့္ααα္။ αိαိαα္αα္းα်α္α αိαိαုိ αူαာαားαα္၊ αိုေααα္၊ ေαးα
ားαΎααα္၊ αα္αႈိးαႊα္αာ ေαျαα
္αα့္ ααျαα
္αα္။
αိုααာαြα္ ၎αိုααααα္ αူαုααီး၏ ေαးα
ားαႈαို ααေαာαα၊ αူαုႏွα့္ αα္းαြာαΏαီး α‘ေα
ာα့္α‘αα္αα္αΎαားαွေααေαာ αα αိαိαိုα္αိုα္α‘α်α₯္းαားαΏαα
္αွα္းααိαΏαα
္ေαေαာααျαα
္αα္။ αုိေαΎαာα့္ α‘ာαာαွိေαာ္αα္း αူαာαα္ေαာ္αα္း၊ αူαုαΎαား ααိုးαဲαα့္ ααျαα
္αα္။ αိုαααွαုα္းαြα္αဲαα့္α‘ေαα‘αားα‘ာαာαူαားαူα်ားαြα္αိွွ αΏαီီαားα‘αူးေα့αာαα့္αα္။
(α
) αာαα္α‘ααုα္ျαα္း
αာαα္α‘ααုα္ααါαα္αု ေျαာαΏαီး α‘ျαα
္αဲ့αူα်ားαို αα္းαီးျαα္း၊ ေαာα္α်ျαα္း၊ ႏွိα္α
α္αႈα္းαα္းျαα္း၊ αီαိုαေαα
ီ αိုαားαူα်ားαို αα္းα်ဳိးα
ုံႏွα့္ ေႏွာα္αွα္ျαα္းαုိααα္ αွα္ααွα္၊ αုα္αα့္ ααုα္αα့္αိုαα့္ αိုα္α်α္းα
ာααား၊ αုိα္းျαα္α‘αြα္ α‘α်ဳိးαွိααွိ၊ αိုαူα်ားαα္ αိαိαိုα္α်ဳိးα‘αြα္ αုα္ေαျαα္းေαာ၊ αိαိα‘αါα‘αα္α‘α်ားေαာα္းα
ားေαးα‘αြα္ αုα္ေαျαα္းေαာ α
αα့္ αα္ျαα္αုံααားျαα့္ ေα့αာαΏαီး αာαα္α‘α αုα္ααါαα္αိုျαα္းαα္ αိုαာαα္αα္ ααားαျαα့္ ေαးα‘α္ေαာ αာαα္ေαာ αူ၍ α
α₯္းα
ားαုံးျαα္αΏαီး αααားαုα္αα္α်ားαုα္αα္ ေαးα‘α္αာေαာ αာαα္α်ားαို αα္ျαα္αုံααားျαα့္ ျαα္းαα္ႏုိα္ααα္αု αိုαိုေααα္။
(α) αူααီးα်ားα αေαးα်ားαို αုံα
ံαြα္းျαα္း
α‘ေαွααိုα္း αα₯္ေα်းαႈα‘α αူααီးα်ားα αေαးα်ားαို α‘αα္းα‘αΎαα္ αိႏွိα္αႈျαα့္ αိαိαိုααိုαာ αုံα
ံαြα္းαဲ့αΎααα္။ α‘ေαွααိုα္း αုံα
ံαα္ α‘ာαာαွα္αα္αα္။ αူααီးα်ားα αေαးα်ားαα္ αိုαိαα္αွာ αျαα္းႏုိα္ေα်၊ αုိααာαြα္ αေαးα်ား αိααွ်ေαာ့ αူααီးα်ား α‘ားαုံးααိႏိုα္αα့္α‘ျαα္ αေαးαႈေαါα့္ႏွα့္ αူααီးαႈေαါα့္ျαα္းαα္း ααူႏိုα္ေα်။ α‘ိα္ေαာα္ααုαြα္ αိαျαα
္αူႏွα့္ αားααီးαα္αံေαး α‘ေαွαႏွα့္ α‘ေαာα္ααူαါ။ α‘ေαွα αα္αံေαးαွာ αါαုိααα္းαိုααα္αိαα္၊ αα္αα္၊ αα္းαုိαα‘αα္ ααα္းα
ားαာαာαြαိုαα့္ α‘ေααα
ီးαα္αံαႈα်ဳိးျαα
္αα္။
α‘αူးαျαα့္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαြα္ α‘ေαျαα
္αူα α‘ိα္ေαာα္α¦းα
ီးျαα
္αျαα့္ αေα‘αုα္αူα α
ားα¦းα
ားα်ားေαြ်းαα္။ αေαးα်ား α‘αိုးα‘αα္းαိုα္ααα္။ αူααီးေျαာαာαို αိုα္αုα္ααα္။ αα္ေျααα္၍αα။ ေα်ာα္းαြα္αα္းααာ၊ ααာααိုαα α
ာααိုα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္၊ αα
α
္α
ာေαးαြဲα်αွ်α္ ေα်ာα္းα‘ုα္ααီးαို ေαααΏαီး ααိα္ႏွα့္αိုα္αα္။ αေαးα်ားαို αူααီးα်ားα α‘ေαΎαာα္ααားျαα့္ αိႏွိα္αΏαီး αိαိαုိα၏ α‘αိα္ααို αာαံαα္ αုံα
ံαြα္းျαα္းαံααα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ α‘ာαွαိုα္αြα္ αေαးα်ားα αူααီးα်ား αုα္ααွ် αွα္αွα္αွားαွား ျαα္αွα္ေျαα αုαံαြα့္αααဲ αံαΎαααα္။ α€α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααα္ α‘ာαွαိုα္αြα္ α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္αႊα္းαိုးေααႈ၏ α‘αိα α‘ေαΎαာα္းααားαဲαြα္ αါαα္ေααα္။
α‘ေαာα္ႏုိα္αံα်ားαြα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္ αြα္းαားαα္αွာαα္း ၎ႏုိα္αံα်ားαြα္းαွိ αေαးαူαα္α်ားα‘ေαα αူααီးα်ား၏ αα္αံေαးαွာ α‘ာαွႏွα့္ααူαα့္ α‘α်α္ααα္း α်ားα
ြာ α‘ေαာα္α‘αူျαဳαဲ့ေααα္။ αေαးα်ားαα္ α‘αာαါα္αို α¦းေαာα္αα့္αူα်ားျαα
္αα္။ αေαးα်ားαα္ α¦းα
ားေαးα‘αα့္αိα္αြα္αွိαα္။ αေαးα်ားαို αိုα္ႏွα္αုံးαျαα္းαျαဳα။ αိαα αိုα္ႏွα္αွ်α္ αုαိα္αို αုံးေαα၍ αုိα္္αြα့္αွိαα္။ αုαိα္α αိααို α‘ေαးαူαα္။ αိုαα‘αူ ေα်ာα္းαြα္ ααာα်ားα ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαို ααိုα္αေα်။ αိုα္αြα့္αျαဳ။ ေα်ာα္းα်ားαြα္ ααိα္αုံး ααားαွိေα်။ αိုးαြα္းေαာ ေα်ာα္းαားα်ားαို α‘αα္းαဲαွ αုα္ αား ျαα္း၊ α‘α်ိα္αိုေα်ာα္းαြα္ ေαေα
ျαα္းαိုαျαα့္ α‘ျαα
္αါα္ ေαးαα္။
αိαျαα
္αူα αားααီးαို α‘ျαα
္αါα္ေαးαွ်α္ ၎၏ ααိုα္αြα့္ αုα္ααိုးျαα္ျαα္း၊ αူαα္α်α္းα်ားα‘ိα္αုိα α‘αα္αြားαြα့္αို αိα္αα္ျαα္း၊ αိαိα‘αα္းαြα္း၌αာ ေαα‘ိα္αြα္ ေαေα
ျαα္းαုိαျαα့္ α‘ျαα
္ေαးαα္။ αေαးα်ားαို αိုα္ႏွα္αုံးαျαα္းαိုαα့္ αာα်α္ေα‘ာα္ ျαဳαုα္၍ α‘ေαΎαာα္ααားျαα့္ αိုα္αာေα
ျαα္းαα္ αိαိαာေαΎαာα့္ α‘ျαα
္αံαျαα္းαို αိαα့္ α‘αိααားျαα့္ αံုးαျαα္းαို α¦းα
ားေαးαα္။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံαွ αေαးα်ား αူααီးαူαα်ားαို αေαΎαာα္αΎαေα်။ αိုေαာ့αိုေααΎααα္။ αူαိုααိုαα္း αူααီးαူαα်ားα αူαိုαေαးျαα္းα်α္ααွ်αို ေαးαြα့္ျαဳαားαΏαီး α
ိα္αွα္αα္αွα္ αွα္းျααα္αα့္α‘αြα္ αေαးα်ားα αိαိေαးαိုαာαိုေαာ္αα္းေαာα္း αိαိα‘ျαα္ αααားααွ်ααု αα္αα့္α‘αာαို ၎αဲαα့္α
ြာ ျαα္αွα္ေαးαြα္းαုα္αα္ααို၊ αုαံေα်ααိုα္αြα့္αွိαα့္α‘αြα္ αူααီးα်ားα ၎αိုααွားαြα္းαα့္α‘αါ ျαဳျαα္ႏိုα္αΎααΏαီး ααားαွ်ααα္ ေαာα္αြα္ေαးαα္αα္။
αိαျαα
္αူα αားααီးα‘ား αါ့αားααီးျαα
္αα္ αါαိုα္α်α္ αိုα္αα္။ αα္α်α္αα္αα္ αုα္၍ααααို ααာα်ားααα္း αါ့ေα်ာα္းαား αါေαာα္းေα
α်α္ αိုα αိုα္αα္αု αα္ေျαေαး၍ αိုα္ααေα်။ αူαိုαα္αွာ α‘αၱαွိαα္၊ ေαါααွိαα္၊ ေαာααွိαα္။ αိုေαΎαာα့္ αူααီးα်ား α‘αΏαဲααွα္ႏိုα္ααို αေαးα်ားα‘αΏαဲ ααွားႏိုα္αါ။ αုိαေαΎαာα့္ αေαးα်ားαို α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαα့္ α₯αေαα်ားαို αုα္ျαα္ေαးαားျαα္းေαΎαာα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္α်ားαြα္ αေαးα်ားαာαα αိαα
α¦ာα္α်ားα‘αြα္αါ αုα္αေααွိα
ြာ ေααုိα္ႏိုα္αြα့္αွိαΎααα္။ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံ၏ ေαာα္းျαα္ေαာ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααွာ αားαα္αုံαုိα αိုαေαာ αိαိα
α¦ာα္α်ားαိုαα္αွ်α္ αΎαα္းαΎαဳα္ေαာ αα္းα်ားျαα့္ αွα္းαဲαα္ျαα္ျαα္းαို αားျαα္αားαα္။ αိုα‘ေαΎαာα္းαို ေαာα္ေαာα္းαါးαြα္ αွα္းျααါαα္။
α‘ေαΎαာα္ααားျαα့္ αူααီးေျαာααွ် αားေαာα္αΏαီး αုα္αေαာ α‘ေαွααိုα္းαေαးα်ားႏွα့္ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံαွိ αေαးα်ား α‘αိα αြာျαားα်α္αွာ αိαိαုံαΎαα္αာ αွα္αα္αα္αာαို ေαးαဲေျαာαဲျαα္းαα္ ျαα
္αα္။ αိုαဲ့αုိα ααၱိαို αူααီးα်ားα α‘ေαွ်ာ္α‘ျαα္ααီးα
ြာျαα့္ ျαဳα
ုα်ဳိးေαာα္ေαးαဲ့αα္။ αါ့αုိα ေျαာααွ် αိုα္αုα္ααα္αိုαα့္ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααα္ α‘ာαာαွα္α
ံαα
္αို ေαွးαႈေα
αα္αိုαွ်α္ ααွားေα်။ αေαးααααα္းα αိαိαုα္αိုα္αြα့္၊ ေျαာαိုαိုα္αြα့္၊ αြα္αα္α
ြာ ေαြးေαααိုα္αြα့္ေαးαားေαာ αေαးα်ားαα္ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို αုံαΎαα္ေαာ αေαးα်ား၊ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္၏ αα္αိုးαို ေαးα
ားαိုα္αာေαာ αေαးα်ားျαα
္αာαΎααΏαီး ααီးျαα္းαာေαာα‘αါ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို αုံαΎαα္αα္αα္αΏαီး αာαြα္ေα
ာα့္ေαွာα္αူα်ား ျαα
္αာαΎααα္။
αိαုံးα‘ားျαα့္ αေαα ႏိုα္αံေαးα‘αα္းα‘α်α္းαα္ α‘αွα္ααα္α‘ေαာα္းαα္αိုα αြားေαျαα္းေαာ၊ αိုαααုα္ ααα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αα္းေαႊ၏ αα္းα်ဴαာα‘αိုα္း α‘α်ိα္αြဲေαး αွα့္α
ားαႈျαα့္ αြားေαျαα္းေαာ αိုαα္αို α‘αိုα္းα‘αာααုα‘αိ ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αα္αိုေααα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္α‘ေαႏွα့္ αီေαα‘αα္α‘α်αို αိα္αα္းျαα္αာေαါα္းေαာα္αေαာα္α‘ေαျαα့္ αါαα္αုိα္းαာα်α္αွိαα္။
ααα္ αိα္αိုα္αုံα
ံαွ ααု αူးေαါα္းαုα္ေαာα္α်α္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးα αα္αွ် αိုးαားαႈαွိααα္း၊ αα္αွ် ααၱိαွိαွိ ေျαာα္းαဲႏိုα္ααα္းαူ၍ α‘ျαဳαေαာ αုံးαေαာα္αΏαီး αုα္ေαာα္ေαျαα္း၊ αα္ေαြα αα္αα
ားေαျαα္းαို αားαα္αႈ ေαးαα့္αα္αု ျαα္αα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αα္ α‘αα္ αα ႏွα
္αွိ αΏαီ ျαα
္αα္။ αααα
αုႏွα
္αြα္ αူαα‘αα္ αα ႏွα
္ αွိေαာ့αα္αΏαα
္αα္္။ αူα၏ ႏိုα္αံေαးαα္αα္ႂαြႂαြ αုα္ႏိုα္αα့္ αα္αα္း αိα္αα်α္ေαာ့ေα်။ αိုαေαΎαာα့္ αααα
ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαို αα္αွα္း၍ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲ αα္αα့္αွ်α္ αα္αိုααိုေαΎαာα္း α
α₯္းα
ားαားေαာα္း α
α₯္းα
ားαားႏိုα္ေαΏα်αွိαα္။ αααα αာαα
္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααို αα္ααံႏိုα္ေαာ္αα္း ၎α‘ေျααံα₯αေααို ျαဳျαα္αα္αွာ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα္၍ α‘α
ိုးααြဲαႏုိα္αα္ ααိဳးα
ားαΏαီး α‘αြα္းαွαာ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲႏုိα္αα္αု αြα္αα‘ေαာα္း αြα္αႏိုα္αα္။ αုံα
ံαြα္ေျαာα္းျαα္းαိုαα္αွာ α€αေαာျαα
္ႏိုα္ေα်αွိαα္။ αα္αိုα αိုေα
αာαူ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘α
ိုးααα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ ေျαာα္းαဲαα္ αႏα΅αွိαα္၊ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို α‘αွα္ααα္ αα္ေαာα္αိုαွ်α္ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားာαို αြ်α္းα်α္ααွိ α‘ျαα္αုံးαႊα္ေαးαΏαα္းαΏαα့္αα္ေααΏααိုα αိုေααα္။
αိုαα‘αူ α§αာααီျαα
္αုံα‘ေαးα‘αα္းαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံေαးαြα္ α‘αိα ေαါα္αြဲႏိုα္αα့္ α‘ႏုျαဴαုံးααီးαα္ျαα
္αα္။ αွ်α္α
α
္αα္ααီး α¦းေαာ္αα္း၏ ααα္αα်α္ ααာαဲ့ေျαာαΎαားα်α္αα္ αျαα္αုံးαွိ ႏိုα္αံαားα်ား၊ α
ီးαြားေαးααာαွα္α်ား၊ ααာααα္αα္းα်α္ αိα္းαိα္းေαး α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား၊ α‘ႏုααာαွα္α်ား၊ ေαာα္αူαα္ααားα်ား၊ ေααုα္αားα်ားα‘ားαုံးαို αိုα္αြဲαα္αα္ αα္αွα္α ႏႈိးေαာ္αိုα္ျαα္းαα္ျαα
္αα္။ α§αာααီျαα
္ေα α‘α်α₯္αα္ ααα္္αွα္αဲ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏ αိုးαα္αာαိုးαα္ေαΎαာα္းαို αိα္αိုααားαီးေααα့္ αႈိα္ααိုα္α
α
္α‘ုα္α
ုαို αုိα္α
ား αွα္းαα
္ႏုိα္αα့္ α‘α္α‘ားααီး ျαα
္ေαာα္းျαα
္αာေααိα့္αα္။ αိုαααုα္αါα αααα
αုႏွα
္αြα္ NLD αα္ ေαြးေαာα္αြဲαα္၍ α‘ာαာααူαΏαီး αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αို α‘αြα္းαွ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲျαα္းျαα့္αာ αုα္ေαာα္ႏုိα္ေααိα့္αα္။ ျαα္αႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α္α‘ားα
ုα်ားαα္ ေျαာαေαာα္ေαာ α‘α္α‘ားα
ုα‘ျαα
္ ααα္αွိေαျαα္းα ၎α‘ေျαα‘ေααိုα αြα္းαိုαေαးα်α္αွိαΏαီး၊ α‘ေαာα္ႏိုα္αံα်ား၏ α
α
္α‘ုα္α
ုαို αူးေαါα္းαုα္ေαာα္ျαα္းျαα့္ αေျαးေျαးျαα္း ေျαာα္းαဲααα္αိုαα့္ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαααွိαူα်ား α‘α္α‘ားေαာα္းαာျαα္းααα္း ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αို αိα‘ားααα္α‘ျαα
္ αα္αီးαာαဲ့αα္αု αုံးαα္αိေααα္။
ααα္αွာαα္း αုိα္းαα္းαား αုα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားႏွα့္ α
α
္αြဲα်ား ျαα္α
ေαျαα္းျαα့္ ျαα္αြα္းα
α
္αီးျαα္αα္္ေαါα္းေαာα္αာαα့္ αိαိα္α်ားျαα်α္αွိαΏαီး၊ αုိα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္α‘α္ α‘ားα
ုα်ားαα္αα္း ααα္၎αိုα αုα္ေααΎααုံα
ံαြα္α်ားαွ ααြα္αဲ၊ αါ့ααိုα္ေαးααွ် αါαΏαိα္ေααα္၊ αျαားα‘αြဲαေαြαိုα္αဲ αူαာαာαူ αုαံαိα့္αα္ αါαိုααဲα ααိုα္αူး၊ αူαိုα αုα္αα္αိုαွα္းα‘ားေαး ေαာα္αံαိုα္αα္ αΏαီးαာαဲαိုαα့္ αုံα
ံαွ αူααိαα္ αါ့αိααိုαဲ၊ αူα‘αွα့္αΏαီးαα္ αါ့α‘αွα့္αာαိα့္αα္၊ αါαိုα α
ုေαါα္းαုိα္αΎααွ ျαα
္αα္αိုαα့္ αα္ေαြαα်α် ေαြးေαααΏαီး αုိα္αြဲααα္αα္αα့္ αα္ေαါα္းα
ုαြဲααိုα αိုေααα္။ α‘αိα α¦းေα‘ာα္ေαာα္း ααΎαာαα္α ααα္ေျα αြားေαာα္ေαြ်းαိα္αဲ့ျαα္းαို αα‘ေαႏွα့္ αိαα့္ေααα္။ αα်α္αိုαုိα္αာαြα္αα္းေαာα္း ၎αွα္းαို αုိα္αာαြα္αα္းေαာα္း ααို ααါေα
α်α္αα့္ αေαာျαα
္αα္။ α‘αα္၍ αုိα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္ α‘α္α‘ားα
ုα်ား αူးေαါα္းαိုးα
α
္αα္ႏိုα္αွ်α္ αΏαိဳαα်ား αိα္းႏိုα္αα္α‘αိ α‘αြα့္αာေααα္αို αြα္ααΏαီး “ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုααီးαို αာαြα္αα္” α‘αြα္ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ုαα္αေαာ္ααီးαို αိုα္းαα္းα‘ေαာα္α‘αα္ေαααΎααိုα αိုαα္။ α
α
္ေαးαိα့္α်ေαေαာαα္၊ α
ိα္αာα္ေαးαာ αိုα္αာαႈααွိေαာ αေαααα္αေαာ္αို ေαΎαးα
ားαα္αွ α‘α်ဳိးαားαα္α‘αြα္ ေျαာα္းα်α္ေαာ αα္αွဴးα်ားျαα့္ αူးေαါα္းႏိုα္ေαာ α‘ေαα‘αားαုိα ေαာα္αွိαာαα္ ααိဳးα
ားေαာα္αြα္αိုα α‘αူးαိုα‘α္αါေααα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ αြားαာαα္းαို ေα
ာα့္α
ားαေααဲ αိαိαိုα αα္αွ αုα္αα့္αα္αိုαα္းαုα္αα္း ႏိုα္αံေαး α်ိα္αြα္αွ်ာαို ျαွα့္αα္αΎαααα္ျαα
္αα္။ ျαα္ααွေααα
ုαုα္αα္αို αα်α့္ααဲျαα
္αα္း ေααα္ေααα့္α‘α
ား αူααုα္αα္αို ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αΏαီး α‘ားေαးαိုα αိုα‘α္ေααα္။
αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
αααα္၊ αα၊ αααα αုႏွα
္Credit : Tun Aung Gyaw (ABSDF Chairman)
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αြα္α αα αα္ ၊ αααα Source: guardian.co.uk ျαα္αာျαα္αα ္α‘αြα္ α‘αာαα္αွာ ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αွာαား၊ α်αွဳံးαွာαားαိုαα္αို αႊα္ျαေαာ α α္းαα္αွဳ αα ... -
αါαီαα္α‘αα္α¦းေαႊေαာα္αΏαα္αူααြα္ေαာ္αြα္ααိုα္αΏαα္αα္၌αΏαα ္αြါးαဲ့ေαာα‘ေαးα‘αα္းαဲ့ αα္αα္၍ေαြးေαြးαα္αΏααΏαα္း။ (14th day of regular ses... -
αα္α ြဲ – ေα αα ၊ αααα αို ့ α‘α္αီαာ၊ αိαα₯α₯αာ ααα္းαာα αိαα₯α₯αာ ααα္းαာααွ ေαα αα αα္ေα ့ αုα္ျαα္αα့္ αα္းျαဲαြα္ α‘αα္ αα ႏွ...
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MP U Shwe Maung Explained on Amendment 1982 Citizenship Law on 25 July 2012. MP U Shwe Maung explained on amendment of 1982 Citizenship Law...
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The custodian of Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud Aug 11 The custodian of Two Holy M... -
ααိုα္ျαα္αα္αို.ေαာα္αွိေ αေαာ αα α်ိုးαα္ေα်ာα္းαားα်ား ααုαေαာ ααိုα္ျαα္αα္αြα္ ျαα ္αြားေαေαာ ααိααα‘ႏွα့္αα္αα္၍ α‘αြဲαα‘α α္းα‘αီးαီး... -
Read letter here Read history of Rohingya here Download letter PDF here Download History of Rohingya PDF here credi... -
The region of South East Asia is almost entirely Buddhist. To account for Islam in Burma is to account for Islam in a Buddhist environment. ...
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More than 40% of people living in Burma belong to one of the military-ruled nation's different minority groups. The government recognis...
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