YANGON, Myanmar — Five months after a nominally civilian government took power in Myanmar, the country is awash in uncertainty about who is really in charge.
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi is quoted as saying "President Thein Sein really wants change" - according to Bangkok Post.
But what really is President Thein Sein in Burma's military-controlled political system?
Remember President San Yu? Sure the Revolutionary Council (1962-74) and Burma Socialist Programme Party (1974-1988) all of which were Ne Win's creatures - were not the "elected" Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (correct name?). But the Army is the backbone of this new Than Shwe creature.
This new creature with Thein Sein as its face and nominal leader may end up devouring its Creator, just as the BSPP self-destruted and brought Ne Win down from the throne, by default.
But so what? The biological clock is ticking for Than Shwe anyway.
What about the Army's Class rule? What about the military-sponsored Bama colonalism towards non-Bama ethnic communities?
Some say retired Burmese diplomat and economist U Myint, U Thant's grandson Thant Myint-U, the regime's hired mouth Nay Win Maung, etc. are "backing the President". But how?
What are these new presidential gurus and mouthpieces going to do when, not if, the real generals move against the President (and all his men)?
And what is the future of the NLD as the flagship opposition?
We now have the flagship opposition which no longer considers itself "opposing the dictatorship" (albeit in new clothing), nor pursues power sharing arrangement", according to NLD leader U Win Tin.
Is the NLD, legal or illegal, is morphing into a National Pagoda Trust (Gaw Pa Ka) or prisoners of conscience (POC)-Rescue mission?
I wouldn't worry about the military ruling the country resistance-free or reforming the State successfully. The economy is its Achilles Heel and the militarized State has neither intellectual capacity nor political will to turn itself into anything workable.
Represssion and resistance will go hand in glove. The ethnic resistance cannot be wiped out, even after some centuries. Just look at the Balkans, Southern Thailand, or Northern Ireland. For the Bama resistance against the State, it has not stopped since 1958.
Whether or not it has succeeded is irrelevant. The point is the Burmese conflicts will continue on, destroying any prospects for peace or prosperity for the little men and women on the street.
This is all familiar to the Burmese familiar with the country's past.
Dr Zarni (m.zarni@lse.ac.uk) is Visiting Fellow, Department of International Development, LSE in United Kingdom.
Dr Zarni (m.zarni@lse.ac.uk) is Visiting Fellow, Department of International Development, LSE in United Kingdom.
Viewing cable 04BRUSSELS4013, EUROPEAN COMMISSION CONCERNED ABOUT ROHINGYA
| Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 04BRUSSELS4013 | 2004-09-21 12:02 | 2011-08-26 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Brussels |
This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.UNCLAS BRUSSELS 004013
SIPDIS
SENSITIVE
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PREF PREL BG BM EUN USEU BRUSSELS
SUBJECT: EUROPEAN COMMISSION CONCERNED ABOUT ROHINGYA
REFUGEES
¶1. (SBU) Summary. The European Commission (EC) is concerned
about the plight of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh,
including the lack of adequate educational opportunities for
refugee children. Those living outside official refugee
camps without official status are at greater risk. The EC
would provide significant funding if the GoB agreed to allow
the local integratation of the Rohingyas. End Summary.
¶2. (SBU) On 9/10, PRM Assistant met with EC officers -- DG
RELEX Administrator for Southeast Asia and Uprooted Peoples
Thomas Gnocchi and DG RELEX Bangladesh desk officer Ana
Beatriz Martins -- to discuss the Rohingya refugees. Martins
spoke at length about the living conditions in both the
official camps and the "unofficial" Teknaf camp. According
to Martins, conditions in the official camps are relatively
good. However, he noted that the exceedingly low levels of
education in the camps have become a focus of concern.
Gnocchi said that the Bangladeshi government requires lessons
to be taught in Burmese so as to keep the ties alive and
encourage future return. Since there are few teachers who
speak the required language, many refugee children are not
receiving satisfactory schooling and their future is in
jeopardy.
¶3. (SBU) The "unofficial" camp in Teknaf, on the other hand,
is facing more immediate difficulties and hardships. "The
living conditions in Teknaf," stated Martins, "are abysmal."
Unfortunately, the peculiarities surrounding their situation
merely serve to complicate their eligibility for aid. Many
of its residents have unknowingly lost their status as
refugees, often as a result of failed attempts to repatriate
to Rakhine State. Martins added that as a result the
Bangladeshi government recognizes them not as refugees, or
even as former refugees, but as illegal immigrants.
¶4. (SBU) With the help of the UNHCR, the EC is pushing for
the implementation of a self-sufficiency program that aims to
increase accessibility to educational and vocational
training. Thus far, the Bangladeshi government has neither
endorsed nor denounced this program. This is significant
considering the continued hard-line approach by the
government to the plight of these refugees. Gnocchi noted
that the Rohingyas, numbering 19,500 persons, comprise a
small fraction of the overall migration problem. He added
that Bangladesh has the capacity to absorb this rather small
group, but refuses to for fear of igniting a mass movement of
refugees. Martins acknowledged the legitimacy of such fears,
but stated that they could be avoided if a low profile was
maintained. Gnocchi added that the EC is willing to offer
significant development projects in the region if local
integration were accepted as an option by Bangladesh.
¶5. (SBU) In response to the current stagnation surrounding
the plight of these refugees, the EC is in the process of
redefining its vision for Bangladesh, according to Martins.
They plan to pursue deeper discussion on the issue with
Member States under the Dutch Presidency. Martins added that
the current turmoil plaguing the region both heightens this
need and frustrates any possibility of resolving the issue.
Martins and Gnocchi inquired about future coordination with
the U.S. on this issue.
ႏုိα္αံေαာ္ αα္αΏαိα္ေα‘းα်α္းαႈαို α‘ေႏွာα့္α‘αွα္ αျαဳေαΎαာα္း ေαα်ာαα့္ α‘α်ိα္α်αွαာ ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို ျαα္αႊα္ေαးαα္αု α‘α်ိဳးαားαႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα α¦းαα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα့္α αုααααၢ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α‘αာαွိ αα
α₯αာ ေαာαα္α
္ α‘ုိေαး αα္αားαားႏွα့္ ေαျαα္ေαာ္၌ ေαြααုံα
α₯္ ေျαာαုိαုိα္αα္။
αα္αုα္ ααၤαာαံု α‘ျαα္ျαα္αုိα္αာ ေααိα္αြα္ αα
α₯αာ ေαာαα္α
္ α‘ိုေαး αα္αားαား ααα္းα
ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ ျαဳαုα္α
α₯္ (αာα္αံု - α§αာααီ)
ααုα‘α
ုိးααα္ αေαာαားေα်ာ့ေျαာα္းေαΎαာα္း၊ ႏုိα္αံေαာ္၏ αုα္α‘ားα
ုα်ားαုိ α‘αုံးα‘αႈံးαံαΏαီး α‘α်α₯္းေαာα္αဲ αα့္αားျαα္းα်ိဳးα‘ား αα္αα့္α‘α
ုိးαααွ် ျαဳαုα္αုိαα္ ααုα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ႏုိα္αံေαာ္ αα္αΏαိα္ေα‘းα်α္းαႈαုိ α‘ေႏွာα့္ α‘αွα္ αျαဳေαΎαာα္း ေαα်ာαα့္ α‘α်ိα္αြα္ α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားα‘ား ျαα္αα္αႊα္ေαးαα္ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αα
α₯αာαα္αားαား၏ ေαာα္းαုိα်α္αုိ α¦းαα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα့္α ေျααΎαားαα္αု αေαααုα္ ααα္းα
ာα်ားαြα္ ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αα
α₯αာαα္αားαားαα္ α‘α်ိဳးαားαႊα္ေαာ္ α₯αၠα α¦းαα္ေα‘ာα္ျαα့္ႏွα့္ αီးျαားေαြααုံαဲ့ျαα္းျαα
္αα္။
αုααααၢ α‘ေαြေαြ α‘αြα္းေαးαႉးα်ဳα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ αိαိႏွα့္ α‘ာαီαံႏုိα္αံα်ားα α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား αႊα္ေαးαα္ αုိα္αြα္းေαΎαာα္း၊ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္α‘ား αိα္းαိα္းαားαႈαုိ αုα္αိα္းαΏαီးေαာα္ ႏုိα္αံα‘αြα္ α‘α်ဳိးαွိေα
αα့္ ေαြααုံေαြးေႏြးαႈα်ား ေαာα္αြα္ေααα့္ αα္းαူ αျαားαူα်ားα‘ား αႊα္ေαးျαα္းျαα့္ α‘αားαူ α‘α်ိဳးαα္ေαာα္αႈ αွိαα္αု αုံαΎαα္ေαΎαာα္း αα
α₯αာαα္αာαားေျαာαုိαα္αု ေαးαားαားαα္။
αုိαα‘ျαα္ α‘α္းα
ိα္ေαာα္αိုα αြားေαာα္αΏαီး ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαား αုိαီαီαြα္း၊ αုိαΏαိဳးေαေα‘ာα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘α်α₯္းαားႏွα့္ α‘α်ဳα္αား α α¦း၊ α‘α်α₯္းαူ α α¦းαိုααုိαα္း ေαြααုံαဲ့αα္။
αα
α₯αာαα္αားαားαα္ ααα္ေααα ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαွ ျαα္αα္αြα္αြာαဲ့αΏαီး ααြα္αြာαီ αα္αုα္ααၤαာαုံေααိα္αြα္ ααα္း α
ာαွα္းαα္းαြဲ ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αာ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ၏ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးႏွα့္ αα္αα္၍ α‘α
ုိးαα‘ား ααုαα္αုိαုိ αုα္ေαာα္αα္ αုိα္αြα္း αားαα့္ ေαΎααာα်α္αေα
ာα္ αုα္ျαα္αဲ့αα္။
αုိေαΎααာα်α္αြα္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ၌ ျαα
္αႈα်ဴးαြα္αα္αု αံαααွိαူα်ားαို α
ုံα
α္းα
α
္ေαးေαα
α₯္ α‘ေαာα‘αြα္း αုိα္ႏွα္ျαα္း၊ αိα္α‘αၤါα‘αါα‘αα္ αႏαΆာαုိα္၏ αα်ိဳα α‘α
ိα္α‘αုိα္းα်ားα‘ား αီးαႈိααာ ႏွိα္α
α္αႇα₯္းαα္းျαα္း၊ αာαα်α္း ျαα
္ေαα
α₯္ ေαးαါးαုααႈ αုံေαာα္α
ြာαေαးျαα္း၊ α‘α
ာေαα
ာျαα္ေαာα္ျαα္း၊ α‘ိα္α
α္ျαα္းαြα့္ αေαးျαα္းα်ားαွိေαΎαာα္း၊ αုိαα‘ျαα္ α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαုိ α
α
္αα္၏ ေαααာα‘ျαα
္ α‘αααΌ αုα္α‘ားေαးαုိα္းေα
ျαα္းα်ားαα္း αွိေαΎαာα္း α
α
္ေαးေαြααွိααα့္α‘αြα္ α
ုိးαိα္αα္αု ေαာ္ျααားαα္။
αα
α₯αာ αα္αားαားαα္ ျαα္αူααႊα္ေαာ္α₯αၠα αူα α¦းေαႊαα္း၊ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ု ααားαူααီးα်ဳα္ α¦းαြα္းαြα္းα¦း၊ ျαα္ေαာα္ α
ု ေαြးေαာα္αြဲေαာ္ααွα္ α₯αၠα α¦းαα္ေα‘း၊ ျαα္αဲေαး αα္ααီး αုαိα αုိα္α်ဳα္ααီး αုိαုိ၊ αာαြα္ေαး αα္ααီးαာα αα္ααီး αုိα္α်ဳα္αွαα္း၊ ႏုိα္αံျαားေαး αα္ααီး α¦းααα°ေαာα္αြα္၊ α‘αုα္ααားαα္ααီးαာαႏွα့္ αူαႈαα္αα္း၊ αα္αα္ေαးႏွα့္ ျαα္αα္ ေααာα်αားေαး αα္ααီးαာα αα္ααီး α¦းေα‘ာα္αΎαα္၊ ျαα္ေαာα္α
ု ေαွαေαα်ဳα္ ေαါα္αာαြα္းαွα္၊ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ αဲαα္αြဲα αုαဲα်ဳα္ ေαာ္αα္းαုိαႏွα့္αα္း αီးျαားα
ီ ေαြααုံαဲ့ေαးαα္။
ျαα္ေαာα္α
ု ααားαူααီးα်ဳα္ α¦းαြα္းαြα္းα¦းႏွα့္ ေαြαုံα
α₯္ αα
α₯αာαα္αာαားα αုံαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်αံေαααူ α်ားαိα
α₯αုိေျαာαုိαာ၌ α¦းαြα္းαြα္းα¦းα ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαြα္ αုံαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်αံေαααူ ααွိαဲ ျαα
္αႈα်ဴးαြα္၍ ျαα
္αα္ α်αံααူα်ားαာ αွိေαΎαာα္း ျαα္αα္ေျαာαုိαα္ αု ααα္းα
ာαြα္ ေαးαားαားαα္။
ျαα္αဲေαး αα္ααီး αု αုိα္α်ဳα္ααီး αုိαိုααα္း αုံαΎαα္α်α္ေαΎαာα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်αံααα့္ α‘α်α₯္းαား αုိαူα်ားαြα္ αူးαα
္ ေαးαါးαႈ၊ αူαα္αႈ၊ αုံးေαာα္αြဲαႈ၊ ေαာα္းα်α္းαူα်ား၊ αျαားျαα
္αႈα်ားႏွα့္ α‘α်α₯္းα်αူα်ား αါαα္ေαΎαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαြα္ α‘α
ုိးααα
္ ေααေαါα္αΏαီးေαာα္ αααΌα α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္ ေαးαဲ့αΏαီးျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း၊ α‘αါα‘ားေα်ာ္α
ြာ αြα္αΏαိα္း α်α္းαာαြα့္αုိ αα္αα္ေαးαြားαα္ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αα
α₯αာαα္αာαားα ေျαာαုိαα္αုαα္း αိααα္။
αုααααၢ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး α
ုံα
α္းα
α
္ေαးαူ αα
α₯αာ ေαာαα္α
္ α‘ုိေαး αα္αားαားαα္ αΏαီးαဲ့αα့္ αΎααုα္α αα αα္ေααα ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαုိα ေαာα္αွိαာαΏαီး α‘α
ုိးαα‘αြဲααα္α်ား၊ ျαα္αာ့αီαုိαေαα
ီေαါα္းေαာα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘α်ိဳးαား αီαုိαေαα
ီ α‘αြဲαα်ဳα္ ααုိα‘αုα္α‘αႈေαာα္α်ား၊ αျαားေαာ ႏုိα္αံေαး αါαီα်ား၊ αူαα‘αြα့္α‘ေαး αႈα္αွားαူα်ားႏွα့္ αα္း ေαြααုံαဲ့αα္။
ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ား αူαီ ေα
ာα့္ေαွာα္ေαးα‘αα္း ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံ (AAPP) ၏ αြဲαα္α‘αြα္းေαးαႉး αိုαုိαΎαα္α “ႏုိα္αံ ေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားααွိαူး αုိαဲ့α
αားα ႏုိα္αံααာα αူေαြαဲαေαြααα္ αူαုိα α‘αΏαဲαα္းαုံးαဲ့ α
αားαါ။ αါα αာαုိ ျαααဲαုိေαာ့ αα္αွိαααိ α‘ေျαα‘ေααုိ αα္ααံႏုိα္αူး αုိαာျααα္” αု αွα္α်ေαး ေျαာαုိαα္။
credit :αα္αိုα္ (Irrawaddy News)
Soe Than Win/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Myanmar's Parliament began its current session on Monday in Naypyidaw. The population is parsing a raft of initiatives by a new, nominally civilian government.
Soe Zeya Tun/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Military members of Parliament at the opening session Monday.
Workers have taken down the once-ubiquitous portraits of Senior Gen. Than Shwe, the dictator who ran the country for nearly two decades, from the walls of government offices. But rumors circulate here that General Than Shwe, who stepped down in March, still has the final word on important decisions.
An impoverished population, downtrodden by decades of military rule, is parsing a raft of initiatives by the new government and trying to understand whether the country’s transition from military dictatorship to what the state news media describe as “discipline flourishing democracy” is real.
Like the biblical Thomas, they seem to want more proof.
“As far as I can see, there has been no change,” said U San Shwe, a retired civil servant whose comments typify the skepticism heard frequently in Myanmar. “The new government consists of former generals who have habits that they can’t break. They are accustomed to taking bribes, mistreating people and making a lot of money from their positions. They confiscate things, and no one can complain.”
Trying to guess the direction of this country has, in the past, been a fool’s errand. Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, has zigzagged from paranoid isolation under military rule to flirtations with openness. It seems propelled by the competing impulses of conservatives and reformers within the military.
In recent weeks there have been signs that reformers, led by Thein Sein, a former general who was elected president in February, have the upper hand.
The government has proposed peace talks with armed rebel groups that are battling the military for control over resources and for more autonomy. Officials have met three times in the last month with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, the country’s leading dissident, who was released from house arrest in November.
Other changes have been more symbolic. The state-run newspapers are refraining from publishing slogans like “Riots beget riots, not democracy.” The government has also allowed publications that do not deal with politics or history to publish without prior censorship. (Any newspaper articles that touch on politics must still be submitted to a censorship board.)
The bar for freedom of expression is set so low here that journalists rejoiced when it was announced that they would be allowed into Parliament for its current session, which began Monday.
Amid the tumult of transition, some economic changes have been very substantive. But their benefits to ordinary citizens remain unclear. A major privatization program initiated last year is transforming an economy that was so heavily controlled by the state that it could have been designed by Lenin himself.
Scores of state-owned factories, government buildings and companies have been sold off. The local currency, the kyat, has soared in value against the dollar — in part, analysts believe, because money has poured in to pay for assets in the government’s fire sale. The transactions were done without public tender, and most assets were sold to a handful of government favorites.
“There are great opportunities — but only for the cronies. It’s like Russia,” said U Soe Than, the owner of a shop for cellphones and digital music players imported from China. Mr. Soe Than has firsthand experience dealing with the new government.
When the government sold a department store in Yangon, the wealthy Myanmar businessman who purchased the building ordered all of its tenants, including Mr. Soe Than, to leave within weeks. Mr. Soe Than helped write 18 letters to officials to petition for redress. All of them went unanswered. But when the story got into Myanmar’s exile media based in Thailand and India, it caught the ear of officials in Naypyidaw, Myanmar’s capital.
Mr. Soe Than says he is now slightly more hopeful that shop owners will be compensated. “Things have improved a little bit,” he said.
Whether an economy controlled by cronies is better than the state-run system is a point of debate among analysts of the country. Similarly tainted privatization campaigns in the Middle East created deep resentments that a decade or so later helped fuel revolts this year in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria. Yet poor economic prospects have been as debilitating for the Burmese as political repression — if not more.
European Pressphoto Agency
State-run newspapers are taking a softer stance on propaganda.
Associated Press
Thein Sein, the president.
There have been some signs of economic revival: the number of tourists was up 23 percent in the first half of 2011, and hotels in Yangon brim with business travelers, many of them from China, Japan and South Korea.
Last week, The New Light of Myanmar, a state-owned newspaper, highlighted a meeting between government officials and executives from Caterpillar, the giant producer of construction and mining equipment that is based in the United States.
United States and European sanctions have made it difficult for many multinational companies to operate in Myanmar, but the government appears to be working vigorously to get the measures lifted. Officials from the International Monetary Fund have been invited for meetings in October to discuss further economic liberalization.
And the government has started a charm offensive with Mrs. Aung San Suu Kyi, who has great leverage on the issue of sanctions. Last week, the government invited her for the first time to the capital, where she met with Mr. Thein Sein, the president.
As an Oxford-educated 1991 Nobel Peace laureate and the daughter of Myanmar’s independence hero, Aung San, Mrs. Aung San Suu Kyi is perhaps the premier interlocutor between Myanmar and the outside world.
She has not fully enunciated her goals since her release from house arrest, but those who have watched her closely believe that she has aspirations well beyond being a mere symbol of national unity. “I always thought that her ambitions were higher than a ‘mother’ figure,” said Josef Silverstein, a Myanmar specialist and professor emeritus at Rutgers University in New Jersey.
Whether reconciliation between Mrs. Aung San Suu Kyi and the former generals is possible remains a question mark hanging over the future.
Yet the political situation is only one part of the enormous challenge facing Myanmar’s 55 million people.
The decades of military rule and the generals’ single-minded obsession with political survival have left the country’s health and education systems a shambles.
A generation of students has been forgotten, said U Thiha, who runs a computer programming school in Yangon. He has been frustrated in his search for the best young minds for courses.
“My students were not well trained at university,” he said. “They don’t have enough knowledge. They are not eager. And over the past 20 years, there have been no activities to test and challenge them.”
Credit : Nwe York Times
ααα»ာေαααွိ α‘α
ိုးαေαြα‘ေααဲα αူααိαူααိ αိုαားαာ αိုα္းျαα္ααွိ ျαα
္ေααဲα αူαားေαြαို αူαီαိုα αိုαို α‘ားα
ိုα္αုα္αိုα αိုေααါαΏαီ။ ααα»ာα‘ႏွံααွ αူαα αα္းေαာα္αာ αူαိုα αα္ႏိုα္αံαားαိုαာ ေျαာαိုαα‘αြα္ αိုα္αိုα္ႏိုα္αံ ααွိαΎααါαူး။
αီα‘αြα္ေαΎαာα္ααα္း αူαိုααာ α‘ေျααံαူα‘αြα္αα‘ေαးေαြαို ျαα္းαα္ျαα္းαံေαααါαα္αိုα αုααααၢαΎαီးα ေျαာαΎαားαိုα္αါαα္။ ααΏαိဳα္αα္αα္း ႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္αြα္ααဲααα္αα္αဲα αေαာαူαီα်α္ႏွα
္αုαို ααα»ာαႏိုα္αံα်ားα‘ေααဲα αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαΎααိုααα္း ေαာα္းαိုαိုα္αါαα္။
ႏိုα္αံαဲααိαေαြα ေαြးαဲααေαးေαြαာαα္း ႏိုα္αံαα
္αုαုαဲα ႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္αြα္α ααွိαာေαΎαာα္α α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαြαို αိုαိုαိုးαါးαာေααါαα္αိုα αိုαါαα္ ။ αီျαႆαာαာ α‘ေαွαေαာα္α‘ာαွ၊ α‘ာαွα‘αα္αိုα္း၊ α‘ေαွαα₯ေαာα၊ α‘ေαွαα‘αα္αိုα္းαဲα α‘ာααိααိုααွာ α‘α်ားαံုး ျαα
္ေααα္αိုα αိုαါαα္။
"αီαူေαြα‘αြα္ α‘αူα‘αီ α‘α်ားααီး αိုα‘α္ေααါαα္။ αီαို ααေαြαာ αူαိုααဲαα
ိα္αို α‘ααီးα‘α်α္ αိαိုα္αာα်α္ေα
αါαα္။ ေαးαα္α်α
္α်ဴαႈျαα္းαံαဲαααααα္း αူαိုαေααိုα္αဲα αူαα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα‘αြα္းαွာ αိα‘ားေαြ αိုျαα
္αာေα‘ာα္ αα္αီးေαးေααါαα္။ αါေαြαာ αα
္αါαα
္αံαွာ ααိααα‘ေαြαို α¦းαα္ေα
αα္" αိုα UNHCR αွ Antonio Guterres ααိုαါαα္။
Assistant High Commissioner for Protection αွ Erika Feller α "ααာαီးαေαးေαါα္း ႏွα
္αိα္းေαာα္αို αူαိုααဲα αိαေαြα ျαα္αေαာα္ေααိုα္ ေαြးαြားαΎααာ ျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္ααွာေαြးαဲα αေαးေαြαာ αိαေαြα ααာαီးႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္ေααα္α α₯αေαα‘α αီαေαးေαြαာ αααα αုႏွα
္α‘αိ ααာαီးႏိုα္αံαား ျαα
္αြα္ααααΎααါαူး"။ αါေαΎαာα္α αူαα‘ေααဲα ႏိုα္αံေαြαို ႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္αြα္αα₯αေααဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး ေျαာα္းαဲαာαွာ αα္αα္αΎαြαΎαြαါαα္αာေα‘ာα္ αိုα္αြα္းαိုααα္αဲေαΎαာα္းေျαာαါαα္။
"ႏိုα္αံαားαိုαာ ႏိုα္αံαα
္ႏိုα္αံαဲα α‘α်ဳα္α‘ျαာα‘ာαာ ααုိα်α္αါ ။ αါαာ ႏိုα္αံေαြα‘ေααဲα α‘αြα္ααိαား ααုαα
ိုα္αိုα္αြα္ααα္αα‘αာαါ။ αα္αူαာ αူαိုαႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္αα္။ αα္αူေαြαို αူαိုααဲα αိုα္αα္αွာ ေααြα္αေαးαα္αိုαာαို ႏိုα္αံေαြα αံုးျαα္αိုα α‘αြα္αα‘ေαးαွိαါαα္" αိုα αူαα αိုαါαα္။
αα္ႏိုα္αံαားαα္αိုαာ ααွိαα္ αူαိုααာ αα
α₯α္းα₯α
α₯ာαိုα္αိုα္αြα္α၊ αα္α‘ေαာα္ααြα္ααွα
္αြα္α၊ ααားαα္αα္αα္αိα္းျαားαြα္α၊ ေαြးα
ာαα္းαြα္းαြα္α α‘αါα‘αα္ αိα
α₯αα္ α‘ေαာ္α်ားα်ားαွာ ျαααာေαါα္း ေαာα္းေျαာα္ေαာα္αို αα္αိုα္ေαααါαα္။
αူαုိααာ ααာαα္αΎαားαြα္ααα္း αααΎααါαူး။ αα
္α်ဳိααိုαα္ ေααာαα
္αုαုαွာ α‘α်ိα္α‘αΎαာααီး α‘αိα္းαိα္းαံαားααါαα္။ αာαိုααဲαိုေαာα αူαိုααα္αူαα္αါျαα
္αα္။ αα္ααာαα္αိုαာαို αျαႏိုα္αိုααါαဲ။ αူαိုααာ αα
္αါαα
္ေααွာ α‘αα္αွα္αα္αα္ႏိုα္αႈα‘αြα္ ααားααα္αα္းαα္းေαြαို α‘αံုးျαဳαာαΎαααါαα္။
ααα»ာαႏိုα္αံေαါα္း αα ႏိုα္αံαာ ααα
α αုႏွα
္ ႏိုα္αံαဲαေαြαို αူαီေα
ာα္αေαွာα္αိုα αေαာαူαီα်α္αို αα္αွα္ေαးαိုးαားαΏαီး၊ ႏိုα္αံေαါα္း αα ႏိုα္αံαေαာα αααα αုႏွα
္ αေαာαူαီα်α္αွာ α‘αြဲααα္αားαါαα္။
"ႏွα
္ေαါα္း α
α αΎαာαΏαီးαာေαာα္ αီαေαာαူαီα်α္ေαြαို ႏိုα္αံα‘αα္းααာ α
ိα္αα္α
ားαΎααါαα္။ αူαα္းေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာαာ αူαိုααိုα္αိုα္ ႏိုα္αံααွိαဲ ααα»ာေαααွာ ေααုိα္αΎαααα္။ α‘ေျααံαူα‘αြα္αα‘ေαး ျαα
္αဲα ႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္αြα္αေαာα္ αူαိုααွာααွိαΎααါαူး။ αါαာ αွα္α
αာαΎαီးαါ" αိုα Mr Guterres α αα္αံေျαာαΎαားαါαα္။
ႏိုα္αံαဲαျαα
္ααဲα α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αα္းေαြαေαာα α‘α်ားαΎαီးαါ ။ αုိαီαα္αူαီαံαဲα αူαိုααားαီးαားαို ႏိုα္αံαΏαိဳαြဲαိုααဲျαα
္ျαα
္ ၊ α‘ာααိααဲα α‘ာαွαွိ αα
္α်ဳိαေααေαြαွာαို αိုαိုαီα
αα
္αေααြα္ေျαာα္αΏαီး ႏိုα္αံα‘αα
္ αူေαာα္αိုααဲျαα
္ျαα
္ ႏိုα္αံαားျαα
္αြα္ααာ ျαααာαα
္αα္α‘ေααဲα ေααေαါα္αာαα္αါαα္။
ျαα္αာαွိ αိုαα္α်ာ၊ αိုα္းαွိ αα်ဳိαေαာ ေαာα္αα္းေααα αူα်ိဳးα
ုေαြ ၊ α₯ေαာααွ αိုးαား (Romani) αဲα αα္αα္ေαြαေααေαြαွိ Bidoon α်ဳိးႏြα္α
ုေαြαာ α‘αုαိ αီွαα္းαိုαႈံαာαဲα αူαားေαြα‘ေααဲα αူαိုααααို ျαα္αα္းေαααဲαါ။
αူαိုααာ αိုαားαာαဲααααဲα ေααံုးαΎαααွာαါ။ ေααံုးေαΎαာα္းαα္း αာαွα္αα္းαွα္αာαွ α်α္αဲααွာ ααုα္αါαူး။ αာαိုααဲαိုေαာα αူαိုα αီααα»ာαΎαီးေαα ေαြးαြားαာေαΎαာα္း αူαိုααα္αွိေαΎαာα္း αာα‘ေαာα္α‘αားαွ ααွိαΎααိုααါ။
The United Nations has warned that about 12-million people across the world have no citizenship of any country and consequently suffer from a denial of basic human rights.
The problem is growing worse because children of stateless parents are themselves stateless.
The UN said the problem is most acute in South East Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
Without citizenship or permanent resident papers, stateless people are vulnerable to a large number of problems – for example, they’re often restricted from owning property, getting legally married or opening up a bank account. In worse cases, the stateless can be detained indefinitely since they cannot prove who they are or where they come from.
Prominent stateless people include the Rohingya people of Burma. An ethnic Muslim minority, thousands of Rohingya have fled brutality and oppression in Burma for neighboring Bangladesh. However, Bangladesh seeks to deport them back to Burma.
Perhaps the most famous stateless people in the world are the Roma of Eastern Europe. Typically called ‘Gypsies,’ the Roma are a diverse, nomadic group of people who originated in India and have lived in Europe for centuries.
"These people are in desperate need of help because they live in a nightmarish legal limbo," said Antonio Guterres of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
"Apart from the misery caused to the people themselves, the effect of marginalizing whole groups of people across generations creates great stress in the societies they live in and is sometimes a source of conflict."
As a result, the UN is calling on more countries to sign up to Conventions that guarantee some basic rights for the stateless.
At present, only 66 nations are signed up to the 1954 Convention which entitle stateless people to minimum standards of treatment; and only 38 states have agreed to the 1961 Convention which allows for provides a legal framework to help states minimize statelessness.
"After 50 years, these conventions have attracted only a small number of states,'' Guterres noted."It's shameful that millions of people are living without nationality - a fundamental human right."
New Delhi (Mizzima) – The chief of mission of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) of India said that all relevant factors and changes in conditions in a country of origin are important but they must be seen in an overall context when talking about sending refugees back home.
The Mae La refugee camp is located about 90 km from Mae Sot on the Thai-Burmese border. Refugees have been living in Thai camps since the mid-1990s. Photo: AFP
“The UNHCR follows very closely the political situations in all countries of origin of refugees, and we will continue to do so,” said Montserrat Feixas Vihe.
He told Mizzima that the UNHCR welcomed the Burmese president’s comments on Wednesday inviting Burmese living abroad to return home to help the country develop.
According to UNHCR reports, there are a total of 11,500 Burmese who are refugees or applying for refugee status in New Delhi.
“The UNHCR hopes that being a refugee is a temporary condition. Therefore, the UNHCR always welcomes positive development in countries of origin so that eventually refugees are able to go back home,” Vihe said.
He said the UNHCR considers voluntary repatriation as the best durable solution for refugees.
“If the situation in Burma evolves in such a way that makes return possible and the refugees are willing to return, the UNHCR will assist them to voluntarily repatriate as much as possible,” he said.
After President Thein Sein’s comments, Burmese refugees in camps along the Thai-Burmese border said they are worried that the Thai government will close the refugee camps, according to refugee sources.
Thein Sein said in a meeting with officials from economic and social organizations, “We will make a review to make sure that Burmese citizens living abroad can return home if they have not committed any crime, and if a Burmese citizen in a foreign country who committed a crime applies to return home, we will show our benevolent attitude in dealing with their case.”
One refugee said, “If the UNHCR repatriates us because of the government’s offer, we will live in border areas. It is impossible that we can go back.”
A Chin refugee in New Delhi told Mizzima. “If the UNHCR forcibly repatriates us, I will join up with an armed group in the border area. I cannot be arrested in Burma.”
Stevin Kap Tlutng, the chairman of the Chin Refugee Committee based in New Delhi, said, “I don’t want them [UNHCR of India] to repatriate us, but I can’t say that it won’t happen.”
Burmese refugees are also concerned that if the UNHCR trusts the Burmese government’s offer, it may stop accepting new refugees, and it could stop or delay sending Burmese refugees to resettlement countries.
“We’re worried that Thailand will close the refugee camps. All the refugees here are worried,” Myo Thant, a refugee in the Umpiem Mai refugee Camp in Thailand, told Mizzima.
There are nine Burmese refugee camps along the Thai-Burmese border: Baan Mai Nai Soi, Baan Mae Surin, Mae La Oon, Mae Ra Ma Luang, Mae La, Nu po, Umpiem, Baan Don Yang and Tham Hin; and one Shan refugee camp, Wieng Heng, in Chiang Mai District in northern Thailand.
In Mae La, the largest refugee camp, the Thailand- Burma Border Consortium provides relief to more than 50,000 refugees, and another 16,000 refugees at the Umpiem camp.
Burmese refugee organizations said that if the government really wants to make a positive change, it should first agree to a cease-fire with ethnic armed groups and release all political prisoners before inviting Burmese citizens abroad to return home.
Tha Kell, the vice chairman of the Mae La refugee camp, said, “The conditions in Burma have not improved. Inside Burma, revolutionists and other groups haven’t gotten what they want. Agreements have not been reached. The government’s problems with ethnic groups such as the Shan, Kachin and the KNU [Karen National Union] are not resolved.”
According to the UNHCR Web site, there are 62,015 internally displaced persons affected by the civil war in Burma, 415,670 Burmese refugees and 22,270 asylum seekers from Burma.
He told Mizzima that the UNHCR welcomed the Burmese president’s comments on Wednesday inviting Burmese living abroad to return home to help the country develop.
According to UNHCR reports, there are a total of 11,500 Burmese who are refugees or applying for refugee status in New Delhi.
“The UNHCR hopes that being a refugee is a temporary condition. Therefore, the UNHCR always welcomes positive development in countries of origin so that eventually refugees are able to go back home,” Vihe said.
He said the UNHCR considers voluntary repatriation as the best durable solution for refugees.
“If the situation in Burma evolves in such a way that makes return possible and the refugees are willing to return, the UNHCR will assist them to voluntarily repatriate as much as possible,” he said.
After President Thein Sein’s comments, Burmese refugees in camps along the Thai-Burmese border said they are worried that the Thai government will close the refugee camps, according to refugee sources.
Thein Sein said in a meeting with officials from economic and social organizations, “We will make a review to make sure that Burmese citizens living abroad can return home if they have not committed any crime, and if a Burmese citizen in a foreign country who committed a crime applies to return home, we will show our benevolent attitude in dealing with their case.”
One refugee said, “If the UNHCR repatriates us because of the government’s offer, we will live in border areas. It is impossible that we can go back.”
A Chin refugee in New Delhi told Mizzima. “If the UNHCR forcibly repatriates us, I will join up with an armed group in the border area. I cannot be arrested in Burma.”
Stevin Kap Tlutng, the chairman of the Chin Refugee Committee based in New Delhi, said, “I don’t want them [UNHCR of India] to repatriate us, but I can’t say that it won’t happen.”
Burmese refugees are also concerned that if the UNHCR trusts the Burmese government’s offer, it may stop accepting new refugees, and it could stop or delay sending Burmese refugees to resettlement countries.
“We’re worried that Thailand will close the refugee camps. All the refugees here are worried,” Myo Thant, a refugee in the Umpiem Mai refugee Camp in Thailand, told Mizzima.
There are nine Burmese refugee camps along the Thai-Burmese border: Baan Mai Nai Soi, Baan Mae Surin, Mae La Oon, Mae Ra Ma Luang, Mae La, Nu po, Umpiem, Baan Don Yang and Tham Hin; and one Shan refugee camp, Wieng Heng, in Chiang Mai District in northern Thailand.
In Mae La, the largest refugee camp, the Thailand- Burma Border Consortium provides relief to more than 50,000 refugees, and another 16,000 refugees at the Umpiem camp.
Burmese refugee organizations said that if the government really wants to make a positive change, it should first agree to a cease-fire with ethnic armed groups and release all political prisoners before inviting Burmese citizens abroad to return home.
Tha Kell, the vice chairman of the Mae La refugee camp, said, “The conditions in Burma have not improved. Inside Burma, revolutionists and other groups haven’t gotten what they want. Agreements have not been reached. The government’s problems with ethnic groups such as the Shan, Kachin and the KNU [Karen National Union] are not resolved.”
According to the UNHCR Web site, there are 62,015 internally displaced persons affected by the civil war in Burma, 415,670 Burmese refugees and 22,270 asylum seekers from Burma.
Credit : Mizzima
Dublin, Ireland: Rohingya Community Ireland held a demonstration in Dublin in front of both British and Australian Embassies on 24th August. The demonstration was jointly organized by Burma Action Ireland and Bangladesh community in Ireland with the primary reason of showing the concern over the 16th July attack on Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.
The attacked occurred when a group of villagers from Fawliyapara attacked and robbed both registered and unregistered camps armed with knives, swords, wood and bamboo sticks, which led to at least death, injured more than twenty and destroyed many huts.
The demonstration successfully underwent with the presentation of a letter and a copy of the report written by the Irish Centre for Human Rights to each ambassador. Although Australian ambassador was away with duty, the other has given full attention on the concerns and issues raised by the community; and promised
The demonstrators urged to work together with UNHCR, International communities, Burmese and Bangladesh governments to bring and solve the issues; among them were to recognize unregistered Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, to cease forceful repatriation of Rohingya refugees to Burma, to end crimes on Rohingya and other ethnic groups in Burma, and to protect and Demonstrators in front of Australian Embassy provide basic needs for the refugees in Bangladesh.
Rohingya, an ethnic Muslim minority in Western Burma, are one of the most prominent stateless people among 12 million across the world, and are subjected to various persecutions under the 1982 Burmese Citizenship Law, fleeing over 270,000 Rohingya people to neighbouring country Bangladesh where majority of them still remain unregistered with daily harsh lives. Source: Rohingya Community Irelandeomonstrators marching along the 20-minute walk towards that he would prioritize and Australian Embassy discuss the issues with the concerned personalities including the ambassador of Britain in Yangon.
The demonstrators urged to work together with UNHCR, International communities, Burmese and Bangladesh governments to bring and solve the issues; among them were to recognize unregistered Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, to cease forceful repatriation of Rohingya refugees to Burma, to end crimes on Rohingya and other ethnic groups in Burma, and to protect and Demonstrators in front of Australian Embassy provide basic needs for the refugees in Bangladesh.
Rohingya, an ethnic Muslim minority in Western Burma, are one of the most prominent stateless people among 12 million across the world, and are subjected to various persecutions under the 1982 Burmese Citizenship Law, fleeing over 270,000 Rohingya people to neighbouring country Bangladesh where majority of them still remain unregistered with daily harsh lives. Credit :( Mohd Rafique) can be reached at +353 860391625
Source: Rohingya Community Ireland
By MAHN SAIMON
Kongchantuk was responding to a remark recently made by the governor of Thailand’s Tak province Samart Loifah. He had issued an order for refugee camps situated along the border in the region to make lists of their population to pre-empt a send back to Burma.
Kongchantuk however told DVB that we have yet to see tangible improvements;
“We sent a list of procedures for the concerned [Thai] government departments regarding the repatriation – that it should be voluntary and that their native country must be in a ready-state to accept them back,” Kongchantuk said.
“To decide whether the native country is ready or not should not be based on claims by the [Burmese government] alone but also needs to be inspected and approved by a UN organisation such as the United Nations’ High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). So far, the UNHCR is yet to make any inspection about the real situation,” he added.
“This is not a case between just two countries but also concerns the international community. The Tak governor’s decision is irrelevantly premature and is causing a panic among the refugees.”
Samart Loifa made the orders after President Thein Sein’s remark on 17 August, that Burmese nationals living abroad in exile were allowed to go back to their home country.
He told the media that he was happy for Burmese refugees, who were forced to flee their homes, that they were allowed to go back to Burma and expressed a belief that this would bring peace to the Thai-Burma border region.
Saw Po Dan, chairman of Nupo refugee camp however said they had not received any order from Loifa as yet;
“There is no official order yet. [Loifa] came around our camp a couple of times in the past but he didn’t come in [the camp] – he just hung around outside and talked with camp officials. There was no clear order as yet,” said Saw Po Dan.
There are nearly 150,000 refugees living in nine refugee camps along the Thai-Burma border. Whilst commentators have welcomed what appears to be a relative softening of rhetoric from Naypyidaw, others have responded to invitations back and supposed offers of dialogue with some scepticism.
Far from a decrease in violence in the ethnic areas of Burma the past year has seen an escalation in fighting as the Burmese military has pursued greater incursions into Shan, Karen and Kachin areas.
The last of which has seen around 10,000 people internally displaced and the World Food Program commence delivering food aid to over 3,000 vulnerable people near Kachin state’s capital, Myitkina last week.
The Daily Star>>>
Foreign Secretary of Bangladesh Mijarul Quayes will be paying a visit to Myanmar to meet his counterpart on August 24 for two days to discuss bilateral and regional issues. The last meeting at the foreign secretary level took place in Dhaka on December 28, 2009. The trip is welcomed.
It is reported that the issues to be discussed, among others, may include:
* Multi-modal transport connectivity;
* Border security to prevent criminal activities and illegal immigration;
* Facilitation of trade;
* Repatriation of remaining Rohingya refugees;
* Cooperation in other areas including energy and agriculture.
Myanmar is the only other neighbour of Bangladesh besides India. Bangladesh shares 271 km of border with Myanmar -- both land and water. The two countries share the boundary Naaf River. Bangladesh is adjacent to two states of Myanmar -- Rakhaine and Chin.
Myanmar recognised Bangladesh on January 13, 1972 (the 7th country to do so) and Bangladesh remembers this friendly gesture.
Soon after independence, Bangladesh attached importance to its relations with Myanmar and in May 1972, the Bangladesh foreign minister visited Myanmar, and sent our seniormost diplomat.
Myanmar is so close but at the same time it is too far because of lack of interconnectivity. One has to travel by air from Bangladesh to Myanmar through a third country. This is unacceptable and needs to be sorted out as soon as possible for mutual benefit.
Bilateral relations are friendly but interactions between the two neighbours leave much to be desired. There are about 10 Agreements between the two countries, including those on areas of land boundary management, trade, transport, and prevention of narcotics smuggling. However, there is no direct road connectivity, no air link and no shipping connection between the two countries.
With the availability of weatherproof road, people-to-people contact is bound to increase and, consequently, commercial and trade opportunities will receive further boost between the two neighbouring countries. The road could also be used for establishing links with China and Thailand. Meanwhile, China has agreed in principle to Bangladesh's proposal of road connectivity through Myanmar to China's Yunnan province.
Since the present government came to power, there has been an attempt to inject momentum and dynamism into bilateral relations. On May 16, 2009, Bangladesh Foreign Minister Dr. Dipu Moni visited Myanmar and held official talks with her counterpart U Nyan Winz.
They reportedly discussed a host of issues, including repatriation of the remaining Myanmar refugees, relaxation of visa requirements for citizens of either country, facilitation of banking services, increased border trade, export of surplus power to Bangladesh, road link between the two countries up to China, direct air link, and sharing bandwidth with fiber-optic cable.
In January 2011, the Bangladesh foreign minister attended the 13th ministerial level meeting of BIMSTEC in Myanmar, and on the sidelines she discussed bilateral issues with her counterpart. She held discussions with a private company in Myanmar to purchase hydropower from adjoining Rakhaine state (Arakan).
The amount of bilateral trade is meager. It is reported that in 2008-09 Bangladesh's exports stood at $9.17 million and imports from Myanmar at $66.65 million. To increase trade, the joint trade commission of Bangladesh and Myanmar held its fifth meeting on July 21-22. It was agreed that the two countries would raise bilateral trade to $550 million from $160 million now.
Both countries agreed to increase the ceiling for transaction value to $50,000 per consignment from $30,000. Officials also discussed the potential for setting up wholesale border markets at Bangladesh's Teknaf and Myanmar's Maungdaw, a border town.
They also discussed how to complete border transactions through the Asian Clearing Union payment system as Bangladeshi importers now settle their payments for bulk shipments through bank drafts issued by foreign banks to a third country.
One of the bilateral issues that often cause tension is related to the issue of Rohingya refugees. It first cropped up in 1978. Within a year, it was resolved amicably. The result was all the refugees were repatriated to Myanmar with the assistance of the UNHCR. However, the flow of refugees came to Bangladesh in 1991 and 1997. About 21,000 refugees remain in Bangladesh and negotiations on the issue continue.
The migration of Rohingya people to Bangladesh is a complex matter. It should not be seen merely as a refugee problem with humanitarian dimension partly because Rohingya Liberation Front has been reportedly fighting for decades for a separate land in Rakhaine state.
Given the background, both countries need to identify the root cause of the issue and jointly develop effective border management to prevent the flow of Rohingyas to Bangladesh.
The political environment in Myanmar is different from that of the past. Myanmar had elections in November and a civilian government (dominated by former military officials), has been in power since March 30.
The opposition leader Suu Kyi has met twice in recent weeks with representatives of the government, who have delivered conciliatory overtures toward her. On August14, she made her first political trip to the countryside. On August 19, the government invited Suu Kyi for the first time to participate in an economic development workshop, and she met for the first time with President Thein Sein.
Given the political atmosphere, Bangladesh may now seize the opportunity to expand its relations, both in depth and in dimension, with the government of Myanmar, including the desirability of a visit of Bangladesh prime minister to Myanmar.
The geographical proximity makes both countries natural partners, and they should see cooperative efforts and interconnectivity as catalysts for economic growth and prosperity for the people of Bangladesh and Myanmar.
The writer is a former Bangladesh Ambassador to the UN, Geneva.
ααၤαာေαα်္α αα္αိုα္αိုαိုα္းαံုးα်ားαိုα္ေαာα္αα္αု α
ြα္α
ြဲျαီး αα္းαီးαံαားαေαာာ αြα္ααα္ (α) α¦းαံαွ αα
္α¦းαွ်α္ α်α္ (α) αိα္းα်α
ီ αα
α αာαα္αွိαူα်ားα ေαာα္းαံαားαα္αု ααα္း ααွိαα္။
" αူαိုα αိαားα
ုေαြα αα္းαဲαα္။ αေαးႏိုα္αူး။ αုαို αေαးႏိုα္αဲ့ α‘αြα္ αီαေαααါαိုαα္ αူαိုααို αα္းαီးျαီး α‘α်ဳα္αဲαို αα့္αားαာ αံုးαα္αိွျαီ" αု ေαာα္ျαိဳαွ αူαိုα၏ ေαြα်ိဳး αα
္α¦းα αိαα₯α₯αာαိုα ေျαာαα္။
αα္းαီးαံαားααူα်ားαွာ αိုေαာ္αီα‘ူαာ (α) α¦းαူαာα်ာ (αα ႏွα
္)၊ αိုေαααီαူαာ (α) α¦းαာαူး (αα ႏွα
္)ႏွα့္ α¦းႏုα္ေαာေα်ာ (αα ႏွα
္) αိုαျαα
္αΎααα္။ αူαိုα (α)α¦းαွာ ေαာα္ေαာေျαာα္αိုα္း ေαာα္ျαိဳျαိဳααα္αြဲ αα္αြα္ (α) ျαα
္αΎααα္αု αိααα္။
" αူαိုααို αီα αα αα္ αααၤေႏြေαα αေααα္αွာ αα
α αα္αား ျαα္ျαα့္αြα္းαဲα α‘αြဲαα αာျαီး αα္းαြားαါαα္။ αူαိုααွာ ααၤαာα αိုαိုα္းαံုးαွိαα္။ α
α
္ေαးα
αာ αွိαα္αိုျαီး ေαααြားαါαα္။ α‘αု αူαိုααို α်α္ (α) αိα္းαဲα αာေαႊးαါαိုုျαီး α‘ေαΎαာα္းαΎαားαါαα္" αု ေျαာαα္။
α‘αွα္ (α) αα
α ေαာα္ျαိဳαဲ αာαα်ဳα္ α
αα္းαြα္ α‘αိုαါ αြα္ααα္ (α) α¦းα‘ား ααုα‘αါ α်ဳα္ေႏွာα္αားαα္αု αိααα္။
" αα
α αα္ေျα (α) αွဴးα αိုα္αΎαီး αိုးαြα္ျαα
္αါαα္။ ျαα္ျαα့္αြα္းα αα
ααွဴးαဲα ααα့္α‘αα္းαါ။ α‘αု ျαα္ျαα့္αြα္းα ေαာα္ျαိဳαွာ αိα္αိုးေααါαα္။ αူα αူαααာ αိုးαြα္αို αα္αိုα္αေαာ့ αα½ြα္ေαာ္ αြα္ααα္ေαြαို α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘α်ိဳဳးα်ိဳး α
ြα္α
ြဲျαီး αα္းαီး ေαြေαာα္းေααါαα္။ αံုးααွိαဲ့αူေαြαိုαα္း αံုးαွိαα္αိုျαီး αα္းαီး ေαြေαာα္းေααါαα္" αု αူα αα္ေျαာαα္။
ေαာα္ေαာျαိဳααα္αြα္ αα္αြα္ေαး α‘αြα္ ေαααံα်ားα ေα
်းေαါေαါျαα့္ ααွိေαာ ααၤαာေαα်္ααွ αံုးα်ားαို ααားααα္ αိုα္αြα္ α‘αံုးျαဳေααΎααα္။ αိုαိုα αိုα္αြα္ α‘αံုးျαဳαူα်ားαို αα
α αα္αြဲααα္α်ားα αα္းαီးျαီး αα္ေαြαိုα္ေα့αွိαα္။
αα္ေαြαွာ ααိα္းαွ αံုးαိα္းαိ ေαးαျαီး ααွိαာေαာ αα္ေαြα်ားαို ေαααံ αα
α α‘αာαွိα်ားα‘αΎαား αြဲေα αူαΎααα္αု αိααα္။ αα
ααွ ျαα္ျαα့္αြα္းαွာ αိုα‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαို αူျαီး ေαααြα္ ေαာα္းα်α္းေααာ αံုးααွိαူα်ားαိုαα္း αံုးαွိαα္αု α
ြα္α
ြဲျαီး αα္းαီးαာ ေαြαα
္ေαေαΎαာα္း ေαααံα်ားα ေျαာαα္။ αိုαα‘αြα္ αα်ိဳα ေαααံ αြα္ααα္α်ားαွာ ေαာα္ျαိဳαα္αွေαျαီး ααၤαာေαα်္ααိုα αိုးαα္ျαီး αိα္းေαွာα္ ေααΎαααα္αု αူα ေျαာαα္။
α‘αားαူ αူαိုα္α αα αα္ေααααα္း αြα္းαီးαα္ α‘ုα္α
ု αံααာေαာα္ ေα်းαြာαွ ေαာ္ααီ ααာ α‘ာαူα‘ာေαာα္αို αα
α αα္ေျα (α) αွဴး αိုα္αΎαီး αိုးαြα္α ေαာ္αီα‘ာေααီးαားαွ ααီ ေαာα္αα္ ေαြα‘αွဴαံαα္αု αိုαာ αα္းαီးαဲ့ျαီး ေαြ (α
) αိα္း ေαာα္းαံαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေαာα္αံုးαြα္ ေαြ (α) αိα္းေαးျαα့္ ျαα္αα္ αႊα္ေαးαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း α‘α်ဳα္αဲαြα္ (α) αα‘ိα္ αားျαီးαွ ျαα္αြα္ေαးαဲ့ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ေαာα္ေαာျαိဳααα္αြα္ αာαα္α်ေαေαာ αα
α αα္ေျααွဴးα်ားαွာ αိုαိုα αြα္ααα္α်ားαွ αα္းα်ိဳးα
ံုျαα့္ ေαြαα
္ ααွိေααျαα့္ α်α္းαာ αΎαီးαြားေααΎαျαီး αံုးႏွα
္αာαα္ αα္းေαာα္ျαီးαါα ααα္ αုα္α
ားα
αာ ααိုေα‘ာα္αိ α‘αα္းα‘ႏွီးα်ား ααွိαြားαΎααα္αု ေαααံα်ားα ေျαာαα္။
Credit :Narinjara
AFP © Enlarge photo
YANGON (AFP) - Myanmar's democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi said Wednesday she believes the country's army-backed president wants "real positive change" amid warmer relations between the regime and its most famous critic.
Suu Kyi met President Thein Sein on Friday in her highest-level discussions since she was freed from seven years of house arrest soon after a November election that was marred by claims of cheating and the absence of her party.
"From my point of view, I think the president wants to achieve real positive change," she told reporters on Wednesday.
Suu Kyi was warned to keep out of politics in June, but has since engaged in increasing dialogue with the government, which is nominally civilian but remains dominated by former generals.
The Nobel laureate was speaking after a meeting with Tomas Ojea Quintana, the UN special rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar, and said the pair had covered a variety of subjects including the fate of political prisoners.
It was the first meeting between the envoy and the democracy champion, who was locked up during his last visit in February 2010.
"I am really satisfied. I am encouraged to have seen him as he is an expert in this issue," she said of Quintana.
Myanmar allowed the UN envoy into the country for the first time in more than a year amid signs that the government wants to improve its international image.
Quintana described his discussions with Suu Kyi as "very important, fruitful and productive", in brief comments after the meeting.
The UN envoy, who has been an outspoken critic of Myanmar's rulers in the past, is due to hold a press conference on Thursday at the end of a five-day visit that has included a trip to the new parliament in Naypyidaw and talks with senior regime figures.
Earlier on Wednesday, Quintana visited Yangon's notorious Insein prison, which is believed to hold some of Myanmar's around 2,000 political prisoners.
After his trip to the country last year, the envoy angered Myanmar's ruling generals by suggesting that human rights violations in the country may amount to crimes against humanity and could warrant a UN inquiry.
He has since been refused visas to visit several times.
The international community has called for a number of reforms in Myanmar including the release of political prisoners, improved human rights and dialogue with the opposition
αံαြဲျαိဳααွ αြα္ααα္ α‘α်ိဳးααီးαα္ ႏွα
္α¦းα α₯αေα α်ိဳးေαါα္αူေαΎαာα္း ααα α‘αာαွိ αα
္α¦းα‘ေαα αိုα္αΎαားေαာ α‘αူαို αံαြဲ αဲα
αα္းα αα္ααံαဲ ျαα္းαိုαိုα္ေαΎαာα္း ααα္း ααွိαα္။
α‘αα္αေαααိုαူ αံαြဲျαိဳααံ αြα္ααα္ α‘α်ိဳးαား αα
္α¦းα αံαြဲαဲ α
αα္းαွ α‘αူαို αα္ααံαဲ ျαα္းαα္ αိုα္ေαΎαာα္းαို ααုαို ေျαာαα္။
" αီα αα αα္ေααα α‘ဲαီ α‘α်ိဳးααီးαα္ ႏွα
္α¦းαာ αံαြဲαေα αα္αုα္αို ျαα္αာ ေαေαΎαာα္းαဲα αြားαိုα ေααိα္ αα္းαါαα္။ ေααိα္αို ေαာα္α‘ျαီး α‘αုα္αံုး α
ီα
α
္ျαီး Boarding Pass ေαြ ျαα္္ျαီး ေααာα₯္ေαααို αα္αα့္ α‘α်ိα္αွာ ααα α‘αာαွိ αα
္္α¦း ေαာα္αာျαီး αွα္αံုαα္αွာ ααၤαီ αာαα္ αါαα္ αိုျαီး αြားαိုα αααူးαိုααားαာေαΎαာα္း ααီးα
α₯္αို α်α္αိα္း αိုα္α αα္။ αါαာ ႏိုα္αံαား αα
္α¦းαဲα ααα့္ααိုα္αဲ့ α‘αြα့္α‘ေαးαို αားျαα
္αာ ျαα
္αဲ့ α‘αြα္ αဲα
αα္းαို αြားေαာα္ျαီး ααα α‘αာαွိαို α‘ေαးαူေαးαိုα α‘αူαြα့္ αိုα္αΎαား αါαα္။ αါေααα့္ αီα‘αူαို αဲα αα္ααံႏိုα္αူးαိုα ေျαာαါαα္။"
αဲα α‘αူαို αα္ααံျαα္းαွာ αα္αα့္ α‘αြα္ေαΎαာα္း ျαα
္αα္αို αူα ααုαို αα္ေျαာ αα္။
" α‘ဲααို α‘αူαြα့္ေαးαိုα ေαာα္းαိုαဲ့ α‘αါ αဲα αα္αို αုα္ααဲα α‘αူαြα့္ααα္αိုαာ ααိαူးαိုα ေျαာαါαα္။ α‘ဲαါαိုαα္ αααားαားαီး αိα္αα္αူ ααα (ααα) αဲα α‘αူαြα့္αါαိုα α‘ဲαီ ေαာα္αေαး ႏွα
္α¦းα ေျαာαါαα္။ α‘ဲααို ေျαာα့ဲ α‘αါ αဲα‘αာαွိα αာျαα္ေျαာααဲαိုαα္ αα္αα္းα‘α်α္းα်α္းαိုα ααားα
ြဲαာ αα္ααံႏိုα္္αူး။ αα္α်ားαိုα ျαႆαာ αα½ြα္ေαာ္αိုα αာααဲα ααိုα္αူး။ ααααဲα αြားαွိαါαိုျαီး ေျαာαႊα္αိုα္αါαα္" αု αူα ေျαာαα္။
α‘αိုαါ α‘α်ိဳးααီးႏွα
္α¦း αိုα္ေαာα္αားေαာ αα္αွာ ႏိုα္αံαား α
ီα
α
္ေαး αα္ α‘α
α
္α‘αွα္ ျαα
္ေαာ္αα္း αူα်ိဳးေααာαြα္ ααၤαီ αုေαးαားαားαျαα့္ ααၤαီαါေα၍ ααီးαြားαာαြα့္αို ααα α‘αာαွိαွ αားျαα
္αဲ့ျαα္း ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း αိααα္။
ααိုα္ျαα္αα္αြα္ ေααိုα္ေαာ α‘α
α₯αာα္αာαာαα္α်ားαဲαွ ααα္ α‘α
α₯αာα္α်ားαို ααီးαြားαာαြα့္ ျαဳေαာ္αα္း α‘α
ိုးαα ααၤαီ α‘α
α₯αာα္ αူα်ိဳးα်ား α‘ျαα
္ αα္αွα္αားαူ α‘α
α₯αာα္α်ား ααီးαြားαာျαα္းαို αα္းαα္းα်α္α်α္ αိα္αα္αားျαီး αΎααα္α
္α α αα္ေααααα္း αံαြဲျαိဳααα္ α‘ေαြေαြ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴးαွ ααၤαီ αူα်ိဳးα်ား ααီးαြားαာျαα္းႏွα့္ αα္αα္ျαီး α
ာαα
္ေα
ာα္ αုα္ျαα္αဲ့αα္။
α‘αိုαါ αုα္ျαα္αဲ့ေαာ α
ာα‘ား ေα်းαြာ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴးα်ား α‘ားαံုးαုိα ေαးαိုααဲ့ျαီး αိαၱဴαို ααိုα္ ααα၊ ျαိဳααα္ ααα α‘αါα‘αα္ ျαα္αα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴ၊ ααိုα္ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္ေαးαွဴးα်ားαိုαα္း ေαးαိုαဲ့αα္αု αိααα္။
α
ာαါ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာႏွα့္ αα္αα္ျαီး αံαြဲαွ ေαααံ αα
္α¦းα ααုαို ေျαာαα္။
" α
ာα αΎααα္ α αα္ေαα αုα္αါαα္။ ေααႏၱα α‘αိα္αα‘αွα္ (α) α်α₯္းေα
ာα္း αααα αိုျαီး α
ာαဲαွာ αါαာαါαα္။ α
ာαဲαွာ α‘αိα αါαာαဲ့ α‘ေαΎαာα္းα‘αာα αံαြဲျαိဳααα္ α‘αြα္း αွီαα္းေααိုα္ေαာ ααၤαီ α်ားαα္ αိုα္းေα်ာ္ ျαα္αα္ ααီးαြားαိုαါα αံုα
ံ(α) αဲααာ αြားαာααα္။ α‘αα္၍ αံုα
ံ (α) ααူαဲ αြားαာαါα α₯αေαα‘α α‘ေαးαူαံααα္αိုα αါαွိαါαα္။"
ααုαဲ့αိုα α
ာαုα္ျαီးေαာα္ αံαြဲαြα္ ေααိုα္ေαာ ααၤαီ α‘αα္ျαα့္ ႏိုα္αံαား αα္αိုα္ေαာα္ αားαူα်ားαွာ ααိုα္ျαα္αα္αို ေα်ာ္ျαီး αျαား ျαα္αα္ႏွα့္ αိုα္းα်ားαိုα αြားαာαα္ αိုαို၍ α‘αα္α‘αဲေαြαေααΎαααα္αု αိααα္။
Credit : Narinjara
ေαျαα္ေαာ္αြα္ αΎααုα္α (αα) αα္ေααα ααα α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α αα္ေαာα္αာαူα်ားαို α‘ံ့α‘ားαα့္αြα္αာ αိα္းαြα္αေαြ်α
αားေျαာαိုαဲ့αα့္α‘ေαα αူα‘α်ား α
ိα္αα္α
ားα
ြာ αိုαိα
α₯αို ေααα္ ေျαာαΎαားေααဲ့αΎααα္။ ျαα္αာαူα်ဳိးα်ားαα္ α‘ေαာα္းျαα္αα္αΎααူα်ား၊ α‘ျαဳαေαာေαာα္ αႈαို αိုαားαΎααူα်ားျαα
္αα္။ α‘α်ားα
ုαα္ αုααΆαာαာαα္α်ား ျαα
္αΎααΏαီး αာαာေαးα‘α αြα့္αႊα္αႈ၊ αေαာαားααီးαႈαို αα္αိုα္αားαΎααူα်ားျαα
္αα္။ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္ αိα္ααြα္းαြα္ α‘ေαးαါေαာ α‘α်α္ (α) α်α္αါαα္αα္။
(α) αူα ျαα္αြα္းαွိ α‘ျαα္ααူ αေαာαြဲျαား ျαားαားαူα်ားႏွα့္ α‘ေαြးα‘ေαα αုံαΎαα္α်α္ ααူαΎααူα်ားαို αေαာαားααီးααီးαား၍ αα္αြဲαΏαီး αိုα္းျαα္αို αူေαာα္αΎααုိααဲα “αြ်α္ေαာ္αုိααာ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αဲα ႏိုα္αံαα
္αုိ αူေαာα္αာαွာ α‘αα္α‘αဲေαြ αα္αိုα္ααွာ ျαα
္αါαα္။ α‘ျαα္ααူαဲ့ αူေαြαဲα αα္αြဲေαာα္αြα္αိုα αိα္ေαααါαα္” αိုα ေျαာαΎαားျαα္း။
(α) ျαα္ααို ေαာα္ေααΎααဲ့ αုိα္းαα္းαားေαြα‘ားαုံးαိုαα္း ျαα္αာα်α္αဲ့αူαွိαα္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ ျαဳαုα္ေαးαုိα α
α₯္းα
ားေαေαΎαာα္းαဲα αာαα္αႈ α်ဴးαြα္αဲ့αူα်ား α‘ေααဲα ျαα
္αႈααီးαα္ ျαα
္αα္αို α်αံααွာ ျαα
္ေαာ္αα္း α‘ျαα
္αံαိုα ျαα္αာαဲ့αα္ α‘αူးαα္αွာα
ြာ α
α₯္းα
ားေαးαွာ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ျαα္း။
(α) αူαα‘ေααဲα ျαα္αာျαα္αာ αα်ိα္α αိုα္αα္αိα့္α်αဲ့ ႏုိα္αံေαြ αိုα္αဲα αα္းαူαွိαဲ့ ႏုိα္αံေαြαα္ αေααα‘α်ိα္αွာ α်ားα
ြာαိα့္α်ေααဲ့ α‘ေျαα‘ေαေαာα္ေααΏαီαိုαာαို αα္αံαြားαဲ့αါαα္။ αီαိုαိα့္α်αႈαို ျαွα့္αα္ႏိုα္ေα‘ာα္ α‘ားαံုးα αိုα္းαα္း αူးေαါα္းααိဳးα
ားαုိα αိုေαΎαာα္း αိုαဲ့ျαα္း။
αိုαုံးα်α္αα္ ျαα္αူαူαုαို αြဲေαာα္ႏိုα္αα္α‘αြα္ ၎ ααα»ာ့ႏိုα္αံα်ားα αα္αံαာေα
αα္α‘αြα္ ၎ေျαာαိုαဲ့ေαာ္αα္း ααα့္αα္αဲαွ αြα္αာေαာ α
αားα်ား αုα္ααုα္αိုαα္αို ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αုိα αိုေααα္။
ααα ေျαာαိုα်α္αဲα αα္αα္αΏαီး αုံးαα္ααွ်α္ α‘α
ိုးααα
္αα္ ျαα္αြα္းα‘αိုα္α‘αံα်ား αα္αွိေααႈαို αα္αံျαα္း၊ α‘ျαα္ααူ αြဲျαားျαားαားαα့္α‘αြα္ αααားေαာα္αြα္း α‘α်α₯္းα်αားေαာ ႏိုα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα်ားαို αေαာαားααီးα
ြာ αႊα္ေαးαုိααိုαα္။ α‘ျαα္ααူ αြဲျαားျαားαားαူα်ားႏွα့္ αα္αြဲ αုα္α်α္αွ်α္ αိαိαိုα္αိုα္α αေαာαားααီးေαΎαာα္း ααα ျαႏုိα္αိုααိုαα္။ α
αားေαာα္αြα္ αα္αြα α‘αုα္αွိαိုα αိုαα္။ α‘α
ိုးαα‘αြဲα α်α္းαα
α₯ာ α်ိα္αိုααα္းα αႊα္ေαးαα့္ေαာ္αα္း αα‘ဳ α
αေα်ာ္ αΎαာαα္α‘αိ ႏိုα္αံααာႏွα့္ αုααααၢ α‘αါα‘αα္ α‘αိုα္α‘αံ αါαီα်ားα ေαာα္းαိုေαေαာ္αα္း αႊα္αေαးαဲ αားαွိျαα္းαα္ αေαာαား αααီးαာ၊ ေαွαα
αား ေαာα္α
αား ααီαာα်αα္။
αုαိαα‘α်α္αွာ α‘α
ုိးααα
္αြဲααΏαီးαွ αြα္αα္α
ြာ ေျαာαိုαြα့္αို αိα္αα္αα့္ αα္းαΎαα္αα့္ α₯αေααြα္αာαဲ့αα္။ α‘α္αာαα္ α‘αုံးျαဳαူα်ားαို Skype, Gtalk, VZO ႏွα့္ α‘α္αာαα္ α
αားေျαာ ααိုααα္α်ားαို α‘αုံးα‘ျαဳααု α‘αိα္ααုα္ျαα္း၊ αြα္αα္α
ြာ αုα္ေααြα့္αို αိုαိုαα္းαΎαα္α
ြာ ျαဳαုα္αာျαα္း၊ ျαα္αူ α
α
αα္းေα်ာ္α‘αြα္ α‘α
ိုးααိုα္ααα္းα
ာ α ေα
ာα္αာ αားαွိαΏαီး αြα္αα္ေαာ αုαၢαိα ααα္းα
ာα်ား αုα္ေααြα့္ ααုαα္αိုα္ ααွိျαα္း။ αူαု αူαα္းα
ား αိုα္α
ားျαဳα‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ား αေαααα္αုိα္αြဲαα
α္းαြα့္ααွိျαα္းαိုααα္α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္αျαα္αူαူαုα‘ားαα္ေααြ αုα္αိုα္ျααααα့္
α‘αုα္αΏαα
္αα္။αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံႏွα
္αြα္ αွိαα့္αွိα‘α္αα္αို αα္ေαြααုα္αα္α်ားျαα
္αα္။
ျαα္αေαာα္ ျαα္αာႏုိα္αံαားα်ားႏွα့္ αα္αα္၍ ေျαာαΎαားαာαြα္ ျαα
္αႈααီးα်ား α်ဴးαြα္αားαူα်ား α‘ေαα‘ႏွα့္ α‘ျαα
္αါα္αံααα္ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း α‘ျαα
္αႈ α်ဴးαြα္ျαα္း ααွိαူα်ား α‘ေαႏွα့္ ျαα္αာႏိုα္αα္ α
α₯္းα
ားေαေαΎαာα္း ျαα
္αႈ α်ဴးαြα္αူα်ားα‘ေαႏွα့္ ျαα
္αႈαို α်αံαα္ ျαα္αာαွ်α္ α‘αူးαα္αွာα
ြာ α
α₯္းα
ားေαးαα္ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားα်α္αα္ “αα္αိုα္αႈ αွိαα္αုαုျαα္αα္”။
ျαα
္αႈ α်ဴးαြα္αα္αု αα္αဲ့αိုα α‘α်α္α‘αα္ α‘ေαာα္α‘αားα်ားျαα့္ α‘αိααΈါα္αြα့္αα္αα္း။ ααα္αြα္αα္း αααα α‘ေျααံα₯αေααြα္ αααα αုႏွα
္αိုα္းαွα
၍ α‘α
ုိးαα‘αြဲααα္α်ား၊ ႏုိα္αံ့αα္αα္းα်ား၏ αုα္ေαာα္αႈα်ားαို αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္ ေαးαားαဲ့αα္။ αိုα
α₯္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္αα္ α‘α
ိုးαα‘αြဲααα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αေαာα္ျαα
္αα္။ α
α
္α‘α
ိုးα αူα်ားαို αြα္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာαြα့္αို αααα α‘ေျααံα₯αေααြα္ αα့္αြα္းαΏαီး α‘αာα‘αြα္ ေαးαားေαာ္αα္း αααα αုႏွα
္ ေαာα္αိုα္း ျαα္ααုိα αြα္αြာαာ αΎααူα်ားαိုαူ αြ်α္းα်α္α်ားျαα့္ αြဲျαားαα္αွα္αားျαα္းαွာ ααားαွ်ααႈ ααွိαဲ ααα္αα္ αα္αိုα္αားαႈ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ေαြααွိααα္။
αိုαျαα္ αααα αုႏွα
္αြα္ αα္αုα္αΏαိဳα၌ αူ αααα ေα်ာ္αို αα္ျαα္αဲ့αႈ (ေα်ာα္းαားαူαα္α်ား α‘αါα‘αα္)။ αီαဲαα္း αုα္ααံαα္ျαα္αႈαြα္ αူေαါα္း ααာေα်ာ္ αα္ျαα္αα့္ ααားαံαို αေαာα္αွ α‘ေαးαူααံαျαα္း၊ αΏαိα္းα်α္းα
ြာ αႏα΅ျααဲ့αΎαေαာ ααα္းαံαာ ေαာ္α်ားαို αα္α
α္α
ြာ αα္ျαα္ေαာα္α်αဲ့ျαα္းႏွα့္ αာေαါα္းα်ားα
ြာαို ေαာα္αြα္းα်αားျαα္းαိုααို ျαဳαုα္αဲ့αူα်ားαို αααα α‘ေျααံα₯αေαျαα့္ ααα္αα္ α‘αာα‘αြα္ေαးαားαΏαီး αိαိαုံαΎαα္α်α္ျαα့္ ျαα္ααုိα αြα္αြါαဲ့αΎααΏαီး αုိα္ αြဲαα္ေααူα်ားαိုαူ αာααα္α်ဴးαြα္αဲ့αါα α‘ေαးαူαα္၊ αα္αွာα
ြာ α
α₯္းα
ားေαးαα္ αိုαα္α αွ်ααႈ ααွိေα်။ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘ေαႏွα့္ α€α‘α်α္αို α‘ေαးα‘αα္αားαΏαီး αွ်αα
ြာ αα္αိုα္αႈααွိαဲ α
α₯္းα
ားαိုααိုαα္။
ααိαα‘α်α္α‘ေαႏွα့္ αိုα္းျαα္α ααα»ာ့α‘αα္αြα္ α်α္းαာႂαြαေαာ ႏုိα္αံαွ ααα»ာ့ α‘αα္းαဲαုံး ႏိုα္αံαααိုα α်ေαာα္αြားαဲ့ααα္αို αα္αံျαα္းαα္ α‘αွα္αို αα္ျααဲျαα္း ျαα
္ေαာ္αα္း α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ α
ံαα
္ေαΎαာα့္ျαα
္αα္။ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္α်ား α‘ာαာα‘αြဲαုံးα
ားαႈေαΎαာα့္ ျαα
္αα္αု αုα္ေαα ေျαာαΎαားαဲ့ျαα္း ααွိေα်။ αူαα‘α
ိုးααα္ ျαα္αာျαα္αူα်ား αα္းαဲαြဲေααႈαို ααိျαဳαိαα္။ αိုαα‘αြα္ေαΎαာα့္ ျαα္αူα်ား α
ိα္α်α္းαာေα
αα္ ေα
်းαြα္α
ီးαြားေαး α
ံαα
္αို ျαဳαုα္ေαးαဲ့့αΏαီး αြα္αα္αဲ့ αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αႈαို αြα္αα္း ျαα္αာေα‘ာα္ α
ီαံေαာα္αြα္ႏိုα္αဲ့αα္ αိုαဲ့αါαα္။ ေα်းαα္ေα်းαြာေαြ αြံααΏαိဳးေαးα‘αြα္αα္း α‘αုα္αုံ ေαြးေႏြးαြဲေαြ αုα္ေαးαဲ့αα္ αိုαဲ့αါαα္။ αိုααာαြα္ ႏွα
္ေαါα္း αα ေα်ာ္ α‘α
ိုးααဲα ေαါα္းαΏαီး αိုα္းျαα္αဲα αααααံαာαα်ားαို αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αူααွိ αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αΏαီး αိုα္α်ဳα္α်ားαဲα α‘α်ဳိးα‘ျαα္αို αွ်ေααံα
ားေααΎαေαာ ေαα္α်α္αα္းႂαြα္αူေαး αα္ααုα္α
ာ αို αာαα္ျαα္ αူေαြ α‘ေααဲα αα္αိုαွ αွα₯္αΏαိဳα္αΏαီး ေα
်းαြα္αဲαို αα္αုိαααႏိုα္αါαူး။ αီα‘αြα္ αွ်ααဲ့ ေα
်းαြα္α
ီးαြားေαးα
ံαα
္αို ျαဳαုα္αα္αိုαα္ α်α္းαာαြα္းေααဲ့ αူေαြαဲα αα္αါးααီးα‘ုα္αားαႈαို α₯αေααုα္ αα္ααα္αΏαီး αာαα္ျαα္αူေαြα‘αြα္ αုα္αိုα္αြα့္ေαြαို αြα့္ေαးααα္ျαα
္αါαα္။
α‘ေααိαα္ႏိုα္αံαို ႏိုα္αံေαးαိုαႈံαူ α‘ျαα
္ေαာα္းαံαဲ့ေαာ ျαα္αာα
α
္αံαႉး၊ αိုα္αႉးေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α αေααα‘ေျαα‘ေααို αုံးαα္αားαႈαာ α
ိα္αα္α
ား αα္αံႏိုα္α
αာ ေαာα္းαါαα္။ α¦းေα‘ာα္αα္းαြα္α αα‘α္α
α
္α‘α
ိုးααα္ αုိα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲα (αα) αြဲαႏွα့္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαး αူႏုိα္αဲ့ျαα္းαို ေα‘ာα္ျαα္αႈααီး ααα္α‘ျαα
္ α‘αားေαး ေααျααဲ့αΎααΏαီး ၎αိုααα္αုိα္းျαα္ αΏαိα္းα်α္းαးαို ေαာα္α်α₯္းႏိုα္αူα်ားα‘αΏαα
္ေαာ္αΎαြားαဲ့αΎααါαα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ႏွα့္ NLD αါαီαိုαူαိုα္းα်α္ ျαα္α်α္α်ား α‘ျαα
္ α‘αုα္α်αဲ့αα္။ ααု α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္၏ α
α
္αα္αြ်α္ α‘α
ိုးααα္αα္αြα္αူ ααα္αα္းαဴαာαို ေျαာα္းျαα္αွα္αΏαီး αိုα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαို αုိα္းျαα္ α်α္αူα်ားα‘ျαα
္ αုံေαာ္ αါ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αို αူαိုααဲα αα့္ျαα္ေααါαΏαီ αိုαΏαီး αြဲαုα္αာ αဲ့ျαα္αα္αု αိုαားαါαα္။ α‘αိα αα္αြα္α်α္αွာ α‘αα္αα္ ေαးαြဲ α‘αα္ျαဳαားေαာ αာαα
္ α‘ေျααံα₯αေααိုαူ α‘ျαα
္αိုα္α
ြဲαΏαီး ေααေα‘α္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αို αααα α₯αေαေαာα္α‘αြα္းαိုα αြα္αြα္း ေαျαα္းျαα
္αα္αု ေαာα္ျααား αဲ့αါαα္။
α‘α
ိုးααα
္αွ ၎αိုαႏွα့္ αုိα္αိုα္ေααΎαေαာ αိုα္းαα္းαားαα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαို αားαိုးα်ားျαα
္αα္၊ ေα်ာα္းα်αူααα္ ၊ ျαα
္ေαΎαာα္း ေျαာαΎαားα်α္αα္ ααိααα‘αို ေျααွα္းႏိုα္αုိααα္ ααα္αα္αα္ ျαႆαာααီးαြားေα‘ာα္ αြေαးααဲ့αိုα ျαα
္ေα
αါαα္။α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αူαုိαα ααα္ေααာαွေα၍ αိုα္းαα္းαားα်ားαα္ αားαိုးα်ားေααာαြα္ αား၍ေျαာαΎαားျαα္းαα္ ႏွိα့္α်ျαα္းαေαာျαα
္αα္။ αα‘ုαုα္αα္αα္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္ႏွα့္ αုိα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းαိုααΎαားαα္αွ်ဳိ αΏαိဳαြဲျαα္းαာျαα
္αα္။ αီαိုαေαα
ီα‘α္α‘ားα
ုα်ားαို α
ိα္αါα္α
α
္αα္ေαး αုိα္αြα္ααု ျαα
္ႏုိα္αျαα့္ ααိαားαα့္αα္αု ျαα္αα္။
α‘α်ဳိးαား αာαြα္ေαးႏွα့္ αုံαΏαဳံေαးေαာα္α
ီαα္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္αိုေαာα္αွ ααိဳးαြဲαားαΏαီး ၎ေαာα္αြα္ αိုα္α်ဳα္αα္းေαႊ αွိေααα္αု αူαααα္။
αြ်α္ေαာ္αုαိα‘ားαုံး ေαာ္αွα္ေαးααိ αွိαΎαααα္ျαα
္αΏαီး α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္၏ ေျαာαΎαားα်α္αα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ ေျαာα္းαဲαα္α‘αြα္ αိုးαားα
ြာ αααေျααွα္းα‘ေαႏွα့္ αွα္းျαα္းေαာ αိုαααုα္ α်ားαα္αα္းα
αား αα္αα္αွ်αာ ျαα
္αေαာ ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αိုα αိုေααိα့္αα္။
αိုα္းαα္းαား α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားαိုαα္းေαာα္း၊ ျαα္αာျαα္αူα်ားαိုαα္းေαာα္း၊ α
α
္α‘ာαာαွα္ α‘αα္αα္αα္ ααိα်ဳိးα
ုံ ေαး၍ αိα္αα္αွα့္α်ား αားαဲ့αΎααα့္α‘αြα္ αံαα ျαα
္αα္αို α‘ျαα
္αα္α
αာ ααွိေα။ ျαα္αြα္းျαα္ααွိ α်ဳိးα်α
္ျαα္αာα်ားα‘ေαႏွα့္ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αို αုံαΎαα္αΏαီးေαာα္αွ αုံαုံαΎαα္αΎαα္ αိုα္αΎααα္ α‘αူးαိုα‘α္ေααα္။ ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းα
ုαΎαα္αα္ αြα့္ေαးေαာ ααါးαွα္ααွ်αို αိုးαα္α
ူα
α္းαα္း αα္ေαာα္αႈαား၊ α‘αွα္ ေျαာα္းαဲαα္ ျαဳαုα္ျαα္းαား αိုαα္αို αုα္ေααေαးαါαိα့္αα္။ αႏα΅ေα
ာαΏαီး ႏိုα္αံေαး αα
ားαြα္αြα္ αα္αα္αဲαဲαါαα္ αα
ားေααΎααα့္ ေααα
ုαို ααုα္αα္αိုα αားαα္αႈ ေαး၍ ေα
ာα့္αΎαα့္αα္း α‘ားေαးαိုα α‘αူးαိုα‘α္ေαေαာ α‘α်ိα္ျαα
္αα္။ α်ားαြα္ αေαြααα္ αူα αာαα္αα္ αါα αာαα္αα္ႏွα့္ αα္ျαα
္ေααွ်α္ αြ်ႏု္α္αိုα αα္αွα္းα်α္ αα္းαိုα္αုိα ααာα္ႏိုα္αဲ αွိαα္αာျαα
္αα္။ αိ္ုαေαΎαာα့္ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္αြα္ ααα္ေျαာα္းαဲαို α
ိα္αွိ ααွိ၊ α‘ေαααံႏိုα္αံေαး α‘ျαα္αုα္αိုαႈျαα့္ αα
ားျαα္းေαာ။ αႏွα့္αα¦αို αြဲျαားαα္αံαΏαီး ေαြးαြဲေα‘ာα္αုα္၍ α‘ုα္α်ဳα္αα္ ααံα
α္ျαα္းေαာ αိုαα္αိုααိုα
α
္α‘ုα္α
ုαα္ αα္α
ုံαွ α‘αΎαα္ α‘αα္းျαα
္αာαိုα္း αြα္ေαααွာαα့္ α‘ေαႏွα့္ αΏαဳαုα္αα္ααΏαα့္αα္ျαေျαာα္းαဲαα္ αာα
ူျαျαα္းαား αိαုိααိုαα္။
α‘αα္၍ α¦းαိα္းα
ိα္α‘ေαႏွα့္ αိုα္αα္းေαႊ α‘αိα္ေα‘ာα္αွ α‘αွα္ααα္ αုα္းαြα္αΏαီး α
α
္αွα္ေαာ αီαိုαေαα
ီα
ံαα
္αိုαα္ေαာα္αိုαွ်α္αူαα္ျαα္αာႏိုα္αံ၏αာαိုα
္(αΏαα္αူαα္ေαΏαာα္းαာေαာ αိαα
္αိုα္α
α
္αိုα္α်ဳα္α‘αα္) ျαα
္αာေααိα့္αα္။ αိုα္αိα္းα
ိα္ α‘ေαႏွα့္ ၎ေျαာαဲ့ေαာ α်ားαα္αα္းα
αားα်ားαα္ α‘αွα္ααα္ ျαဳျαα္ေျαာα္းαဲαိုα
ိα္ႏွα့္ ေျαာαΎαားျαα္းေαΎαာα္းαို αα္ေαျααα့္α‘ေαႏွα့္ ျαဳαုα္αα္ α‘αးူαိုα‘α္αွေααα္။
(α) ႏုိα္αံေαး α‘α်α₯္းαားα‘ားαုံးαို αြ်α္းα်α္ααွိ α‘ျαα္αုံးαႊα္ေαးαα္။
(α) ျαα္αေαာα္ ျαα္αာα်ားαို α‘ေαြေαြ αြα္္αΏαိα္းα်α္းαာ αြα့္ေαးαα္။
(α) αိုα္းαα္းαား αα္αα္αိုα္ α‘αြဲαα‘α
α္းα်ားα‘ားαုံးႏွα့္ ααိုα‘α
ိုးααိုα ေααေα‘ာα္αα္းαΎαα္α‘ား αΎαားျαα္ေျαေαး ေααာαြα္ αားαΏαီး ေαြးေႏြးαွိႏႈိα္းαΏαီး αΏαိα္းα်α္းေαးαူαΎααα္။
αααα¦းαုံး αြ်ႏု္α္αိုα၏ ေαာα္αြα္း α‘α်α₯္းα်αံေααေαာ αြ်ႏု္α္αိုα αီα‘α
္αို ေαာα္ႏွαα်ားαို αႊα္ေαးျαα္းျαα့္ αိုα္α်ဳα္ αိα္းα
ိα္α α‘ေျαာααုα္၊ α‘αုα္αΏαα့္αα္ေαျαျαα္းαို αΎαα့္αိုαါαα္။ αိုα္αိα္းα
ိα္ αα္ေαျαα်α္αို ေα
ာα့္ေαွ်ာ္αΎαα့္αα္း α‘ေျαာႏွα့္ α‘αုα္αα္ေαြαα် αα်αို αုံးျαα္αα္ ျαα
္αါαα္။
αြα္းေα‘ာα္ေα်ာ္
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